Customs administration Provision of information publication on the Internet of new lawsand regulations training
Export taxes Elimination of export taxes
Sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS)measures
Affirmation of rights and obligations under the WTO Agreement onSPS harmonisation of SPS measures
Technical barriers to trade (TBT) Affirmation of rights and obligations under WTO Agreement onTBT provision of information harmonisation of regulationsmutual recognition agreements
State trading enterprises (STE) Establishment or maintenance of an independent competitionauthority non-discrimination regarding production and marketingconditions provision of information affirmation of Art XVIIGATT provisions
Antidumping (AD) Retention of AD rights and obligations under the WTO Agreement(Art VI GATT)
Countervailing measures (CVM) Retention of CVM rights and obligations under the WTOAgreement (Art VI GATT)
State aid Assessment of anticompetitive behaviour annual reporting on thevalue and distribution of state aid given provision of information
Public procurement Progressive liberalisation national treatment and or non-discrimination principle publication of laws and regulations on theInternet specification of public procurement regime
Trade-related investment measures(TRIMs)
Provisions concerning requirements for local content and exportperformace on foreign direct investment
Trade in services agreement (GATS) Liberalisation of trade in services
Trade-related intellectual propertyrights (TRIPs)
Harmonisation of standards enforcement national treatment most-favoured nation treatment
資料來源Horn et al (2009 14)
政治科學論叢∕第五十五期∕民國 102 年 3 月 95
表 2 WTO extra 政策領域及其內容簡述
AREA COVERED CONTENTAnti-corruption Regulations concerning criminal offence measures in matters affecting
international trade and investmentCompetition policy Maintenance of measures to proscribe anticompetitive business conduct
harmonisation of competition laws Establishment or maintenance of anindependent competition authority
Comsumer protection Harmonisation of consumer protection laws exchange of information andexperts training
Data protection Exchange of information and experts joint projectsEnvironmental laws Development of environmental standards enforcement of national
ervironmental laws establishment of sanctions for violation of environmentallaws publications of laws and regulations
Investment Information exchange Development of legal frameworks Harmonisation andsimplification of procedures National treatment Establishment ofmechanisms for the settlement of disputes
Movement of capital Liberalisation of capital movement prohibition of new restrictionsLabour market regulations Regulation of the national labour market affirmation of International Labour
Organisation (ILO) commitments enforcementIntellectual Property Rights (IPR) Accession to international treaties not referenced in the TRIPs AgreementAgriculture Technical assistance to conduct modemisation projects exchange of
informationApproximation of legislation Application of EC legislation in national legislationAudio visual Promotion of the industry encouragement of co-productionCivil protection Implementation of harmonised rulesInnovation policies Participation in framework programmes promotion of technology transfersCultural cooperation Promotion of joint initiatives and local cultureEconomic policy dialogue Exchange of ideas and opinions joint studiesEducation and training Measures to improve the general level of educationEnergy Exchange of information technology transfer joint studiesFinancial assistance Set of rules guiding the granting and administration of financial assistanceHealth Monitoring of diseases development of health information systems exchange
of informationHuman rights Respect for human rightsIllgeal immigration Conclusion of re-admission agreements prevention and control of illegal
immigrationIlicit drugs Treatment and rehabilitation of drug addicts projects on prevention of con-
sumption reduction of drug supply information exchangeIndustrial cooperation Assistance in conducting modermisation projects facilitation and access to
credit to financeInformation society Exchange of information dissemination of new technologies trainingMining Exchange of information and experience development of joint initiativesMoney laundering Harmonisation of standards technical and administrative assistanceNuclear safety Development of laws and regulations supervision of the transportation of
radioactive materialsPolitical dialogue Convergence of the partiesrsquo positions on international issuesPublic administration Technical assistance exchange of information joint projects TrainingRegional cooperation Promotion of regional cooperation technical assistance programmesResearch and technology Joint research projects exchange of researchers development of public-
private partnershipSmall and medium enterprise Technical assistance facilitation of the access to financeSocial matters Coordination of social security systems non-discrimination regarding
working conditionsStatistics Harmonisation and or development of statistical methods trainingTaxation Assistance in conducting fiscal system reformsTerrorism Exchange of informational and experience joint research and studiesVisa and asylum Exchange of information drafting legislation training
Zangl B 2008 ldquoJudicialization matters A comparison of dispute settlement under
GATT and the WTOrdquo International Studies Quarterly 52(4) 825-854
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰118
A Categorization and Content Analysisof EU Free Trade Agreements
David W F Huang
Abstract
According to the Commission of the European Union (EU) there have been todate (November 2011) twenty-eight Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) signed betweenthe EU and its trade partners However most existing studies of existing EU FTAsare either single-case studies or limited-case comparative studies As a result ourknowledge is confined to which policy provisions each of the EU FTAs included oromitted what legal and political controversies were attached to each of the FTAsand the economic impact each FTA had on its signatories There have been fewattempts to generalize the existing knowledge derived from case studies on theseFTAs This paper aims to fill this gap in the literature by systematically categorizingand analyzing the content of EU FTAs Using Horn Marvroidis and Sapirrsquosclassification framework which categorizes fifty-two policies into either WTO plus(fourteen items) or WTO extra (thirty-eight items) policy areas the paper seeks toidentify the policy areas included in each of the twenty-eight EU FTAs at the sametime as developing hypotheses to explain policy coverage rates for EU FTAs Thepaper finds that most EU FTAs can be classified as WTO-plus type in the sense thatthey include higher proportions of WTO-plus policy items In addition thefollowing explanatory variables are found to be correlated with the appearance of aWTO-plus policy focus the chronological order in which FTAs are signed the 2006dummy item the population and economic size of the trade partner the number ofFTAs previously signed by the trade partner the number of EU members when theFTA is signed and whether the trade partner is geographically adjacent to EUmember states
Keywords European Union Free Trade Agreement Global Europe World TradeOrganization Policy Coverage Rate
Associate Research Fellow Institution of European and American Studies Academia SinicaE-mail dwfhuanggatesinicaedutw
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HEB 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PreserveEditing true UntaggedCMYKHandling LeaveUntagged UntaggedRGBHandling UseDocumentProfile UseDocumentBleed false gtgt ]gtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice
Customs administration Provision of information publication on the Internet of new lawsand regulations training
Export taxes Elimination of export taxes
Sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS)measures
Affirmation of rights and obligations under the WTO Agreement onSPS harmonisation of SPS measures
Technical barriers to trade (TBT) Affirmation of rights and obligations under WTO Agreement onTBT provision of information harmonisation of regulationsmutual recognition agreements
State trading enterprises (STE) Establishment or maintenance of an independent competitionauthority non-discrimination regarding production and marketingconditions provision of information affirmation of Art XVIIGATT provisions
Antidumping (AD) Retention of AD rights and obligations under the WTO Agreement(Art VI GATT)
Countervailing measures (CVM) Retention of CVM rights and obligations under the WTOAgreement (Art VI GATT)
State aid Assessment of anticompetitive behaviour annual reporting on thevalue and distribution of state aid given provision of information
Public procurement Progressive liberalisation national treatment and or non-discrimination principle publication of laws and regulations on theInternet specification of public procurement regime
Trade-related investment measures(TRIMs)
Provisions concerning requirements for local content and exportperformace on foreign direct investment
Trade in services agreement (GATS) Liberalisation of trade in services
Trade-related intellectual propertyrights (TRIPs)
Harmonisation of standards enforcement national treatment most-favoured nation treatment
資料來源Horn et al (2009 14)
政治科學論叢∕第五十五期∕民國 102 年 3 月 95
表 2 WTO extra 政策領域及其內容簡述
AREA COVERED CONTENTAnti-corruption Regulations concerning criminal offence measures in matters affecting
international trade and investmentCompetition policy Maintenance of measures to proscribe anticompetitive business conduct
harmonisation of competition laws Establishment or maintenance of anindependent competition authority
Comsumer protection Harmonisation of consumer protection laws exchange of information andexperts training
Data protection Exchange of information and experts joint projectsEnvironmental laws Development of environmental standards enforcement of national
ervironmental laws establishment of sanctions for violation of environmentallaws publications of laws and regulations
Investment Information exchange Development of legal frameworks Harmonisation andsimplification of procedures National treatment Establishment ofmechanisms for the settlement of disputes
Movement of capital Liberalisation of capital movement prohibition of new restrictionsLabour market regulations Regulation of the national labour market affirmation of International Labour
Organisation (ILO) commitments enforcementIntellectual Property Rights (IPR) Accession to international treaties not referenced in the TRIPs AgreementAgriculture Technical assistance to conduct modemisation projects exchange of
informationApproximation of legislation Application of EC legislation in national legislationAudio visual Promotion of the industry encouragement of co-productionCivil protection Implementation of harmonised rulesInnovation policies Participation in framework programmes promotion of technology transfersCultural cooperation Promotion of joint initiatives and local cultureEconomic policy dialogue Exchange of ideas and opinions joint studiesEducation and training Measures to improve the general level of educationEnergy Exchange of information technology transfer joint studiesFinancial assistance Set of rules guiding the granting and administration of financial assistanceHealth Monitoring of diseases development of health information systems exchange
of informationHuman rights Respect for human rightsIllgeal immigration Conclusion of re-admission agreements prevention and control of illegal
immigrationIlicit drugs Treatment and rehabilitation of drug addicts projects on prevention of con-
sumption reduction of drug supply information exchangeIndustrial cooperation Assistance in conducting modermisation projects facilitation and access to
credit to financeInformation society Exchange of information dissemination of new technologies trainingMining Exchange of information and experience development of joint initiativesMoney laundering Harmonisation of standards technical and administrative assistanceNuclear safety Development of laws and regulations supervision of the transportation of
radioactive materialsPolitical dialogue Convergence of the partiesrsquo positions on international issuesPublic administration Technical assistance exchange of information joint projects TrainingRegional cooperation Promotion of regional cooperation technical assistance programmesResearch and technology Joint research projects exchange of researchers development of public-
private partnershipSmall and medium enterprise Technical assistance facilitation of the access to financeSocial matters Coordination of social security systems non-discrimination regarding
working conditionsStatistics Harmonisation and or development of statistical methods trainingTaxation Assistance in conducting fiscal system reformsTerrorism Exchange of informational and experience joint research and studiesVisa and asylum Exchange of information drafting legislation training
Zangl B 2008 ldquoJudicialization matters A comparison of dispute settlement under
GATT and the WTOrdquo International Studies Quarterly 52(4) 825-854
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰118
A Categorization and Content Analysisof EU Free Trade Agreements
David W F Huang
Abstract
According to the Commission of the European Union (EU) there have been todate (November 2011) twenty-eight Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) signed betweenthe EU and its trade partners However most existing studies of existing EU FTAsare either single-case studies or limited-case comparative studies As a result ourknowledge is confined to which policy provisions each of the EU FTAs included oromitted what legal and political controversies were attached to each of the FTAsand the economic impact each FTA had on its signatories There have been fewattempts to generalize the existing knowledge derived from case studies on theseFTAs This paper aims to fill this gap in the literature by systematically categorizingand analyzing the content of EU FTAs Using Horn Marvroidis and Sapirrsquosclassification framework which categorizes fifty-two policies into either WTO plus(fourteen items) or WTO extra (thirty-eight items) policy areas the paper seeks toidentify the policy areas included in each of the twenty-eight EU FTAs at the sametime as developing hypotheses to explain policy coverage rates for EU FTAs Thepaper finds that most EU FTAs can be classified as WTO-plus type in the sense thatthey include higher proportions of WTO-plus policy items In addition thefollowing explanatory variables are found to be correlated with the appearance of aWTO-plus policy focus the chronological order in which FTAs are signed the 2006dummy item the population and economic size of the trade partner the number ofFTAs previously signed by the trade partner the number of EU members when theFTA is signed and whether the trade partner is geographically adjacent to EUmember states
Keywords European Union Free Trade Agreement Global Europe World TradeOrganization Policy Coverage Rate
Associate Research Fellow Institution of European and American Studies Academia SinicaE-mail dwfhuanggatesinicaedutw
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 BGR 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 CHS ltFEFF4f7f75288fd94e9b8bbe5b9a521b5efa7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065876863900275284e8e9ad88d2891cf76845370524d53705237300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c676562535f00521b5efa768400200050004400460020658768633002gt CHT ltFEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef69069752865bc9ad854c18cea76845370524d5370523786557406300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002gt CZE 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 DAN ltFEFF004200720075006700200069006e0064007300740069006c006c0069006e006700650072006e0065002000740069006c0020006100740020006f007000720065007400740065002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400650072002c0020006400650072002000620065006400730074002000650067006e006500720020007300690067002000740069006c002000700072006500700072006500730073002d007500640073006b007200690076006e0069006e00670020006100660020006800f8006a0020006b00760061006c0069007400650074002e0020004400650020006f007000720065007400740065006400650020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e0074006500720020006b0061006e002000e50062006e00650073002000690020004100630072006f00620061007400200065006c006c006500720020004100630072006f006200610074002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020006f00670020006e0079006500720065002egt DEU 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 ESP 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 ETI 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 FRA 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 GRE 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 HEB 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 HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN 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 ITA 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 JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB 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 RUM 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 RUS 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Customs administration Provision of information publication on the Internet of new lawsand regulations training
Export taxes Elimination of export taxes
Sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS)measures
Affirmation of rights and obligations under the WTO Agreement onSPS harmonisation of SPS measures
Technical barriers to trade (TBT) Affirmation of rights and obligations under WTO Agreement onTBT provision of information harmonisation of regulationsmutual recognition agreements
State trading enterprises (STE) Establishment or maintenance of an independent competitionauthority non-discrimination regarding production and marketingconditions provision of information affirmation of Art XVIIGATT provisions
Antidumping (AD) Retention of AD rights and obligations under the WTO Agreement(Art VI GATT)
Countervailing measures (CVM) Retention of CVM rights and obligations under the WTOAgreement (Art VI GATT)
State aid Assessment of anticompetitive behaviour annual reporting on thevalue and distribution of state aid given provision of information
Public procurement Progressive liberalisation national treatment and or non-discrimination principle publication of laws and regulations on theInternet specification of public procurement regime
Trade-related investment measures(TRIMs)
Provisions concerning requirements for local content and exportperformace on foreign direct investment
Trade in services agreement (GATS) Liberalisation of trade in services
Trade-related intellectual propertyrights (TRIPs)
Harmonisation of standards enforcement national treatment most-favoured nation treatment
資料來源Horn et al (2009 14)
政治科學論叢∕第五十五期∕民國 102 年 3 月 95
表 2 WTO extra 政策領域及其內容簡述
AREA COVERED CONTENTAnti-corruption Regulations concerning criminal offence measures in matters affecting
international trade and investmentCompetition policy Maintenance of measures to proscribe anticompetitive business conduct
harmonisation of competition laws Establishment or maintenance of anindependent competition authority
Comsumer protection Harmonisation of consumer protection laws exchange of information andexperts training
Data protection Exchange of information and experts joint projectsEnvironmental laws Development of environmental standards enforcement of national
ervironmental laws establishment of sanctions for violation of environmentallaws publications of laws and regulations
Investment Information exchange Development of legal frameworks Harmonisation andsimplification of procedures National treatment Establishment ofmechanisms for the settlement of disputes
Movement of capital Liberalisation of capital movement prohibition of new restrictionsLabour market regulations Regulation of the national labour market affirmation of International Labour
Organisation (ILO) commitments enforcementIntellectual Property Rights (IPR) Accession to international treaties not referenced in the TRIPs AgreementAgriculture Technical assistance to conduct modemisation projects exchange of
informationApproximation of legislation Application of EC legislation in national legislationAudio visual Promotion of the industry encouragement of co-productionCivil protection Implementation of harmonised rulesInnovation policies Participation in framework programmes promotion of technology transfersCultural cooperation Promotion of joint initiatives and local cultureEconomic policy dialogue Exchange of ideas and opinions joint studiesEducation and training Measures to improve the general level of educationEnergy Exchange of information technology transfer joint studiesFinancial assistance Set of rules guiding the granting and administration of financial assistanceHealth Monitoring of diseases development of health information systems exchange
of informationHuman rights Respect for human rightsIllgeal immigration Conclusion of re-admission agreements prevention and control of illegal
immigrationIlicit drugs Treatment and rehabilitation of drug addicts projects on prevention of con-
sumption reduction of drug supply information exchangeIndustrial cooperation Assistance in conducting modermisation projects facilitation and access to
credit to financeInformation society Exchange of information dissemination of new technologies trainingMining Exchange of information and experience development of joint initiativesMoney laundering Harmonisation of standards technical and administrative assistanceNuclear safety Development of laws and regulations supervision of the transportation of
radioactive materialsPolitical dialogue Convergence of the partiesrsquo positions on international issuesPublic administration Technical assistance exchange of information joint projects TrainingRegional cooperation Promotion of regional cooperation technical assistance programmesResearch and technology Joint research projects exchange of researchers development of public-
private partnershipSmall and medium enterprise Technical assistance facilitation of the access to financeSocial matters Coordination of social security systems non-discrimination regarding
working conditionsStatistics Harmonisation and or development of statistical methods trainingTaxation Assistance in conducting fiscal system reformsTerrorism Exchange of informational and experience joint research and studiesVisa and asylum Exchange of information drafting legislation training
Zangl B 2008 ldquoJudicialization matters A comparison of dispute settlement under
GATT and the WTOrdquo International Studies Quarterly 52(4) 825-854
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰118
A Categorization and Content Analysisof EU Free Trade Agreements
David W F Huang
Abstract
According to the Commission of the European Union (EU) there have been todate (November 2011) twenty-eight Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) signed betweenthe EU and its trade partners However most existing studies of existing EU FTAsare either single-case studies or limited-case comparative studies As a result ourknowledge is confined to which policy provisions each of the EU FTAs included oromitted what legal and political controversies were attached to each of the FTAsand the economic impact each FTA had on its signatories There have been fewattempts to generalize the existing knowledge derived from case studies on theseFTAs This paper aims to fill this gap in the literature by systematically categorizingand analyzing the content of EU FTAs Using Horn Marvroidis and Sapirrsquosclassification framework which categorizes fifty-two policies into either WTO plus(fourteen items) or WTO extra (thirty-eight items) policy areas the paper seeks toidentify the policy areas included in each of the twenty-eight EU FTAs at the sametime as developing hypotheses to explain policy coverage rates for EU FTAs Thepaper finds that most EU FTAs can be classified as WTO-plus type in the sense thatthey include higher proportions of WTO-plus policy items In addition thefollowing explanatory variables are found to be correlated with the appearance of aWTO-plus policy focus the chronological order in which FTAs are signed the 2006dummy item the population and economic size of the trade partner the number ofFTAs previously signed by the trade partner the number of EU members when theFTA is signed and whether the trade partner is geographically adjacent to EUmember states
Keywords European Union Free Trade Agreement Global Europe World TradeOrganization Policy Coverage Rate
Associate Research Fellow Institution of European and American Studies Academia SinicaE-mail dwfhuanggatesinicaedutw
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 DEU 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 ESP ltFEFF005500740069006c0069006300650020006500730074006100200063006f006e0066006900670075007200610063006900f3006e0020007000610072006100200063007200650061007200200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f00730020005000440046002000640065002000410064006f0062006500200061006400650063007500610064006f00730020007000610072006100200069006d0070007200650073006900f3006e0020007000720065002d0065006400690074006f007200690061006c00200064006500200061006c00740061002000630061006c0069006400610064002e002000530065002000700075006500640065006e00200061006200720069007200200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f00730020005000440046002000630072006500610064006f007300200063006f006e0020004100630072006f006200610074002c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200079002000760065007200730069006f006e0065007300200070006f00730074006500720069006f007200650073002egt ETI 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 FRA 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 GRE ltFEFF03a703c103b703c303b903bc03bf03c003bf03b903ae03c303c403b5002003b103c503c403ad03c2002003c403b903c2002003c103c503b803bc03af03c303b503b903c2002003b303b903b1002003bd03b1002003b403b703bc03b903bf03c503c103b303ae03c303b503c403b5002003ad03b303b303c103b103c603b1002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002003c003bf03c5002003b503af03bd03b103b9002003ba03b103c42019002003b503be03bf03c703ae03bd002003ba03b103c403ac03bb03bb03b703bb03b1002003b303b903b1002003c003c103bf002d03b503ba03c403c503c003c903c403b903ba03ad03c2002003b503c103b303b103c303af03b503c2002003c503c803b703bb03ae03c2002003c003bf03b903cc03c403b703c403b103c2002e0020002003a403b10020005000440046002003ad03b303b303c103b103c603b1002003c003bf03c5002003ad03c703b503c403b5002003b403b703bc03b903bf03c503c103b303ae03c303b503b9002003bc03c003bf03c103bf03cd03bd002003bd03b1002003b103bd03bf03b903c703c403bf03cd03bd002003bc03b5002003c403bf0020004100630072006f006200610074002c002003c403bf002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002003ba03b103b9002003bc03b503c403b103b303b503bd03ad03c303c403b503c103b503c2002003b503ba03b403cc03c303b503b903c2002egt HEB 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 HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN ltFEFF004b0069007600e1006c00f30020006d0069006e0151007300e9006701710020006e0079006f006d00640061006900200065006c0151006b00e90073007a00ed007401510020006e0079006f006d00740061007400e100730068006f007a0020006c006500670069006e006b00e1006200620020006d0065006700660065006c0065006c0151002000410064006f00620065002000500044004600200064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740075006d006f006b0061007400200065007a0065006b006b0065006c0020006100200062006500e1006c006c00ed007400e10073006f006b006b0061006c0020006b00e90073007a00ed0074006800650074002e0020002000410020006c00e90074007200650068006f007a006f00740074002000500044004600200064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740075006d006f006b00200061007a0020004100630072006f006200610074002000e9007300200061007a002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002c0020007600610067007900200061007a002000610074007400f3006c0020006b00e9007301510062006200690020007600650072007a006900f3006b006b0061006c0020006e00790069007400680061007400f3006b0020006d00650067002egt ITA 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 JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB ltFEFF005500740069006c0069007a006500200065007300730061007300200063006f006e00660069006700750072006100e700f50065007300200064006500200066006f0072006d00610020006100200063007200690061007200200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f0073002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020006d00610069007300200061006400650071007500610064006f00730020007000610072006100200070007200e9002d0069006d0070007200650073007300f50065007300200064006500200061006c007400610020007100750061006c00690064006100640065002e0020004f007300200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f00730020005000440046002000630072006900610064006f007300200070006f00640065006d0020007300650072002000610062006500720074006f007300200063006f006d0020006f0020004100630072006f006200610074002000650020006f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002000650020007600650072007300f50065007300200070006f00730074006500720069006f007200650073002egt RUM 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 RUS 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 SKY ltFEFF0054006900650074006f0020006e006100730074006100760065006e0069006100200070006f0075017e0069007400650020006e00610020007600790074007600e100720061006e0069006500200064006f006b0075006d0065006e0074006f0076002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002c0020006b0074006f007200e90020007300610020006e0061006a006c0065007001610069006500200068006f0064006900610020006e00610020006b00760061006c00690074006e00fa00200074006c0061010d00200061002000700072006500700072006500730073002e00200056007900740076006f00720065006e00e900200064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400790020005000440046002000620075006400650020006d006f017e006e00e90020006f00740076006f00720069016500200076002000700072006f006700720061006d006f006300680020004100630072006f00620061007400200061002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002000610020006e006f0076016100ed00630068002egt SLV 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 SUO 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 SVE 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 TUR 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歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰88
一向執著於世界貿易組織（WTO）各回合的多邊談判包括最近的多哈回
合（Doha Round）談判因此歐盟在 1999～2006 年間暫停開啟新的雙邊自
由貿易談判直到 2006 年 7 月 WTO 宣布無限期擱置多哈回合談判歐盟
執委會才於同年 10 月提出「全球歐洲」策略性文件在該文件中歐盟雖
承諾盡力完成 WTO 多哈回合談判但已轉向採用洽簽雙邊自由貿易協定的
途徑來替歐盟出口商開拓境外市場（EU Commission 2006）在「全球歐
洲」策略的指引下歐盟自 2007 年起陸續與加拿大韓國印度東協國
家中美洲國家及「安地斯共同體」（Andean Community）國家展開雙邊
自由貿易協定的談判截至目前歐盟已與韓國秘魯哥倫比亞及中美洲
組織完成談判迄今歐盟官方向外公佈已簽署之 FTA 共 28 個如附件一所
示
此外洽簽雙邊自由貿易協定儼然已成為「歐洲 2020 年策略」的核心
要件（EU Commission 2010）歐盟強調雙邊自由貿易協定不但應為其出
口商打開或改善境外市場而且更應深化締約雙方在服務競爭公共採
購智慧財產權及社會環保和勞工議題等的法規合作（EU Commission
20062010）由此可知2006 年以後歐盟所追求的 FTA 是一種全面性且
超越既有 WTO 承諾的高品質 FTA儘管歐盟官方文件如此期許學界針對
歐盟已簽署 FTA 的內容分析大多止於個案研究國內學者如洪德欽教授曾
分析歐盟與韓國自由貿易協定的內容及其可能對台灣產業之影響（洪德
欽2011）周志杰教授則分析若干歐盟已簽署 FTA 內容是否具備攸關人
類安全的政策要素（周志杰2011）此外徐遵慈博士則針對歐盟與秘
魯和哥倫比亞歐盟與韓國所簽署的 FTA 內容進行解析試圖理解其爭端
解決機制（徐遵慈2011）卓忠宏教授曾整理歐盟與中美洲自由貿易協
定釐清歐盟對外貿易政策的新趨勢（卓忠宏2011）林欽明教授則針
對歐盟與南錐共同體的 FTA 協商所面臨的農產品貿易爭議進行解析（林欽
明2011）吳建輝教授則研析不同歐盟對外貿易協定內容探索其是否
可能形成一歐盟對外談判 FTA 的範本（吳建輝2011）
在國外Elsig 及 Dupont 教授曾分析歐盟與韓國談判 FTA 時技術官僚
及出口商如何運用影響力納入與其利益相關的條款於 FTA文本中（Elsig and
Dupont 2012）此外針對歐韓 FTA歐洲商會及智庫亦提出其分析報告
政治科學論叢∕第五十五期∕民國 102 年 3 月 89
和政策立場（Business Europe 2007CEPS 2007）由於歐韓 FTA 的重要
性甚高連美國的貿易談判總署（USTR）亦仔細分析其內容根據 USTR
的分析報告歐盟－韓國 FTA 的內容包括關稅及非關稅貿易障礙的去除
服務貿易自由化競爭政策智產權保護勞工及環保標準而且該 FTA
規定 5 年之內雙方將去除 96以上工業產品之關稅某些農產品包括稻米
則被排除在外此外在歐韓 FTA 下韓國將承認許多源自歐盟的標準及
認證並簡化官僚程序排除貿易障礙韓國也承諾其境內電信法務環
境及財務部門的市場自由化並保護歐盟的地理標章（ geographic
indicators）總結來說歐韓 FTA 代表最新一代的高品質自由貿易協定
（USTR 2009）
此外美國「國會研究服務處」（Congressional Research Service CRS）
則對歐盟已簽署和談判中的 FTA 內容作一概略的整理分析（Ahearn 2011）
該文作者 Ahearn 多次引用 WTO 出版的「歐體貿易政策檢討」（Trade Policy
Review of the European Communities）報告（WTO 20042009）從該報告
中我們大略知道個別 FTA 涵蓋的政策項目例如歐盟與歐洲自由貿易
協會（European Free Trade Association EFTA）中三國（挪威冰島列支
敦士登）所簽署的「歐洲經濟區域」（European Economic Area EEA）協定
包括歐洲單一市場的四大流通即貨品（不含農漁業產品）服務資本
及勞工的完全自由流動EFTA 另一會員國瑞士則由 1972 年「歐體∕瑞士
貿易協定」來規範貨品貿易至於歐盟與瑞士在農產品貿易勞工自由移
動公共採購等政策議題則由兩者另行簽署的 16 個協定所規範（WTO
2009 24）
歐盟與克羅埃西亞馬其頓阿爾巴尼亞蒙地內哥羅和波士尼亞的
FTA 則置於其「穩定與聯繫協定」（stabilization and association agreements
Customs administration Provision of information publication on the Internet of new lawsand regulations training
Export taxes Elimination of export taxes
Sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS)measures
Affirmation of rights and obligations under the WTO Agreement onSPS harmonisation of SPS measures
Technical barriers to trade (TBT) Affirmation of rights and obligations under WTO Agreement onTBT provision of information harmonisation of regulationsmutual recognition agreements
State trading enterprises (STE) Establishment or maintenance of an independent competitionauthority non-discrimination regarding production and marketingconditions provision of information affirmation of Art XVIIGATT provisions
Antidumping (AD) Retention of AD rights and obligations under the WTO Agreement(Art VI GATT)
Countervailing measures (CVM) Retention of CVM rights and obligations under the WTOAgreement (Art VI GATT)
State aid Assessment of anticompetitive behaviour annual reporting on thevalue and distribution of state aid given provision of information
Public procurement Progressive liberalisation national treatment and or non-discrimination principle publication of laws and regulations on theInternet specification of public procurement regime
Trade-related investment measures(TRIMs)
Provisions concerning requirements for local content and exportperformace on foreign direct investment
Trade in services agreement (GATS) Liberalisation of trade in services
Trade-related intellectual propertyrights (TRIPs)
Harmonisation of standards enforcement national treatment most-favoured nation treatment
資料來源Horn et al (2009 14)
政治科學論叢∕第五十五期∕民國 102 年 3 月 95
表 2 WTO extra 政策領域及其內容簡述
AREA COVERED CONTENTAnti-corruption Regulations concerning criminal offence measures in matters affecting
international trade and investmentCompetition policy Maintenance of measures to proscribe anticompetitive business conduct
harmonisation of competition laws Establishment or maintenance of anindependent competition authority
Comsumer protection Harmonisation of consumer protection laws exchange of information andexperts training
Data protection Exchange of information and experts joint projectsEnvironmental laws Development of environmental standards enforcement of national
ervironmental laws establishment of sanctions for violation of environmentallaws publications of laws and regulations
Investment Information exchange Development of legal frameworks Harmonisation andsimplification of procedures National treatment Establishment ofmechanisms for the settlement of disputes
Movement of capital Liberalisation of capital movement prohibition of new restrictionsLabour market regulations Regulation of the national labour market affirmation of International Labour
Organisation (ILO) commitments enforcementIntellectual Property Rights (IPR) Accession to international treaties not referenced in the TRIPs AgreementAgriculture Technical assistance to conduct modemisation projects exchange of
informationApproximation of legislation Application of EC legislation in national legislationAudio visual Promotion of the industry encouragement of co-productionCivil protection Implementation of harmonised rulesInnovation policies Participation in framework programmes promotion of technology transfersCultural cooperation Promotion of joint initiatives and local cultureEconomic policy dialogue Exchange of ideas and opinions joint studiesEducation and training Measures to improve the general level of educationEnergy Exchange of information technology transfer joint studiesFinancial assistance Set of rules guiding the granting and administration of financial assistanceHealth Monitoring of diseases development of health information systems exchange
of informationHuman rights Respect for human rightsIllgeal immigration Conclusion of re-admission agreements prevention and control of illegal
immigrationIlicit drugs Treatment and rehabilitation of drug addicts projects on prevention of con-
sumption reduction of drug supply information exchangeIndustrial cooperation Assistance in conducting modermisation projects facilitation and access to
credit to financeInformation society Exchange of information dissemination of new technologies trainingMining Exchange of information and experience development of joint initiativesMoney laundering Harmonisation of standards technical and administrative assistanceNuclear safety Development of laws and regulations supervision of the transportation of
radioactive materialsPolitical dialogue Convergence of the partiesrsquo positions on international issuesPublic administration Technical assistance exchange of information joint projects TrainingRegional cooperation Promotion of regional cooperation technical assistance programmesResearch and technology Joint research projects exchange of researchers development of public-
private partnershipSmall and medium enterprise Technical assistance facilitation of the access to financeSocial matters Coordination of social security systems non-discrimination regarding
working conditionsStatistics Harmonisation and or development of statistical methods trainingTaxation Assistance in conducting fiscal system reformsTerrorism Exchange of informational and experience joint research and studiesVisa and asylum Exchange of information drafting legislation training
Zangl B 2008 ldquoJudicialization matters A comparison of dispute settlement under
GATT and the WTOrdquo International Studies Quarterly 52(4) 825-854
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰118
A Categorization and Content Analysisof EU Free Trade Agreements
David W F Huang
Abstract
According to the Commission of the European Union (EU) there have been todate (November 2011) twenty-eight Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) signed betweenthe EU and its trade partners However most existing studies of existing EU FTAsare either single-case studies or limited-case comparative studies As a result ourknowledge is confined to which policy provisions each of the EU FTAs included oromitted what legal and political controversies were attached to each of the FTAsand the economic impact each FTA had on its signatories There have been fewattempts to generalize the existing knowledge derived from case studies on theseFTAs This paper aims to fill this gap in the literature by systematically categorizingand analyzing the content of EU FTAs Using Horn Marvroidis and Sapirrsquosclassification framework which categorizes fifty-two policies into either WTO plus(fourteen items) or WTO extra (thirty-eight items) policy areas the paper seeks toidentify the policy areas included in each of the twenty-eight EU FTAs at the sametime as developing hypotheses to explain policy coverage rates for EU FTAs Thepaper finds that most EU FTAs can be classified as WTO-plus type in the sense thatthey include higher proportions of WTO-plus policy items In addition thefollowing explanatory variables are found to be correlated with the appearance of aWTO-plus policy focus the chronological order in which FTAs are signed the 2006dummy item the population and economic size of the trade partner the number ofFTAs previously signed by the trade partner the number of EU members when theFTA is signed and whether the trade partner is geographically adjacent to EUmember states
Keywords European Union Free Trade Agreement Global Europe World TradeOrganization Policy Coverage Rate
Associate Research Fellow Institution of European and American Studies Academia SinicaE-mail dwfhuanggatesinicaedutw
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 DEU 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 ESP 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 ETI 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 FRA 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 GRE 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 HEB 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 HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN 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 ITA 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 JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB 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 RUM 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 RUS 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 SKY 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 SLV 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 SUO 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政治科學論叢∕第五十五期∕民國 102 年 3 月 89
和政策立場（Business Europe 2007CEPS 2007）由於歐韓 FTA 的重要
性甚高連美國的貿易談判總署（USTR）亦仔細分析其內容根據 USTR
的分析報告歐盟－韓國 FTA 的內容包括關稅及非關稅貿易障礙的去除
服務貿易自由化競爭政策智產權保護勞工及環保標準而且該 FTA
規定 5 年之內雙方將去除 96以上工業產品之關稅某些農產品包括稻米
則被排除在外此外在歐韓 FTA 下韓國將承認許多源自歐盟的標準及
認證並簡化官僚程序排除貿易障礙韓國也承諾其境內電信法務環
境及財務部門的市場自由化並保護歐盟的地理標章（ geographic
indicators）總結來說歐韓 FTA 代表最新一代的高品質自由貿易協定
（USTR 2009）
此外美國「國會研究服務處」（Congressional Research Service CRS）
則對歐盟已簽署和談判中的 FTA 內容作一概略的整理分析（Ahearn 2011）
該文作者 Ahearn 多次引用 WTO 出版的「歐體貿易政策檢討」（Trade Policy
Review of the European Communities）報告（WTO 20042009）從該報告
中我們大略知道個別 FTA 涵蓋的政策項目例如歐盟與歐洲自由貿易
協會（European Free Trade Association EFTA）中三國（挪威冰島列支
敦士登）所簽署的「歐洲經濟區域」（European Economic Area EEA）協定
包括歐洲單一市場的四大流通即貨品（不含農漁業產品）服務資本
及勞工的完全自由流動EFTA 另一會員國瑞士則由 1972 年「歐體∕瑞士
貿易協定」來規範貨品貿易至於歐盟與瑞士在農產品貿易勞工自由移
動公共採購等政策議題則由兩者另行簽署的 16 個協定所規範（WTO
2009 24）
歐盟與克羅埃西亞馬其頓阿爾巴尼亞蒙地內哥羅和波士尼亞的
FTA 則置於其「穩定與聯繫協定」（stabilization and association agreements
Customs administration Provision of information publication on the Internet of new lawsand regulations training
Export taxes Elimination of export taxes
Sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS)measures
Affirmation of rights and obligations under the WTO Agreement onSPS harmonisation of SPS measures
Technical barriers to trade (TBT) Affirmation of rights and obligations under WTO Agreement onTBT provision of information harmonisation of regulationsmutual recognition agreements
State trading enterprises (STE) Establishment or maintenance of an independent competitionauthority non-discrimination regarding production and marketingconditions provision of information affirmation of Art XVIIGATT provisions
Antidumping (AD) Retention of AD rights and obligations under the WTO Agreement(Art VI GATT)
Countervailing measures (CVM) Retention of CVM rights and obligations under the WTOAgreement (Art VI GATT)
State aid Assessment of anticompetitive behaviour annual reporting on thevalue and distribution of state aid given provision of information
Public procurement Progressive liberalisation national treatment and or non-discrimination principle publication of laws and regulations on theInternet specification of public procurement regime
Trade-related investment measures(TRIMs)
Provisions concerning requirements for local content and exportperformace on foreign direct investment
Trade in services agreement (GATS) Liberalisation of trade in services
Trade-related intellectual propertyrights (TRIPs)
Harmonisation of standards enforcement national treatment most-favoured nation treatment
資料來源Horn et al (2009 14)
政治科學論叢∕第五十五期∕民國 102 年 3 月 95
表 2 WTO extra 政策領域及其內容簡述
AREA COVERED CONTENTAnti-corruption Regulations concerning criminal offence measures in matters affecting
international trade and investmentCompetition policy Maintenance of measures to proscribe anticompetitive business conduct
harmonisation of competition laws Establishment or maintenance of anindependent competition authority
Comsumer protection Harmonisation of consumer protection laws exchange of information andexperts training
Data protection Exchange of information and experts joint projectsEnvironmental laws Development of environmental standards enforcement of national
ervironmental laws establishment of sanctions for violation of environmentallaws publications of laws and regulations
Investment Information exchange Development of legal frameworks Harmonisation andsimplification of procedures National treatment Establishment ofmechanisms for the settlement of disputes
Movement of capital Liberalisation of capital movement prohibition of new restrictionsLabour market regulations Regulation of the national labour market affirmation of International Labour
Organisation (ILO) commitments enforcementIntellectual Property Rights (IPR) Accession to international treaties not referenced in the TRIPs AgreementAgriculture Technical assistance to conduct modemisation projects exchange of
informationApproximation of legislation Application of EC legislation in national legislationAudio visual Promotion of the industry encouragement of co-productionCivil protection Implementation of harmonised rulesInnovation policies Participation in framework programmes promotion of technology transfersCultural cooperation Promotion of joint initiatives and local cultureEconomic policy dialogue Exchange of ideas and opinions joint studiesEducation and training Measures to improve the general level of educationEnergy Exchange of information technology transfer joint studiesFinancial assistance Set of rules guiding the granting and administration of financial assistanceHealth Monitoring of diseases development of health information systems exchange
of informationHuman rights Respect for human rightsIllgeal immigration Conclusion of re-admission agreements prevention and control of illegal
immigrationIlicit drugs Treatment and rehabilitation of drug addicts projects on prevention of con-
sumption reduction of drug supply information exchangeIndustrial cooperation Assistance in conducting modermisation projects facilitation and access to
credit to financeInformation society Exchange of information dissemination of new technologies trainingMining Exchange of information and experience development of joint initiativesMoney laundering Harmonisation of standards technical and administrative assistanceNuclear safety Development of laws and regulations supervision of the transportation of
radioactive materialsPolitical dialogue Convergence of the partiesrsquo positions on international issuesPublic administration Technical assistance exchange of information joint projects TrainingRegional cooperation Promotion of regional cooperation technical assistance programmesResearch and technology Joint research projects exchange of researchers development of public-
private partnershipSmall and medium enterprise Technical assistance facilitation of the access to financeSocial matters Coordination of social security systems non-discrimination regarding
working conditionsStatistics Harmonisation and or development of statistical methods trainingTaxation Assistance in conducting fiscal system reformsTerrorism Exchange of informational and experience joint research and studiesVisa and asylum Exchange of information drafting legislation training
Zangl B 2008 ldquoJudicialization matters A comparison of dispute settlement under
GATT and the WTOrdquo International Studies Quarterly 52(4) 825-854
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰118
A Categorization and Content Analysisof EU Free Trade Agreements
David W F Huang
Abstract
According to the Commission of the European Union (EU) there have been todate (November 2011) twenty-eight Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) signed betweenthe EU and its trade partners However most existing studies of existing EU FTAsare either single-case studies or limited-case comparative studies As a result ourknowledge is confined to which policy provisions each of the EU FTAs included oromitted what legal and political controversies were attached to each of the FTAsand the economic impact each FTA had on its signatories There have been fewattempts to generalize the existing knowledge derived from case studies on theseFTAs This paper aims to fill this gap in the literature by systematically categorizingand analyzing the content of EU FTAs Using Horn Marvroidis and Sapirrsquosclassification framework which categorizes fifty-two policies into either WTO plus(fourteen items) or WTO extra (thirty-eight items) policy areas the paper seeks toidentify the policy areas included in each of the twenty-eight EU FTAs at the sametime as developing hypotheses to explain policy coverage rates for EU FTAs Thepaper finds that most EU FTAs can be classified as WTO-plus type in the sense thatthey include higher proportions of WTO-plus policy items In addition thefollowing explanatory variables are found to be correlated with the appearance of aWTO-plus policy focus the chronological order in which FTAs are signed the 2006dummy item the population and economic size of the trade partner the number ofFTAs previously signed by the trade partner the number of EU members when theFTA is signed and whether the trade partner is geographically adjacent to EUmember states
Keywords European Union Free Trade Agreement Global Europe World TradeOrganization Policy Coverage Rate
Associate Research Fellow Institution of European and American Studies Academia SinicaE-mail dwfhuanggatesinicaedutw
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 DEU 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 ESP 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 ETI 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 FRA 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 GRE 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 HEB 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 HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN 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 ITA 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 JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB 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 RUM ltFEFF005500740069006c0069007a00610163006900200061006300650073007400650020007300650074010300720069002000700065006e007400720075002000610020006300720065006100200064006f00630075006d0065006e00740065002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002000610064006500630076006100740065002000700065006e0074007200750020007400690070010300720069007200650061002000700072006500700072006500730073002000640065002000630061006c006900740061007400650020007300750070006500720069006f006100720103002e002000200044006f00630075006d0065006e00740065006c00650020005000440046002000630072006500610074006500200070006f00740020006600690020006400650073006300680069007300650020006300750020004100630072006f006200610074002c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020015f00690020007600650072007300690075006e0069006c006500200075006c0074006500720069006f006100720065002egt RUS 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 SKY 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 SLV ltFEFF005400650020006e006100730074006100760069007400760065002000750070006f0072006100620069007400650020007a00610020007500730074007600610072006a0061006e006a006500200064006f006b0075006d0065006e0074006f0076002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002c0020006b006900200073006f0020006e0061006a007000720069006d00650072006e0065006a016100690020007a00610020006b0061006b006f0076006f00730074006e006f0020007400690073006b0061006e006a00650020007300200070007200690070007200610076006f0020006e00610020007400690073006b002e00200020005500730074007600610072006a0065006e006500200064006f006b0075006d0065006e0074006500200050004400460020006a00650020006d006f0067006f010d00650020006f0064007000720065007400690020007a0020004100630072006f00620061007400200069006e002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200069006e0020006e006f00760065006a01610069006d002egt SUO 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 SVE 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 TUR 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Customs administration Provision of information publication on the Internet of new lawsand regulations training
Export taxes Elimination of export taxes
Sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS)measures
Affirmation of rights and obligations under the WTO Agreement onSPS harmonisation of SPS measures
Technical barriers to trade (TBT) Affirmation of rights and obligations under WTO Agreement onTBT provision of information harmonisation of regulationsmutual recognition agreements
State trading enterprises (STE) Establishment or maintenance of an independent competitionauthority non-discrimination regarding production and marketingconditions provision of information affirmation of Art XVIIGATT provisions
Antidumping (AD) Retention of AD rights and obligations under the WTO Agreement(Art VI GATT)
Countervailing measures (CVM) Retention of CVM rights and obligations under the WTOAgreement (Art VI GATT)
State aid Assessment of anticompetitive behaviour annual reporting on thevalue and distribution of state aid given provision of information
Public procurement Progressive liberalisation national treatment and or non-discrimination principle publication of laws and regulations on theInternet specification of public procurement regime
Trade-related investment measures(TRIMs)
Provisions concerning requirements for local content and exportperformace on foreign direct investment
Trade in services agreement (GATS) Liberalisation of trade in services
Trade-related intellectual propertyrights (TRIPs)
Harmonisation of standards enforcement national treatment most-favoured nation treatment
資料來源Horn et al (2009 14)
政治科學論叢∕第五十五期∕民國 102 年 3 月 95
表 2 WTO extra 政策領域及其內容簡述
AREA COVERED CONTENTAnti-corruption Regulations concerning criminal offence measures in matters affecting
international trade and investmentCompetition policy Maintenance of measures to proscribe anticompetitive business conduct
harmonisation of competition laws Establishment or maintenance of anindependent competition authority
Comsumer protection Harmonisation of consumer protection laws exchange of information andexperts training
Data protection Exchange of information and experts joint projectsEnvironmental laws Development of environmental standards enforcement of national
ervironmental laws establishment of sanctions for violation of environmentallaws publications of laws and regulations
Investment Information exchange Development of legal frameworks Harmonisation andsimplification of procedures National treatment Establishment ofmechanisms for the settlement of disputes
Movement of capital Liberalisation of capital movement prohibition of new restrictionsLabour market regulations Regulation of the national labour market affirmation of International Labour
Organisation (ILO) commitments enforcementIntellectual Property Rights (IPR) Accession to international treaties not referenced in the TRIPs AgreementAgriculture Technical assistance to conduct modemisation projects exchange of
informationApproximation of legislation Application of EC legislation in national legislationAudio visual Promotion of the industry encouragement of co-productionCivil protection Implementation of harmonised rulesInnovation policies Participation in framework programmes promotion of technology transfersCultural cooperation Promotion of joint initiatives and local cultureEconomic policy dialogue Exchange of ideas and opinions joint studiesEducation and training Measures to improve the general level of educationEnergy Exchange of information technology transfer joint studiesFinancial assistance Set of rules guiding the granting and administration of financial assistanceHealth Monitoring of diseases development of health information systems exchange
of informationHuman rights Respect for human rightsIllgeal immigration Conclusion of re-admission agreements prevention and control of illegal
immigrationIlicit drugs Treatment and rehabilitation of drug addicts projects on prevention of con-
sumption reduction of drug supply information exchangeIndustrial cooperation Assistance in conducting modermisation projects facilitation and access to
credit to financeInformation society Exchange of information dissemination of new technologies trainingMining Exchange of information and experience development of joint initiativesMoney laundering Harmonisation of standards technical and administrative assistanceNuclear safety Development of laws and regulations supervision of the transportation of
radioactive materialsPolitical dialogue Convergence of the partiesrsquo positions on international issuesPublic administration Technical assistance exchange of information joint projects TrainingRegional cooperation Promotion of regional cooperation technical assistance programmesResearch and technology Joint research projects exchange of researchers development of public-
private partnershipSmall and medium enterprise Technical assistance facilitation of the access to financeSocial matters Coordination of social security systems non-discrimination regarding
working conditionsStatistics Harmonisation and or development of statistical methods trainingTaxation Assistance in conducting fiscal system reformsTerrorism Exchange of informational and experience joint research and studiesVisa and asylum Exchange of information drafting legislation training
Zangl B 2008 ldquoJudicialization matters A comparison of dispute settlement under
GATT and the WTOrdquo International Studies Quarterly 52(4) 825-854
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰118
A Categorization and Content Analysisof EU Free Trade Agreements
David W F Huang
Abstract
According to the Commission of the European Union (EU) there have been todate (November 2011) twenty-eight Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) signed betweenthe EU and its trade partners However most existing studies of existing EU FTAsare either single-case studies or limited-case comparative studies As a result ourknowledge is confined to which policy provisions each of the EU FTAs included oromitted what legal and political controversies were attached to each of the FTAsand the economic impact each FTA had on its signatories There have been fewattempts to generalize the existing knowledge derived from case studies on theseFTAs This paper aims to fill this gap in the literature by systematically categorizingand analyzing the content of EU FTAs Using Horn Marvroidis and Sapirrsquosclassification framework which categorizes fifty-two policies into either WTO plus(fourteen items) or WTO extra (thirty-eight items) policy areas the paper seeks toidentify the policy areas included in each of the twenty-eight EU FTAs at the sametime as developing hypotheses to explain policy coverage rates for EU FTAs Thepaper finds that most EU FTAs can be classified as WTO-plus type in the sense thatthey include higher proportions of WTO-plus policy items In addition thefollowing explanatory variables are found to be correlated with the appearance of aWTO-plus policy focus the chronological order in which FTAs are signed the 2006dummy item the population and economic size of the trade partner the number ofFTAs previously signed by the trade partner the number of EU members when theFTA is signed and whether the trade partner is geographically adjacent to EUmember states
Keywords European Union Free Trade Agreement Global Europe World TradeOrganization Policy Coverage Rate
Associate Research Fellow Institution of European and American Studies Academia SinicaE-mail dwfhuanggatesinicaedutw
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HEB 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 HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN ltFEFF004b0069007600e1006c00f30020006d0069006e0151007300e9006701710020006e0079006f006d00640061006900200065006c0151006b00e90073007a00ed007401510020006e0079006f006d00740061007400e100730068006f007a0020006c006500670069006e006b00e1006200620020006d0065006700660065006c0065006c0151002000410064006f00620065002000500044004600200064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740075006d006f006b0061007400200065007a0065006b006b0065006c0020006100200062006500e1006c006c00ed007400e10073006f006b006b0061006c0020006b00e90073007a00ed0074006800650074002e0020002000410020006c00e90074007200650068006f007a006f00740074002000500044004600200064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740075006d006f006b00200061007a0020004100630072006f006200610074002000e9007300200061007a002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002c0020007600610067007900200061007a002000610074007400f3006c0020006b00e9007301510062006200690020007600650072007a006900f3006b006b0061006c0020006e00790069007400680061007400f3006b0020006d00650067002egt ITA 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 JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB 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 RUM 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 RUS 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 SKY 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 SLV 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 SUO 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 SVE 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 TUR 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 UKR ltFEFF04120438043a043e0440043804410442043e043204430439044204350020044604560020043f043004400430043c043504420440043800200434043b044f0020044104420432043e04400435043d043d044f00200434043e043a0443043c0435043d044204560432002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002c0020044f043a04560020043d04300439043a04400430044904350020043f045604340445043e0434044f0442044c00200434043b044f0020043204380441043e043a043e044f043a04560441043d043e0433043e0020043f0435044004350434043404400443043a043e0432043e0433043e0020043404400443043a0443002e00200020042104420432043e04400435043d045600200434043e043a0443043c0435043d0442043800200050004400460020043c043e0436043d04300020043204560434043a0440043804420438002004430020004100630072006f006200610074002004420430002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002004300431043e0020043f04560437043d04560448043e04570020043204350440044104560457002egt ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 50 and later) gtgt Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (10) ] OtherNamespaces [ ltlt AsReaderSpreads false CropImagesToFrames true ErrorControl WarnAndContinue FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false IncludeGuidesGrids false IncludeNonPrinting false IncludeSlug false Namespace [ (Adobe) (InDesign) (40) ] OmitPlacedBitmaps false OmitPlacedEPS false OmitPlacedPDF false SimulateOverprint Legacy gtgt ltlt AddBleedMarks false AddColorBars false AddCropMarks false AddPageInfo false AddRegMarks false ConvertColors ConvertToCMYK DestinationProfileName () DestinationProfileSelector DocumentCMYK Downsample16BitImages true FlattenerPreset ltlt PresetSelector MediumResolution gtgt FormElements false GenerateStructure false IncludeBookmarks false IncludeHyperlinks false IncludeInteractive false IncludeLayers false IncludeProfiles false MultimediaHandling UseObjectSettings Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (20) ] PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector DocumentCMYK PreserveEditing true UntaggedCMYKHandling LeaveUntagged UntaggedRGBHandling UseDocumentProfile UseDocumentBleed false gtgt ]gtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice
政治科學論叢∕第五十五期∕民國 102 年 3 月 91
定致力於經濟社會及文化合作並給予南非產品及服務部門十二年的過
度轉型期期間南非給予 86 歐盟產品零關稅進入南非市場歐盟則給予
95南非產品零關稅進入歐盟市場但約有 300 項敏感農產品則被排除在關
稅減讓之外（Ahearn 2011 13）
綜合以上針對歐盟與第三國（或區域）簽署 FTA 所做的個案研究與官
方政策報告我們雖然知道特定歐盟的 FTA 大略涵蓋哪些政策項目但卻
缺乏系統比較的基礎尤其是我們仍不瞭解例如歐盟∕韓國與歐盟∕
智利 FTA 具備哪些共同特質又有哪些政策差異同樣地我們也不曉得到
底智產權保障是被哪幾個歐盟簽署的 FTA 所納入截至目前只有兩份學術
著作致力於歐盟 FTA 內容之比較研究第一份著作是由倫敦政經學院
Heydon 和 Woolcock 教授出版的專書 The Rise of Bilateralsim試圖比較美
洲歐洲及亞洲洽簽優惠貿易協定時所採取的途徑（Heydon and Woolcock
2009）兩位教授從美歐亞洲已簽署的 FTA 中各選擇幾份重要且具代
表性的 FTA 進行內容研析並將比較重點放在 WTO plus 的政策項目上
根據 Heydon 和 Woolcock 教授的研究歐盟已簽署的雙邊自由貿易協
定呈現彈性歧異的特質且開放市場的野心較美國 FTA 小端視締約對象
的經濟發展程度對歐盟安全的衝擊及歐盟產業競爭力大小歐盟 FTA
會納入不同政策項目例如歐盟∕地中海國家的經濟夥伴協議便納入工
業產品自由化但卻排除敏感農業產品歐盟∕非加太國家的協定提供對
手國優惠條件進入歐盟市場較長的轉型調整期及經濟援助但歐盟與
新興市場的 FTA 則要求對手國納入其對美國所做的相同自由化承諾（Heydon
and Woolcock 2009 241-242）
若從 WTO plus 的政策項目來看歐盟所簽署的 FTA 亦呈現不同特質
所謂 WTO plus 政策項目乃 WTO 會員國原已向 WTO 承諾自由化的政策
項目但 FTA 締約兩造自願更進一步地擴大自由化的程度一般而言WTO
plus 項目包括貨品貿易農產品貿易關務合作出口稅制衛生暨檢疫
措施（SPS）貿易之技術障礙（TBT）國營貿易企業（STE）反傾銷
（AD）防衛關稅措施（CVD）國家補貼公共採購與貿易相關之投
資措施（TRIMs）服務貿易協議（GATS）及與貿易相關之智慧財產權
（TRIPs）等 14 項（詳見下節表 1）Heydon 和 Woolcock 發現歐盟 FTA
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰92
在貨品貿易部份要求對手接近百分之百品項完全開放市場但在農產品貿
易方面就有許多例外例如牛肉雞肉奶製品橄欖油米麥糖和
酒等品項往往被其 FTA 排除適用又如在服務貿易上Heydon 和 Woolcock
發現歐盟 FTA 往往採正面表列方式處理因而保留彈性排除敏感服務業的
適用在智產權上歐盟 FTA 僅要求對手履行其對 WTO 所承諾的保護措施
但卻在地理標示上要求對手超越 WTO 之 TRIPs 的保護措施在反傾銷及防
衛措施上歐盟 FTA 並未超越 WTO 的要求（Heydon and Woolcock 2009
23-24239-242）但在衛生暨檢疫（SPS）上歐盟 FTA 允許科學評估風險
外納入社會風險因素因而可能導致寬鬆詮釋「預防原則」去限制貿易
（Ahearn 2011 17）
然而上述針對 WTO plus 政策項目的比較分析也只是概略性的陳述
Heydon 和 Woolcock 的研究一再強調歐盟 FTA 內容常因其談判對手差異而
彈性處理（Heydon and Woolcock 2009 24）問題是我們缺乏一套系統性
的比較基礎去分析歐盟如何因對手國差異而彈性處理其 FTA 內容呢
HornMavroidis 和 Sapir 發展一套比較系統區別 14 項 WTO plus 政策議
題和 38 項 WTO extra 政策議題再分析美國與歐盟各 14 份的 FTA 文本內
容（Horn et al 2009）他們發現美國與歐盟所各自簽署的 FTA 內容具有
高度的相似性兩者所涵蓋的政策議題與要求開放的義務大致相同差別
在於與貿易相關的服務部門美國的 14 份 FTA 內容全部納入服務貿易條
款而歐盟只有 4 份 FTA 內容納入服務貿易同樣地大部分美國簽署的
FTA 內容皆包括與貿易相關的投資條款義務但卻尚無任何一歐盟 FTA 納
入 TRIMs 義務此外美國 FTA 內容在 TRIMs 和 TBT 上有較強地執法義
務（enforceable obligations）但歐盟 FTA 內容則較強調國營貿易企業的規
範上最後歐盟 FTA 內容納入較多的 WTO extra 項目超越美國 FTA 納
入 WTO extra 政策項目有四倍之多雖然兩者 FTA 納入 WTO extra 政策項
目但具法律履行義務者仍非常的少Horn 等教授發現在歐盟或美國所簽
署的 FTA 中僅有 8 項 WTO extra 政策（總數 38 項）具法律履行義務其中
智產權資本移動及投資的 WTO extra 項目乃歐盟及美國 FTA 皆納入
但只有歐盟 FTA 納入競爭政策及社會議題（Horn et al 2009 20-8）
很明顯地Horn 等教授的研究不但讓我們瞭解歐盟及美國 FTA 涵蓋
政治科學論叢∕第五十五期∕民國 102 年 3 月 93
WTO plus 和 WTO extra 政策議題的多寡與性質差異他們的研究更提供一
個比較分析架構供後學重複檢證（replication）其研究成果本文利用 Horn
等教授的比較分析架構重新檢視所有歐盟 FTA（共 28 份）再延伸其研
究而提出幾個相關自變數去解釋歐盟 FTA 內容在 WTO plus 及 WTO extra
涵蓋率高低的原因為何接著下節我們先介紹 Horn 等教授的比較分析架
構並評析其優缺點指出其方法論上的限制
參研究方法資料來源和初步分析結果
HornMavroidis 和 Sapir (2009) 研究對象包括截至 2008 年所有美國和
歐盟與第三國（區域）所簽署的雙邊自由貿易協定但不包括兩者與非 WTO
會員國所簽署的 FTA美國與歐盟各 14 份 FTA 文本被挑出來比較這些
文本包括那些已簽署但尚未批准的 FTA也包括那些尚未向 WTO 報備之
FTA（Horn et al 2009 9）Horn 等教授並未對其樣本選擇方式提出任何理
由辯護但讀者似乎可以質疑該研究所列入的 FTA 文本可能有樣本代表性
偏差的問題換言之這 28 份 FTA 文本是否足以代表美國與歐盟所有 FTA
之特徵呢三位作者原可將所有美歐所已簽署的 FTA 皆納入其分析範疇
但考量每份 FTA 內容動輒十幾章超過數百頁進行內容研讀與分析乃費
時費力吃力不討好的工作故要求分析所有 FTA 文本實乃強人所難但
讀者須注意 Horn 等教授的研究仍存在樣本代表性偏差的問題
暫時擱下 Horn 等教授樣本選擇偏差的問題筆者認為 Horn 等教授最
大的貢獻是提出一套可以重複檢證的比較架構去進行 FTA 文本的內容分
析這套比較架構提出 52 項政策領域（policy areas）類別可以窮盡地
（exhustively）涵蓋 28 份美歐 FTA 文本所列入的政策議題（Horn et al 2009
Customs administration Provision of information publication on the Internet of new lawsand regulations training
Export taxes Elimination of export taxes
Sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS)measures
Affirmation of rights and obligations under the WTO Agreement onSPS harmonisation of SPS measures
Technical barriers to trade (TBT) Affirmation of rights and obligations under WTO Agreement onTBT provision of information harmonisation of regulationsmutual recognition agreements
State trading enterprises (STE) Establishment or maintenance of an independent competitionauthority non-discrimination regarding production and marketingconditions provision of information affirmation of Art XVIIGATT provisions
Antidumping (AD) Retention of AD rights and obligations under the WTO Agreement(Art VI GATT)
Countervailing measures (CVM) Retention of CVM rights and obligations under the WTOAgreement (Art VI GATT)
State aid Assessment of anticompetitive behaviour annual reporting on thevalue and distribution of state aid given provision of information
Public procurement Progressive liberalisation national treatment and or non-discrimination principle publication of laws and regulations on theInternet specification of public procurement regime
Trade-related investment measures(TRIMs)
Provisions concerning requirements for local content and exportperformace on foreign direct investment
Trade in services agreement (GATS) Liberalisation of trade in services
Trade-related intellectual propertyrights (TRIPs)
Harmonisation of standards enforcement national treatment most-favoured nation treatment
資料來源Horn et al (2009 14)
政治科學論叢∕第五十五期∕民國 102 年 3 月 95
表 2 WTO extra 政策領域及其內容簡述
AREA COVERED CONTENTAnti-corruption Regulations concerning criminal offence measures in matters affecting
international trade and investmentCompetition policy Maintenance of measures to proscribe anticompetitive business conduct
harmonisation of competition laws Establishment or maintenance of anindependent competition authority
Comsumer protection Harmonisation of consumer protection laws exchange of information andexperts training
Data protection Exchange of information and experts joint projectsEnvironmental laws Development of environmental standards enforcement of national
ervironmental laws establishment of sanctions for violation of environmentallaws publications of laws and regulations
Investment Information exchange Development of legal frameworks Harmonisation andsimplification of procedures National treatment Establishment ofmechanisms for the settlement of disputes
Movement of capital Liberalisation of capital movement prohibition of new restrictionsLabour market regulations Regulation of the national labour market affirmation of International Labour
Organisation (ILO) commitments enforcementIntellectual Property Rights (IPR) Accession to international treaties not referenced in the TRIPs AgreementAgriculture Technical assistance to conduct modemisation projects exchange of
informationApproximation of legislation Application of EC legislation in national legislationAudio visual Promotion of the industry encouragement of co-productionCivil protection Implementation of harmonised rulesInnovation policies Participation in framework programmes promotion of technology transfersCultural cooperation Promotion of joint initiatives and local cultureEconomic policy dialogue Exchange of ideas and opinions joint studiesEducation and training Measures to improve the general level of educationEnergy Exchange of information technology transfer joint studiesFinancial assistance Set of rules guiding the granting and administration of financial assistanceHealth Monitoring of diseases development of health information systems exchange
of informationHuman rights Respect for human rightsIllgeal immigration Conclusion of re-admission agreements prevention and control of illegal
immigrationIlicit drugs Treatment and rehabilitation of drug addicts projects on prevention of con-
sumption reduction of drug supply information exchangeIndustrial cooperation Assistance in conducting modermisation projects facilitation and access to
credit to financeInformation society Exchange of information dissemination of new technologies trainingMining Exchange of information and experience development of joint initiativesMoney laundering Harmonisation of standards technical and administrative assistanceNuclear safety Development of laws and regulations supervision of the transportation of
radioactive materialsPolitical dialogue Convergence of the partiesrsquo positions on international issuesPublic administration Technical assistance exchange of information joint projects TrainingRegional cooperation Promotion of regional cooperation technical assistance programmesResearch and technology Joint research projects exchange of researchers development of public-
private partnershipSmall and medium enterprise Technical assistance facilitation of the access to financeSocial matters Coordination of social security systems non-discrimination regarding
working conditionsStatistics Harmonisation and or development of statistical methods trainingTaxation Assistance in conducting fiscal system reformsTerrorism Exchange of informational and experience joint research and studiesVisa and asylum Exchange of information drafting legislation training
Zangl B 2008 ldquoJudicialization matters A comparison of dispute settlement under
GATT and the WTOrdquo International Studies Quarterly 52(4) 825-854
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰118
A Categorization and Content Analysisof EU Free Trade Agreements
David W F Huang
Abstract
According to the Commission of the European Union (EU) there have been todate (November 2011) twenty-eight Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) signed betweenthe EU and its trade partners However most existing studies of existing EU FTAsare either single-case studies or limited-case comparative studies As a result ourknowledge is confined to which policy provisions each of the EU FTAs included oromitted what legal and political controversies were attached to each of the FTAsand the economic impact each FTA had on its signatories There have been fewattempts to generalize the existing knowledge derived from case studies on theseFTAs This paper aims to fill this gap in the literature by systematically categorizingand analyzing the content of EU FTAs Using Horn Marvroidis and Sapirrsquosclassification framework which categorizes fifty-two policies into either WTO plus(fourteen items) or WTO extra (thirty-eight items) policy areas the paper seeks toidentify the policy areas included in each of the twenty-eight EU FTAs at the sametime as developing hypotheses to explain policy coverage rates for EU FTAs Thepaper finds that most EU FTAs can be classified as WTO-plus type in the sense thatthey include higher proportions of WTO-plus policy items In addition thefollowing explanatory variables are found to be correlated with the appearance of aWTO-plus policy focus the chronological order in which FTAs are signed the 2006dummy item the population and economic size of the trade partner the number ofFTAs previously signed by the trade partner the number of EU members when theFTA is signed and whether the trade partner is geographically adjacent to EUmember states
Keywords European Union Free Trade Agreement Global Europe World TradeOrganization Policy Coverage Rate
Associate Research Fellow Institution of European and American Studies Academia SinicaE-mail dwfhuanggatesinicaedutw
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 ETI 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 FRA 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 GRE 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 HEB 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 HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN ltFEFF004b0069007600e1006c00f30020006d0069006e0151007300e9006701710020006e0079006f006d00640061006900200065006c0151006b00e90073007a00ed007401510020006e0079006f006d00740061007400e100730068006f007a0020006c006500670069006e006b00e1006200620020006d0065006700660065006c0065006c0151002000410064006f00620065002000500044004600200064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740075006d006f006b0061007400200065007a0065006b006b0065006c0020006100200062006500e1006c006c00ed007400e10073006f006b006b0061006c0020006b00e90073007a00ed0074006800650074002e0020002000410020006c00e90074007200650068006f007a006f00740074002000500044004600200064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740075006d006f006b00200061007a0020004100630072006f006200610074002000e9007300200061007a002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002c0020007600610067007900200061007a002000610074007400f3006c0020006b00e9007301510062006200690020007600650072007a006900f3006b006b0061006c0020006e00790069007400680061007400f3006b0020006d00650067002egt ITA 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 JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI ltFEFF0049007a006d0061006e0074006f006a00690065007400200161006f00730020006900650073007400610074012b006a0075006d00750073002c0020006c0061006900200076006500690064006f00740075002000410064006f00620065002000500044004600200064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400750073002c0020006b006100730020006900720020012b00700061016100690020007000690065006d01130072006f00740069002000610075006700730074006100730020006b00760061006c0069007401010074006500730020007000690072006d007300690065007300700069006501610061006e006100730020006400720075006b00610069002e00200049007a0076006500690064006f006a006900650074002000500044004600200064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400750073002c0020006b006f002000760061007200200061007400760113007200740020006100720020004100630072006f00620061007400200075006e002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002c0020006b0101002000610072012b00200074006f0020006a00610075006e0101006b0101006d002000760065007200730069006a0101006d002egt NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB 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 RUM ltFEFF005500740069006c0069007a00610163006900200061006300650073007400650020007300650074010300720069002000700065006e007400720075002000610020006300720065006100200064006f00630075006d0065006e00740065002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002000610064006500630076006100740065002000700065006e0074007200750020007400690070010300720069007200650061002000700072006500700072006500730073002000640065002000630061006c006900740061007400650020007300750070006500720069006f006100720103002e002000200044006f00630075006d0065006e00740065006c00650020005000440046002000630072006500610074006500200070006f00740020006600690020006400650073006300680069007300650020006300750020004100630072006f006200610074002c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020015f00690020007600650072007300690075006e0069006c006500200075006c0074006500720069006f006100720065002egt RUS 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 SKY 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 SLV 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 SUO 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 SVE ltFEFF0041006e007600e4006e00640020006400650020006800e4007200200069006e0073007400e4006c006c006e0069006e006700610072006e00610020006f006d002000640075002000760069006c006c00200073006b006100700061002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400200073006f006d002000e400720020006c00e4006d0070006c0069006700610020006600f60072002000700072006500700072006500730073002d007500740073006b00720069006600740020006d006500640020006800f600670020006b00760061006c0069007400650074002e002000200053006b006100700061006400650020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740020006b0061006e002000f600700070006e00610073002000690020004100630072006f0062006100740020006f00630068002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020006f00630068002000730065006e006100720065002egt TUR 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 UKR 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 ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing Created PDF documents 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歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰92
在貨品貿易部份要求對手接近百分之百品項完全開放市場但在農產品貿
易方面就有許多例外例如牛肉雞肉奶製品橄欖油米麥糖和
酒等品項往往被其 FTA 排除適用又如在服務貿易上Heydon 和 Woolcock
發現歐盟 FTA 往往採正面表列方式處理因而保留彈性排除敏感服務業的
適用在智產權上歐盟 FTA 僅要求對手履行其對 WTO 所承諾的保護措施
但卻在地理標示上要求對手超越 WTO 之 TRIPs 的保護措施在反傾銷及防
衛措施上歐盟 FTA 並未超越 WTO 的要求（Heydon and Woolcock 2009
23-24239-242）但在衛生暨檢疫（SPS）上歐盟 FTA 允許科學評估風險
外納入社會風險因素因而可能導致寬鬆詮釋「預防原則」去限制貿易
（Ahearn 2011 17）
然而上述針對 WTO plus 政策項目的比較分析也只是概略性的陳述
Heydon 和 Woolcock 的研究一再強調歐盟 FTA 內容常因其談判對手差異而
彈性處理（Heydon and Woolcock 2009 24）問題是我們缺乏一套系統性
的比較基礎去分析歐盟如何因對手國差異而彈性處理其 FTA 內容呢
HornMavroidis 和 Sapir 發展一套比較系統區別 14 項 WTO plus 政策議
題和 38 項 WTO extra 政策議題再分析美國與歐盟各 14 份的 FTA 文本內
容（Horn et al 2009）他們發現美國與歐盟所各自簽署的 FTA 內容具有
高度的相似性兩者所涵蓋的政策議題與要求開放的義務大致相同差別
在於與貿易相關的服務部門美國的 14 份 FTA 內容全部納入服務貿易條
款而歐盟只有 4 份 FTA 內容納入服務貿易同樣地大部分美國簽署的
FTA 內容皆包括與貿易相關的投資條款義務但卻尚無任何一歐盟 FTA 納
入 TRIMs 義務此外美國 FTA 內容在 TRIMs 和 TBT 上有較強地執法義
務（enforceable obligations）但歐盟 FTA 內容則較強調國營貿易企業的規
範上最後歐盟 FTA 內容納入較多的 WTO extra 項目超越美國 FTA 納
入 WTO extra 政策項目有四倍之多雖然兩者 FTA 納入 WTO extra 政策項
目但具法律履行義務者仍非常的少Horn 等教授發現在歐盟或美國所簽
署的 FTA 中僅有 8 項 WTO extra 政策（總數 38 項）具法律履行義務其中
智產權資本移動及投資的 WTO extra 項目乃歐盟及美國 FTA 皆納入
但只有歐盟 FTA 納入競爭政策及社會議題（Horn et al 2009 20-8）
很明顯地Horn 等教授的研究不但讓我們瞭解歐盟及美國 FTA 涵蓋
政治科學論叢∕第五十五期∕民國 102 年 3 月 93
WTO plus 和 WTO extra 政策議題的多寡與性質差異他們的研究更提供一
個比較分析架構供後學重複檢證（replication）其研究成果本文利用 Horn
等教授的比較分析架構重新檢視所有歐盟 FTA（共 28 份）再延伸其研
究而提出幾個相關自變數去解釋歐盟 FTA 內容在 WTO plus 及 WTO extra
涵蓋率高低的原因為何接著下節我們先介紹 Horn 等教授的比較分析架
構並評析其優缺點指出其方法論上的限制
參研究方法資料來源和初步分析結果
HornMavroidis 和 Sapir (2009) 研究對象包括截至 2008 年所有美國和
歐盟與第三國（區域）所簽署的雙邊自由貿易協定但不包括兩者與非 WTO
會員國所簽署的 FTA美國與歐盟各 14 份 FTA 文本被挑出來比較這些
文本包括那些已簽署但尚未批准的 FTA也包括那些尚未向 WTO 報備之
FTA（Horn et al 2009 9）Horn 等教授並未對其樣本選擇方式提出任何理
由辯護但讀者似乎可以質疑該研究所列入的 FTA 文本可能有樣本代表性
偏差的問題換言之這 28 份 FTA 文本是否足以代表美國與歐盟所有 FTA
之特徵呢三位作者原可將所有美歐所已簽署的 FTA 皆納入其分析範疇
但考量每份 FTA 內容動輒十幾章超過數百頁進行內容研讀與分析乃費
時費力吃力不討好的工作故要求分析所有 FTA 文本實乃強人所難但
讀者須注意 Horn 等教授的研究仍存在樣本代表性偏差的問題
暫時擱下 Horn 等教授樣本選擇偏差的問題筆者認為 Horn 等教授最
大的貢獻是提出一套可以重複檢證的比較架構去進行 FTA 文本的內容分
析這套比較架構提出 52 項政策領域（policy areas）類別可以窮盡地
（exhustively）涵蓋 28 份美歐 FTA 文本所列入的政策議題（Horn et al 2009
Customs administration Provision of information publication on the Internet of new lawsand regulations training
Export taxes Elimination of export taxes
Sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS)measures
Affirmation of rights and obligations under the WTO Agreement onSPS harmonisation of SPS measures
Technical barriers to trade (TBT) Affirmation of rights and obligations under WTO Agreement onTBT provision of information harmonisation of regulationsmutual recognition agreements
State trading enterprises (STE) Establishment or maintenance of an independent competitionauthority non-discrimination regarding production and marketingconditions provision of information affirmation of Art XVIIGATT provisions
Antidumping (AD) Retention of AD rights and obligations under the WTO Agreement(Art VI GATT)
Countervailing measures (CVM) Retention of CVM rights and obligations under the WTOAgreement (Art VI GATT)
State aid Assessment of anticompetitive behaviour annual reporting on thevalue and distribution of state aid given provision of information
Public procurement Progressive liberalisation national treatment and or non-discrimination principle publication of laws and regulations on theInternet specification of public procurement regime
Trade-related investment measures(TRIMs)
Provisions concerning requirements for local content and exportperformace on foreign direct investment
Trade in services agreement (GATS) Liberalisation of trade in services
Trade-related intellectual propertyrights (TRIPs)
Harmonisation of standards enforcement national treatment most-favoured nation treatment
資料來源Horn et al (2009 14)
政治科學論叢∕第五十五期∕民國 102 年 3 月 95
表 2 WTO extra 政策領域及其內容簡述
AREA COVERED CONTENTAnti-corruption Regulations concerning criminal offence measures in matters affecting
international trade and investmentCompetition policy Maintenance of measures to proscribe anticompetitive business conduct
harmonisation of competition laws Establishment or maintenance of anindependent competition authority
Comsumer protection Harmonisation of consumer protection laws exchange of information andexperts training
Data protection Exchange of information and experts joint projectsEnvironmental laws Development of environmental standards enforcement of national
ervironmental laws establishment of sanctions for violation of environmentallaws publications of laws and regulations
Investment Information exchange Development of legal frameworks Harmonisation andsimplification of procedures National treatment Establishment ofmechanisms for the settlement of disputes
Movement of capital Liberalisation of capital movement prohibition of new restrictionsLabour market regulations Regulation of the national labour market affirmation of International Labour
Organisation (ILO) commitments enforcementIntellectual Property Rights (IPR) Accession to international treaties not referenced in the TRIPs AgreementAgriculture Technical assistance to conduct modemisation projects exchange of
informationApproximation of legislation Application of EC legislation in national legislationAudio visual Promotion of the industry encouragement of co-productionCivil protection Implementation of harmonised rulesInnovation policies Participation in framework programmes promotion of technology transfersCultural cooperation Promotion of joint initiatives and local cultureEconomic policy dialogue Exchange of ideas and opinions joint studiesEducation and training Measures to improve the general level of educationEnergy Exchange of information technology transfer joint studiesFinancial assistance Set of rules guiding the granting and administration of financial assistanceHealth Monitoring of diseases development of health information systems exchange
of informationHuman rights Respect for human rightsIllgeal immigration Conclusion of re-admission agreements prevention and control of illegal
immigrationIlicit drugs Treatment and rehabilitation of drug addicts projects on prevention of con-
sumption reduction of drug supply information exchangeIndustrial cooperation Assistance in conducting modermisation projects facilitation and access to
credit to financeInformation society Exchange of information dissemination of new technologies trainingMining Exchange of information and experience development of joint initiativesMoney laundering Harmonisation of standards technical and administrative assistanceNuclear safety Development of laws and regulations supervision of the transportation of
radioactive materialsPolitical dialogue Convergence of the partiesrsquo positions on international issuesPublic administration Technical assistance exchange of information joint projects TrainingRegional cooperation Promotion of regional cooperation technical assistance programmesResearch and technology Joint research projects exchange of researchers development of public-
private partnershipSmall and medium enterprise Technical assistance facilitation of the access to financeSocial matters Coordination of social security systems non-discrimination regarding
working conditionsStatistics Harmonisation and or development of statistical methods trainingTaxation Assistance in conducting fiscal system reformsTerrorism Exchange of informational and experience joint research and studiesVisa and asylum Exchange of information drafting legislation training
Zangl B 2008 ldquoJudicialization matters A comparison of dispute settlement under
GATT and the WTOrdquo International Studies Quarterly 52(4) 825-854
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰118
A Categorization and Content Analysisof EU Free Trade Agreements
David W F Huang
Abstract
According to the Commission of the European Union (EU) there have been todate (November 2011) twenty-eight Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) signed betweenthe EU and its trade partners However most existing studies of existing EU FTAsare either single-case studies or limited-case comparative studies As a result ourknowledge is confined to which policy provisions each of the EU FTAs included oromitted what legal and political controversies were attached to each of the FTAsand the economic impact each FTA had on its signatories There have been fewattempts to generalize the existing knowledge derived from case studies on theseFTAs This paper aims to fill this gap in the literature by systematically categorizingand analyzing the content of EU FTAs Using Horn Marvroidis and Sapirrsquosclassification framework which categorizes fifty-two policies into either WTO plus(fourteen items) or WTO extra (thirty-eight items) policy areas the paper seeks toidentify the policy areas included in each of the twenty-eight EU FTAs at the sametime as developing hypotheses to explain policy coverage rates for EU FTAs Thepaper finds that most EU FTAs can be classified as WTO-plus type in the sense thatthey include higher proportions of WTO-plus policy items In addition thefollowing explanatory variables are found to be correlated with the appearance of aWTO-plus policy focus the chronological order in which FTAs are signed the 2006dummy item the population and economic size of the trade partner the number ofFTAs previously signed by the trade partner the number of EU members when theFTA is signed and whether the trade partner is geographically adjacent to EUmember states
Keywords European Union Free Trade Agreement Global Europe World TradeOrganization Policy Coverage Rate
Associate Research Fellow Institution of European and American Studies Academia SinicaE-mail dwfhuanggatesinicaedutw
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ltFEFF004200720075006700200069006e0064007300740069006c006c0069006e006700650072006e0065002000740069006c0020006100740020006f007000720065007400740065002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400650072002c0020006400650072002000620065006400730074002000650067006e006500720020007300690067002000740069006c002000700072006500700072006500730073002d007500640073006b007200690076006e0069006e00670020006100660020006800f8006a0020006b00760061006c0069007400650074002e0020004400650020006f007000720065007400740065006400650020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e0074006500720020006b0061006e002000e50062006e00650073002000690020004100630072006f00620061007400200065006c006c006500720020004100630072006f006200610074002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020006f00670020006e0079006500720065002egt DEU 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 ESP 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 ETI 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 FRA 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 GRE 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 HEB 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 HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN ltFEFF004b0069007600e1006c00f30020006d0069006e0151007300e9006701710020006e0079006f006d00640061006900200065006c0151006b00e90073007a00ed007401510020006e0079006f006d00740061007400e100730068006f007a0020006c006500670069006e006b00e1006200620020006d0065006700660065006c0065006c0151002000410064006f00620065002000500044004600200064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740075006d006f006b0061007400200065007a0065006b006b0065006c0020006100200062006500e1006c006c00ed007400e10073006f006b006b0061006c0020006b00e90073007a00ed0074006800650074002e0020002000410020006c00e90074007200650068006f007a006f00740074002000500044004600200064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740075006d006f006b00200061007a0020004100630072006f006200610074002000e9007300200061007a002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002c0020007600610067007900200061007a002000610074007400f3006c0020006b00e9007301510062006200690020007600650072007a006900f3006b006b0061006c0020006e00790069007400680061007400f3006b0020006d00650067002egt ITA 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 JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB 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 RUM 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 RUS ltFEFF04180441043f043e043b044c04370443043904420435002004340430043d043d044b04350020043d0430044104420440043e0439043a043800200434043b044f00200441043e043704340430043d0438044f00200434043e043a0443043c0435043d0442043e0432002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002c0020043c0430043a04410438043c0430043b044c043d043e0020043f043e04340445043e0434044f04490438044500200434043b044f00200432044b0441043e043a043e043a0430044704350441044204320435043d043d043e0433043e00200434043e043f0435044704300442043d043e0433043e00200432044b0432043e04340430002e002000200421043e043704340430043d043d044b04350020005000440046002d0434043e043a0443043c0435043d0442044b0020043c043e0436043d043e0020043e0442043a0440044b043204300442044c002004410020043f043e043c043e0449044c044e0020004100630072006f00620061007400200438002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020043800200431043e043b043504350020043f043e04370434043d043804450020043204350440044104380439002egt SKY 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 SLV 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 SUO 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 SVE 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 TUR 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政治科學論叢∕第五十五期∕民國 102 年 3 月 93
WTO plus 和 WTO extra 政策議題的多寡與性質差異他們的研究更提供一
個比較分析架構供後學重複檢證（replication）其研究成果本文利用 Horn
等教授的比較分析架構重新檢視所有歐盟 FTA（共 28 份）再延伸其研
究而提出幾個相關自變數去解釋歐盟 FTA 內容在 WTO plus 及 WTO extra
涵蓋率高低的原因為何接著下節我們先介紹 Horn 等教授的比較分析架
構並評析其優缺點指出其方法論上的限制
參研究方法資料來源和初步分析結果
HornMavroidis 和 Sapir (2009) 研究對象包括截至 2008 年所有美國和
歐盟與第三國（區域）所簽署的雙邊自由貿易協定但不包括兩者與非 WTO
會員國所簽署的 FTA美國與歐盟各 14 份 FTA 文本被挑出來比較這些
文本包括那些已簽署但尚未批准的 FTA也包括那些尚未向 WTO 報備之
FTA（Horn et al 2009 9）Horn 等教授並未對其樣本選擇方式提出任何理
由辯護但讀者似乎可以質疑該研究所列入的 FTA 文本可能有樣本代表性
偏差的問題換言之這 28 份 FTA 文本是否足以代表美國與歐盟所有 FTA
之特徵呢三位作者原可將所有美歐所已簽署的 FTA 皆納入其分析範疇
但考量每份 FTA 內容動輒十幾章超過數百頁進行內容研讀與分析乃費
時費力吃力不討好的工作故要求分析所有 FTA 文本實乃強人所難但
讀者須注意 Horn 等教授的研究仍存在樣本代表性偏差的問題
暫時擱下 Horn 等教授樣本選擇偏差的問題筆者認為 Horn 等教授最
大的貢獻是提出一套可以重複檢證的比較架構去進行 FTA 文本的內容分
析這套比較架構提出 52 項政策領域（policy areas）類別可以窮盡地
（exhustively）涵蓋 28 份美歐 FTA 文本所列入的政策議題（Horn et al 2009
Customs administration Provision of information publication on the Internet of new lawsand regulations training
Export taxes Elimination of export taxes
Sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS)measures
Affirmation of rights and obligations under the WTO Agreement onSPS harmonisation of SPS measures
Technical barriers to trade (TBT) Affirmation of rights and obligations under WTO Agreement onTBT provision of information harmonisation of regulationsmutual recognition agreements
State trading enterprises (STE) Establishment or maintenance of an independent competitionauthority non-discrimination regarding production and marketingconditions provision of information affirmation of Art XVIIGATT provisions
Antidumping (AD) Retention of AD rights and obligations under the WTO Agreement(Art VI GATT)
Countervailing measures (CVM) Retention of CVM rights and obligations under the WTOAgreement (Art VI GATT)
State aid Assessment of anticompetitive behaviour annual reporting on thevalue and distribution of state aid given provision of information
Public procurement Progressive liberalisation national treatment and or non-discrimination principle publication of laws and regulations on theInternet specification of public procurement regime
Trade-related investment measures(TRIMs)
Provisions concerning requirements for local content and exportperformace on foreign direct investment
Trade in services agreement (GATS) Liberalisation of trade in services
Trade-related intellectual propertyrights (TRIPs)
Harmonisation of standards enforcement national treatment most-favoured nation treatment
資料來源Horn et al (2009 14)
政治科學論叢∕第五十五期∕民國 102 年 3 月 95
表 2 WTO extra 政策領域及其內容簡述
AREA COVERED CONTENTAnti-corruption Regulations concerning criminal offence measures in matters affecting
international trade and investmentCompetition policy Maintenance of measures to proscribe anticompetitive business conduct
harmonisation of competition laws Establishment or maintenance of anindependent competition authority
Comsumer protection Harmonisation of consumer protection laws exchange of information andexperts training
Data protection Exchange of information and experts joint projectsEnvironmental laws Development of environmental standards enforcement of national
ervironmental laws establishment of sanctions for violation of environmentallaws publications of laws and regulations
Investment Information exchange Development of legal frameworks Harmonisation andsimplification of procedures National treatment Establishment ofmechanisms for the settlement of disputes
Movement of capital Liberalisation of capital movement prohibition of new restrictionsLabour market regulations Regulation of the national labour market affirmation of International Labour
Organisation (ILO) commitments enforcementIntellectual Property Rights (IPR) Accession to international treaties not referenced in the TRIPs AgreementAgriculture Technical assistance to conduct modemisation projects exchange of
informationApproximation of legislation Application of EC legislation in national legislationAudio visual Promotion of the industry encouragement of co-productionCivil protection Implementation of harmonised rulesInnovation policies Participation in framework programmes promotion of technology transfersCultural cooperation Promotion of joint initiatives and local cultureEconomic policy dialogue Exchange of ideas and opinions joint studiesEducation and training Measures to improve the general level of educationEnergy Exchange of information technology transfer joint studiesFinancial assistance Set of rules guiding the granting and administration of financial assistanceHealth Monitoring of diseases development of health information systems exchange
of informationHuman rights Respect for human rightsIllgeal immigration Conclusion of re-admission agreements prevention and control of illegal
immigrationIlicit drugs Treatment and rehabilitation of drug addicts projects on prevention of con-
sumption reduction of drug supply information exchangeIndustrial cooperation Assistance in conducting modermisation projects facilitation and access to
credit to financeInformation society Exchange of information dissemination of new technologies trainingMining Exchange of information and experience development of joint initiativesMoney laundering Harmonisation of standards technical and administrative assistanceNuclear safety Development of laws and regulations supervision of the transportation of
radioactive materialsPolitical dialogue Convergence of the partiesrsquo positions on international issuesPublic administration Technical assistance exchange of information joint projects TrainingRegional cooperation Promotion of regional cooperation technical assistance programmesResearch and technology Joint research projects exchange of researchers development of public-
private partnershipSmall and medium enterprise Technical assistance facilitation of the access to financeSocial matters Coordination of social security systems non-discrimination regarding
working conditionsStatistics Harmonisation and or development of statistical methods trainingTaxation Assistance in conducting fiscal system reformsTerrorism Exchange of informational and experience joint research and studiesVisa and asylum Exchange of information drafting legislation training
Zangl B 2008 ldquoJudicialization matters A comparison of dispute settlement under
GATT and the WTOrdquo International Studies Quarterly 52(4) 825-854
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰118
A Categorization and Content Analysisof EU Free Trade Agreements
David W F Huang
Abstract
According to the Commission of the European Union (EU) there have been todate (November 2011) twenty-eight Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) signed betweenthe EU and its trade partners However most existing studies of existing EU FTAsare either single-case studies or limited-case comparative studies As a result ourknowledge is confined to which policy provisions each of the EU FTAs included oromitted what legal and political controversies were attached to each of the FTAsand the economic impact each FTA had on its signatories There have been fewattempts to generalize the existing knowledge derived from case studies on theseFTAs This paper aims to fill this gap in the literature by systematically categorizingand analyzing the content of EU FTAs Using Horn Marvroidis and Sapirrsquosclassification framework which categorizes fifty-two policies into either WTO plus(fourteen items) or WTO extra (thirty-eight items) policy areas the paper seeks toidentify the policy areas included in each of the twenty-eight EU FTAs at the sametime as developing hypotheses to explain policy coverage rates for EU FTAs Thepaper finds that most EU FTAs can be classified as WTO-plus type in the sense thatthey include higher proportions of WTO-plus policy items In addition thefollowing explanatory variables are found to be correlated with the appearance of aWTO-plus policy focus the chronological order in which FTAs are signed the 2006dummy item the population and economic size of the trade partner the number ofFTAs previously signed by the trade partner the number of EU members when theFTA is signed and whether the trade partner is geographically adjacent to EUmember states
Keywords European Union Free Trade Agreement Global Europe World TradeOrganization Policy Coverage Rate
Associate Research Fellow Institution of European and American Studies Academia SinicaE-mail dwfhuanggatesinicaedutw
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 ETI 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 FRA 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 GRE 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 HEB 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 HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN 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 ITA 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 JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB 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 RUM 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 RUS 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 SKY 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 SLV 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 SUO 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 SVE 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 TUR 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 UKR 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 ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing Created PDF documents 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Customs administration Provision of information publication on the Internet of new lawsand regulations training
Export taxes Elimination of export taxes
Sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS)measures
Affirmation of rights and obligations under the WTO Agreement onSPS harmonisation of SPS measures
Technical barriers to trade (TBT) Affirmation of rights and obligations under WTO Agreement onTBT provision of information harmonisation of regulationsmutual recognition agreements
State trading enterprises (STE) Establishment or maintenance of an independent competitionauthority non-discrimination regarding production and marketingconditions provision of information affirmation of Art XVIIGATT provisions
Antidumping (AD) Retention of AD rights and obligations under the WTO Agreement(Art VI GATT)
Countervailing measures (CVM) Retention of CVM rights and obligations under the WTOAgreement (Art VI GATT)
State aid Assessment of anticompetitive behaviour annual reporting on thevalue and distribution of state aid given provision of information
Public procurement Progressive liberalisation national treatment and or non-discrimination principle publication of laws and regulations on theInternet specification of public procurement regime
Trade-related investment measures(TRIMs)
Provisions concerning requirements for local content and exportperformace on foreign direct investment
Trade in services agreement (GATS) Liberalisation of trade in services
Trade-related intellectual propertyrights (TRIPs)
Harmonisation of standards enforcement national treatment most-favoured nation treatment
資料來源Horn et al (2009 14)
政治科學論叢∕第五十五期∕民國 102 年 3 月 95
表 2 WTO extra 政策領域及其內容簡述
AREA COVERED CONTENTAnti-corruption Regulations concerning criminal offence measures in matters affecting
international trade and investmentCompetition policy Maintenance of measures to proscribe anticompetitive business conduct
harmonisation of competition laws Establishment or maintenance of anindependent competition authority
Comsumer protection Harmonisation of consumer protection laws exchange of information andexperts training
Data protection Exchange of information and experts joint projectsEnvironmental laws Development of environmental standards enforcement of national
ervironmental laws establishment of sanctions for violation of environmentallaws publications of laws and regulations
Investment Information exchange Development of legal frameworks Harmonisation andsimplification of procedures National treatment Establishment ofmechanisms for the settlement of disputes
Movement of capital Liberalisation of capital movement prohibition of new restrictionsLabour market regulations Regulation of the national labour market affirmation of International Labour
Organisation (ILO) commitments enforcementIntellectual Property Rights (IPR) Accession to international treaties not referenced in the TRIPs AgreementAgriculture Technical assistance to conduct modemisation projects exchange of
informationApproximation of legislation Application of EC legislation in national legislationAudio visual Promotion of the industry encouragement of co-productionCivil protection Implementation of harmonised rulesInnovation policies Participation in framework programmes promotion of technology transfersCultural cooperation Promotion of joint initiatives and local cultureEconomic policy dialogue Exchange of ideas and opinions joint studiesEducation and training Measures to improve the general level of educationEnergy Exchange of information technology transfer joint studiesFinancial assistance Set of rules guiding the granting and administration of financial assistanceHealth Monitoring of diseases development of health information systems exchange
of informationHuman rights Respect for human rightsIllgeal immigration Conclusion of re-admission agreements prevention and control of illegal
immigrationIlicit drugs Treatment and rehabilitation of drug addicts projects on prevention of con-
sumption reduction of drug supply information exchangeIndustrial cooperation Assistance in conducting modermisation projects facilitation and access to
credit to financeInformation society Exchange of information dissemination of new technologies trainingMining Exchange of information and experience development of joint initiativesMoney laundering Harmonisation of standards technical and administrative assistanceNuclear safety Development of laws and regulations supervision of the transportation of
radioactive materialsPolitical dialogue Convergence of the partiesrsquo positions on international issuesPublic administration Technical assistance exchange of information joint projects TrainingRegional cooperation Promotion of regional cooperation technical assistance programmesResearch and technology Joint research projects exchange of researchers development of public-
private partnershipSmall and medium enterprise Technical assistance facilitation of the access to financeSocial matters Coordination of social security systems non-discrimination regarding
working conditionsStatistics Harmonisation and or development of statistical methods trainingTaxation Assistance in conducting fiscal system reformsTerrorism Exchange of informational and experience joint research and studiesVisa and asylum Exchange of information drafting legislation training
Zangl B 2008 ldquoJudicialization matters A comparison of dispute settlement under
GATT and the WTOrdquo International Studies Quarterly 52(4) 825-854
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰118
A Categorization and Content Analysisof EU Free Trade Agreements
David W F Huang
Abstract
According to the Commission of the European Union (EU) there have been todate (November 2011) twenty-eight Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) signed betweenthe EU and its trade partners However most existing studies of existing EU FTAsare either single-case studies or limited-case comparative studies As a result ourknowledge is confined to which policy provisions each of the EU FTAs included oromitted what legal and political controversies were attached to each of the FTAsand the economic impact each FTA had on its signatories There have been fewattempts to generalize the existing knowledge derived from case studies on theseFTAs This paper aims to fill this gap in the literature by systematically categorizingand analyzing the content of EU FTAs Using Horn Marvroidis and Sapirrsquosclassification framework which categorizes fifty-two policies into either WTO plus(fourteen items) or WTO extra (thirty-eight items) policy areas the paper seeks toidentify the policy areas included in each of the twenty-eight EU FTAs at the sametime as developing hypotheses to explain policy coverage rates for EU FTAs Thepaper finds that most EU FTAs can be classified as WTO-plus type in the sense thatthey include higher proportions of WTO-plus policy items In addition thefollowing explanatory variables are found to be correlated with the appearance of aWTO-plus policy focus the chronological order in which FTAs are signed the 2006dummy item the population and economic size of the trade partner the number ofFTAs previously signed by the trade partner the number of EU members when theFTA is signed and whether the trade partner is geographically adjacent to EUmember states
Keywords European Union Free Trade Agreement Global Europe World TradeOrganization Policy Coverage Rate
Associate Research Fellow Institution of European and American Studies Academia SinicaE-mail dwfhuanggatesinicaedutw
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maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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政治科學論叢∕第五十五期∕民國 102 年 3 月 95
表 2 WTO extra 政策領域及其內容簡述
AREA COVERED CONTENTAnti-corruption Regulations concerning criminal offence measures in matters affecting
international trade and investmentCompetition policy Maintenance of measures to proscribe anticompetitive business conduct
harmonisation of competition laws Establishment or maintenance of anindependent competition authority
Comsumer protection Harmonisation of consumer protection laws exchange of information andexperts training
Data protection Exchange of information and experts joint projectsEnvironmental laws Development of environmental standards enforcement of national
ervironmental laws establishment of sanctions for violation of environmentallaws publications of laws and regulations
Investment Information exchange Development of legal frameworks Harmonisation andsimplification of procedures National treatment Establishment ofmechanisms for the settlement of disputes
Movement of capital Liberalisation of capital movement prohibition of new restrictionsLabour market regulations Regulation of the national labour market affirmation of International Labour
Organisation (ILO) commitments enforcementIntellectual Property Rights (IPR) Accession to international treaties not referenced in the TRIPs AgreementAgriculture Technical assistance to conduct modemisation projects exchange of
informationApproximation of legislation Application of EC legislation in national legislationAudio visual Promotion of the industry encouragement of co-productionCivil protection Implementation of harmonised rulesInnovation policies Participation in framework programmes promotion of technology transfersCultural cooperation Promotion of joint initiatives and local cultureEconomic policy dialogue Exchange of ideas and opinions joint studiesEducation and training Measures to improve the general level of educationEnergy Exchange of information technology transfer joint studiesFinancial assistance Set of rules guiding the granting and administration of financial assistanceHealth Monitoring of diseases development of health information systems exchange
of informationHuman rights Respect for human rightsIllgeal immigration Conclusion of re-admission agreements prevention and control of illegal
immigrationIlicit drugs Treatment and rehabilitation of drug addicts projects on prevention of con-
sumption reduction of drug supply information exchangeIndustrial cooperation Assistance in conducting modermisation projects facilitation and access to
credit to financeInformation society Exchange of information dissemination of new technologies trainingMining Exchange of information and experience development of joint initiativesMoney laundering Harmonisation of standards technical and administrative assistanceNuclear safety Development of laws and regulations supervision of the transportation of
radioactive materialsPolitical dialogue Convergence of the partiesrsquo positions on international issuesPublic administration Technical assistance exchange of information joint projects TrainingRegional cooperation Promotion of regional cooperation technical assistance programmesResearch and technology Joint research projects exchange of researchers development of public-
private partnershipSmall and medium enterprise Technical assistance facilitation of the access to financeSocial matters Coordination of social security systems non-discrimination regarding
working conditionsStatistics Harmonisation and or development of statistical methods trainingTaxation Assistance in conducting fiscal system reformsTerrorism Exchange of informational and experience joint research and studiesVisa and asylum Exchange of information drafting legislation training
Zangl B 2008 ldquoJudicialization matters A comparison of dispute settlement under
GATT and the WTOrdquo International Studies Quarterly 52(4) 825-854
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰118
A Categorization and Content Analysisof EU Free Trade Agreements
David W F Huang
Abstract
According to the Commission of the European Union (EU) there have been todate (November 2011) twenty-eight Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) signed betweenthe EU and its trade partners However most existing studies of existing EU FTAsare either single-case studies or limited-case comparative studies As a result ourknowledge is confined to which policy provisions each of the EU FTAs included oromitted what legal and political controversies were attached to each of the FTAsand the economic impact each FTA had on its signatories There have been fewattempts to generalize the existing knowledge derived from case studies on theseFTAs This paper aims to fill this gap in the literature by systematically categorizingand analyzing the content of EU FTAs Using Horn Marvroidis and Sapirrsquosclassification framework which categorizes fifty-two policies into either WTO plus(fourteen items) or WTO extra (thirty-eight items) policy areas the paper seeks toidentify the policy areas included in each of the twenty-eight EU FTAs at the sametime as developing hypotheses to explain policy coverage rates for EU FTAs Thepaper finds that most EU FTAs can be classified as WTO-plus type in the sense thatthey include higher proportions of WTO-plus policy items In addition thefollowing explanatory variables are found to be correlated with the appearance of aWTO-plus policy focus the chronological order in which FTAs are signed the 2006dummy item the population and economic size of the trade partner the number ofFTAs previously signed by the trade partner the number of EU members when theFTA is signed and whether the trade partner is geographically adjacent to EUmember states
Keywords European Union Free Trade Agreement Global Europe World TradeOrganization Policy Coverage Rate
Associate Research Fellow Institution of European and American Studies Academia SinicaE-mail dwfhuanggatesinicaedutw
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PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXOutputIntentProfile () PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier () PDFXOutputCondition () PDFXRegistryName () PDFXTrapped False CreateJDFFile false Description ltlt ARA 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 BGR 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 CHS ltFEFF4f7f75288fd94e9b8bbe5b9a521b5efa7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065876863900275284e8e9ad88d2891cf76845370524d53705237300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c676562535f00521b5efa768400200050004400460020658768633002gt CHT ltFEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef69069752865bc9ad854c18cea76845370524d5370523786557406300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002gt CZE 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 DAN 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 DEU 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 ESP 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 ETI 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 FRA 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 GRE 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 HEB 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 HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN 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 ITA 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 JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB 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Zangl B 2008 ldquoJudicialization matters A comparison of dispute settlement under
GATT and the WTOrdquo International Studies Quarterly 52(4) 825-854
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰118
A Categorization and Content Analysisof EU Free Trade Agreements
David W F Huang
Abstract
According to the Commission of the European Union (EU) there have been todate (November 2011) twenty-eight Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) signed betweenthe EU and its trade partners However most existing studies of existing EU FTAsare either single-case studies or limited-case comparative studies As a result ourknowledge is confined to which policy provisions each of the EU FTAs included oromitted what legal and political controversies were attached to each of the FTAsand the economic impact each FTA had on its signatories There have been fewattempts to generalize the existing knowledge derived from case studies on theseFTAs This paper aims to fill this gap in the literature by systematically categorizingand analyzing the content of EU FTAs Using Horn Marvroidis and Sapirrsquosclassification framework which categorizes fifty-two policies into either WTO plus(fourteen items) or WTO extra (thirty-eight items) policy areas the paper seeks toidentify the policy areas included in each of the twenty-eight EU FTAs at the sametime as developing hypotheses to explain policy coverage rates for EU FTAs Thepaper finds that most EU FTAs can be classified as WTO-plus type in the sense thatthey include higher proportions of WTO-plus policy items In addition thefollowing explanatory variables are found to be correlated with the appearance of aWTO-plus policy focus the chronological order in which FTAs are signed the 2006dummy item the population and economic size of the trade partner the number ofFTAs previously signed by the trade partner the number of EU members when theFTA is signed and whether the trade partner is geographically adjacent to EUmember states
Keywords European Union Free Trade Agreement Global Europe World TradeOrganization Policy Coverage Rate
Associate Research Fellow Institution of European and American Studies Academia SinicaE-mail dwfhuanggatesinicaedutw
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 ETI 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 FRA 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 GRE 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 HEB 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 HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN 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 ITA 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 JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI ltFEFF0049007a006d0061006e0074006f006a00690065007400200161006f00730020006900650073007400610074012b006a0075006d00750073002c0020006c0061006900200076006500690064006f00740075002000410064006f00620065002000500044004600200064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400750073002c0020006b006100730020006900720020012b00700061016100690020007000690065006d01130072006f00740069002000610075006700730074006100730020006b00760061006c0069007401010074006500730020007000690072006d007300690065007300700069006501610061006e006100730020006400720075006b00610069002e00200049007a0076006500690064006f006a006900650074002000500044004600200064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400750073002c0020006b006f002000760061007200200061007400760113007200740020006100720020004100630072006f00620061007400200075006e002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002c0020006b0101002000610072012b00200074006f0020006a00610075006e0101006b0101006d002000760065007200730069006a0101006d002egt NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL ltFEFF0055007300740061007700690065006e0069006100200064006f002000740077006f0072007a0065006e0069006100200064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400f300770020005000440046002000700072007a0065007a006e00610063007a006f006e00790063006800200064006f002000770079006400720075006b00f30077002000770020007700790073006f006b00690065006a0020006a0061006b006f015b00630069002e002000200044006f006b0075006d0065006e0074007900200050004400460020006d006f017c006e00610020006f007400770069006500720061010700200077002000700072006f006700720061006d006900650020004100630072006f00620061007400200069002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002000690020006e006f00770073007a0079006d002egt PTB 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 RUM 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 RUS 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 SKY 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 SLV 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 SUO 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 SVE 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 TUR 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 UKR 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 ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing Created PDF documents 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Zangl B 2008 ldquoJudicialization matters A comparison of dispute settlement under
GATT and the WTOrdquo International Studies Quarterly 52(4) 825-854
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰118
A Categorization and Content Analysisof EU Free Trade Agreements
David W F Huang
Abstract
According to the Commission of the European Union (EU) there have been todate (November 2011) twenty-eight Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) signed betweenthe EU and its trade partners However most existing studies of existing EU FTAsare either single-case studies or limited-case comparative studies As a result ourknowledge is confined to which policy provisions each of the EU FTAs included oromitted what legal and political controversies were attached to each of the FTAsand the economic impact each FTA had on its signatories There have been fewattempts to generalize the existing knowledge derived from case studies on theseFTAs This paper aims to fill this gap in the literature by systematically categorizingand analyzing the content of EU FTAs Using Horn Marvroidis and Sapirrsquosclassification framework which categorizes fifty-two policies into either WTO plus(fourteen items) or WTO extra (thirty-eight items) policy areas the paper seeks toidentify the policy areas included in each of the twenty-eight EU FTAs at the sametime as developing hypotheses to explain policy coverage rates for EU FTAs Thepaper finds that most EU FTAs can be classified as WTO-plus type in the sense thatthey include higher proportions of WTO-plus policy items In addition thefollowing explanatory variables are found to be correlated with the appearance of aWTO-plus policy focus the chronological order in which FTAs are signed the 2006dummy item the population and economic size of the trade partner the number ofFTAs previously signed by the trade partner the number of EU members when theFTA is signed and whether the trade partner is geographically adjacent to EUmember states
Keywords European Union Free Trade Agreement Global Europe World TradeOrganization Policy Coverage Rate
Associate Research Fellow Institution of European and American Studies Academia SinicaE-mail dwfhuanggatesinicaedutw
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Zangl B 2008 ldquoJudicialization matters A comparison of dispute settlement under
GATT and the WTOrdquo International Studies Quarterly 52(4) 825-854
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰118
A Categorization and Content Analysisof EU Free Trade Agreements
David W F Huang
Abstract
According to the Commission of the European Union (EU) there have been todate (November 2011) twenty-eight Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) signed betweenthe EU and its trade partners However most existing studies of existing EU FTAsare either single-case studies or limited-case comparative studies As a result ourknowledge is confined to which policy provisions each of the EU FTAs included oromitted what legal and political controversies were attached to each of the FTAsand the economic impact each FTA had on its signatories There have been fewattempts to generalize the existing knowledge derived from case studies on theseFTAs This paper aims to fill this gap in the literature by systematically categorizingand analyzing the content of EU FTAs Using Horn Marvroidis and Sapirrsquosclassification framework which categorizes fifty-two policies into either WTO plus(fourteen items) or WTO extra (thirty-eight items) policy areas the paper seeks toidentify the policy areas included in each of the twenty-eight EU FTAs at the sametime as developing hypotheses to explain policy coverage rates for EU FTAs Thepaper finds that most EU FTAs can be classified as WTO-plus type in the sense thatthey include higher proportions of WTO-plus policy items In addition thefollowing explanatory variables are found to be correlated with the appearance of aWTO-plus policy focus the chronological order in which FTAs are signed the 2006dummy item the population and economic size of the trade partner the number ofFTAs previously signed by the trade partner the number of EU members when theFTA is signed and whether the trade partner is geographically adjacent to EUmember states
Keywords European Union Free Trade Agreement Global Europe World TradeOrganization Policy Coverage Rate
Associate Research Fellow Institution of European and American Studies Academia SinicaE-mail dwfhuanggatesinicaedutw
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 CHS ltFEFF4f7f75288fd94e9b8bbe5b9a521b5efa7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065876863900275284e8e9ad88d2891cf76845370524d53705237300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c676562535f00521b5efa768400200050004400460020658768633002gt CHT ltFEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef69069752865bc9ad854c18cea76845370524d5370523786557406300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002gt CZE 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 DAN ltFEFF004200720075006700200069006e0064007300740069006c006c0069006e006700650072006e0065002000740069006c0020006100740020006f007000720065007400740065002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400650072002c0020006400650072002000620065006400730074002000650067006e006500720020007300690067002000740069006c002000700072006500700072006500730073002d007500640073006b007200690076006e0069006e00670020006100660020006800f8006a0020006b00760061006c0069007400650074002e0020004400650020006f007000720065007400740065006400650020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e0074006500720020006b0061006e002000e50062006e00650073002000690020004100630072006f00620061007400200065006c006c006500720020004100630072006f006200610074002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020006f00670020006e0079006500720065002egt DEU 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 ESP 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 ETI 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 FRA 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 GRE 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 HEB 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 HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN 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 ITA 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 JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB 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 RUM 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 RUS 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 SKY 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政治科學論叢∕第五十五期∕民國 102 年 3 月 99
表 4 個別歐盟 FTA 之政策涵蓋率
FTA NameWTO Plus政策涵蓋率
WTO Extra政策涵蓋率
總政策涵蓋率
EU ndash Israel 071 055 060
EU ndash Jordan 071 063 065
EU ndash Mexico 071 071 071
EU ndash Morocco 057 074 069
EU ndash Korea 093 050 062
EU ndash Tunisia 071 076 075
EU ndash Chile 086 082 083
EU ndash Montenegro 086 087 087
EU ndash Algeria 086 087 087
EU ndash Ivory Coast 071 039 048
EU ndash Cameroon 093 058 067
EU ndash Bosnia and Herzegovina 057 034 040
EU ndash Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 079 089 087
EU ndash Central America 093 092 092
EU ndash Croatia 057 076 071
EU ndash Egypt 079 071 073
EU ndash Palestinian Authority 057 053 054
EU ndash Serbia 057 018 029
EU ndash Faroe Islands 029 011 015
EU ndash Iceland 029 008 013
EU ndash Norway 029 008 013
EU ndash Switzerland 029 011 015
EU ndash Peru- Colombia 086 058 065
EU ndash CARIFORUM 093 050 062
EU ndash South Africa 064 068 067
EU ndash Syria 036 026 029
EU ndash Lebanon 043 018 025
EU ndash Albania 064 039 046
平 均 066 052 059
資料來源筆者自製
表 4 呈現每一歐盟 FTA 文本所涵蓋的政策領域數目多寡並以涵蓋率
來呈現以歐盟∕以色列 FTA 為例其總體政策涵蓋率為 60表示該 FTA
文本納入 31 項 WTO plus 及 WTO extra 政策領域（全部共 52 項）若以
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰100
WTO plus 政策項目為分母（共 14 項）則歐盟∕以色列 FTA 共列入 10 項
政策領域故其在 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率為 71同理我們也可計算出歐
盟∕以色列 FTA 在 WTO extra 政策涵蓋率為 55再以歐盟∕韓國 FTA 為
例其總體政策涵蓋率為 62但其 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率則高達 93換
言之歐韓 FTA 特質在於處理 WTO plus 政策項目的承諾但對於 WTO extra
政策議題則涉及較少僅有 19 項（50）WTO extra 政策項目被列入歐韓
FTA 文本中有趣的是歐盟∕加勒比海論壇之 FTA 的政策涵蓋率與歐盟∕
韓國的政策涵蓋率完全相同儘管如此我們的資料庫仍可辨識兩份 FTA
的差異例如歐盟∕韓國 FTA 文本便有納入出口稅制（export taxes）消
費者保護（consumer protection）教育及訓練（education and training）
Zangl B 2008 ldquoJudicialization matters A comparison of dispute settlement under
GATT and the WTOrdquo International Studies Quarterly 52(4) 825-854
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰118
A Categorization and Content Analysisof EU Free Trade Agreements
David W F Huang
Abstract
According to the Commission of the European Union (EU) there have been todate (November 2011) twenty-eight Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) signed betweenthe EU and its trade partners However most existing studies of existing EU FTAsare either single-case studies or limited-case comparative studies As a result ourknowledge is confined to which policy provisions each of the EU FTAs included oromitted what legal and political controversies were attached to each of the FTAsand the economic impact each FTA had on its signatories There have been fewattempts to generalize the existing knowledge derived from case studies on theseFTAs This paper aims to fill this gap in the literature by systematically categorizingand analyzing the content of EU FTAs Using Horn Marvroidis and Sapirrsquosclassification framework which categorizes fifty-two policies into either WTO plus(fourteen items) or WTO extra (thirty-eight items) policy areas the paper seeks toidentify the policy areas included in each of the twenty-eight EU FTAs at the sametime as developing hypotheses to explain policy coverage rates for EU FTAs Thepaper finds that most EU FTAs can be classified as WTO-plus type in the sense thatthey include higher proportions of WTO-plus policy items In addition thefollowing explanatory variables are found to be correlated with the appearance of aWTO-plus policy focus the chronological order in which FTAs are signed the 2006dummy item the population and economic size of the trade partner the number ofFTAs previously signed by the trade partner the number of EU members when theFTA is signed and whether the trade partner is geographically adjacent to EUmember states
Keywords European Union Free Trade Agreement Global Europe World TradeOrganization Policy Coverage Rate
Associate Research Fellow Institution of European and American Studies Academia SinicaE-mail dwfhuanggatesinicaedutw
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 ESP 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 ETI 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 FRA 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 GRE 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 HEB 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 HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN 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 ITA 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 JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH ltFEFF004e006100750064006f006b0069007400650020016100690075006f007300200070006100720061006d006500740072007500730020006e006f0072011700640061006d00690020006b0075007200740069002000410064006f00620065002000500044004600200064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400750073002c0020006b00750072006900650020006c0061006200690061007500730069006100690020007000720069007400610069006b007900740069002000610075006b01610074006f00730020006b006f006b007900620117007300200070006100720065006e006700740069006e00690061006d00200073007000610075007300640069006e0069006d00750069002e0020002000530075006b0075007200740069002000500044004600200064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400610069002000670061006c006900200062016b007400690020006100740069006400610072006f006d00690020004100630072006f006200610074002000690072002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002000610072002000760117006c00650073006e0117006d00690073002000760065007200730069006a006f006d00690073002egt LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB 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 RUM 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 RUS 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 SKY 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 SLV 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 SUO 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 SVE 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 TUR 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 UKR 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歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰100
WTO plus 政策項目為分母（共 14 項）則歐盟∕以色列 FTA 共列入 10 項
政策領域故其在 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率為 71同理我們也可計算出歐
盟∕以色列 FTA 在 WTO extra 政策涵蓋率為 55再以歐盟∕韓國 FTA 為
例其總體政策涵蓋率為 62但其 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率則高達 93換
言之歐韓 FTA 特質在於處理 WTO plus 政策項目的承諾但對於 WTO extra
政策議題則涉及較少僅有 19 項（50）WTO extra 政策項目被列入歐韓
FTA 文本中有趣的是歐盟∕加勒比海論壇之 FTA 的政策涵蓋率與歐盟∕
韓國的政策涵蓋率完全相同儘管如此我們的資料庫仍可辨識兩份 FTA
的差異例如歐盟∕韓國 FTA 文本便有納入出口稅制（export taxes）消
費者保護（consumer protection）教育及訓練（education and training）
Zangl B 2008 ldquoJudicialization matters A comparison of dispute settlement under
GATT and the WTOrdquo International Studies Quarterly 52(4) 825-854
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰118
A Categorization and Content Analysisof EU Free Trade Agreements
David W F Huang
Abstract
According to the Commission of the European Union (EU) there have been todate (November 2011) twenty-eight Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) signed betweenthe EU and its trade partners However most existing studies of existing EU FTAsare either single-case studies or limited-case comparative studies As a result ourknowledge is confined to which policy provisions each of the EU FTAs included oromitted what legal and political controversies were attached to each of the FTAsand the economic impact each FTA had on its signatories There have been fewattempts to generalize the existing knowledge derived from case studies on theseFTAs This paper aims to fill this gap in the literature by systematically categorizingand analyzing the content of EU FTAs Using Horn Marvroidis and Sapirrsquosclassification framework which categorizes fifty-two policies into either WTO plus(fourteen items) or WTO extra (thirty-eight items) policy areas the paper seeks toidentify the policy areas included in each of the twenty-eight EU FTAs at the sametime as developing hypotheses to explain policy coverage rates for EU FTAs Thepaper finds that most EU FTAs can be classified as WTO-plus type in the sense thatthey include higher proportions of WTO-plus policy items In addition thefollowing explanatory variables are found to be correlated with the appearance of aWTO-plus policy focus the chronological order in which FTAs are signed the 2006dummy item the population and economic size of the trade partner the number ofFTAs previously signed by the trade partner the number of EU members when theFTA is signed and whether the trade partner is geographically adjacent to EUmember states
Keywords European Union Free Trade Agreement Global Europe World TradeOrganization Policy Coverage Rate
Associate Research Fellow Institution of European and American Studies Academia SinicaE-mail dwfhuanggatesinicaedutw
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 GRE 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HEB 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Zangl B 2008 ldquoJudicialization matters A comparison of dispute settlement under
GATT and the WTOrdquo International Studies Quarterly 52(4) 825-854
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰118
A Categorization and Content Analysisof EU Free Trade Agreements
David W F Huang
Abstract
According to the Commission of the European Union (EU) there have been todate (November 2011) twenty-eight Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) signed betweenthe EU and its trade partners However most existing studies of existing EU FTAsare either single-case studies or limited-case comparative studies As a result ourknowledge is confined to which policy provisions each of the EU FTAs included oromitted what legal and political controversies were attached to each of the FTAsand the economic impact each FTA had on its signatories There have been fewattempts to generalize the existing knowledge derived from case studies on theseFTAs This paper aims to fill this gap in the literature by systematically categorizingand analyzing the content of EU FTAs Using Horn Marvroidis and Sapirrsquosclassification framework which categorizes fifty-two policies into either WTO plus(fourteen items) or WTO extra (thirty-eight items) policy areas the paper seeks toidentify the policy areas included in each of the twenty-eight EU FTAs at the sametime as developing hypotheses to explain policy coverage rates for EU FTAs Thepaper finds that most EU FTAs can be classified as WTO-plus type in the sense thatthey include higher proportions of WTO-plus policy items In addition thefollowing explanatory variables are found to be correlated with the appearance of aWTO-plus policy focus the chronological order in which FTAs are signed the 2006dummy item the population and economic size of the trade partner the number ofFTAs previously signed by the trade partner the number of EU members when theFTA is signed and whether the trade partner is geographically adjacent to EUmember states
Keywords European Union Free Trade Agreement Global Europe World TradeOrganization Policy Coverage Rate
Associate Research Fellow Institution of European and American Studies Academia SinicaE-mail dwfhuanggatesinicaedutw
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 CHS ltFEFF4f7f75288fd94e9b8bbe5b9a521b5efa7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065876863900275284e8e9ad88d2891cf76845370524d53705237300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c676562535f00521b5efa768400200050004400460020658768633002gt CHT ltFEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef69069752865bc9ad854c18cea76845370524d5370523786557406300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002gt CZE 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 DAN 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 DEU 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 ESP ltFEFF005500740069006c0069006300650020006500730074006100200063006f006e0066006900670075007200610063006900f3006e0020007000610072006100200063007200650061007200200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f00730020005000440046002000640065002000410064006f0062006500200061006400650063007500610064006f00730020007000610072006100200069006d0070007200650073006900f3006e0020007000720065002d0065006400690074006f007200690061006c00200064006500200061006c00740061002000630061006c0069006400610064002e002000530065002000700075006500640065006e00200061006200720069007200200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f00730020005000440046002000630072006500610064006f007300200063006f006e0020004100630072006f006200610074002c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200079002000760065007200730069006f006e0065007300200070006f00730074006500720069006f007200650073002egt ETI 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 FRA ltFEFF005500740069006c006900730065007a00200063006500730020006f007000740069006f006e00730020006100660069006e00200064006500200063007200e900650072002000640065007300200064006f00630075006d0065006e00740073002000410064006f00620065002000500044004600200070006f0075007200200075006e00650020007100750061006c0069007400e90020006400270069006d007000720065007300730069006f006e00200070007200e9007000720065007300730065002e0020004c0065007300200064006f00630075006d0065006e00740073002000500044004600200063007200e900e90073002000700065007500760065006e0074002000ea0074007200650020006f007500760065007200740073002000640061006e00730020004100630072006f006200610074002c002000610069006e00730069002000710075002700410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002000650074002000760065007200730069006f006e007300200075006c007400e90072006900650075007200650073002egt GRE 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 HEB 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 HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN 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 ITA ltFEFF005500740069006c0069007a007a006100720065002000710075006500730074006500200069006d0070006f007300740061007a0069006f006e00690020007000650072002000630072006500610072006500200064006f00630075006d0065006e00740069002000410064006f00620065002000500044004600200070006900f900200061006400610074007400690020006100200075006e00610020007000720065007300740061006d0070006100200064006900200061006c007400610020007100750061006c0069007400e0002e0020004900200064006f00630075006d0065006e007400690020005000440046002000630072006500610074006900200070006f00730073006f006e006f0020006500730073006500720065002000610070006500720074006900200063006f006e0020004100630072006f00620061007400200065002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200065002000760065007200730069006f006e006900200073007500630063006500730073006900760065002egt JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB 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 RUM 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 RUS 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 SKY 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歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰102
更重要的是里約將歐盟對外關係做一統整於是歐盟對外貿易政策
目標將不純粹只是經貿目標尚包括援助發展民主人權環保勞工條件
文化社會政策目標等等這使得歐盟貿易政策置於其總體外交考量之下
導致未來歐盟與第三國所簽署之 FTA 可能不單純是在 CCP 項下的貿易問
題而延伸至其他政策目標因而可能使得「混合協議」（mixed agreements）
的數量大增（Hillion and Koutrakos 2010）雖然以往歐盟∕歐體與第三國
所簽的經濟合作協議經濟夥伴協議援外協定和聯繫協定有可能是「混
合協議」但里約使得混合協議參雜貿易手段的可能性更高這些變動會
影響到未來歐盟對外談判 FTA 的策略組成和效率因此值得注意
第二類的文獻旨在探討歐盟對外貿易談判的理論和實踐傳統的「共
謀授權論述」（collusive delegation argument）認為歐盟會員國決策者為了
迴避國內保護主義之壓力刻意將對外貿易權限移轉至歐盟超國家組織
由執委會統籌對外談判因此執委會及會員國的政策偏好皆是貿易自由化
（Meunier 2005）但 Duumlr 卻發現泛歐商業利益團體經由歐體和會員國決策
管道上傳（upload）其政策偏好才是形成歐體談判立場的主因（Duumlr 2008）
De Biegravevre 和 Duumlr (2005) 比較美國（自 1916 年以來）和歐盟（自 1958 年
Zangl B 2008 ldquoJudicialization matters A comparison of dispute settlement under
GATT and the WTOrdquo International Studies Quarterly 52(4) 825-854
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰118
A Categorization and Content Analysisof EU Free Trade Agreements
David W F Huang
Abstract
According to the Commission of the European Union (EU) there have been todate (November 2011) twenty-eight Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) signed betweenthe EU and its trade partners However most existing studies of existing EU FTAsare either single-case studies or limited-case comparative studies As a result ourknowledge is confined to which policy provisions each of the EU FTAs included oromitted what legal and political controversies were attached to each of the FTAsand the economic impact each FTA had on its signatories There have been fewattempts to generalize the existing knowledge derived from case studies on theseFTAs This paper aims to fill this gap in the literature by systematically categorizingand analyzing the content of EU FTAs Using Horn Marvroidis and Sapirrsquosclassification framework which categorizes fifty-two policies into either WTO plus(fourteen items) or WTO extra (thirty-eight items) policy areas the paper seeks toidentify the policy areas included in each of the twenty-eight EU FTAs at the sametime as developing hypotheses to explain policy coverage rates for EU FTAs Thepaper finds that most EU FTAs can be classified as WTO-plus type in the sense thatthey include higher proportions of WTO-plus policy items In addition thefollowing explanatory variables are found to be correlated with the appearance of aWTO-plus policy focus the chronological order in which FTAs are signed the 2006dummy item the population and economic size of the trade partner the number ofFTAs previously signed by the trade partner the number of EU members when theFTA is signed and whether the trade partner is geographically adjacent to EUmember states
Keywords European Union Free Trade Agreement Global Europe World TradeOrganization Policy Coverage Rate
Associate Research Fellow Institution of European and American Studies Academia SinicaE-mail dwfhuanggatesinicaedutw
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ltFEFF00560065007200770065006e00640065006e0020005300690065002000640069006500730065002000450069006e007300740065006c006c0075006e00670065006e0020007a0075006d002000450072007300740065006c006c0065006e00200076006f006e002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002d0044006f006b0075006d0065006e00740065006e002c00200076006f006e002000640065006e0065006e002000530069006500200068006f006300680077006500720074006900670065002000500072006500700072006500730073002d0044007200750063006b0065002000650072007a0065007500670065006e0020006d00f60063006800740065006e002e002000450072007300740065006c006c007400650020005000440046002d0044006f006b0075006d0065006e007400650020006b00f6006e006e0065006e0020006d006900740020004100630072006f00620061007400200075006e0064002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020006f0064006500720020006800f600680065007200200067006500f600660066006e00650074002000770065007200640065006e002egt ESP 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 ETI 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 FRA 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 GRE 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 HEB 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 HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN 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 ITA 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 JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB 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 RUM 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 RUS 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 SKY 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 SLV 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 SUO 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 SVE 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 TUR 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 UKR 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PreserveEditing true UntaggedCMYKHandling LeaveUntagged UntaggedRGBHandling UseDocumentProfile UseDocumentBleed false gtgt ]gtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice
Zangl B 2008 ldquoJudicialization matters A comparison of dispute settlement under
GATT and the WTOrdquo International Studies Quarterly 52(4) 825-854
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰118
A Categorization and Content Analysisof EU Free Trade Agreements
David W F Huang
Abstract
According to the Commission of the European Union (EU) there have been todate (November 2011) twenty-eight Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) signed betweenthe EU and its trade partners However most existing studies of existing EU FTAsare either single-case studies or limited-case comparative studies As a result ourknowledge is confined to which policy provisions each of the EU FTAs included oromitted what legal and political controversies were attached to each of the FTAsand the economic impact each FTA had on its signatories There have been fewattempts to generalize the existing knowledge derived from case studies on theseFTAs This paper aims to fill this gap in the literature by systematically categorizingand analyzing the content of EU FTAs Using Horn Marvroidis and Sapirrsquosclassification framework which categorizes fifty-two policies into either WTO plus(fourteen items) or WTO extra (thirty-eight items) policy areas the paper seeks toidentify the policy areas included in each of the twenty-eight EU FTAs at the sametime as developing hypotheses to explain policy coverage rates for EU FTAs Thepaper finds that most EU FTAs can be classified as WTO-plus type in the sense thatthey include higher proportions of WTO-plus policy items In addition thefollowing explanatory variables are found to be correlated with the appearance of aWTO-plus policy focus the chronological order in which FTAs are signed the 2006dummy item the population and economic size of the trade partner the number ofFTAs previously signed by the trade partner the number of EU members when theFTA is signed and whether the trade partner is geographically adjacent to EUmember states
Keywords European Union Free Trade Agreement Global Europe World TradeOrganization Policy Coverage Rate
Associate Research Fellow Institution of European and American Studies Academia SinicaE-mail dwfhuanggatesinicaedutw
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HEB 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HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN 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歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰104
另一結果是這些對外貿易的混合協議將使得歐盟內部的批准程序更加複
雜不確定性更高
綜合以上的討論我們可以整理幾個可能影響歐盟 FTA 政策涵蓋率的
因素但在此之前我們必須聲明的是本文假定歐盟推動全球貿易自由化
的企圖心旺盛因此追求 WTO plus 及 WTO extra 的政策涵蓋率越高越好
這是一個很強的預設因為談判對手國不同歐盟可能會針對不同政策議
題採取相對保護主義的立場例如歐盟對於基因改造食品堅持納入社會
風險評估進而可能限縮基改食品的貿易在這種情形下歐盟是否追求
純科學風險評估的 SPS 政策納入其 FTA 中則有疑義惟因歐盟在各方面的
產業競爭力相對較強推動貿易自由化越徹底則對其產業越有利再加
上歐盟對外貿易政策目標尚包括其所堅持的普世價值及不同的外交安全考
量因此假定歐盟 FTA 追求較高的政策涵蓋率是有其立論基礎的雖然歐
盟 FTA 追求高政策涵蓋率但並不表示最後簽署的 FTA 文本必然包含較多
的政策項目蓋因貿易談判常涉及歐盟及對手國本身政策偏好經貿實力
談判技巧以及內外制度結構的制約於是我們可以形成下列假設
首先歐盟政策的改變會造成其 FTA 政策涵蓋率有所變動尤其自 2006
年歐盟執委會公佈「全球歐洲」策略性文件後便積極洽簽雙邊自由貿易
協定如第二節文獻探討所述在「全球歐洲」策略指引下歐盟追求全
面性且高度自由化的 FTA其內容除了應納入投資和服務貿易自由化外
也應致力於排除非關稅貿易障礙智產權保護競爭政策公共採購國
家補貼反傾銷等 WTO plus 政策領域該策略文件亦要求歐盟於行有餘力
之時應盡可能在其 FTA 中納入永續發展勞工標準環境保護及財稅暨司
法事務的良善治理等 WTO extra 政策項目歐盟 2006 年「全球歐洲」策略
文件所揭示的新一代 FTA 所應具備的內容正巧與當時國際貿易談判的氛圍
相符由於國際貿易談判趨勢已不再拘泥於傳統關稅減讓而更著重政策
議題連結再加上國際貿易爭端「司法法」使得各國皆競相輸出對其有
利的經貿規範於是 FTA 談判的政策議題不斷地擴充因此我們可以預期
在 2006 年以後歐盟所簽署 FTA 內容的政策涵蓋率應較之前歐盟 FTA 之政
策涵蓋率更高但由於我們資料處理上無法將歐盟政策如何轉變直接加以
操作化故只能以 2006 年傀儡變數取代之
政治科學論叢∕第五十五期∕民國 102 年 3 月 105
然而歐盟 FTA 文本納入越來越多的政策議題也可能不全然是因為其政
策轉變所導致另一因素可能是隨著時間演進越來越多的財貨變得可以
進行跨國貿易例如早期影音光碟尚未發明故根本不是貿易的標的物
晚近則隨著視聽文化產品的交易又衍生智產權保障的問題於是不但可資
貿易的財貨品項數目增加其衍生的投資服務智產權標準規格等相
關政策議題也越來越多因此歐盟 FTA 之政策涵蓋率高低也可能只是反應
貿易標的物及其衍生問題增加的趨勢與歐盟政策轉變的關聯較小我們
用歐盟 FTA 簽署的年份排序來代表時間演進所造成的自然貿易擴張趨勢
我們預期時間越近當前的歐盟 FTA 所涵蓋的政策議題越多
此外從本節相關談判理論的討論我們知道歐盟與其對手所簽署的
FTA 文本內容可能反映雙方的經貿實力和制度限制假若對手的相對經貿
實力越大則可能越不必理會歐盟所要求的 FTA 政策項目因此最後與歐
盟簽署的 FTA 文本所涵蓋的政策項目也不如歐盟要求的多須注意的是本
文假設歐盟談判時將會要求更多政策項目納入其 FTA 文本中而其對手國
（往往經濟規模較歐盟小）則量力而為避免過多不必要的 FTA 義務加諸
身上造成本土產業的衝擊但隨著對手國經濟規模越大其與歐盟貿易
的種類品項也越複雜產業利益衝突更加嚴峻為了擺平內部利益衝突
對手國可能要求進行議題連結截長補短達成彼此可接受的妥協於是
對手國也可能要求納入較多的政策議題於其 FTA 中造成兩造所簽署之
FTA 政策涵蓋率偏高我們用對手國人口總數及 GDP 總產值分別來測量其
經濟規模的大小我們預期歐盟與經濟規模較大的經濟體（或對手國）所
簽的 FTA 之政策涵蓋率較高
純就談判實力來看一個直接操作化的指標是談判對手對歐盟貿易依
賴程度我們以對手國簽約前 5 年對歐盟貿易量占對手國總貿易量的比例
來表示對手國對歐盟貿易的依賴程度我們預期對手國對歐盟貿易依賴越
深則越會屈從歐盟的要求也因而其與歐盟 FTA 的政策涵蓋率越高另
一指標是對手國貿易貢獻其經濟總產值的比重多寡若對手國進出口貿易
占其經濟總產值比例越高則表示該國越重視對外貿易事宜也因此樂於
與他國洽簽 FTA 來促進雙邊貿易循此邏輯重視貿易的對手國應較急切
與歐盟談成 FTA故也較願意屈從歐盟納入更多的政策議題於兩者 FTA 之
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰106
中當然對手國的談判經驗也可能影響歐盟 FTA 的政策涵蓋率我們可以
假定對手國的談判經驗越豐富則越不可能屈從歐盟要求較高的政策涵蓋
率但對手國是否有能力拒絕歐盟的要求則端視對手的相對經貿實力
反之我們也可假定對手國的 FTA 談判經驗越豐富越不會無端抗拒 WTO
plus 或 WTO extra 的政策項目納入彼此的 FTA 文本中因為對手國過去有
經驗在其他 FTA 中處理類似的政策議題因而也較能夠接受歐盟的要求
所以我們預期對手國在與歐盟簽約前若與他國簽署的 FTA 數量越多則越
可能同意於彼此 FTA 文本中納入較多的政策議題當然對手國過去已簽
署的 FTA 數目越多也可能表示其對貿易自由化的承諾較深故較可能同
意納入更多的 WTO plus 或 WTO extra 的政策議題
從第二節文獻探討中我們知道歐盟所簽署的 FTA 常會因對手國的身份
和地理位置而有差別待遇例如若對手國國界與歐盟會員國比鄰則歐
盟簽署 FTA 的外交安全考量往往較高雖然以經貿考量來追求 FTA 的高政
策涵蓋率仍是重點但往往不是歐盟唯一的政策目標尤其是針對 WTO plus
的政策領域要求對手國深化或超越其對 WTO 的開放承諾可能會適得其
反造成國界相鄰的對手國民眾之反彈於是在外交安全穩定的考量下
我們預期歐盟與鄰國 FTA 應會納入較少的 WTO plus 政策項目反之歐
盟也許會爭取較多 WTO extra 項目納入與鄰國的 FTA 文本中尤其是那些
攸關人權司法善治反貪腐勞工權益及環境保護等 WTO extra 議
題皆可能被歐盟要求納入此外若對手國是歐盟會員國的前殖民地則
歐盟與之訂立的優惠貿易協定常具有援外發展的政策企圖在此企圖下
歐盟與前殖民地的 FTA 內容也許會納入較少的 WTO plus 政策項目但卻
納入較多的 WTO extra 政策項目因為很多 WTO extra 政策項目鼓勵雙方
合作去強化彼此貿易相關的基礎建設
早先文獻探討我們知道歐盟談判 FTA 時常因對手國是發展中國家而給
予不同的待遇例如較長的轉型調適期我們用對手國人均所得來測量其
經濟發展程度如果歐盟對發展中國家真的較寬厚則我們可以預期人均
所得越低的對手國與歐盟所簽署的 FTA 之政策涵蓋率應較低最後歐盟
FTA 的政策涵蓋率高低也涉及其本身對外談判的制度設計從本節歐盟對
外談判研究的討論中我們發現有一派學者認為當歐盟成員國數目增加則
政治科學論叢∕第五十五期∕民國 102 年 3 月 107
其達成共識的可能性較低於是談判對手國可利用歐盟會員國內部利益矛
盾分而治之排除其所不欲見的政策項目納入 FTA 中因此這派學者認
為歐盟會員國數目越多否決點越多互相制肘機會越多抵銷歐盟對外
談判實力故所簽署 FTA 的政策涵蓋率應較低但另一派學者則認為歐盟
會員國數目越多政策否決點越多於是歐盟談判立場變得僵硬迫使對
手在退讓妥協與談判破局間選擇所以增加歐盟的談判籌碼導致歐盟 FTA
之政策涵蓋率隨會員國數目增加而變高我們以 FTA 簽署當年歐盟會員國
數目多寡為基礎建立一數值變數來解釋歐盟 FTA 之政策涵蓋率的高低
伍歐盟 FTA 政策涵蓋率與解釋變數的相關分析
在提出幾個可以解釋歐盟 FTA 之政策涵蓋率的假設後本節報告依變
項和自變項的兩兩相關分析結果如表 5 所示簽約年份順序與歐盟 FTA
總政策涵蓋率及 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率呈現顯著正相關這意謂著越近當前
簽署之 FTA其政策涵蓋率越高雖然導致上述現象的背後原因很多但
我們可以臆測隨著時間演進跨國貿易的品項越來越多其衍生的議題也
越多於是越近當前所簽的歐盟 FTA其所處理的政策議題也越多須知
這解釋變數並不預設歐盟政策的改變它只是說明貿易擴張或全球化的自
然趨勢有可能造成歐盟 FTA 政策涵蓋率越來越高若要測量歐盟政策改變
的影響力我們採用 2006 年傀儡變數當作趨近指標（proxy）原因是 2006
年歐盟提出關鍵的策略性文件「全球歐洲」進而改採洽簽高品質的雙邊
自由貿易協定為其對外貿易政策主軸如表 5 所示2006 年之後歐盟所簽
署 FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率的確較 2006 年之前為高但 2006 年傀儡
變數並不影響歐盟 FTA之WTO extra政策涵蓋率也不影響總政策涵蓋率
的確「全球歐洲」策略明確要求歐盟優先追求 WTO plus 的相關政策議題
行有餘力才要求納入 WTO extra 政策項目也許在此策略文件指引下2006
年以後歐盟 FTA 的 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率偏高
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰108
表 5 歐盟 FTA 的政策涵蓋率與解釋變項的相關分析結果
總涵蓋率WTO extra涵 蓋 率
WTO plus涵 蓋 率
簽約前五年對手國貿易總額占 GDP 比例 -0138 -0122 -0174
簽約前五年對手國對歐盟貿易依賴度 -0074 -0039 -0182
對手國人口總數（簽約前五年平均） 0394 0353 0476
對手國 GDP 總額（簽約前五年平均） 02 0128 041
簽約前五年對手國人均所得 0064 0006 0166
簽約年份順序 042 0305 073
2006 年 dummy 0023 -0051 0441
對手國地理位置鄰近歐盟會員國 -0336 -0265 -0525
對手國是歐盟會員國的前殖民地 -01 -0079 -0132
簽約前對手國已簽署 FTA 之數目 0353 0243 064
簽約當年歐盟會員國數目 0316 0245 0635
附 註 rarr2-tails P lt 05 rarr2-tails p lt 01
資料來源筆者自製
原來我們預期歐盟對手國對歐盟貿易依賴程度以及本身對外貿易量
占其 GDP 總產值的比重應會與兩者所簽之 FTA 的政策涵蓋率有關但我們
的相關分析卻發現依變項與自變項並無顯著相關性倒是對手國的人口總
數及經濟規模大小與歐盟 FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率呈現顯著正相關
這表示當對手國人口數越多或經濟規模越大則其與歐盟簽署 FTA 的政策
涵蓋率越高原因可能是人口越多和經濟規模越大表示其關切的貿易議題
越廣涉及產業利益也多故可能尋求較多的議題連結以解決內部利益
衝突反映在歐盟 FTA 文本上便可能是較高的政策涵蓋率此外對手國
過去已簽署 FTA 之數目也與歐盟 FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率呈現顯著正
相關對手國過去簽署的 FTA 數目越多可能表示其對自由貿易的承諾越
深也表示其處理 WTO plus 政策議題的經驗越豐富故與歐盟談判 FTA
時也較不畏懼納入較多的 WTO plus 政策議題這或許解釋為何兩者所簽的
FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率較高
政治科學論叢∕第五十五期∕民國 102 年 3 月 109
那麼歐盟是否因為對手國的身份地理位置和經濟發展程度而給予
其不同的待遇如表 5 所示當對手國與歐盟會員國之國境相鄰時兩者
所簽之 FTA 的 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率較低原因可能是歐盟針對這些國境
比鄰的對手國常有外交安全的考量致使歐盟不願強迫對手國因接受超越
WTO承諾的政策議題而引起反彈造成政局不穩波及鄰近的歐盟會員國
另一原因是這些國界鄰近歐盟的對手國可能已申請或準備加入歐盟故歐
盟在要求該國符合歐盟「核心法律要件」（Acquis Communautaire）之餘
自無須要求其接受 WTO plus 政策議題除了對手國地理位置會影響歐盟
FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率之外我們發現歐盟並不因對手國是否為其前
殖民地或因其經濟發展程度高低而在 FTA 政策涵蓋率上給予不同的待
遇換言之對手國的殖民地身份和其經濟發展程度與歐盟 FTA 的政策
涵蓋率均無顯著相關性
最後歐盟會員國數目增加與其 FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率呈現顯
著正相關這意謂著隨著歐盟會員國增加其市場規模越大但內部產業
利益越複雜達成共識的可能性越低於是對外談判的立場越僵硬致使
對手必須在退讓妥協與談判破局間選擇此刻歐盟因制度否決點增加使
得談判籌碼變大往往能要求對手國讓步而納入較多的 WTO plus 政策議題
於 FTA 文本中當然對手國也可能選擇破局也不願讓步例如「波斯灣
合作理事會」與歐盟談判 FTA 達 25 年之久但仍未達成協議不過就已簽
署的歐盟 FTA 文本來看當歐盟會員國數目越多時其 FTA 所納入的 WTO
plus 政策項目也越多
為了進一步說明表 5 所發現的顯著相關因素與特定歐盟 FTA 文本的關
係筆者進一步選擇四個文本案例加以比較說明我們分別在 2006 年歐盟
發表「全球歐洲」白皮書的前後各選擇兩個國家做比較分析在 2006 年
以前簽署 FTA 的對手國智利相較於對手國馬其頓其人口總數較多且經濟
規模也較大而過去與他國簽署的 FTA 數目也較多故歐盟與其所簽的 FTA
之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率也較高相較之下對手國馬其頓的人口總數及經
濟規模較小過去與他國簽署的 FTA 數目也較少又其與歐盟是國境相鄰
故 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率較智利為低
在 2006 年以後簽署 FTA 的對手國韓國相較於對手國喀麥隆其人口總
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰110
數較少但經濟規模卻較大而過去與他國簽署的 FTA 數目較多其所簽的
FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率也應較高相較之下對手國喀麥隆的人口總
數雖較多但經濟規模較小過去與他國簽署的 FTA 數目也較少故其與歐
盟簽署 FTA 的 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率理應低於韓國但兩者涵蓋率卻相同
不過類似的例外個案並不多喀麥隆與歐盟簽署 FTA 的時間較晚近（2006
年之後）故其 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率皆高於 2006 年之前歐盟與智利及馬
其頓所簽署之 FTA 的涵蓋率
表 6 歐盟 FTA 文本的四案例比較分析
2006 年dummy
個 案 人口總數 GDP 總產值過去簽署FTA 數量
國境相鄰否WTO Plus政策涵蓋率
Chile 152269554 3187638117 3 0 0862006年前 Yugoslav
Macedonia1991790 1727773781 2 1 079
Korea 48647800 3863298714 6 0 0932006年後
Cameroon 179552102 2936775847 0 0 093
資料來源筆者自製
綜合以上分析我們發現第四節所提出的幾個解釋變項的確與歐盟
FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率有關這些變項包括對手國的人口總數GDP
總產值及其過去簽署 FTA 的數量此外簽約年份順序2006 年的傀儡
變項以及簽約時歐盟會員國數目亦與其 FTA 的 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率有
關但是本研究的所有變項均無法解釋歐盟 FTA之WTO extra政策涵蓋率
為何如此呢筆者推測很可能是我們對 WTO extra 政策項目的性質和誘因
不甚瞭解因此無法提出有效的假設去解釋其涵蓋率高低例如我們並
不知道消費者保護環境法採礦核能安全政治對話文化合作等 WTO
extra 議題到底對締約國的產業和制度衝擊為何又 WTO extra 政策項目彼
此相互干擾程度為何締約國有能力去接受這些 WTO extra 的政策義務
嗎
WTO plus 政策議題聚焦於排除所有關稅及非關稅貿易障礙推動全面
貿易自由化因此我們假設歐盟因欲推動貿易自由化而追求較高的 WTO
plus 政策涵蓋率是有其立論基礎的反觀納入 WTO extra 政策項目越多是
政治科學論叢∕第五十五期∕民國 102 年 3 月 111
否表示貿易自由化越強化則值得商榷也許某些個別 WTO extra 政策可以
輔助貿易自由化（如競爭政策）但也有些項目與貿易自由化關聯較小
例如人權政治對話反恐和社會福利等項目已涉及締約國內部政治價值
取捨很難看出與貿易自由化的直接關聯也正因為 WTO extra 政策項目
性質與貿易自由化關聯不甚清楚我們預設歐盟貿易自由化偏好會促使其
追求更高的 WTO extra 政策涵蓋率也不成立這或許解釋為何本文所提出
的所有變項均與歐盟 FTA 之 WTO extra 政策涵蓋率無顯著相關筆者建議
後續的研究應釐清 WTO extra 政策項目與貿易自由化的關係以俾於更精
確地形成假設去解釋 FTA 中的 WTO extra 政策涵蓋率
陸結論
歐體∕歐盟推動全球貿易自由化一向不遺餘力不但過去積極參與
GATT 及 WTO 數回合的多邊貿易談判歐體∕歐盟也曾簽署許多雙邊自由
貿易協定自 2006 年以後歐盟洽簽雙邊自由貿易協定的方針更加明確
迄今完成簽署且多已向 WTO 報備之歐盟 FTA 共 28 份雖然官方報告及政
策分析文章對於個別歐盟所簽署的 FTA 內容有所介紹但是學界仍缺乏將
歐盟 FTA 個案研究成果予以通則化的努力本文旨在彌補上述研究的缺
憾筆者採用 HornMavroidis 和 Sapir 三位教授所發展出的比較分析架構
從 FTA 文本內容辨識 14 項 WTO plus 政策領域及 28 項 WTO extra 政策領
域並將其適用到所有歐盟已簽署的 FTA 文本之內容分析上試圖釐清個
別歐盟 FTA 所涵蓋的政策項目性質為何涵蓋項目多寡並提出幾個假設
去解釋歐盟 FTA 之政策涵蓋率高低
首先從表 3 我們發現所有歐盟 FTA 文本（N=28）皆含有工業暨農業
產品自由化的條款亦有 27 份歐盟 FTA 文本列入關務行政條款在 WTO
plus 政策項目中有超過三分之二的歐盟 FTA 文本納入反傾銷防衛機制
公共採購貿易的技術障礙排除及與貿易相關的智產權保護等政策項目
又在 WTO extra 項目中有 93 歐盟 FTA 文本列入競爭政策超過 70歐
盟 FTA 文本包括資料保護TRIMs 以外之投資合作TRIPs 以外之智產權
保護資訊社會及區域和社會合作等政策議題但在主權和司法管轄權
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰112
事務上如公民保障和簽證∕庇護政策項目上只有一份歐盟 FTA 文本列
入
其次從表 4我們可以觀察每一歐盟 FTA 文本所涵蓋的政策領域的
數目例如最近受到各界高度關注的歐盟∕韓國 FTA依據我們的內容
分析有高達 93 的 WTO plus 政策項目被納入該 FTA 文本中但只有 50
的 WTO extra 政策項目被列入歐盟∕韓國 FTA 文本中這顯示歐盟∕韓國
FTA 的重點仍在處理 WTO plus 的政策議題上從表 4我們也觀察到不同
的歐盟 FTA 可能會有相同（或不同）的政策涵蓋率例如歐盟∕韓國 FTA
以及歐盟∕加勒比海論壇便具有相同政策涵蓋率的分佈但我們的資料庫
仍可辨別兩者所涵蓋的政策差異當然歐盟與不同對手所簽署的 FTA 內容
會有所差異是可以預期的但是什麼原因造成歐盟 FTA 之政策涵蓋率會有
高低之別呢
本文發現簽署年份順序2006 年傀儡變項對手國的人口總數及經濟
規模（以 GDP 產值計）對手國過去已簽署的 FTA 數目及簽約時歐盟會
員國數目等皆與歐盟 FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率呈現顯著正相關但
對手國是否國界緊鄰歐盟會員國則與歐盟 FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率呈
現顯著負相關本文上節已針對相關分析結果進行詮釋故不再重複值
得注意的是本文並未提出一套因果關係模型去解釋歐盟 FTA 文本的政策涵
蓋率高低雖然本文的相關分析初步釐清那些因素可能影響歐盟 FTA 的政
策涵蓋率但本文並不宣稱這些因素「導致」歐盟納入多少 WTO plus 政策
議題於其 FTA 文本中此外本文的解釋變項與歐盟 FTA 的 WTO extra 政
策涵蓋率並無顯著相關這表示我們仍須釐清 WTO extra 政策項目與貿易
自由化之關聯才能提出有效的假設去解釋歐盟 FTA 的 WTO extra 政策涵
蓋率
政治科學論叢∕第五十五期∕民國 102 年 3 月 113
附件 1 歐盟向 WTO 報備之雙邊自由貿易協定
FTA Name Year signed Year in force
EU - Israel 1995 2000
EU - Jordan 1977 2002
EU - Mexico 1997 2000
EU - Morocco 1976 2000
EU - Korea 2010 2011
EU - Tunisia 1995 1998
EU - Chile 2002 2003
EU - Montenegro 2007 2010
EU - Algeria 2002 2005
EU ndash Ivory Coast 2009 pending
EU - Cameroon 2009 pending
EU - Bosnia and Herzegovina 2008 2008
EU - Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 2001 2004
Zangl B 2008 ldquoJudicialization matters A comparison of dispute settlement under
GATT and the WTOrdquo International Studies Quarterly 52(4) 825-854
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰118
A Categorization and Content Analysisof EU Free Trade Agreements
David W F Huang
Abstract
According to the Commission of the European Union (EU) there have been todate (November 2011) twenty-eight Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) signed betweenthe EU and its trade partners However most existing studies of existing EU FTAsare either single-case studies or limited-case comparative studies As a result ourknowledge is confined to which policy provisions each of the EU FTAs included oromitted what legal and political controversies were attached to each of the FTAsand the economic impact each FTA had on its signatories There have been fewattempts to generalize the existing knowledge derived from case studies on theseFTAs This paper aims to fill this gap in the literature by systematically categorizingand analyzing the content of EU FTAs Using Horn Marvroidis and Sapirrsquosclassification framework which categorizes fifty-two policies into either WTO plus(fourteen items) or WTO extra (thirty-eight items) policy areas the paper seeks toidentify the policy areas included in each of the twenty-eight EU FTAs at the sametime as developing hypotheses to explain policy coverage rates for EU FTAs Thepaper finds that most EU FTAs can be classified as WTO-plus type in the sense thatthey include higher proportions of WTO-plus policy items In addition thefollowing explanatory variables are found to be correlated with the appearance of aWTO-plus policy focus the chronological order in which FTAs are signed the 2006dummy item the population and economic size of the trade partner the number ofFTAs previously signed by the trade partner the number of EU members when theFTA is signed and whether the trade partner is geographically adjacent to EUmember states
Keywords European Union Free Trade Agreement Global Europe World TradeOrganization Policy Coverage Rate
Associate Research Fellow Institution of European and American Studies Academia SinicaE-mail dwfhuanggatesinicaedutw
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HEB 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 LVI 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maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 RUM 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 SKY 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 SLV 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 SUO 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 SVE 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 TUR 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 UKR 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can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 50 and later) gtgt Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (10) ] OtherNamespaces [ ltlt AsReaderSpreads false CropImagesToFrames true ErrorControl WarnAndContinue FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false IncludeGuidesGrids false IncludeNonPrinting false IncludeSlug false Namespace [ (Adobe) (InDesign) (40) ] OmitPlacedBitmaps false OmitPlacedEPS false OmitPlacedPDF false SimulateOverprint Legacy gtgt ltlt AddBleedMarks false AddColorBars false AddCropMarks false AddPageInfo false AddRegMarks false ConvertColors ConvertToCMYK DestinationProfileName () DestinationProfileSelector DocumentCMYK Downsample16BitImages true FlattenerPreset ltlt PresetSelector MediumResolution gtgt FormElements false GenerateStructure false IncludeBookmarks false IncludeHyperlinks false IncludeInteractive false IncludeLayers false IncludeProfiles false MultimediaHandling UseObjectSettings Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (20) ] PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector DocumentCMYK PreserveEditing true UntaggedCMYKHandling LeaveUntagged UntaggedRGBHandling UseDocumentProfile UseDocumentBleed false gtgt ]gtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice
政治科學論叢∕第五十五期∕民國 102 年 3 月 105
然而歐盟 FTA 文本納入越來越多的政策議題也可能不全然是因為其政
策轉變所導致另一因素可能是隨著時間演進越來越多的財貨變得可以
進行跨國貿易例如早期影音光碟尚未發明故根本不是貿易的標的物
晚近則隨著視聽文化產品的交易又衍生智產權保障的問題於是不但可資
貿易的財貨品項數目增加其衍生的投資服務智產權標準規格等相
關政策議題也越來越多因此歐盟 FTA 之政策涵蓋率高低也可能只是反應
貿易標的物及其衍生問題增加的趨勢與歐盟政策轉變的關聯較小我們
用歐盟 FTA 簽署的年份排序來代表時間演進所造成的自然貿易擴張趨勢
我們預期時間越近當前的歐盟 FTA 所涵蓋的政策議題越多
此外從本節相關談判理論的討論我們知道歐盟與其對手所簽署的
FTA 文本內容可能反映雙方的經貿實力和制度限制假若對手的相對經貿
實力越大則可能越不必理會歐盟所要求的 FTA 政策項目因此最後與歐
盟簽署的 FTA 文本所涵蓋的政策項目也不如歐盟要求的多須注意的是本
文假設歐盟談判時將會要求更多政策項目納入其 FTA 文本中而其對手國
（往往經濟規模較歐盟小）則量力而為避免過多不必要的 FTA 義務加諸
身上造成本土產業的衝擊但隨著對手國經濟規模越大其與歐盟貿易
的種類品項也越複雜產業利益衝突更加嚴峻為了擺平內部利益衝突
對手國可能要求進行議題連結截長補短達成彼此可接受的妥協於是
對手國也可能要求納入較多的政策議題於其 FTA 中造成兩造所簽署之
FTA 政策涵蓋率偏高我們用對手國人口總數及 GDP 總產值分別來測量其
經濟規模的大小我們預期歐盟與經濟規模較大的經濟體（或對手國）所
簽的 FTA 之政策涵蓋率較高
純就談判實力來看一個直接操作化的指標是談判對手對歐盟貿易依
賴程度我們以對手國簽約前 5 年對歐盟貿易量占對手國總貿易量的比例
來表示對手國對歐盟貿易的依賴程度我們預期對手國對歐盟貿易依賴越
深則越會屈從歐盟的要求也因而其與歐盟 FTA 的政策涵蓋率越高另
一指標是對手國貿易貢獻其經濟總產值的比重多寡若對手國進出口貿易
占其經濟總產值比例越高則表示該國越重視對外貿易事宜也因此樂於
與他國洽簽 FTA 來促進雙邊貿易循此邏輯重視貿易的對手國應較急切
與歐盟談成 FTA故也較願意屈從歐盟納入更多的政策議題於兩者 FTA 之
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰106
中當然對手國的談判經驗也可能影響歐盟 FTA 的政策涵蓋率我們可以
假定對手國的談判經驗越豐富則越不可能屈從歐盟要求較高的政策涵蓋
率但對手國是否有能力拒絕歐盟的要求則端視對手的相對經貿實力
反之我們也可假定對手國的 FTA 談判經驗越豐富越不會無端抗拒 WTO
plus 或 WTO extra 的政策項目納入彼此的 FTA 文本中因為對手國過去有
經驗在其他 FTA 中處理類似的政策議題因而也較能夠接受歐盟的要求
所以我們預期對手國在與歐盟簽約前若與他國簽署的 FTA 數量越多則越
可能同意於彼此 FTA 文本中納入較多的政策議題當然對手國過去已簽
署的 FTA 數目越多也可能表示其對貿易自由化的承諾較深故較可能同
意納入更多的 WTO plus 或 WTO extra 的政策議題
從第二節文獻探討中我們知道歐盟所簽署的 FTA 常會因對手國的身份
和地理位置而有差別待遇例如若對手國國界與歐盟會員國比鄰則歐
盟簽署 FTA 的外交安全考量往往較高雖然以經貿考量來追求 FTA 的高政
策涵蓋率仍是重點但往往不是歐盟唯一的政策目標尤其是針對 WTO plus
的政策領域要求對手國深化或超越其對 WTO 的開放承諾可能會適得其
反造成國界相鄰的對手國民眾之反彈於是在外交安全穩定的考量下
我們預期歐盟與鄰國 FTA 應會納入較少的 WTO plus 政策項目反之歐
盟也許會爭取較多 WTO extra 項目納入與鄰國的 FTA 文本中尤其是那些
攸關人權司法善治反貪腐勞工權益及環境保護等 WTO extra 議
題皆可能被歐盟要求納入此外若對手國是歐盟會員國的前殖民地則
歐盟與之訂立的優惠貿易協定常具有援外發展的政策企圖在此企圖下
歐盟與前殖民地的 FTA 內容也許會納入較少的 WTO plus 政策項目但卻
納入較多的 WTO extra 政策項目因為很多 WTO extra 政策項目鼓勵雙方
合作去強化彼此貿易相關的基礎建設
早先文獻探討我們知道歐盟談判 FTA 時常因對手國是發展中國家而給
予不同的待遇例如較長的轉型調適期我們用對手國人均所得來測量其
經濟發展程度如果歐盟對發展中國家真的較寬厚則我們可以預期人均
所得越低的對手國與歐盟所簽署的 FTA 之政策涵蓋率應較低最後歐盟
FTA 的政策涵蓋率高低也涉及其本身對外談判的制度設計從本節歐盟對
外談判研究的討論中我們發現有一派學者認為當歐盟成員國數目增加則
政治科學論叢∕第五十五期∕民國 102 年 3 月 107
其達成共識的可能性較低於是談判對手國可利用歐盟會員國內部利益矛
盾分而治之排除其所不欲見的政策項目納入 FTA 中因此這派學者認
為歐盟會員國數目越多否決點越多互相制肘機會越多抵銷歐盟對外
談判實力故所簽署 FTA 的政策涵蓋率應較低但另一派學者則認為歐盟
會員國數目越多政策否決點越多於是歐盟談判立場變得僵硬迫使對
手在退讓妥協與談判破局間選擇所以增加歐盟的談判籌碼導致歐盟 FTA
之政策涵蓋率隨會員國數目增加而變高我們以 FTA 簽署當年歐盟會員國
數目多寡為基礎建立一數值變數來解釋歐盟 FTA 之政策涵蓋率的高低
伍歐盟 FTA 政策涵蓋率與解釋變數的相關分析
在提出幾個可以解釋歐盟 FTA 之政策涵蓋率的假設後本節報告依變
項和自變項的兩兩相關分析結果如表 5 所示簽約年份順序與歐盟 FTA
總政策涵蓋率及 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率呈現顯著正相關這意謂著越近當前
簽署之 FTA其政策涵蓋率越高雖然導致上述現象的背後原因很多但
我們可以臆測隨著時間演進跨國貿易的品項越來越多其衍生的議題也
越多於是越近當前所簽的歐盟 FTA其所處理的政策議題也越多須知
這解釋變數並不預設歐盟政策的改變它只是說明貿易擴張或全球化的自
然趨勢有可能造成歐盟 FTA 政策涵蓋率越來越高若要測量歐盟政策改變
的影響力我們採用 2006 年傀儡變數當作趨近指標（proxy）原因是 2006
年歐盟提出關鍵的策略性文件「全球歐洲」進而改採洽簽高品質的雙邊
自由貿易協定為其對外貿易政策主軸如表 5 所示2006 年之後歐盟所簽
署 FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率的確較 2006 年之前為高但 2006 年傀儡
變數並不影響歐盟 FTA之WTO extra政策涵蓋率也不影響總政策涵蓋率
的確「全球歐洲」策略明確要求歐盟優先追求 WTO plus 的相關政策議題
行有餘力才要求納入 WTO extra 政策項目也許在此策略文件指引下2006
年以後歐盟 FTA 的 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率偏高
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰108
表 5 歐盟 FTA 的政策涵蓋率與解釋變項的相關分析結果
總涵蓋率WTO extra涵 蓋 率
WTO plus涵 蓋 率
簽約前五年對手國貿易總額占 GDP 比例 -0138 -0122 -0174
簽約前五年對手國對歐盟貿易依賴度 -0074 -0039 -0182
對手國人口總數（簽約前五年平均） 0394 0353 0476
對手國 GDP 總額（簽約前五年平均） 02 0128 041
簽約前五年對手國人均所得 0064 0006 0166
簽約年份順序 042 0305 073
2006 年 dummy 0023 -0051 0441
對手國地理位置鄰近歐盟會員國 -0336 -0265 -0525
對手國是歐盟會員國的前殖民地 -01 -0079 -0132
簽約前對手國已簽署 FTA 之數目 0353 0243 064
簽約當年歐盟會員國數目 0316 0245 0635
附 註 rarr2-tails P lt 05 rarr2-tails p lt 01
資料來源筆者自製
原來我們預期歐盟對手國對歐盟貿易依賴程度以及本身對外貿易量
占其 GDP 總產值的比重應會與兩者所簽之 FTA 的政策涵蓋率有關但我們
的相關分析卻發現依變項與自變項並無顯著相關性倒是對手國的人口總
數及經濟規模大小與歐盟 FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率呈現顯著正相關
這表示當對手國人口數越多或經濟規模越大則其與歐盟簽署 FTA 的政策
涵蓋率越高原因可能是人口越多和經濟規模越大表示其關切的貿易議題
越廣涉及產業利益也多故可能尋求較多的議題連結以解決內部利益
衝突反映在歐盟 FTA 文本上便可能是較高的政策涵蓋率此外對手國
過去已簽署 FTA 之數目也與歐盟 FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率呈現顯著正
相關對手國過去簽署的 FTA 數目越多可能表示其對自由貿易的承諾越
深也表示其處理 WTO plus 政策議題的經驗越豐富故與歐盟談判 FTA
時也較不畏懼納入較多的 WTO plus 政策議題這或許解釋為何兩者所簽的
FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率較高
政治科學論叢∕第五十五期∕民國 102 年 3 月 109
那麼歐盟是否因為對手國的身份地理位置和經濟發展程度而給予
其不同的待遇如表 5 所示當對手國與歐盟會員國之國境相鄰時兩者
所簽之 FTA 的 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率較低原因可能是歐盟針對這些國境
比鄰的對手國常有外交安全的考量致使歐盟不願強迫對手國因接受超越
WTO承諾的政策議題而引起反彈造成政局不穩波及鄰近的歐盟會員國
另一原因是這些國界鄰近歐盟的對手國可能已申請或準備加入歐盟故歐
盟在要求該國符合歐盟「核心法律要件」（Acquis Communautaire）之餘
自無須要求其接受 WTO plus 政策議題除了對手國地理位置會影響歐盟
FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率之外我們發現歐盟並不因對手國是否為其前
殖民地或因其經濟發展程度高低而在 FTA 政策涵蓋率上給予不同的待
遇換言之對手國的殖民地身份和其經濟發展程度與歐盟 FTA 的政策
涵蓋率均無顯著相關性
最後歐盟會員國數目增加與其 FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率呈現顯
著正相關這意謂著隨著歐盟會員國增加其市場規模越大但內部產業
利益越複雜達成共識的可能性越低於是對外談判的立場越僵硬致使
對手必須在退讓妥協與談判破局間選擇此刻歐盟因制度否決點增加使
得談判籌碼變大往往能要求對手國讓步而納入較多的 WTO plus 政策議題
於 FTA 文本中當然對手國也可能選擇破局也不願讓步例如「波斯灣
合作理事會」與歐盟談判 FTA 達 25 年之久但仍未達成協議不過就已簽
署的歐盟 FTA 文本來看當歐盟會員國數目越多時其 FTA 所納入的 WTO
plus 政策項目也越多
為了進一步說明表 5 所發現的顯著相關因素與特定歐盟 FTA 文本的關
係筆者進一步選擇四個文本案例加以比較說明我們分別在 2006 年歐盟
發表「全球歐洲」白皮書的前後各選擇兩個國家做比較分析在 2006 年
以前簽署 FTA 的對手國智利相較於對手國馬其頓其人口總數較多且經濟
規模也較大而過去與他國簽署的 FTA 數目也較多故歐盟與其所簽的 FTA
之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率也較高相較之下對手國馬其頓的人口總數及經
濟規模較小過去與他國簽署的 FTA 數目也較少又其與歐盟是國境相鄰
故 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率較智利為低
在 2006 年以後簽署 FTA 的對手國韓國相較於對手國喀麥隆其人口總
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰110
數較少但經濟規模卻較大而過去與他國簽署的 FTA 數目較多其所簽的
FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率也應較高相較之下對手國喀麥隆的人口總
數雖較多但經濟規模較小過去與他國簽署的 FTA 數目也較少故其與歐
盟簽署 FTA 的 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率理應低於韓國但兩者涵蓋率卻相同
不過類似的例外個案並不多喀麥隆與歐盟簽署 FTA 的時間較晚近（2006
年之後）故其 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率皆高於 2006 年之前歐盟與智利及馬
其頓所簽署之 FTA 的涵蓋率
表 6 歐盟 FTA 文本的四案例比較分析
2006 年dummy
個 案 人口總數 GDP 總產值過去簽署FTA 數量
國境相鄰否WTO Plus政策涵蓋率
Chile 152269554 3187638117 3 0 0862006年前 Yugoslav
Macedonia1991790 1727773781 2 1 079
Korea 48647800 3863298714 6 0 0932006年後
Cameroon 179552102 2936775847 0 0 093
資料來源筆者自製
綜合以上分析我們發現第四節所提出的幾個解釋變項的確與歐盟
FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率有關這些變項包括對手國的人口總數GDP
總產值及其過去簽署 FTA 的數量此外簽約年份順序2006 年的傀儡
變項以及簽約時歐盟會員國數目亦與其 FTA 的 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率有
關但是本研究的所有變項均無法解釋歐盟 FTA之WTO extra政策涵蓋率
為何如此呢筆者推測很可能是我們對 WTO extra 政策項目的性質和誘因
不甚瞭解因此無法提出有效的假設去解釋其涵蓋率高低例如我們並
不知道消費者保護環境法採礦核能安全政治對話文化合作等 WTO
extra 議題到底對締約國的產業和制度衝擊為何又 WTO extra 政策項目彼
此相互干擾程度為何締約國有能力去接受這些 WTO extra 的政策義務
嗎
WTO plus 政策議題聚焦於排除所有關稅及非關稅貿易障礙推動全面
貿易自由化因此我們假設歐盟因欲推動貿易自由化而追求較高的 WTO
plus 政策涵蓋率是有其立論基礎的反觀納入 WTO extra 政策項目越多是
政治科學論叢∕第五十五期∕民國 102 年 3 月 111
否表示貿易自由化越強化則值得商榷也許某些個別 WTO extra 政策可以
輔助貿易自由化（如競爭政策）但也有些項目與貿易自由化關聯較小
例如人權政治對話反恐和社會福利等項目已涉及締約國內部政治價值
取捨很難看出與貿易自由化的直接關聯也正因為 WTO extra 政策項目
性質與貿易自由化關聯不甚清楚我們預設歐盟貿易自由化偏好會促使其
追求更高的 WTO extra 政策涵蓋率也不成立這或許解釋為何本文所提出
的所有變項均與歐盟 FTA 之 WTO extra 政策涵蓋率無顯著相關筆者建議
後續的研究應釐清 WTO extra 政策項目與貿易自由化的關係以俾於更精
確地形成假設去解釋 FTA 中的 WTO extra 政策涵蓋率
陸結論
歐體∕歐盟推動全球貿易自由化一向不遺餘力不但過去積極參與
GATT 及 WTO 數回合的多邊貿易談判歐體∕歐盟也曾簽署許多雙邊自由
貿易協定自 2006 年以後歐盟洽簽雙邊自由貿易協定的方針更加明確
迄今完成簽署且多已向 WTO 報備之歐盟 FTA 共 28 份雖然官方報告及政
策分析文章對於個別歐盟所簽署的 FTA 內容有所介紹但是學界仍缺乏將
歐盟 FTA 個案研究成果予以通則化的努力本文旨在彌補上述研究的缺
憾筆者採用 HornMavroidis 和 Sapir 三位教授所發展出的比較分析架構
從 FTA 文本內容辨識 14 項 WTO plus 政策領域及 28 項 WTO extra 政策領
域並將其適用到所有歐盟已簽署的 FTA 文本之內容分析上試圖釐清個
別歐盟 FTA 所涵蓋的政策項目性質為何涵蓋項目多寡並提出幾個假設
去解釋歐盟 FTA 之政策涵蓋率高低
首先從表 3 我們發現所有歐盟 FTA 文本（N=28）皆含有工業暨農業
產品自由化的條款亦有 27 份歐盟 FTA 文本列入關務行政條款在 WTO
plus 政策項目中有超過三分之二的歐盟 FTA 文本納入反傾銷防衛機制
公共採購貿易的技術障礙排除及與貿易相關的智產權保護等政策項目
又在 WTO extra 項目中有 93 歐盟 FTA 文本列入競爭政策超過 70歐
盟 FTA 文本包括資料保護TRIMs 以外之投資合作TRIPs 以外之智產權
保護資訊社會及區域和社會合作等政策議題但在主權和司法管轄權
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰112
事務上如公民保障和簽證∕庇護政策項目上只有一份歐盟 FTA 文本列
入
其次從表 4我們可以觀察每一歐盟 FTA 文本所涵蓋的政策領域的
數目例如最近受到各界高度關注的歐盟∕韓國 FTA依據我們的內容
分析有高達 93 的 WTO plus 政策項目被納入該 FTA 文本中但只有 50
的 WTO extra 政策項目被列入歐盟∕韓國 FTA 文本中這顯示歐盟∕韓國
FTA 的重點仍在處理 WTO plus 的政策議題上從表 4我們也觀察到不同
的歐盟 FTA 可能會有相同（或不同）的政策涵蓋率例如歐盟∕韓國 FTA
以及歐盟∕加勒比海論壇便具有相同政策涵蓋率的分佈但我們的資料庫
仍可辨別兩者所涵蓋的政策差異當然歐盟與不同對手所簽署的 FTA 內容
會有所差異是可以預期的但是什麼原因造成歐盟 FTA 之政策涵蓋率會有
高低之別呢
本文發現簽署年份順序2006 年傀儡變項對手國的人口總數及經濟
規模（以 GDP 產值計）對手國過去已簽署的 FTA 數目及簽約時歐盟會
員國數目等皆與歐盟 FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率呈現顯著正相關但
對手國是否國界緊鄰歐盟會員國則與歐盟 FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率呈
現顯著負相關本文上節已針對相關分析結果進行詮釋故不再重複值
得注意的是本文並未提出一套因果關係模型去解釋歐盟 FTA 文本的政策涵
蓋率高低雖然本文的相關分析初步釐清那些因素可能影響歐盟 FTA 的政
策涵蓋率但本文並不宣稱這些因素「導致」歐盟納入多少 WTO plus 政策
議題於其 FTA 文本中此外本文的解釋變項與歐盟 FTA 的 WTO extra 政
策涵蓋率並無顯著相關這表示我們仍須釐清 WTO extra 政策項目與貿易
自由化之關聯才能提出有效的假設去解釋歐盟 FTA 的 WTO extra 政策涵
蓋率
政治科學論叢∕第五十五期∕民國 102 年 3 月 113
附件 1 歐盟向 WTO 報備之雙邊自由貿易協定
FTA Name Year signed Year in force
EU - Israel 1995 2000
EU - Jordan 1977 2002
EU - Mexico 1997 2000
EU - Morocco 1976 2000
EU - Korea 2010 2011
EU - Tunisia 1995 1998
EU - Chile 2002 2003
EU - Montenegro 2007 2010
EU - Algeria 2002 2005
EU ndash Ivory Coast 2009 pending
EU - Cameroon 2009 pending
EU - Bosnia and Herzegovina 2008 2008
EU - Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 2001 2004
Zangl B 2008 ldquoJudicialization matters A comparison of dispute settlement under
GATT and the WTOrdquo International Studies Quarterly 52(4) 825-854
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰118
A Categorization and Content Analysisof EU Free Trade Agreements
David W F Huang
Abstract
According to the Commission of the European Union (EU) there have been todate (November 2011) twenty-eight Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) signed betweenthe EU and its trade partners However most existing studies of existing EU FTAsare either single-case studies or limited-case comparative studies As a result ourknowledge is confined to which policy provisions each of the EU FTAs included oromitted what legal and political controversies were attached to each of the FTAsand the economic impact each FTA had on its signatories There have been fewattempts to generalize the existing knowledge derived from case studies on theseFTAs This paper aims to fill this gap in the literature by systematically categorizingand analyzing the content of EU FTAs Using Horn Marvroidis and Sapirrsquosclassification framework which categorizes fifty-two policies into either WTO plus(fourteen items) or WTO extra (thirty-eight items) policy areas the paper seeks toidentify the policy areas included in each of the twenty-eight EU FTAs at the sametime as developing hypotheses to explain policy coverage rates for EU FTAs Thepaper finds that most EU FTAs can be classified as WTO-plus type in the sense thatthey include higher proportions of WTO-plus policy items In addition thefollowing explanatory variables are found to be correlated with the appearance of aWTO-plus policy focus the chronological order in which FTAs are signed the 2006dummy item the population and economic size of the trade partner the number ofFTAs previously signed by the trade partner the number of EU members when theFTA is signed and whether the trade partner is geographically adjacent to EUmember states
Keywords European Union Free Trade Agreement Global Europe World TradeOrganization Policy Coverage Rate
Associate Research Fellow Institution of European and American Studies Academia SinicaE-mail dwfhuanggatesinicaedutw
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HEB 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歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰106
中當然對手國的談判經驗也可能影響歐盟 FTA 的政策涵蓋率我們可以
假定對手國的談判經驗越豐富則越不可能屈從歐盟要求較高的政策涵蓋
率但對手國是否有能力拒絕歐盟的要求則端視對手的相對經貿實力
反之我們也可假定對手國的 FTA 談判經驗越豐富越不會無端抗拒 WTO
plus 或 WTO extra 的政策項目納入彼此的 FTA 文本中因為對手國過去有
經驗在其他 FTA 中處理類似的政策議題因而也較能夠接受歐盟的要求
所以我們預期對手國在與歐盟簽約前若與他國簽署的 FTA 數量越多則越
可能同意於彼此 FTA 文本中納入較多的政策議題當然對手國過去已簽
署的 FTA 數目越多也可能表示其對貿易自由化的承諾較深故較可能同
意納入更多的 WTO plus 或 WTO extra 的政策議題
從第二節文獻探討中我們知道歐盟所簽署的 FTA 常會因對手國的身份
和地理位置而有差別待遇例如若對手國國界與歐盟會員國比鄰則歐
盟簽署 FTA 的外交安全考量往往較高雖然以經貿考量來追求 FTA 的高政
策涵蓋率仍是重點但往往不是歐盟唯一的政策目標尤其是針對 WTO plus
的政策領域要求對手國深化或超越其對 WTO 的開放承諾可能會適得其
反造成國界相鄰的對手國民眾之反彈於是在外交安全穩定的考量下
我們預期歐盟與鄰國 FTA 應會納入較少的 WTO plus 政策項目反之歐
盟也許會爭取較多 WTO extra 項目納入與鄰國的 FTA 文本中尤其是那些
攸關人權司法善治反貪腐勞工權益及環境保護等 WTO extra 議
題皆可能被歐盟要求納入此外若對手國是歐盟會員國的前殖民地則
歐盟與之訂立的優惠貿易協定常具有援外發展的政策企圖在此企圖下
歐盟與前殖民地的 FTA 內容也許會納入較少的 WTO plus 政策項目但卻
納入較多的 WTO extra 政策項目因為很多 WTO extra 政策項目鼓勵雙方
合作去強化彼此貿易相關的基礎建設
早先文獻探討我們知道歐盟談判 FTA 時常因對手國是發展中國家而給
予不同的待遇例如較長的轉型調適期我們用對手國人均所得來測量其
經濟發展程度如果歐盟對發展中國家真的較寬厚則我們可以預期人均
所得越低的對手國與歐盟所簽署的 FTA 之政策涵蓋率應較低最後歐盟
FTA 的政策涵蓋率高低也涉及其本身對外談判的制度設計從本節歐盟對
外談判研究的討論中我們發現有一派學者認為當歐盟成員國數目增加則
政治科學論叢∕第五十五期∕民國 102 年 3 月 107
其達成共識的可能性較低於是談判對手國可利用歐盟會員國內部利益矛
盾分而治之排除其所不欲見的政策項目納入 FTA 中因此這派學者認
為歐盟會員國數目越多否決點越多互相制肘機會越多抵銷歐盟對外
談判實力故所簽署 FTA 的政策涵蓋率應較低但另一派學者則認為歐盟
會員國數目越多政策否決點越多於是歐盟談判立場變得僵硬迫使對
手在退讓妥協與談判破局間選擇所以增加歐盟的談判籌碼導致歐盟 FTA
之政策涵蓋率隨會員國數目增加而變高我們以 FTA 簽署當年歐盟會員國
數目多寡為基礎建立一數值變數來解釋歐盟 FTA 之政策涵蓋率的高低
伍歐盟 FTA 政策涵蓋率與解釋變數的相關分析
在提出幾個可以解釋歐盟 FTA 之政策涵蓋率的假設後本節報告依變
項和自變項的兩兩相關分析結果如表 5 所示簽約年份順序與歐盟 FTA
總政策涵蓋率及 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率呈現顯著正相關這意謂著越近當前
簽署之 FTA其政策涵蓋率越高雖然導致上述現象的背後原因很多但
我們可以臆測隨著時間演進跨國貿易的品項越來越多其衍生的議題也
越多於是越近當前所簽的歐盟 FTA其所處理的政策議題也越多須知
這解釋變數並不預設歐盟政策的改變它只是說明貿易擴張或全球化的自
然趨勢有可能造成歐盟 FTA 政策涵蓋率越來越高若要測量歐盟政策改變
的影響力我們採用 2006 年傀儡變數當作趨近指標（proxy）原因是 2006
年歐盟提出關鍵的策略性文件「全球歐洲」進而改採洽簽高品質的雙邊
自由貿易協定為其對外貿易政策主軸如表 5 所示2006 年之後歐盟所簽
署 FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率的確較 2006 年之前為高但 2006 年傀儡
變數並不影響歐盟 FTA之WTO extra政策涵蓋率也不影響總政策涵蓋率
的確「全球歐洲」策略明確要求歐盟優先追求 WTO plus 的相關政策議題
行有餘力才要求納入 WTO extra 政策項目也許在此策略文件指引下2006
年以後歐盟 FTA 的 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率偏高
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰108
表 5 歐盟 FTA 的政策涵蓋率與解釋變項的相關分析結果
總涵蓋率WTO extra涵 蓋 率
WTO plus涵 蓋 率
簽約前五年對手國貿易總額占 GDP 比例 -0138 -0122 -0174
簽約前五年對手國對歐盟貿易依賴度 -0074 -0039 -0182
對手國人口總數（簽約前五年平均） 0394 0353 0476
對手國 GDP 總額（簽約前五年平均） 02 0128 041
簽約前五年對手國人均所得 0064 0006 0166
簽約年份順序 042 0305 073
2006 年 dummy 0023 -0051 0441
對手國地理位置鄰近歐盟會員國 -0336 -0265 -0525
對手國是歐盟會員國的前殖民地 -01 -0079 -0132
簽約前對手國已簽署 FTA 之數目 0353 0243 064
簽約當年歐盟會員國數目 0316 0245 0635
附 註 rarr2-tails P lt 05 rarr2-tails p lt 01
資料來源筆者自製
原來我們預期歐盟對手國對歐盟貿易依賴程度以及本身對外貿易量
占其 GDP 總產值的比重應會與兩者所簽之 FTA 的政策涵蓋率有關但我們
的相關分析卻發現依變項與自變項並無顯著相關性倒是對手國的人口總
數及經濟規模大小與歐盟 FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率呈現顯著正相關
這表示當對手國人口數越多或經濟規模越大則其與歐盟簽署 FTA 的政策
涵蓋率越高原因可能是人口越多和經濟規模越大表示其關切的貿易議題
越廣涉及產業利益也多故可能尋求較多的議題連結以解決內部利益
衝突反映在歐盟 FTA 文本上便可能是較高的政策涵蓋率此外對手國
過去已簽署 FTA 之數目也與歐盟 FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率呈現顯著正
相關對手國過去簽署的 FTA 數目越多可能表示其對自由貿易的承諾越
深也表示其處理 WTO plus 政策議題的經驗越豐富故與歐盟談判 FTA
時也較不畏懼納入較多的 WTO plus 政策議題這或許解釋為何兩者所簽的
FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率較高
政治科學論叢∕第五十五期∕民國 102 年 3 月 109
那麼歐盟是否因為對手國的身份地理位置和經濟發展程度而給予
其不同的待遇如表 5 所示當對手國與歐盟會員國之國境相鄰時兩者
所簽之 FTA 的 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率較低原因可能是歐盟針對這些國境
比鄰的對手國常有外交安全的考量致使歐盟不願強迫對手國因接受超越
WTO承諾的政策議題而引起反彈造成政局不穩波及鄰近的歐盟會員國
另一原因是這些國界鄰近歐盟的對手國可能已申請或準備加入歐盟故歐
盟在要求該國符合歐盟「核心法律要件」（Acquis Communautaire）之餘
自無須要求其接受 WTO plus 政策議題除了對手國地理位置會影響歐盟
FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率之外我們發現歐盟並不因對手國是否為其前
殖民地或因其經濟發展程度高低而在 FTA 政策涵蓋率上給予不同的待
遇換言之對手國的殖民地身份和其經濟發展程度與歐盟 FTA 的政策
涵蓋率均無顯著相關性
最後歐盟會員國數目增加與其 FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率呈現顯
著正相關這意謂著隨著歐盟會員國增加其市場規模越大但內部產業
利益越複雜達成共識的可能性越低於是對外談判的立場越僵硬致使
對手必須在退讓妥協與談判破局間選擇此刻歐盟因制度否決點增加使
得談判籌碼變大往往能要求對手國讓步而納入較多的 WTO plus 政策議題
於 FTA 文本中當然對手國也可能選擇破局也不願讓步例如「波斯灣
合作理事會」與歐盟談判 FTA 達 25 年之久但仍未達成協議不過就已簽
署的歐盟 FTA 文本來看當歐盟會員國數目越多時其 FTA 所納入的 WTO
plus 政策項目也越多
為了進一步說明表 5 所發現的顯著相關因素與特定歐盟 FTA 文本的關
係筆者進一步選擇四個文本案例加以比較說明我們分別在 2006 年歐盟
發表「全球歐洲」白皮書的前後各選擇兩個國家做比較分析在 2006 年
以前簽署 FTA 的對手國智利相較於對手國馬其頓其人口總數較多且經濟
規模也較大而過去與他國簽署的 FTA 數目也較多故歐盟與其所簽的 FTA
之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率也較高相較之下對手國馬其頓的人口總數及經
濟規模較小過去與他國簽署的 FTA 數目也較少又其與歐盟是國境相鄰
故 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率較智利為低
在 2006 年以後簽署 FTA 的對手國韓國相較於對手國喀麥隆其人口總
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰110
數較少但經濟規模卻較大而過去與他國簽署的 FTA 數目較多其所簽的
FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率也應較高相較之下對手國喀麥隆的人口總
數雖較多但經濟規模較小過去與他國簽署的 FTA 數目也較少故其與歐
盟簽署 FTA 的 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率理應低於韓國但兩者涵蓋率卻相同
不過類似的例外個案並不多喀麥隆與歐盟簽署 FTA 的時間較晚近（2006
年之後）故其 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率皆高於 2006 年之前歐盟與智利及馬
其頓所簽署之 FTA 的涵蓋率
表 6 歐盟 FTA 文本的四案例比較分析
2006 年dummy
個 案 人口總數 GDP 總產值過去簽署FTA 數量
國境相鄰否WTO Plus政策涵蓋率
Chile 152269554 3187638117 3 0 0862006年前 Yugoslav
Macedonia1991790 1727773781 2 1 079
Korea 48647800 3863298714 6 0 0932006年後
Cameroon 179552102 2936775847 0 0 093
資料來源筆者自製
綜合以上分析我們發現第四節所提出的幾個解釋變項的確與歐盟
FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率有關這些變項包括對手國的人口總數GDP
總產值及其過去簽署 FTA 的數量此外簽約年份順序2006 年的傀儡
變項以及簽約時歐盟會員國數目亦與其 FTA 的 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率有
關但是本研究的所有變項均無法解釋歐盟 FTA之WTO extra政策涵蓋率
為何如此呢筆者推測很可能是我們對 WTO extra 政策項目的性質和誘因
不甚瞭解因此無法提出有效的假設去解釋其涵蓋率高低例如我們並
不知道消費者保護環境法採礦核能安全政治對話文化合作等 WTO
extra 議題到底對締約國的產業和制度衝擊為何又 WTO extra 政策項目彼
此相互干擾程度為何締約國有能力去接受這些 WTO extra 的政策義務
嗎
WTO plus 政策議題聚焦於排除所有關稅及非關稅貿易障礙推動全面
貿易自由化因此我們假設歐盟因欲推動貿易自由化而追求較高的 WTO
plus 政策涵蓋率是有其立論基礎的反觀納入 WTO extra 政策項目越多是
政治科學論叢∕第五十五期∕民國 102 年 3 月 111
否表示貿易自由化越強化則值得商榷也許某些個別 WTO extra 政策可以
輔助貿易自由化（如競爭政策）但也有些項目與貿易自由化關聯較小
例如人權政治對話反恐和社會福利等項目已涉及締約國內部政治價值
取捨很難看出與貿易自由化的直接關聯也正因為 WTO extra 政策項目
性質與貿易自由化關聯不甚清楚我們預設歐盟貿易自由化偏好會促使其
追求更高的 WTO extra 政策涵蓋率也不成立這或許解釋為何本文所提出
的所有變項均與歐盟 FTA 之 WTO extra 政策涵蓋率無顯著相關筆者建議
後續的研究應釐清 WTO extra 政策項目與貿易自由化的關係以俾於更精
確地形成假設去解釋 FTA 中的 WTO extra 政策涵蓋率
陸結論
歐體∕歐盟推動全球貿易自由化一向不遺餘力不但過去積極參與
GATT 及 WTO 數回合的多邊貿易談判歐體∕歐盟也曾簽署許多雙邊自由
貿易協定自 2006 年以後歐盟洽簽雙邊自由貿易協定的方針更加明確
迄今完成簽署且多已向 WTO 報備之歐盟 FTA 共 28 份雖然官方報告及政
策分析文章對於個別歐盟所簽署的 FTA 內容有所介紹但是學界仍缺乏將
歐盟 FTA 個案研究成果予以通則化的努力本文旨在彌補上述研究的缺
憾筆者採用 HornMavroidis 和 Sapir 三位教授所發展出的比較分析架構
從 FTA 文本內容辨識 14 項 WTO plus 政策領域及 28 項 WTO extra 政策領
域並將其適用到所有歐盟已簽署的 FTA 文本之內容分析上試圖釐清個
別歐盟 FTA 所涵蓋的政策項目性質為何涵蓋項目多寡並提出幾個假設
去解釋歐盟 FTA 之政策涵蓋率高低
首先從表 3 我們發現所有歐盟 FTA 文本（N=28）皆含有工業暨農業
產品自由化的條款亦有 27 份歐盟 FTA 文本列入關務行政條款在 WTO
plus 政策項目中有超過三分之二的歐盟 FTA 文本納入反傾銷防衛機制
公共採購貿易的技術障礙排除及與貿易相關的智產權保護等政策項目
又在 WTO extra 項目中有 93 歐盟 FTA 文本列入競爭政策超過 70歐
盟 FTA 文本包括資料保護TRIMs 以外之投資合作TRIPs 以外之智產權
保護資訊社會及區域和社會合作等政策議題但在主權和司法管轄權
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰112
事務上如公民保障和簽證∕庇護政策項目上只有一份歐盟 FTA 文本列
入
其次從表 4我們可以觀察每一歐盟 FTA 文本所涵蓋的政策領域的
數目例如最近受到各界高度關注的歐盟∕韓國 FTA依據我們的內容
分析有高達 93 的 WTO plus 政策項目被納入該 FTA 文本中但只有 50
的 WTO extra 政策項目被列入歐盟∕韓國 FTA 文本中這顯示歐盟∕韓國
FTA 的重點仍在處理 WTO plus 的政策議題上從表 4我們也觀察到不同
的歐盟 FTA 可能會有相同（或不同）的政策涵蓋率例如歐盟∕韓國 FTA
以及歐盟∕加勒比海論壇便具有相同政策涵蓋率的分佈但我們的資料庫
仍可辨別兩者所涵蓋的政策差異當然歐盟與不同對手所簽署的 FTA 內容
會有所差異是可以預期的但是什麼原因造成歐盟 FTA 之政策涵蓋率會有
高低之別呢
本文發現簽署年份順序2006 年傀儡變項對手國的人口總數及經濟
規模（以 GDP 產值計）對手國過去已簽署的 FTA 數目及簽約時歐盟會
員國數目等皆與歐盟 FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率呈現顯著正相關但
對手國是否國界緊鄰歐盟會員國則與歐盟 FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率呈
現顯著負相關本文上節已針對相關分析結果進行詮釋故不再重複值
得注意的是本文並未提出一套因果關係模型去解釋歐盟 FTA 文本的政策涵
蓋率高低雖然本文的相關分析初步釐清那些因素可能影響歐盟 FTA 的政
策涵蓋率但本文並不宣稱這些因素「導致」歐盟納入多少 WTO plus 政策
議題於其 FTA 文本中此外本文的解釋變項與歐盟 FTA 的 WTO extra 政
策涵蓋率並無顯著相關這表示我們仍須釐清 WTO extra 政策項目與貿易
自由化之關聯才能提出有效的假設去解釋歐盟 FTA 的 WTO extra 政策涵
蓋率
政治科學論叢∕第五十五期∕民國 102 年 3 月 113
附件 1 歐盟向 WTO 報備之雙邊自由貿易協定
FTA Name Year signed Year in force
EU - Israel 1995 2000
EU - Jordan 1977 2002
EU - Mexico 1997 2000
EU - Morocco 1976 2000
EU - Korea 2010 2011
EU - Tunisia 1995 1998
EU - Chile 2002 2003
EU - Montenegro 2007 2010
EU - Algeria 2002 2005
EU ndash Ivory Coast 2009 pending
EU - Cameroon 2009 pending
EU - Bosnia and Herzegovina 2008 2008
EU - Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 2001 2004
Zangl B 2008 ldquoJudicialization matters A comparison of dispute settlement under
GATT and the WTOrdquo International Studies Quarterly 52(4) 825-854
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰118
A Categorization and Content Analysisof EU Free Trade Agreements
David W F Huang
Abstract
According to the Commission of the European Union (EU) there have been todate (November 2011) twenty-eight Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) signed betweenthe EU and its trade partners However most existing studies of existing EU FTAsare either single-case studies or limited-case comparative studies As a result ourknowledge is confined to which policy provisions each of the EU FTAs included oromitted what legal and political controversies were attached to each of the FTAsand the economic impact each FTA had on its signatories There have been fewattempts to generalize the existing knowledge derived from case studies on theseFTAs This paper aims to fill this gap in the literature by systematically categorizingand analyzing the content of EU FTAs Using Horn Marvroidis and Sapirrsquosclassification framework which categorizes fifty-two policies into either WTO plus(fourteen items) or WTO extra (thirty-eight items) policy areas the paper seeks toidentify the policy areas included in each of the twenty-eight EU FTAs at the sametime as developing hypotheses to explain policy coverage rates for EU FTAs Thepaper finds that most EU FTAs can be classified as WTO-plus type in the sense thatthey include higher proportions of WTO-plus policy items In addition thefollowing explanatory variables are found to be correlated with the appearance of aWTO-plus policy focus the chronological order in which FTAs are signed the 2006dummy item the population and economic size of the trade partner the number ofFTAs previously signed by the trade partner the number of EU members when theFTA is signed and whether the trade partner is geographically adjacent to EUmember states
Keywords European Union Free Trade Agreement Global Europe World TradeOrganization Policy Coverage Rate
Associate Research Fellow Institution of European and American Studies Academia SinicaE-mail dwfhuanggatesinicaedutw
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 BGR ltFEFF04180437043f043e043b043704320430043904420435002004420435043704380020043d0430044104420440043e0439043a0438002c00200437043000200434043000200441044a0437043404300432043004420435002000410064006f00620065002000500044004600200434043e043a0443043c0435043d04420438002c0020043c0430043a04410438043c0430043b043d043e0020043f044004380433043e04340435043d04380020043704300020043204380441043e043a043e043a0430044704350441044204320435043d0020043f04350447043004420020043704300020043f044004350434043f0435044704300442043d04300020043f043e04340433043e0442043e0432043a0430002e002000200421044a04370434043004340435043d043804420435002000500044004600200434043e043a0443043c0435043d044204380020043c043e0433043004420020043404300020044104350020043e0442043204300440044f0442002004410020004100630072006f00620061007400200438002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020043800200441043b0435043404320430044904380020043204350440044104380438002egt CHS ltFEFF4f7f75288fd94e9b8bbe5b9a521b5efa7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065876863900275284e8e9ad88d2891cf76845370524d53705237300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c676562535f00521b5efa768400200050004400460020658768633002gt CHT ltFEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef69069752865bc9ad854c18cea76845370524d5370523786557406300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002gt CZE 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 DAN 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 DEU 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 ESP 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 ETI ltFEFF004b00610073007500740061006700650020006e0065006900640020007300e4007400740065006900640020006b00760061006c006900740065006500740073006500200074007200fc006b006900650065006c007300650020007000720069006e00740069006d0069007300650020006a0061006f006b007300200073006f00620069006c0069006b0065002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740069006400650020006c006f006f006d006900730065006b0073002e00200020004c006f006f0064007500640020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740065002000730061006100740065002000610076006100640061002000700072006f006700720061006d006d006900640065006700610020004100630072006f0062006100740020006e0069006e0067002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020006a00610020007500750065006d006100740065002000760065007200730069006f006f006e00690064006500670061002e000d000agt FRA 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 GRE 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 HEB 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 HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN 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 ITA 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 JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL ltFEFF0055007300740061007700690065006e0069006100200064006f002000740077006f0072007a0065006e0069006100200064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400f300770020005000440046002000700072007a0065007a006e00610063007a006f006e00790063006800200064006f002000770079006400720075006b00f30077002000770020007700790073006f006b00690065006a0020006a0061006b006f015b00630069002e002000200044006f006b0075006d0065006e0074007900200050004400460020006d006f017c006e00610020006f007400770069006500720061010700200077002000700072006f006700720061006d006900650020004100630072006f00620061007400200069002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002000690020006e006f00770073007a0079006d002egt PTB 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 RUM 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 RUS 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 SKY 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政治科學論叢∕第五十五期∕民國 102 年 3 月 107
其達成共識的可能性較低於是談判對手國可利用歐盟會員國內部利益矛
盾分而治之排除其所不欲見的政策項目納入 FTA 中因此這派學者認
為歐盟會員國數目越多否決點越多互相制肘機會越多抵銷歐盟對外
談判實力故所簽署 FTA 的政策涵蓋率應較低但另一派學者則認為歐盟
會員國數目越多政策否決點越多於是歐盟談判立場變得僵硬迫使對
手在退讓妥協與談判破局間選擇所以增加歐盟的談判籌碼導致歐盟 FTA
之政策涵蓋率隨會員國數目增加而變高我們以 FTA 簽署當年歐盟會員國
數目多寡為基礎建立一數值變數來解釋歐盟 FTA 之政策涵蓋率的高低
伍歐盟 FTA 政策涵蓋率與解釋變數的相關分析
在提出幾個可以解釋歐盟 FTA 之政策涵蓋率的假設後本節報告依變
項和自變項的兩兩相關分析結果如表 5 所示簽約年份順序與歐盟 FTA
總政策涵蓋率及 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率呈現顯著正相關這意謂著越近當前
簽署之 FTA其政策涵蓋率越高雖然導致上述現象的背後原因很多但
我們可以臆測隨著時間演進跨國貿易的品項越來越多其衍生的議題也
越多於是越近當前所簽的歐盟 FTA其所處理的政策議題也越多須知
這解釋變數並不預設歐盟政策的改變它只是說明貿易擴張或全球化的自
然趨勢有可能造成歐盟 FTA 政策涵蓋率越來越高若要測量歐盟政策改變
的影響力我們採用 2006 年傀儡變數當作趨近指標（proxy）原因是 2006
年歐盟提出關鍵的策略性文件「全球歐洲」進而改採洽簽高品質的雙邊
自由貿易協定為其對外貿易政策主軸如表 5 所示2006 年之後歐盟所簽
署 FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率的確較 2006 年之前為高但 2006 年傀儡
變數並不影響歐盟 FTA之WTO extra政策涵蓋率也不影響總政策涵蓋率
的確「全球歐洲」策略明確要求歐盟優先追求 WTO plus 的相關政策議題
行有餘力才要求納入 WTO extra 政策項目也許在此策略文件指引下2006
年以後歐盟 FTA 的 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率偏高
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰108
表 5 歐盟 FTA 的政策涵蓋率與解釋變項的相關分析結果
總涵蓋率WTO extra涵 蓋 率
WTO plus涵 蓋 率
簽約前五年對手國貿易總額占 GDP 比例 -0138 -0122 -0174
簽約前五年對手國對歐盟貿易依賴度 -0074 -0039 -0182
對手國人口總數（簽約前五年平均） 0394 0353 0476
對手國 GDP 總額（簽約前五年平均） 02 0128 041
簽約前五年對手國人均所得 0064 0006 0166
簽約年份順序 042 0305 073
2006 年 dummy 0023 -0051 0441
對手國地理位置鄰近歐盟會員國 -0336 -0265 -0525
對手國是歐盟會員國的前殖民地 -01 -0079 -0132
簽約前對手國已簽署 FTA 之數目 0353 0243 064
簽約當年歐盟會員國數目 0316 0245 0635
附 註 rarr2-tails P lt 05 rarr2-tails p lt 01
資料來源筆者自製
原來我們預期歐盟對手國對歐盟貿易依賴程度以及本身對外貿易量
占其 GDP 總產值的比重應會與兩者所簽之 FTA 的政策涵蓋率有關但我們
的相關分析卻發現依變項與自變項並無顯著相關性倒是對手國的人口總
數及經濟規模大小與歐盟 FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率呈現顯著正相關
這表示當對手國人口數越多或經濟規模越大則其與歐盟簽署 FTA 的政策
涵蓋率越高原因可能是人口越多和經濟規模越大表示其關切的貿易議題
越廣涉及產業利益也多故可能尋求較多的議題連結以解決內部利益
衝突反映在歐盟 FTA 文本上便可能是較高的政策涵蓋率此外對手國
過去已簽署 FTA 之數目也與歐盟 FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率呈現顯著正
相關對手國過去簽署的 FTA 數目越多可能表示其對自由貿易的承諾越
深也表示其處理 WTO plus 政策議題的經驗越豐富故與歐盟談判 FTA
時也較不畏懼納入較多的 WTO plus 政策議題這或許解釋為何兩者所簽的
FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率較高
政治科學論叢∕第五十五期∕民國 102 年 3 月 109
那麼歐盟是否因為對手國的身份地理位置和經濟發展程度而給予
其不同的待遇如表 5 所示當對手國與歐盟會員國之國境相鄰時兩者
所簽之 FTA 的 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率較低原因可能是歐盟針對這些國境
比鄰的對手國常有外交安全的考量致使歐盟不願強迫對手國因接受超越
WTO承諾的政策議題而引起反彈造成政局不穩波及鄰近的歐盟會員國
另一原因是這些國界鄰近歐盟的對手國可能已申請或準備加入歐盟故歐
盟在要求該國符合歐盟「核心法律要件」（Acquis Communautaire）之餘
自無須要求其接受 WTO plus 政策議題除了對手國地理位置會影響歐盟
FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率之外我們發現歐盟並不因對手國是否為其前
殖民地或因其經濟發展程度高低而在 FTA 政策涵蓋率上給予不同的待
遇換言之對手國的殖民地身份和其經濟發展程度與歐盟 FTA 的政策
涵蓋率均無顯著相關性
最後歐盟會員國數目增加與其 FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率呈現顯
著正相關這意謂著隨著歐盟會員國增加其市場規模越大但內部產業
利益越複雜達成共識的可能性越低於是對外談判的立場越僵硬致使
對手必須在退讓妥協與談判破局間選擇此刻歐盟因制度否決點增加使
得談判籌碼變大往往能要求對手國讓步而納入較多的 WTO plus 政策議題
於 FTA 文本中當然對手國也可能選擇破局也不願讓步例如「波斯灣
合作理事會」與歐盟談判 FTA 達 25 年之久但仍未達成協議不過就已簽
署的歐盟 FTA 文本來看當歐盟會員國數目越多時其 FTA 所納入的 WTO
plus 政策項目也越多
為了進一步說明表 5 所發現的顯著相關因素與特定歐盟 FTA 文本的關
係筆者進一步選擇四個文本案例加以比較說明我們分別在 2006 年歐盟
發表「全球歐洲」白皮書的前後各選擇兩個國家做比較分析在 2006 年
以前簽署 FTA 的對手國智利相較於對手國馬其頓其人口總數較多且經濟
規模也較大而過去與他國簽署的 FTA 數目也較多故歐盟與其所簽的 FTA
之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率也較高相較之下對手國馬其頓的人口總數及經
濟規模較小過去與他國簽署的 FTA 數目也較少又其與歐盟是國境相鄰
故 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率較智利為低
在 2006 年以後簽署 FTA 的對手國韓國相較於對手國喀麥隆其人口總
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰110
數較少但經濟規模卻較大而過去與他國簽署的 FTA 數目較多其所簽的
FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率也應較高相較之下對手國喀麥隆的人口總
數雖較多但經濟規模較小過去與他國簽署的 FTA 數目也較少故其與歐
盟簽署 FTA 的 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率理應低於韓國但兩者涵蓋率卻相同
不過類似的例外個案並不多喀麥隆與歐盟簽署 FTA 的時間較晚近（2006
年之後）故其 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率皆高於 2006 年之前歐盟與智利及馬
其頓所簽署之 FTA 的涵蓋率
表 6 歐盟 FTA 文本的四案例比較分析
2006 年dummy
個 案 人口總數 GDP 總產值過去簽署FTA 數量
國境相鄰否WTO Plus政策涵蓋率
Chile 152269554 3187638117 3 0 0862006年前 Yugoslav
Macedonia1991790 1727773781 2 1 079
Korea 48647800 3863298714 6 0 0932006年後
Cameroon 179552102 2936775847 0 0 093
資料來源筆者自製
綜合以上分析我們發現第四節所提出的幾個解釋變項的確與歐盟
FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率有關這些變項包括對手國的人口總數GDP
總產值及其過去簽署 FTA 的數量此外簽約年份順序2006 年的傀儡
變項以及簽約時歐盟會員國數目亦與其 FTA 的 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率有
關但是本研究的所有變項均無法解釋歐盟 FTA之WTO extra政策涵蓋率
為何如此呢筆者推測很可能是我們對 WTO extra 政策項目的性質和誘因
不甚瞭解因此無法提出有效的假設去解釋其涵蓋率高低例如我們並
不知道消費者保護環境法採礦核能安全政治對話文化合作等 WTO
extra 議題到底對締約國的產業和制度衝擊為何又 WTO extra 政策項目彼
此相互干擾程度為何締約國有能力去接受這些 WTO extra 的政策義務
嗎
WTO plus 政策議題聚焦於排除所有關稅及非關稅貿易障礙推動全面
貿易自由化因此我們假設歐盟因欲推動貿易自由化而追求較高的 WTO
plus 政策涵蓋率是有其立論基礎的反觀納入 WTO extra 政策項目越多是
政治科學論叢∕第五十五期∕民國 102 年 3 月 111
否表示貿易自由化越強化則值得商榷也許某些個別 WTO extra 政策可以
輔助貿易自由化（如競爭政策）但也有些項目與貿易自由化關聯較小
例如人權政治對話反恐和社會福利等項目已涉及締約國內部政治價值
取捨很難看出與貿易自由化的直接關聯也正因為 WTO extra 政策項目
性質與貿易自由化關聯不甚清楚我們預設歐盟貿易自由化偏好會促使其
追求更高的 WTO extra 政策涵蓋率也不成立這或許解釋為何本文所提出
的所有變項均與歐盟 FTA 之 WTO extra 政策涵蓋率無顯著相關筆者建議
後續的研究應釐清 WTO extra 政策項目與貿易自由化的關係以俾於更精
確地形成假設去解釋 FTA 中的 WTO extra 政策涵蓋率
陸結論
歐體∕歐盟推動全球貿易自由化一向不遺餘力不但過去積極參與
GATT 及 WTO 數回合的多邊貿易談判歐體∕歐盟也曾簽署許多雙邊自由
貿易協定自 2006 年以後歐盟洽簽雙邊自由貿易協定的方針更加明確
迄今完成簽署且多已向 WTO 報備之歐盟 FTA 共 28 份雖然官方報告及政
策分析文章對於個別歐盟所簽署的 FTA 內容有所介紹但是學界仍缺乏將
歐盟 FTA 個案研究成果予以通則化的努力本文旨在彌補上述研究的缺
憾筆者採用 HornMavroidis 和 Sapir 三位教授所發展出的比較分析架構
從 FTA 文本內容辨識 14 項 WTO plus 政策領域及 28 項 WTO extra 政策領
域並將其適用到所有歐盟已簽署的 FTA 文本之內容分析上試圖釐清個
別歐盟 FTA 所涵蓋的政策項目性質為何涵蓋項目多寡並提出幾個假設
去解釋歐盟 FTA 之政策涵蓋率高低
首先從表 3 我們發現所有歐盟 FTA 文本（N=28）皆含有工業暨農業
產品自由化的條款亦有 27 份歐盟 FTA 文本列入關務行政條款在 WTO
plus 政策項目中有超過三分之二的歐盟 FTA 文本納入反傾銷防衛機制
公共採購貿易的技術障礙排除及與貿易相關的智產權保護等政策項目
又在 WTO extra 項目中有 93 歐盟 FTA 文本列入競爭政策超過 70歐
盟 FTA 文本包括資料保護TRIMs 以外之投資合作TRIPs 以外之智產權
保護資訊社會及區域和社會合作等政策議題但在主權和司法管轄權
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰112
事務上如公民保障和簽證∕庇護政策項目上只有一份歐盟 FTA 文本列
入
其次從表 4我們可以觀察每一歐盟 FTA 文本所涵蓋的政策領域的
數目例如最近受到各界高度關注的歐盟∕韓國 FTA依據我們的內容
分析有高達 93 的 WTO plus 政策項目被納入該 FTA 文本中但只有 50
的 WTO extra 政策項目被列入歐盟∕韓國 FTA 文本中這顯示歐盟∕韓國
FTA 的重點仍在處理 WTO plus 的政策議題上從表 4我們也觀察到不同
的歐盟 FTA 可能會有相同（或不同）的政策涵蓋率例如歐盟∕韓國 FTA
以及歐盟∕加勒比海論壇便具有相同政策涵蓋率的分佈但我們的資料庫
仍可辨別兩者所涵蓋的政策差異當然歐盟與不同對手所簽署的 FTA 內容
會有所差異是可以預期的但是什麼原因造成歐盟 FTA 之政策涵蓋率會有
高低之別呢
本文發現簽署年份順序2006 年傀儡變項對手國的人口總數及經濟
規模（以 GDP 產值計）對手國過去已簽署的 FTA 數目及簽約時歐盟會
員國數目等皆與歐盟 FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率呈現顯著正相關但
對手國是否國界緊鄰歐盟會員國則與歐盟 FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率呈
現顯著負相關本文上節已針對相關分析結果進行詮釋故不再重複值
得注意的是本文並未提出一套因果關係模型去解釋歐盟 FTA 文本的政策涵
蓋率高低雖然本文的相關分析初步釐清那些因素可能影響歐盟 FTA 的政
策涵蓋率但本文並不宣稱這些因素「導致」歐盟納入多少 WTO plus 政策
議題於其 FTA 文本中此外本文的解釋變項與歐盟 FTA 的 WTO extra 政
策涵蓋率並無顯著相關這表示我們仍須釐清 WTO extra 政策項目與貿易
自由化之關聯才能提出有效的假設去解釋歐盟 FTA 的 WTO extra 政策涵
蓋率
政治科學論叢∕第五十五期∕民國 102 年 3 月 113
附件 1 歐盟向 WTO 報備之雙邊自由貿易協定
FTA Name Year signed Year in force
EU - Israel 1995 2000
EU - Jordan 1977 2002
EU - Mexico 1997 2000
EU - Morocco 1976 2000
EU - Korea 2010 2011
EU - Tunisia 1995 1998
EU - Chile 2002 2003
EU - Montenegro 2007 2010
EU - Algeria 2002 2005
EU ndash Ivory Coast 2009 pending
EU - Cameroon 2009 pending
EU - Bosnia and Herzegovina 2008 2008
EU - Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 2001 2004
Zangl B 2008 ldquoJudicialization matters A comparison of dispute settlement under
GATT and the WTOrdquo International Studies Quarterly 52(4) 825-854
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰118
A Categorization and Content Analysisof EU Free Trade Agreements
David W F Huang
Abstract
According to the Commission of the European Union (EU) there have been todate (November 2011) twenty-eight Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) signed betweenthe EU and its trade partners However most existing studies of existing EU FTAsare either single-case studies or limited-case comparative studies As a result ourknowledge is confined to which policy provisions each of the EU FTAs included oromitted what legal and political controversies were attached to each of the FTAsand the economic impact each FTA had on its signatories There have been fewattempts to generalize the existing knowledge derived from case studies on theseFTAs This paper aims to fill this gap in the literature by systematically categorizingand analyzing the content of EU FTAs Using Horn Marvroidis and Sapirrsquosclassification framework which categorizes fifty-two policies into either WTO plus(fourteen items) or WTO extra (thirty-eight items) policy areas the paper seeks toidentify the policy areas included in each of the twenty-eight EU FTAs at the sametime as developing hypotheses to explain policy coverage rates for EU FTAs Thepaper finds that most EU FTAs can be classified as WTO-plus type in the sense thatthey include higher proportions of WTO-plus policy items In addition thefollowing explanatory variables are found to be correlated with the appearance of aWTO-plus policy focus the chronological order in which FTAs are signed the 2006dummy item the population and economic size of the trade partner the number ofFTAs previously signed by the trade partner the number of EU members when theFTA is signed and whether the trade partner is geographically adjacent to EUmember states
Keywords European Union Free Trade Agreement Global Europe World TradeOrganization Policy Coverage Rate
Associate Research Fellow Institution of European and American Studies Academia SinicaE-mail dwfhuanggatesinicaedutw
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HEB 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HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN 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 RUS 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can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 50 and later) gtgt Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (10) ] OtherNamespaces [ ltlt AsReaderSpreads false CropImagesToFrames true ErrorControl WarnAndContinue FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false IncludeGuidesGrids false IncludeNonPrinting false IncludeSlug false Namespace [ (Adobe) (InDesign) (40) ] OmitPlacedBitmaps false OmitPlacedEPS false OmitPlacedPDF false SimulateOverprint Legacy gtgt ltlt AddBleedMarks false AddColorBars false AddCropMarks false AddPageInfo false AddRegMarks false ConvertColors ConvertToCMYK DestinationProfileName () DestinationProfileSelector DocumentCMYK Downsample16BitImages true FlattenerPreset ltlt PresetSelector MediumResolution gtgt FormElements false GenerateStructure false IncludeBookmarks false IncludeHyperlinks false IncludeInteractive false IncludeLayers false IncludeProfiles false MultimediaHandling UseObjectSettings Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (20) ] PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector DocumentCMYK 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歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰108
表 5 歐盟 FTA 的政策涵蓋率與解釋變項的相關分析結果
總涵蓋率WTO extra涵 蓋 率
WTO plus涵 蓋 率
簽約前五年對手國貿易總額占 GDP 比例 -0138 -0122 -0174
簽約前五年對手國對歐盟貿易依賴度 -0074 -0039 -0182
對手國人口總數（簽約前五年平均） 0394 0353 0476
對手國 GDP 總額（簽約前五年平均） 02 0128 041
簽約前五年對手國人均所得 0064 0006 0166
簽約年份順序 042 0305 073
2006 年 dummy 0023 -0051 0441
對手國地理位置鄰近歐盟會員國 -0336 -0265 -0525
對手國是歐盟會員國的前殖民地 -01 -0079 -0132
簽約前對手國已簽署 FTA 之數目 0353 0243 064
簽約當年歐盟會員國數目 0316 0245 0635
附 註 rarr2-tails P lt 05 rarr2-tails p lt 01
資料來源筆者自製
原來我們預期歐盟對手國對歐盟貿易依賴程度以及本身對外貿易量
占其 GDP 總產值的比重應會與兩者所簽之 FTA 的政策涵蓋率有關但我們
的相關分析卻發現依變項與自變項並無顯著相關性倒是對手國的人口總
數及經濟規模大小與歐盟 FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率呈現顯著正相關
這表示當對手國人口數越多或經濟規模越大則其與歐盟簽署 FTA 的政策
涵蓋率越高原因可能是人口越多和經濟規模越大表示其關切的貿易議題
越廣涉及產業利益也多故可能尋求較多的議題連結以解決內部利益
衝突反映在歐盟 FTA 文本上便可能是較高的政策涵蓋率此外對手國
過去已簽署 FTA 之數目也與歐盟 FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率呈現顯著正
相關對手國過去簽署的 FTA 數目越多可能表示其對自由貿易的承諾越
深也表示其處理 WTO plus 政策議題的經驗越豐富故與歐盟談判 FTA
時也較不畏懼納入較多的 WTO plus 政策議題這或許解釋為何兩者所簽的
FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率較高
政治科學論叢∕第五十五期∕民國 102 年 3 月 109
那麼歐盟是否因為對手國的身份地理位置和經濟發展程度而給予
其不同的待遇如表 5 所示當對手國與歐盟會員國之國境相鄰時兩者
所簽之 FTA 的 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率較低原因可能是歐盟針對這些國境
比鄰的對手國常有外交安全的考量致使歐盟不願強迫對手國因接受超越
WTO承諾的政策議題而引起反彈造成政局不穩波及鄰近的歐盟會員國
另一原因是這些國界鄰近歐盟的對手國可能已申請或準備加入歐盟故歐
盟在要求該國符合歐盟「核心法律要件」（Acquis Communautaire）之餘
自無須要求其接受 WTO plus 政策議題除了對手國地理位置會影響歐盟
FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率之外我們發現歐盟並不因對手國是否為其前
殖民地或因其經濟發展程度高低而在 FTA 政策涵蓋率上給予不同的待
遇換言之對手國的殖民地身份和其經濟發展程度與歐盟 FTA 的政策
涵蓋率均無顯著相關性
最後歐盟會員國數目增加與其 FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率呈現顯
著正相關這意謂著隨著歐盟會員國增加其市場規模越大但內部產業
利益越複雜達成共識的可能性越低於是對外談判的立場越僵硬致使
對手必須在退讓妥協與談判破局間選擇此刻歐盟因制度否決點增加使
得談判籌碼變大往往能要求對手國讓步而納入較多的 WTO plus 政策議題
於 FTA 文本中當然對手國也可能選擇破局也不願讓步例如「波斯灣
合作理事會」與歐盟談判 FTA 達 25 年之久但仍未達成協議不過就已簽
署的歐盟 FTA 文本來看當歐盟會員國數目越多時其 FTA 所納入的 WTO
plus 政策項目也越多
為了進一步說明表 5 所發現的顯著相關因素與特定歐盟 FTA 文本的關
係筆者進一步選擇四個文本案例加以比較說明我們分別在 2006 年歐盟
發表「全球歐洲」白皮書的前後各選擇兩個國家做比較分析在 2006 年
以前簽署 FTA 的對手國智利相較於對手國馬其頓其人口總數較多且經濟
規模也較大而過去與他國簽署的 FTA 數目也較多故歐盟與其所簽的 FTA
之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率也較高相較之下對手國馬其頓的人口總數及經
濟規模較小過去與他國簽署的 FTA 數目也較少又其與歐盟是國境相鄰
故 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率較智利為低
在 2006 年以後簽署 FTA 的對手國韓國相較於對手國喀麥隆其人口總
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰110
數較少但經濟規模卻較大而過去與他國簽署的 FTA 數目較多其所簽的
FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率也應較高相較之下對手國喀麥隆的人口總
數雖較多但經濟規模較小過去與他國簽署的 FTA 數目也較少故其與歐
盟簽署 FTA 的 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率理應低於韓國但兩者涵蓋率卻相同
不過類似的例外個案並不多喀麥隆與歐盟簽署 FTA 的時間較晚近（2006
年之後）故其 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率皆高於 2006 年之前歐盟與智利及馬
其頓所簽署之 FTA 的涵蓋率
表 6 歐盟 FTA 文本的四案例比較分析
2006 年dummy
個 案 人口總數 GDP 總產值過去簽署FTA 數量
國境相鄰否WTO Plus政策涵蓋率
Chile 152269554 3187638117 3 0 0862006年前 Yugoslav
Macedonia1991790 1727773781 2 1 079
Korea 48647800 3863298714 6 0 0932006年後
Cameroon 179552102 2936775847 0 0 093
資料來源筆者自製
綜合以上分析我們發現第四節所提出的幾個解釋變項的確與歐盟
FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率有關這些變項包括對手國的人口總數GDP
總產值及其過去簽署 FTA 的數量此外簽約年份順序2006 年的傀儡
變項以及簽約時歐盟會員國數目亦與其 FTA 的 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率有
關但是本研究的所有變項均無法解釋歐盟 FTA之WTO extra政策涵蓋率
為何如此呢筆者推測很可能是我們對 WTO extra 政策項目的性質和誘因
不甚瞭解因此無法提出有效的假設去解釋其涵蓋率高低例如我們並
不知道消費者保護環境法採礦核能安全政治對話文化合作等 WTO
extra 議題到底對締約國的產業和制度衝擊為何又 WTO extra 政策項目彼
此相互干擾程度為何締約國有能力去接受這些 WTO extra 的政策義務
嗎
WTO plus 政策議題聚焦於排除所有關稅及非關稅貿易障礙推動全面
貿易自由化因此我們假設歐盟因欲推動貿易自由化而追求較高的 WTO
plus 政策涵蓋率是有其立論基礎的反觀納入 WTO extra 政策項目越多是
政治科學論叢∕第五十五期∕民國 102 年 3 月 111
否表示貿易自由化越強化則值得商榷也許某些個別 WTO extra 政策可以
輔助貿易自由化（如競爭政策）但也有些項目與貿易自由化關聯較小
例如人權政治對話反恐和社會福利等項目已涉及締約國內部政治價值
取捨很難看出與貿易自由化的直接關聯也正因為 WTO extra 政策項目
性質與貿易自由化關聯不甚清楚我們預設歐盟貿易自由化偏好會促使其
追求更高的 WTO extra 政策涵蓋率也不成立這或許解釋為何本文所提出
的所有變項均與歐盟 FTA 之 WTO extra 政策涵蓋率無顯著相關筆者建議
後續的研究應釐清 WTO extra 政策項目與貿易自由化的關係以俾於更精
確地形成假設去解釋 FTA 中的 WTO extra 政策涵蓋率
陸結論
歐體∕歐盟推動全球貿易自由化一向不遺餘力不但過去積極參與
GATT 及 WTO 數回合的多邊貿易談判歐體∕歐盟也曾簽署許多雙邊自由
貿易協定自 2006 年以後歐盟洽簽雙邊自由貿易協定的方針更加明確
迄今完成簽署且多已向 WTO 報備之歐盟 FTA 共 28 份雖然官方報告及政
策分析文章對於個別歐盟所簽署的 FTA 內容有所介紹但是學界仍缺乏將
歐盟 FTA 個案研究成果予以通則化的努力本文旨在彌補上述研究的缺
憾筆者採用 HornMavroidis 和 Sapir 三位教授所發展出的比較分析架構
從 FTA 文本內容辨識 14 項 WTO plus 政策領域及 28 項 WTO extra 政策領
域並將其適用到所有歐盟已簽署的 FTA 文本之內容分析上試圖釐清個
別歐盟 FTA 所涵蓋的政策項目性質為何涵蓋項目多寡並提出幾個假設
去解釋歐盟 FTA 之政策涵蓋率高低
首先從表 3 我們發現所有歐盟 FTA 文本（N=28）皆含有工業暨農業
產品自由化的條款亦有 27 份歐盟 FTA 文本列入關務行政條款在 WTO
plus 政策項目中有超過三分之二的歐盟 FTA 文本納入反傾銷防衛機制
公共採購貿易的技術障礙排除及與貿易相關的智產權保護等政策項目
又在 WTO extra 項目中有 93 歐盟 FTA 文本列入競爭政策超過 70歐
盟 FTA 文本包括資料保護TRIMs 以外之投資合作TRIPs 以外之智產權
保護資訊社會及區域和社會合作等政策議題但在主權和司法管轄權
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰112
事務上如公民保障和簽證∕庇護政策項目上只有一份歐盟 FTA 文本列
入
其次從表 4我們可以觀察每一歐盟 FTA 文本所涵蓋的政策領域的
數目例如最近受到各界高度關注的歐盟∕韓國 FTA依據我們的內容
分析有高達 93 的 WTO plus 政策項目被納入該 FTA 文本中但只有 50
的 WTO extra 政策項目被列入歐盟∕韓國 FTA 文本中這顯示歐盟∕韓國
FTA 的重點仍在處理 WTO plus 的政策議題上從表 4我們也觀察到不同
的歐盟 FTA 可能會有相同（或不同）的政策涵蓋率例如歐盟∕韓國 FTA
以及歐盟∕加勒比海論壇便具有相同政策涵蓋率的分佈但我們的資料庫
仍可辨別兩者所涵蓋的政策差異當然歐盟與不同對手所簽署的 FTA 內容
會有所差異是可以預期的但是什麼原因造成歐盟 FTA 之政策涵蓋率會有
高低之別呢
本文發現簽署年份順序2006 年傀儡變項對手國的人口總數及經濟
規模（以 GDP 產值計）對手國過去已簽署的 FTA 數目及簽約時歐盟會
員國數目等皆與歐盟 FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率呈現顯著正相關但
對手國是否國界緊鄰歐盟會員國則與歐盟 FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率呈
現顯著負相關本文上節已針對相關分析結果進行詮釋故不再重複值
得注意的是本文並未提出一套因果關係模型去解釋歐盟 FTA 文本的政策涵
蓋率高低雖然本文的相關分析初步釐清那些因素可能影響歐盟 FTA 的政
策涵蓋率但本文並不宣稱這些因素「導致」歐盟納入多少 WTO plus 政策
議題於其 FTA 文本中此外本文的解釋變項與歐盟 FTA 的 WTO extra 政
策涵蓋率並無顯著相關這表示我們仍須釐清 WTO extra 政策項目與貿易
自由化之關聯才能提出有效的假設去解釋歐盟 FTA 的 WTO extra 政策涵
蓋率
政治科學論叢∕第五十五期∕民國 102 年 3 月 113
附件 1 歐盟向 WTO 報備之雙邊自由貿易協定
FTA Name Year signed Year in force
EU - Israel 1995 2000
EU - Jordan 1977 2002
EU - Mexico 1997 2000
EU - Morocco 1976 2000
EU - Korea 2010 2011
EU - Tunisia 1995 1998
EU - Chile 2002 2003
EU - Montenegro 2007 2010
EU - Algeria 2002 2005
EU ndash Ivory Coast 2009 pending
EU - Cameroon 2009 pending
EU - Bosnia and Herzegovina 2008 2008
EU - Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 2001 2004
Zangl B 2008 ldquoJudicialization matters A comparison of dispute settlement under
GATT and the WTOrdquo International Studies Quarterly 52(4) 825-854
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰118
A Categorization and Content Analysisof EU Free Trade Agreements
David W F Huang
Abstract
According to the Commission of the European Union (EU) there have been todate (November 2011) twenty-eight Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) signed betweenthe EU and its trade partners However most existing studies of existing EU FTAsare either single-case studies or limited-case comparative studies As a result ourknowledge is confined to which policy provisions each of the EU FTAs included oromitted what legal and political controversies were attached to each of the FTAsand the economic impact each FTA had on its signatories There have been fewattempts to generalize the existing knowledge derived from case studies on theseFTAs This paper aims to fill this gap in the literature by systematically categorizingand analyzing the content of EU FTAs Using Horn Marvroidis and Sapirrsquosclassification framework which categorizes fifty-two policies into either WTO plus(fourteen items) or WTO extra (thirty-eight items) policy areas the paper seeks toidentify the policy areas included in each of the twenty-eight EU FTAs at the sametime as developing hypotheses to explain policy coverage rates for EU FTAs Thepaper finds that most EU FTAs can be classified as WTO-plus type in the sense thatthey include higher proportions of WTO-plus policy items In addition thefollowing explanatory variables are found to be correlated with the appearance of aWTO-plus policy focus the chronological order in which FTAs are signed the 2006dummy item the population and economic size of the trade partner the number ofFTAs previously signed by the trade partner the number of EU members when theFTA is signed and whether the trade partner is geographically adjacent to EUmember states
Keywords European Union Free Trade Agreement Global Europe World TradeOrganization Policy Coverage Rate
Associate Research Fellow Institution of European and American Studies Academia SinicaE-mail dwfhuanggatesinicaedutw
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 DEU 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 ESP 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 ETI 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 FRA 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 GRE ltFEFF03a703c103b703c303b903bc03bf03c003bf03b903ae03c303c403b5002003b103c503c403ad03c2002003c403b903c2002003c103c503b803bc03af03c303b503b903c2002003b303b903b1002003bd03b1002003b403b703bc03b903bf03c503c103b303ae03c303b503c403b5002003ad03b303b303c103b103c603b1002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002003c003bf03c5002003b503af03bd03b103b9002003ba03b103c42019002003b503be03bf03c703ae03bd002003ba03b103c403ac03bb03bb03b703bb03b1002003b303b903b1002003c003c103bf002d03b503ba03c403c503c003c903c403b903ba03ad03c2002003b503c103b303b103c303af03b503c2002003c503c803b703bb03ae03c2002003c003bf03b903cc03c403b703c403b103c2002e0020002003a403b10020005000440046002003ad03b303b303c103b103c603b1002003c003bf03c5002003ad03c703b503c403b5002003b403b703bc03b903bf03c503c103b303ae03c303b503b9002003bc03c003bf03c103bf03cd03bd002003bd03b1002003b103bd03bf03b903c703c403bf03cd03bd002003bc03b5002003c403bf0020004100630072006f006200610074002c002003c403bf002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002003ba03b103b9002003bc03b503c403b103b303b503bd03ad03c303c403b503c103b503c2002003b503ba03b403cc03c303b503b903c2002egt HEB 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 HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN 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 ITA 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 JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL ltFEFF0055007300740061007700690065006e0069006100200064006f002000740077006f0072007a0065006e0069006100200064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400f300770020005000440046002000700072007a0065007a006e00610063007a006f006e00790063006800200064006f002000770079006400720075006b00f30077002000770020007700790073006f006b00690065006a0020006a0061006b006f015b00630069002e002000200044006f006b0075006d0065006e0074007900200050004400460020006d006f017c006e00610020006f007400770069006500720061010700200077002000700072006f006700720061006d006900650020004100630072006f00620061007400200069002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002000690020006e006f00770073007a0079006d002egt PTB 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 RUM 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 RUS ltFEFF04180441043f043e043b044c04370443043904420435002004340430043d043d044b04350020043d0430044104420440043e0439043a043800200434043b044f00200441043e043704340430043d0438044f00200434043e043a0443043c0435043d0442043e0432002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002c0020043c0430043a04410438043c0430043b044c043d043e0020043f043e04340445043e0434044f04490438044500200434043b044f00200432044b0441043e043a043e043a0430044704350441044204320435043d043d043e0433043e00200434043e043f0435044704300442043d043e0433043e00200432044b0432043e04340430002e002000200421043e043704340430043d043d044b04350020005000440046002d0434043e043a0443043c0435043d0442044b0020043c043e0436043d043e0020043e0442043a0440044b043204300442044c002004410020043f043e043c043e0449044c044e0020004100630072006f00620061007400200438002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020043800200431043e043b043504350020043f043e04370434043d043804450020043204350440044104380439002egt SKY 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 SLV 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 SUO 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 SVE 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政治科學論叢∕第五十五期∕民國 102 年 3 月 109
那麼歐盟是否因為對手國的身份地理位置和經濟發展程度而給予
其不同的待遇如表 5 所示當對手國與歐盟會員國之國境相鄰時兩者
所簽之 FTA 的 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率較低原因可能是歐盟針對這些國境
比鄰的對手國常有外交安全的考量致使歐盟不願強迫對手國因接受超越
WTO承諾的政策議題而引起反彈造成政局不穩波及鄰近的歐盟會員國
另一原因是這些國界鄰近歐盟的對手國可能已申請或準備加入歐盟故歐
盟在要求該國符合歐盟「核心法律要件」（Acquis Communautaire）之餘
自無須要求其接受 WTO plus 政策議題除了對手國地理位置會影響歐盟
FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率之外我們發現歐盟並不因對手國是否為其前
殖民地或因其經濟發展程度高低而在 FTA 政策涵蓋率上給予不同的待
遇換言之對手國的殖民地身份和其經濟發展程度與歐盟 FTA 的政策
涵蓋率均無顯著相關性
最後歐盟會員國數目增加與其 FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率呈現顯
著正相關這意謂著隨著歐盟會員國增加其市場規模越大但內部產業
利益越複雜達成共識的可能性越低於是對外談判的立場越僵硬致使
對手必須在退讓妥協與談判破局間選擇此刻歐盟因制度否決點增加使
得談判籌碼變大往往能要求對手國讓步而納入較多的 WTO plus 政策議題
於 FTA 文本中當然對手國也可能選擇破局也不願讓步例如「波斯灣
合作理事會」與歐盟談判 FTA 達 25 年之久但仍未達成協議不過就已簽
署的歐盟 FTA 文本來看當歐盟會員國數目越多時其 FTA 所納入的 WTO
plus 政策項目也越多
為了進一步說明表 5 所發現的顯著相關因素與特定歐盟 FTA 文本的關
係筆者進一步選擇四個文本案例加以比較說明我們分別在 2006 年歐盟
發表「全球歐洲」白皮書的前後各選擇兩個國家做比較分析在 2006 年
以前簽署 FTA 的對手國智利相較於對手國馬其頓其人口總數較多且經濟
規模也較大而過去與他國簽署的 FTA 數目也較多故歐盟與其所簽的 FTA
之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率也較高相較之下對手國馬其頓的人口總數及經
濟規模較小過去與他國簽署的 FTA 數目也較少又其與歐盟是國境相鄰
故 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率較智利為低
在 2006 年以後簽署 FTA 的對手國韓國相較於對手國喀麥隆其人口總
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰110
數較少但經濟規模卻較大而過去與他國簽署的 FTA 數目較多其所簽的
FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率也應較高相較之下對手國喀麥隆的人口總
數雖較多但經濟規模較小過去與他國簽署的 FTA 數目也較少故其與歐
盟簽署 FTA 的 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率理應低於韓國但兩者涵蓋率卻相同
不過類似的例外個案並不多喀麥隆與歐盟簽署 FTA 的時間較晚近（2006
年之後）故其 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率皆高於 2006 年之前歐盟與智利及馬
其頓所簽署之 FTA 的涵蓋率
表 6 歐盟 FTA 文本的四案例比較分析
2006 年dummy
個 案 人口總數 GDP 總產值過去簽署FTA 數量
國境相鄰否WTO Plus政策涵蓋率
Chile 152269554 3187638117 3 0 0862006年前 Yugoslav
Macedonia1991790 1727773781 2 1 079
Korea 48647800 3863298714 6 0 0932006年後
Cameroon 179552102 2936775847 0 0 093
資料來源筆者自製
綜合以上分析我們發現第四節所提出的幾個解釋變項的確與歐盟
FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率有關這些變項包括對手國的人口總數GDP
總產值及其過去簽署 FTA 的數量此外簽約年份順序2006 年的傀儡
變項以及簽約時歐盟會員國數目亦與其 FTA 的 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率有
關但是本研究的所有變項均無法解釋歐盟 FTA之WTO extra政策涵蓋率
為何如此呢筆者推測很可能是我們對 WTO extra 政策項目的性質和誘因
不甚瞭解因此無法提出有效的假設去解釋其涵蓋率高低例如我們並
不知道消費者保護環境法採礦核能安全政治對話文化合作等 WTO
extra 議題到底對締約國的產業和制度衝擊為何又 WTO extra 政策項目彼
此相互干擾程度為何締約國有能力去接受這些 WTO extra 的政策義務
嗎
WTO plus 政策議題聚焦於排除所有關稅及非關稅貿易障礙推動全面
貿易自由化因此我們假設歐盟因欲推動貿易自由化而追求較高的 WTO
plus 政策涵蓋率是有其立論基礎的反觀納入 WTO extra 政策項目越多是
政治科學論叢∕第五十五期∕民國 102 年 3 月 111
否表示貿易自由化越強化則值得商榷也許某些個別 WTO extra 政策可以
輔助貿易自由化（如競爭政策）但也有些項目與貿易自由化關聯較小
例如人權政治對話反恐和社會福利等項目已涉及締約國內部政治價值
取捨很難看出與貿易自由化的直接關聯也正因為 WTO extra 政策項目
性質與貿易自由化關聯不甚清楚我們預設歐盟貿易自由化偏好會促使其
追求更高的 WTO extra 政策涵蓋率也不成立這或許解釋為何本文所提出
的所有變項均與歐盟 FTA 之 WTO extra 政策涵蓋率無顯著相關筆者建議
後續的研究應釐清 WTO extra 政策項目與貿易自由化的關係以俾於更精
確地形成假設去解釋 FTA 中的 WTO extra 政策涵蓋率
陸結論
歐體∕歐盟推動全球貿易自由化一向不遺餘力不但過去積極參與
GATT 及 WTO 數回合的多邊貿易談判歐體∕歐盟也曾簽署許多雙邊自由
貿易協定自 2006 年以後歐盟洽簽雙邊自由貿易協定的方針更加明確
迄今完成簽署且多已向 WTO 報備之歐盟 FTA 共 28 份雖然官方報告及政
策分析文章對於個別歐盟所簽署的 FTA 內容有所介紹但是學界仍缺乏將
歐盟 FTA 個案研究成果予以通則化的努力本文旨在彌補上述研究的缺
憾筆者採用 HornMavroidis 和 Sapir 三位教授所發展出的比較分析架構
從 FTA 文本內容辨識 14 項 WTO plus 政策領域及 28 項 WTO extra 政策領
域並將其適用到所有歐盟已簽署的 FTA 文本之內容分析上試圖釐清個
別歐盟 FTA 所涵蓋的政策項目性質為何涵蓋項目多寡並提出幾個假設
去解釋歐盟 FTA 之政策涵蓋率高低
首先從表 3 我們發現所有歐盟 FTA 文本（N=28）皆含有工業暨農業
產品自由化的條款亦有 27 份歐盟 FTA 文本列入關務行政條款在 WTO
plus 政策項目中有超過三分之二的歐盟 FTA 文本納入反傾銷防衛機制
公共採購貿易的技術障礙排除及與貿易相關的智產權保護等政策項目
又在 WTO extra 項目中有 93 歐盟 FTA 文本列入競爭政策超過 70歐
盟 FTA 文本包括資料保護TRIMs 以外之投資合作TRIPs 以外之智產權
保護資訊社會及區域和社會合作等政策議題但在主權和司法管轄權
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰112
事務上如公民保障和簽證∕庇護政策項目上只有一份歐盟 FTA 文本列
入
其次從表 4我們可以觀察每一歐盟 FTA 文本所涵蓋的政策領域的
數目例如最近受到各界高度關注的歐盟∕韓國 FTA依據我們的內容
分析有高達 93 的 WTO plus 政策項目被納入該 FTA 文本中但只有 50
的 WTO extra 政策項目被列入歐盟∕韓國 FTA 文本中這顯示歐盟∕韓國
FTA 的重點仍在處理 WTO plus 的政策議題上從表 4我們也觀察到不同
的歐盟 FTA 可能會有相同（或不同）的政策涵蓋率例如歐盟∕韓國 FTA
以及歐盟∕加勒比海論壇便具有相同政策涵蓋率的分佈但我們的資料庫
仍可辨別兩者所涵蓋的政策差異當然歐盟與不同對手所簽署的 FTA 內容
會有所差異是可以預期的但是什麼原因造成歐盟 FTA 之政策涵蓋率會有
高低之別呢
本文發現簽署年份順序2006 年傀儡變項對手國的人口總數及經濟
規模（以 GDP 產值計）對手國過去已簽署的 FTA 數目及簽約時歐盟會
員國數目等皆與歐盟 FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率呈現顯著正相關但
對手國是否國界緊鄰歐盟會員國則與歐盟 FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率呈
現顯著負相關本文上節已針對相關分析結果進行詮釋故不再重複值
得注意的是本文並未提出一套因果關係模型去解釋歐盟 FTA 文本的政策涵
蓋率高低雖然本文的相關分析初步釐清那些因素可能影響歐盟 FTA 的政
策涵蓋率但本文並不宣稱這些因素「導致」歐盟納入多少 WTO plus 政策
議題於其 FTA 文本中此外本文的解釋變項與歐盟 FTA 的 WTO extra 政
策涵蓋率並無顯著相關這表示我們仍須釐清 WTO extra 政策項目與貿易
自由化之關聯才能提出有效的假設去解釋歐盟 FTA 的 WTO extra 政策涵
蓋率
政治科學論叢∕第五十五期∕民國 102 年 3 月 113
附件 1 歐盟向 WTO 報備之雙邊自由貿易協定
FTA Name Year signed Year in force
EU - Israel 1995 2000
EU - Jordan 1977 2002
EU - Mexico 1997 2000
EU - Morocco 1976 2000
EU - Korea 2010 2011
EU - Tunisia 1995 1998
EU - Chile 2002 2003
EU - Montenegro 2007 2010
EU - Algeria 2002 2005
EU ndash Ivory Coast 2009 pending
EU - Cameroon 2009 pending
EU - Bosnia and Herzegovina 2008 2008
EU - Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 2001 2004
Zangl B 2008 ldquoJudicialization matters A comparison of dispute settlement under
GATT and the WTOrdquo International Studies Quarterly 52(4) 825-854
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰118
A Categorization and Content Analysisof EU Free Trade Agreements
David W F Huang
Abstract
According to the Commission of the European Union (EU) there have been todate (November 2011) twenty-eight Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) signed betweenthe EU and its trade partners However most existing studies of existing EU FTAsare either single-case studies or limited-case comparative studies As a result ourknowledge is confined to which policy provisions each of the EU FTAs included oromitted what legal and political controversies were attached to each of the FTAsand the economic impact each FTA had on its signatories There have been fewattempts to generalize the existing knowledge derived from case studies on theseFTAs This paper aims to fill this gap in the literature by systematically categorizingand analyzing the content of EU FTAs Using Horn Marvroidis and Sapirrsquosclassification framework which categorizes fifty-two policies into either WTO plus(fourteen items) or WTO extra (thirty-eight items) policy areas the paper seeks toidentify the policy areas included in each of the twenty-eight EU FTAs at the sametime as developing hypotheses to explain policy coverage rates for EU FTAs Thepaper finds that most EU FTAs can be classified as WTO-plus type in the sense thatthey include higher proportions of WTO-plus policy items In addition thefollowing explanatory variables are found to be correlated with the appearance of aWTO-plus policy focus the chronological order in which FTAs are signed the 2006dummy item the population and economic size of the trade partner the number ofFTAs previously signed by the trade partner the number of EU members when theFTA is signed and whether the trade partner is geographically adjacent to EUmember states
Keywords European Union Free Trade Agreement Global Europe World TradeOrganization Policy Coverage Rate
Associate Research Fellow Institution of European and American Studies Academia SinicaE-mail dwfhuanggatesinicaedutw
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Bicubic GrayImageResolution 300 GrayImageDepth -1 GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2 GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeGrayImages true GrayImageFilter DCTEncode AutoFilterGrayImages true GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy JPEG GrayACSImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt GrayImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt JPEG2000GrayImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt AntiAliasMonoImages false CropMonoImages true MonoImageMinResolution 1200 MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy OK DownsampleMonoImages true MonoImageDownsampleType Bicubic MonoImageResolution 1200 MonoImageDepth -1 MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeMonoImages true MonoImageFilter CCITTFaxEncode MonoImageDict ltlt K -1 gtgt AllowPSXObjects false CheckCompliance [ None ] PDFX1aCheck false PDFX3Check false PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false PDFXNoTrimBoxError true PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXOutputIntentProfile () PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier () PDFXOutputCondition () PDFXRegistryName () PDFXTrapped False CreateJDFFile false Description ltlt ARA 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 BGR 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 CHS ltFEFF4f7f75288fd94e9b8bbe5b9a521b5efa7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065876863900275284e8e9ad88d2891cf76845370524d53705237300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c676562535f00521b5efa768400200050004400460020658768633002gt CHT ltFEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef69069752865bc9ad854c18cea76845370524d5370523786557406300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002gt CZE 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 DAN ltFEFF004200720075006700200069006e0064007300740069006c006c0069006e006700650072006e0065002000740069006c0020006100740020006f007000720065007400740065002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400650072002c0020006400650072002000620065006400730074002000650067006e006500720020007300690067002000740069006c002000700072006500700072006500730073002d007500640073006b007200690076006e0069006e00670020006100660020006800f8006a0020006b00760061006c0069007400650074002e0020004400650020006f007000720065007400740065006400650020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e0074006500720020006b0061006e002000e50062006e00650073002000690020004100630072006f00620061007400200065006c006c006500720020004100630072006f006200610074002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020006f00670020006e0079006500720065002egt DEU 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 ESP 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 ETI 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 FRA 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 GRE ltFEFF03a703c103b703c303b903bc03bf03c003bf03b903ae03c303c403b5002003b103c503c403ad03c2002003c403b903c2002003c103c503b803bc03af03c303b503b903c2002003b303b903b1002003bd03b1002003b403b703bc03b903bf03c503c103b303ae03c303b503c403b5002003ad03b303b303c103b103c603b1002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002003c003bf03c5002003b503af03bd03b103b9002003ba03b103c42019002003b503be03bf03c703ae03bd002003ba03b103c403ac03bb03bb03b703bb03b1002003b303b903b1002003c003c103bf002d03b503ba03c403c503c003c903c403b903ba03ad03c2002003b503c103b303b103c303af03b503c2002003c503c803b703bb03ae03c2002003c003bf03b903cc03c403b703c403b103c2002e0020002003a403b10020005000440046002003ad03b303b303c103b103c603b1002003c003bf03c5002003ad03c703b503c403b5002003b403b703bc03b903bf03c503c103b303ae03c303b503b9002003bc03c003bf03c103bf03cd03bd002003bd03b1002003b103bd03bf03b903c703c403bf03cd03bd002003bc03b5002003c403bf0020004100630072006f006200610074002c002003c403bf002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002003ba03b103b9002003bc03b503c403b103b303b503bd03ad03c303c403b503c103b503c2002003b503ba03b403cc03c303b503b903c2002egt HEB 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 HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN 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 ITA 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 JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB 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 RUM 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 SKY 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 SLV 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 SUO 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 SVE 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 TUR ltFEFF005900fc006b00730065006b0020006b0061006c006900740065006c0069002000f6006e002000790061007a006401310072006d00610020006200610073006b013100730131006e006100200065006e0020006900790069002000750079006100620069006c006500630065006b002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002000620065006c00670065006c0065007200690020006f006c0075015f007400750072006d0061006b0020006900e70069006e00200062007500200061007900610072006c0061007201310020006b0075006c006c0061006e0131006e002e00200020004f006c0075015f0074007500720075006c0061006e0020005000440046002000620065006c00670065006c0065007200690020004100630072006f006200610074002000760065002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200076006500200073006f006e0072006100730131006e00640061006b00690020007300fc007200fc006d006c00650072006c00650020006100e70131006c006100620069006c00690072002egt UKR 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PreserveEditing true UntaggedCMYKHandling LeaveUntagged UntaggedRGBHandling UseDocumentProfile UseDocumentBleed false gtgt ]gtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰110
數較少但經濟規模卻較大而過去與他國簽署的 FTA 數目較多其所簽的
FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率也應較高相較之下對手國喀麥隆的人口總
數雖較多但經濟規模較小過去與他國簽署的 FTA 數目也較少故其與歐
盟簽署 FTA 的 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率理應低於韓國但兩者涵蓋率卻相同
不過類似的例外個案並不多喀麥隆與歐盟簽署 FTA 的時間較晚近（2006
年之後）故其 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率皆高於 2006 年之前歐盟與智利及馬
其頓所簽署之 FTA 的涵蓋率
表 6 歐盟 FTA 文本的四案例比較分析
2006 年dummy
個 案 人口總數 GDP 總產值過去簽署FTA 數量
國境相鄰否WTO Plus政策涵蓋率
Chile 152269554 3187638117 3 0 0862006年前 Yugoslav
Macedonia1991790 1727773781 2 1 079
Korea 48647800 3863298714 6 0 0932006年後
Cameroon 179552102 2936775847 0 0 093
資料來源筆者自製
綜合以上分析我們發現第四節所提出的幾個解釋變項的確與歐盟
FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率有關這些變項包括對手國的人口總數GDP
總產值及其過去簽署 FTA 的數量此外簽約年份順序2006 年的傀儡
變項以及簽約時歐盟會員國數目亦與其 FTA 的 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率有
關但是本研究的所有變項均無法解釋歐盟 FTA之WTO extra政策涵蓋率
為何如此呢筆者推測很可能是我們對 WTO extra 政策項目的性質和誘因
不甚瞭解因此無法提出有效的假設去解釋其涵蓋率高低例如我們並
不知道消費者保護環境法採礦核能安全政治對話文化合作等 WTO
extra 議題到底對締約國的產業和制度衝擊為何又 WTO extra 政策項目彼
此相互干擾程度為何締約國有能力去接受這些 WTO extra 的政策義務
嗎
WTO plus 政策議題聚焦於排除所有關稅及非關稅貿易障礙推動全面
貿易自由化因此我們假設歐盟因欲推動貿易自由化而追求較高的 WTO
plus 政策涵蓋率是有其立論基礎的反觀納入 WTO extra 政策項目越多是
政治科學論叢∕第五十五期∕民國 102 年 3 月 111
否表示貿易自由化越強化則值得商榷也許某些個別 WTO extra 政策可以
輔助貿易自由化（如競爭政策）但也有些項目與貿易自由化關聯較小
例如人權政治對話反恐和社會福利等項目已涉及締約國內部政治價值
取捨很難看出與貿易自由化的直接關聯也正因為 WTO extra 政策項目
性質與貿易自由化關聯不甚清楚我們預設歐盟貿易自由化偏好會促使其
追求更高的 WTO extra 政策涵蓋率也不成立這或許解釋為何本文所提出
的所有變項均與歐盟 FTA 之 WTO extra 政策涵蓋率無顯著相關筆者建議
後續的研究應釐清 WTO extra 政策項目與貿易自由化的關係以俾於更精
確地形成假設去解釋 FTA 中的 WTO extra 政策涵蓋率
陸結論
歐體∕歐盟推動全球貿易自由化一向不遺餘力不但過去積極參與
GATT 及 WTO 數回合的多邊貿易談判歐體∕歐盟也曾簽署許多雙邊自由
貿易協定自 2006 年以後歐盟洽簽雙邊自由貿易協定的方針更加明確
迄今完成簽署且多已向 WTO 報備之歐盟 FTA 共 28 份雖然官方報告及政
策分析文章對於個別歐盟所簽署的 FTA 內容有所介紹但是學界仍缺乏將
歐盟 FTA 個案研究成果予以通則化的努力本文旨在彌補上述研究的缺
憾筆者採用 HornMavroidis 和 Sapir 三位教授所發展出的比較分析架構
從 FTA 文本內容辨識 14 項 WTO plus 政策領域及 28 項 WTO extra 政策領
域並將其適用到所有歐盟已簽署的 FTA 文本之內容分析上試圖釐清個
別歐盟 FTA 所涵蓋的政策項目性質為何涵蓋項目多寡並提出幾個假設
去解釋歐盟 FTA 之政策涵蓋率高低
首先從表 3 我們發現所有歐盟 FTA 文本（N=28）皆含有工業暨農業
產品自由化的條款亦有 27 份歐盟 FTA 文本列入關務行政條款在 WTO
plus 政策項目中有超過三分之二的歐盟 FTA 文本納入反傾銷防衛機制
公共採購貿易的技術障礙排除及與貿易相關的智產權保護等政策項目
又在 WTO extra 項目中有 93 歐盟 FTA 文本列入競爭政策超過 70歐
盟 FTA 文本包括資料保護TRIMs 以外之投資合作TRIPs 以外之智產權
保護資訊社會及區域和社會合作等政策議題但在主權和司法管轄權
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰112
事務上如公民保障和簽證∕庇護政策項目上只有一份歐盟 FTA 文本列
入
其次從表 4我們可以觀察每一歐盟 FTA 文本所涵蓋的政策領域的
數目例如最近受到各界高度關注的歐盟∕韓國 FTA依據我們的內容
分析有高達 93 的 WTO plus 政策項目被納入該 FTA 文本中但只有 50
的 WTO extra 政策項目被列入歐盟∕韓國 FTA 文本中這顯示歐盟∕韓國
FTA 的重點仍在處理 WTO plus 的政策議題上從表 4我們也觀察到不同
的歐盟 FTA 可能會有相同（或不同）的政策涵蓋率例如歐盟∕韓國 FTA
以及歐盟∕加勒比海論壇便具有相同政策涵蓋率的分佈但我們的資料庫
仍可辨別兩者所涵蓋的政策差異當然歐盟與不同對手所簽署的 FTA 內容
會有所差異是可以預期的但是什麼原因造成歐盟 FTA 之政策涵蓋率會有
高低之別呢
本文發現簽署年份順序2006 年傀儡變項對手國的人口總數及經濟
規模（以 GDP 產值計）對手國過去已簽署的 FTA 數目及簽約時歐盟會
員國數目等皆與歐盟 FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率呈現顯著正相關但
對手國是否國界緊鄰歐盟會員國則與歐盟 FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率呈
現顯著負相關本文上節已針對相關分析結果進行詮釋故不再重複值
得注意的是本文並未提出一套因果關係模型去解釋歐盟 FTA 文本的政策涵
蓋率高低雖然本文的相關分析初步釐清那些因素可能影響歐盟 FTA 的政
策涵蓋率但本文並不宣稱這些因素「導致」歐盟納入多少 WTO plus 政策
議題於其 FTA 文本中此外本文的解釋變項與歐盟 FTA 的 WTO extra 政
策涵蓋率並無顯著相關這表示我們仍須釐清 WTO extra 政策項目與貿易
自由化之關聯才能提出有效的假設去解釋歐盟 FTA 的 WTO extra 政策涵
蓋率
政治科學論叢∕第五十五期∕民國 102 年 3 月 113
附件 1 歐盟向 WTO 報備之雙邊自由貿易協定
FTA Name Year signed Year in force
EU - Israel 1995 2000
EU - Jordan 1977 2002
EU - Mexico 1997 2000
EU - Morocco 1976 2000
EU - Korea 2010 2011
EU - Tunisia 1995 1998
EU - Chile 2002 2003
EU - Montenegro 2007 2010
EU - Algeria 2002 2005
EU ndash Ivory Coast 2009 pending
EU - Cameroon 2009 pending
EU - Bosnia and Herzegovina 2008 2008
EU - Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 2001 2004
Zangl B 2008 ldquoJudicialization matters A comparison of dispute settlement under
GATT and the WTOrdquo International Studies Quarterly 52(4) 825-854
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰118
A Categorization and Content Analysisof EU Free Trade Agreements
David W F Huang
Abstract
According to the Commission of the European Union (EU) there have been todate (November 2011) twenty-eight Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) signed betweenthe EU and its trade partners However most existing studies of existing EU FTAsare either single-case studies or limited-case comparative studies As a result ourknowledge is confined to which policy provisions each of the EU FTAs included oromitted what legal and political controversies were attached to each of the FTAsand the economic impact each FTA had on its signatories There have been fewattempts to generalize the existing knowledge derived from case studies on theseFTAs This paper aims to fill this gap in the literature by systematically categorizingand analyzing the content of EU FTAs Using Horn Marvroidis and Sapirrsquosclassification framework which categorizes fifty-two policies into either WTO plus(fourteen items) or WTO extra (thirty-eight items) policy areas the paper seeks toidentify the policy areas included in each of the twenty-eight EU FTAs at the sametime as developing hypotheses to explain policy coverage rates for EU FTAs Thepaper finds that most EU FTAs can be classified as WTO-plus type in the sense thatthey include higher proportions of WTO-plus policy items In addition thefollowing explanatory variables are found to be correlated with the appearance of aWTO-plus policy focus the chronological order in which FTAs are signed the 2006dummy item the population and economic size of the trade partner the number ofFTAs previously signed by the trade partner the number of EU members when theFTA is signed and whether the trade partner is geographically adjacent to EUmember states
Keywords European Union Free Trade Agreement Global Europe World TradeOrganization Policy Coverage Rate
Associate Research Fellow Institution of European and American Studies Academia SinicaE-mail dwfhuanggatesinicaedutw
ltlt ASCII85EncodePages false AllowTransparency false AutoPositionEPSFiles true AutoRotatePages None Binding Left CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20) CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CalCMYKProfile (US Web Coated 050SWOP051 v2) sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CannotEmbedFontPolicy Error CompatibilityLevel 14 CompressObjects Tags CompressPages true ConvertImagesToIndexed true PassThroughJPEGImages true CreateJobTicket false DefaultRenderingIntent Default DetectBlends true DetectCurves 00000 ColorConversionStrategy CMYK DoThumbnails false EmbedAllFonts true EmbedOpenType false ParseICCProfilesInComments true EmbedJobOptions true DSCReportingLevel 0 EmitDSCWarnings false EndPage -1 ImageMemory 1048576 LockDistillerParams false MaxSubsetPct 100 Optimize true OPM 1 ParseDSCComments true ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true PreserveCopyPage true PreserveDICMYKValues true PreserveEPSInfo true PreserveFlatness true PreserveHalftoneInfo false PreserveOPIComments true PreserveOverprintSettings true StartPage 1 SubsetFonts true TransferFunctionInfo Apply UCRandBGInfo Preserve UsePrologue false ColorSettingsFile () AlwaysEmbed [ true ] NeverEmbed [ true ] AntiAliasColorImages false CropColorImages true ColorImageMinResolution 300 ColorImageMinResolutionPolicy OK DownsampleColorImages true ColorImageDownsampleType Bicubic ColorImageResolution 300 ColorImageDepth -1 ColorImageMinDownsampleDepth 1 ColorImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeColorImages true ColorImageFilter DCTEncode AutoFilterColorImages true ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy JPEG ColorACSImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt ColorImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt JPEG2000ColorImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt AntiAliasGrayImages false CropGrayImages true GrayImageMinResolution 300 GrayImageMinResolutionPolicy OK DownsampleGrayImages true GrayImageDownsampleType Bicubic GrayImageResolution 300 GrayImageDepth -1 GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2 GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeGrayImages true GrayImageFilter DCTEncode AutoFilterGrayImages true GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy JPEG GrayACSImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt GrayImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt JPEG2000GrayImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt AntiAliasMonoImages false CropMonoImages true MonoImageMinResolution 1200 MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy OK DownsampleMonoImages true MonoImageDownsampleType Bicubic MonoImageResolution 1200 MonoImageDepth -1 MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeMonoImages true MonoImageFilter CCITTFaxEncode MonoImageDict ltlt K -1 gtgt AllowPSXObjects false CheckCompliance [ None ] PDFX1aCheck false PDFX3Check false PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false PDFXNoTrimBoxError true PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXOutputIntentProfile () PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier () PDFXOutputCondition () PDFXRegistryName () PDFXTrapped False CreateJDFFile false Description ltlt ARA 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 BGR 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 CHS ltFEFF4f7f75288fd94e9b8bbe5b9a521b5efa7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065876863900275284e8e9ad88d2891cf76845370524d53705237300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c676562535f00521b5efa768400200050004400460020658768633002gt CHT ltFEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef69069752865bc9ad854c18cea76845370524d5370523786557406300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002gt CZE 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 DAN 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 DEU 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 ESP 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 ETI 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 FRA 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 GRE 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 HEB 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 HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN 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 ITA 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 JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB 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政治科學論叢∕第五十五期∕民國 102 年 3 月 111
否表示貿易自由化越強化則值得商榷也許某些個別 WTO extra 政策可以
輔助貿易自由化（如競爭政策）但也有些項目與貿易自由化關聯較小
例如人權政治對話反恐和社會福利等項目已涉及締約國內部政治價值
取捨很難看出與貿易自由化的直接關聯也正因為 WTO extra 政策項目
性質與貿易自由化關聯不甚清楚我們預設歐盟貿易自由化偏好會促使其
追求更高的 WTO extra 政策涵蓋率也不成立這或許解釋為何本文所提出
的所有變項均與歐盟 FTA 之 WTO extra 政策涵蓋率無顯著相關筆者建議
後續的研究應釐清 WTO extra 政策項目與貿易自由化的關係以俾於更精
確地形成假設去解釋 FTA 中的 WTO extra 政策涵蓋率
陸結論
歐體∕歐盟推動全球貿易自由化一向不遺餘力不但過去積極參與
GATT 及 WTO 數回合的多邊貿易談判歐體∕歐盟也曾簽署許多雙邊自由
貿易協定自 2006 年以後歐盟洽簽雙邊自由貿易協定的方針更加明確
迄今完成簽署且多已向 WTO 報備之歐盟 FTA 共 28 份雖然官方報告及政
策分析文章對於個別歐盟所簽署的 FTA 內容有所介紹但是學界仍缺乏將
歐盟 FTA 個案研究成果予以通則化的努力本文旨在彌補上述研究的缺
憾筆者採用 HornMavroidis 和 Sapir 三位教授所發展出的比較分析架構
從 FTA 文本內容辨識 14 項 WTO plus 政策領域及 28 項 WTO extra 政策領
域並將其適用到所有歐盟已簽署的 FTA 文本之內容分析上試圖釐清個
別歐盟 FTA 所涵蓋的政策項目性質為何涵蓋項目多寡並提出幾個假設
去解釋歐盟 FTA 之政策涵蓋率高低
首先從表 3 我們發現所有歐盟 FTA 文本（N=28）皆含有工業暨農業
產品自由化的條款亦有 27 份歐盟 FTA 文本列入關務行政條款在 WTO
plus 政策項目中有超過三分之二的歐盟 FTA 文本納入反傾銷防衛機制
公共採購貿易的技術障礙排除及與貿易相關的智產權保護等政策項目
又在 WTO extra 項目中有 93 歐盟 FTA 文本列入競爭政策超過 70歐
盟 FTA 文本包括資料保護TRIMs 以外之投資合作TRIPs 以外之智產權
保護資訊社會及區域和社會合作等政策議題但在主權和司法管轄權
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰112
事務上如公民保障和簽證∕庇護政策項目上只有一份歐盟 FTA 文本列
入
其次從表 4我們可以觀察每一歐盟 FTA 文本所涵蓋的政策領域的
數目例如最近受到各界高度關注的歐盟∕韓國 FTA依據我們的內容
分析有高達 93 的 WTO plus 政策項目被納入該 FTA 文本中但只有 50
的 WTO extra 政策項目被列入歐盟∕韓國 FTA 文本中這顯示歐盟∕韓國
FTA 的重點仍在處理 WTO plus 的政策議題上從表 4我們也觀察到不同
的歐盟 FTA 可能會有相同（或不同）的政策涵蓋率例如歐盟∕韓國 FTA
以及歐盟∕加勒比海論壇便具有相同政策涵蓋率的分佈但我們的資料庫
仍可辨別兩者所涵蓋的政策差異當然歐盟與不同對手所簽署的 FTA 內容
會有所差異是可以預期的但是什麼原因造成歐盟 FTA 之政策涵蓋率會有
高低之別呢
本文發現簽署年份順序2006 年傀儡變項對手國的人口總數及經濟
規模（以 GDP 產值計）對手國過去已簽署的 FTA 數目及簽約時歐盟會
員國數目等皆與歐盟 FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率呈現顯著正相關但
對手國是否國界緊鄰歐盟會員國則與歐盟 FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率呈
現顯著負相關本文上節已針對相關分析結果進行詮釋故不再重複值
得注意的是本文並未提出一套因果關係模型去解釋歐盟 FTA 文本的政策涵
蓋率高低雖然本文的相關分析初步釐清那些因素可能影響歐盟 FTA 的政
策涵蓋率但本文並不宣稱這些因素「導致」歐盟納入多少 WTO plus 政策
議題於其 FTA 文本中此外本文的解釋變項與歐盟 FTA 的 WTO extra 政
策涵蓋率並無顯著相關這表示我們仍須釐清 WTO extra 政策項目與貿易
自由化之關聯才能提出有效的假設去解釋歐盟 FTA 的 WTO extra 政策涵
蓋率
政治科學論叢∕第五十五期∕民國 102 年 3 月 113
附件 1 歐盟向 WTO 報備之雙邊自由貿易協定
FTA Name Year signed Year in force
EU - Israel 1995 2000
EU - Jordan 1977 2002
EU - Mexico 1997 2000
EU - Morocco 1976 2000
EU - Korea 2010 2011
EU - Tunisia 1995 1998
EU - Chile 2002 2003
EU - Montenegro 2007 2010
EU - Algeria 2002 2005
EU ndash Ivory Coast 2009 pending
EU - Cameroon 2009 pending
EU - Bosnia and Herzegovina 2008 2008
EU - Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 2001 2004
Zangl B 2008 ldquoJudicialization matters A comparison of dispute settlement under
GATT and the WTOrdquo International Studies Quarterly 52(4) 825-854
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰118
A Categorization and Content Analysisof EU Free Trade Agreements
David W F Huang
Abstract
According to the Commission of the European Union (EU) there have been todate (November 2011) twenty-eight Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) signed betweenthe EU and its trade partners However most existing studies of existing EU FTAsare either single-case studies or limited-case comparative studies As a result ourknowledge is confined to which policy provisions each of the EU FTAs included oromitted what legal and political controversies were attached to each of the FTAsand the economic impact each FTA had on its signatories There have been fewattempts to generalize the existing knowledge derived from case studies on theseFTAs This paper aims to fill this gap in the literature by systematically categorizingand analyzing the content of EU FTAs Using Horn Marvroidis and Sapirrsquosclassification framework which categorizes fifty-two policies into either WTO plus(fourteen items) or WTO extra (thirty-eight items) policy areas the paper seeks toidentify the policy areas included in each of the twenty-eight EU FTAs at the sametime as developing hypotheses to explain policy coverage rates for EU FTAs Thepaper finds that most EU FTAs can be classified as WTO-plus type in the sense thatthey include higher proportions of WTO-plus policy items In addition thefollowing explanatory variables are found to be correlated with the appearance of aWTO-plus policy focus the chronological order in which FTAs are signed the 2006dummy item the population and economic size of the trade partner the number ofFTAs previously signed by the trade partner the number of EU members when theFTA is signed and whether the trade partner is geographically adjacent to EUmember states
Keywords European Union Free Trade Agreement Global Europe World TradeOrganization Policy Coverage Rate
Associate Research Fellow Institution of European and American Studies Academia SinicaE-mail dwfhuanggatesinicaedutw
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 BGR 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 CHS ltFEFF4f7f75288fd94e9b8bbe5b9a521b5efa7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065876863900275284e8e9ad88d2891cf76845370524d53705237300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c676562535f00521b5efa768400200050004400460020658768633002gt CHT ltFEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef69069752865bc9ad854c18cea76845370524d5370523786557406300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002gt CZE 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 DAN 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 DEU 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 ESP ltFEFF005500740069006c0069006300650020006500730074006100200063006f006e0066006900670075007200610063006900f3006e0020007000610072006100200063007200650061007200200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f00730020005000440046002000640065002000410064006f0062006500200061006400650063007500610064006f00730020007000610072006100200069006d0070007200650073006900f3006e0020007000720065002d0065006400690074006f007200690061006c00200064006500200061006c00740061002000630061006c0069006400610064002e002000530065002000700075006500640065006e00200061006200720069007200200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f00730020005000440046002000630072006500610064006f007300200063006f006e0020004100630072006f006200610074002c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200079002000760065007200730069006f006e0065007300200070006f00730074006500720069006f007200650073002egt ETI 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 FRA 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 GRE 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 HEB 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 HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN 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 ITA 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 JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB 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 RUM ltFEFF005500740069006c0069007a00610163006900200061006300650073007400650020007300650074010300720069002000700065006e007400720075002000610020006300720065006100200064006f00630075006d0065006e00740065002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002000610064006500630076006100740065002000700065006e0074007200750020007400690070010300720069007200650061002000700072006500700072006500730073002000640065002000630061006c006900740061007400650020007300750070006500720069006f006100720103002e002000200044006f00630075006d0065006e00740065006c00650020005000440046002000630072006500610074006500200070006f00740020006600690020006400650073006300680069007300650020006300750020004100630072006f006200610074002c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020015f00690020007600650072007300690075006e0069006c006500200075006c0074006500720069006f006100720065002egt RUS 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歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰112
事務上如公民保障和簽證∕庇護政策項目上只有一份歐盟 FTA 文本列
入
其次從表 4我們可以觀察每一歐盟 FTA 文本所涵蓋的政策領域的
數目例如最近受到各界高度關注的歐盟∕韓國 FTA依據我們的內容
分析有高達 93 的 WTO plus 政策項目被納入該 FTA 文本中但只有 50
的 WTO extra 政策項目被列入歐盟∕韓國 FTA 文本中這顯示歐盟∕韓國
FTA 的重點仍在處理 WTO plus 的政策議題上從表 4我們也觀察到不同
的歐盟 FTA 可能會有相同（或不同）的政策涵蓋率例如歐盟∕韓國 FTA
以及歐盟∕加勒比海論壇便具有相同政策涵蓋率的分佈但我們的資料庫
仍可辨別兩者所涵蓋的政策差異當然歐盟與不同對手所簽署的 FTA 內容
會有所差異是可以預期的但是什麼原因造成歐盟 FTA 之政策涵蓋率會有
高低之別呢
本文發現簽署年份順序2006 年傀儡變項對手國的人口總數及經濟
規模（以 GDP 產值計）對手國過去已簽署的 FTA 數目及簽約時歐盟會
員國數目等皆與歐盟 FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率呈現顯著正相關但
對手國是否國界緊鄰歐盟會員國則與歐盟 FTA 之 WTO plus 政策涵蓋率呈
現顯著負相關本文上節已針對相關分析結果進行詮釋故不再重複值
得注意的是本文並未提出一套因果關係模型去解釋歐盟 FTA 文本的政策涵
蓋率高低雖然本文的相關分析初步釐清那些因素可能影響歐盟 FTA 的政
策涵蓋率但本文並不宣稱這些因素「導致」歐盟納入多少 WTO plus 政策
議題於其 FTA 文本中此外本文的解釋變項與歐盟 FTA 的 WTO extra 政
策涵蓋率並無顯著相關這表示我們仍須釐清 WTO extra 政策項目與貿易
自由化之關聯才能提出有效的假設去解釋歐盟 FTA 的 WTO extra 政策涵
蓋率
政治科學論叢∕第五十五期∕民國 102 年 3 月 113
附件 1 歐盟向 WTO 報備之雙邊自由貿易協定
FTA Name Year signed Year in force
EU - Israel 1995 2000
EU - Jordan 1977 2002
EU - Mexico 1997 2000
EU - Morocco 1976 2000
EU - Korea 2010 2011
EU - Tunisia 1995 1998
EU - Chile 2002 2003
EU - Montenegro 2007 2010
EU - Algeria 2002 2005
EU ndash Ivory Coast 2009 pending
EU - Cameroon 2009 pending
EU - Bosnia and Herzegovina 2008 2008
EU - Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 2001 2004
Zangl B 2008 ldquoJudicialization matters A comparison of dispute settlement under
GATT and the WTOrdquo International Studies Quarterly 52(4) 825-854
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰118
A Categorization and Content Analysisof EU Free Trade Agreements
David W F Huang
Abstract
According to the Commission of the European Union (EU) there have been todate (November 2011) twenty-eight Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) signed betweenthe EU and its trade partners However most existing studies of existing EU FTAsare either single-case studies or limited-case comparative studies As a result ourknowledge is confined to which policy provisions each of the EU FTAs included oromitted what legal and political controversies were attached to each of the FTAsand the economic impact each FTA had on its signatories There have been fewattempts to generalize the existing knowledge derived from case studies on theseFTAs This paper aims to fill this gap in the literature by systematically categorizingand analyzing the content of EU FTAs Using Horn Marvroidis and Sapirrsquosclassification framework which categorizes fifty-two policies into either WTO plus(fourteen items) or WTO extra (thirty-eight items) policy areas the paper seeks toidentify the policy areas included in each of the twenty-eight EU FTAs at the sametime as developing hypotheses to explain policy coverage rates for EU FTAs Thepaper finds that most EU FTAs can be classified as WTO-plus type in the sense thatthey include higher proportions of WTO-plus policy items In addition thefollowing explanatory variables are found to be correlated with the appearance of aWTO-plus policy focus the chronological order in which FTAs are signed the 2006dummy item the population and economic size of the trade partner the number ofFTAs previously signed by the trade partner the number of EU members when theFTA is signed and whether the trade partner is geographically adjacent to EUmember states
Keywords European Union Free Trade Agreement Global Europe World TradeOrganization Policy Coverage Rate
Associate Research Fellow Institution of European and American Studies Academia SinicaE-mail dwfhuanggatesinicaedutw
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 DEU 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 ESP ltFEFF005500740069006c0069006300650020006500730074006100200063006f006e0066006900670075007200610063006900f3006e0020007000610072006100200063007200650061007200200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f00730020005000440046002000640065002000410064006f0062006500200061006400650063007500610064006f00730020007000610072006100200069006d0070007200650073006900f3006e0020007000720065002d0065006400690074006f007200690061006c00200064006500200061006c00740061002000630061006c0069006400610064002e002000530065002000700075006500640065006e00200061006200720069007200200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f00730020005000440046002000630072006500610064006f007300200063006f006e0020004100630072006f006200610074002c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200079002000760065007200730069006f006e0065007300200070006f00730074006500720069006f007200650073002egt ETI 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 FRA 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 GRE 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 HEB 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 HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN 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 ITA ltFEFF005500740069006c0069007a007a006100720065002000710075006500730074006500200069006d0070006f007300740061007a0069006f006e00690020007000650072002000630072006500610072006500200064006f00630075006d0065006e00740069002000410064006f00620065002000500044004600200070006900f900200061006400610074007400690020006100200075006e00610020007000720065007300740061006d0070006100200064006900200061006c007400610020007100750061006c0069007400e0002e0020004900200064006f00630075006d0065006e007400690020005000440046002000630072006500610074006900200070006f00730073006f006e006f0020006500730073006500720065002000610070006500720074006900200063006f006e0020004100630072006f00620061007400200065002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200065002000760065007200730069006f006e006900200073007500630063006500730073006900760065002egt JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB 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 RUM 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 RUS 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 SKY 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 SLV 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 SUO ltFEFF004b00e40079007400e40020006e00e40069007400e4002000610073006500740075006b007300690061002c0020006b0075006e0020006c0075006f00740020006c00e400680069006e006e00e4002000760061006100740069007600610061006e0020007000610069006e006100740075006b00730065006e002000760061006c006d0069007300740065006c00750074007900f6006800f6006e00200073006f00700069007600690061002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400740065006a0061002e0020004c0075006f0064007500740020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740069007400200076006f0069006400610061006e0020006100760061007400610020004100630072006f0062006100740069006c006c00610020006a0061002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030003a006c006c00610020006a006100200075007500640065006d006d0069006c006c0061002egt SVE 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政治科學論叢∕第五十五期∕民國 102 年 3 月 113
附件 1 歐盟向 WTO 報備之雙邊自由貿易協定
FTA Name Year signed Year in force
EU - Israel 1995 2000
EU - Jordan 1977 2002
EU - Mexico 1997 2000
EU - Morocco 1976 2000
EU - Korea 2010 2011
EU - Tunisia 1995 1998
EU - Chile 2002 2003
EU - Montenegro 2007 2010
EU - Algeria 2002 2005
EU ndash Ivory Coast 2009 pending
EU - Cameroon 2009 pending
EU - Bosnia and Herzegovina 2008 2008
EU - Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 2001 2004
Zangl B 2008 ldquoJudicialization matters A comparison of dispute settlement under
GATT and the WTOrdquo International Studies Quarterly 52(4) 825-854
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰118
A Categorization and Content Analysisof EU Free Trade Agreements
David W F Huang
Abstract
According to the Commission of the European Union (EU) there have been todate (November 2011) twenty-eight Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) signed betweenthe EU and its trade partners However most existing studies of existing EU FTAsare either single-case studies or limited-case comparative studies As a result ourknowledge is confined to which policy provisions each of the EU FTAs included oromitted what legal and political controversies were attached to each of the FTAsand the economic impact each FTA had on its signatories There have been fewattempts to generalize the existing knowledge derived from case studies on theseFTAs This paper aims to fill this gap in the literature by systematically categorizingand analyzing the content of EU FTAs Using Horn Marvroidis and Sapirrsquosclassification framework which categorizes fifty-two policies into either WTO plus(fourteen items) or WTO extra (thirty-eight items) policy areas the paper seeks toidentify the policy areas included in each of the twenty-eight EU FTAs at the sametime as developing hypotheses to explain policy coverage rates for EU FTAs Thepaper finds that most EU FTAs can be classified as WTO-plus type in the sense thatthey include higher proportions of WTO-plus policy items In addition thefollowing explanatory variables are found to be correlated with the appearance of aWTO-plus policy focus the chronological order in which FTAs are signed the 2006dummy item the population and economic size of the trade partner the number ofFTAs previously signed by the trade partner the number of EU members when theFTA is signed and whether the trade partner is geographically adjacent to EUmember states
Keywords European Union Free Trade Agreement Global Europe World TradeOrganization Policy Coverage Rate
Associate Research Fellow Institution of European and American Studies Academia SinicaE-mail dwfhuanggatesinicaedutw
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ltFEFF05D405E905EA05DE05E905D5002005D105D405D205D305E805D505EA002005D005DC05D4002005DB05D305D9002005DC05D905E605D505E8002005DE05E105DE05DB05D9002000410064006F006200650020005000440046002005D405DE05D505EA05D005DE05D905DD002005DC05D405D305E405E105EA002005E705D305DD002D05D305E405D505E1002005D005D905DB05D505EA05D905EA002E002005DE05E105DE05DB05D90020005000440046002005E905E005D505E605E805D5002005E005D905EA05E005D905DD002005DC05E405EA05D905D705D4002005D105D005DE05E605E205D505EA0020004100630072006F006200610074002005D5002D00410064006F00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002E0030002005D505D205E805E105D005D505EA002005DE05EA05E705D305DE05D505EA002005D905D505EA05E8002E05D005DE05D905DD002005DC002D005000440046002F0058002D0033002C002005E205D905D905E005D5002005D105DE05D305E805D905DA002005DC05DE05E905EA05DE05E9002005E905DC0020004100630072006F006200610074002E002005DE05E105DE05DB05D90020005000440046002005E905E005D505E605E805D5002005E005D905EA05E005D905DD002005DC05E405EA05D905D705D4002005D105D005DE05E605E205D505EA0020004100630072006F006200610074002005D5002D00410064006F00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002E0030002005D505D205E805E105D005D505EA002005DE05EA05E705D305DE05D505EA002005D905D505EA05E8002Egt HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN 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 ITA 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 JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB 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 RUM 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 RUS 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 SKY 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 SLV 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 SUO ltFEFF004b00e40079007400e40020006e00e40069007400e4002000610073006500740075006b007300690061002c0020006b0075006e0020006c0075006f00740020006c00e400680069006e006e00e4002000760061006100740069007600610061006e0020007000610069006e006100740075006b00730065006e002000760061006c006d0069007300740065006c00750074007900f6006800f6006e00200073006f00700069007600690061002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400740065006a0061002e0020004c0075006f0064007500740020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740069007400200076006f0069006400610061006e0020006100760061007400610020004100630072006f0062006100740069006c006c00610020006a0061002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030003a006c006c00610020006a006100200075007500640065006d006d0069006c006c0061002egt SVE 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 TUR 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 UKR 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 ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 50 and later) gtgt Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (10) ] OtherNamespaces [ ltlt AsReaderSpreads false CropImagesToFrames true ErrorControl WarnAndContinue FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false IncludeGuidesGrids false IncludeNonPrinting false IncludeSlug false Namespace [ (Adobe) (InDesign) (40) ] OmitPlacedBitmaps false OmitPlacedEPS false OmitPlacedPDF false SimulateOverprint Legacy gtgt ltlt AddBleedMarks false AddColorBars false AddCropMarks false AddPageInfo false AddRegMarks false ConvertColors ConvertToCMYK DestinationProfileName () DestinationProfileSelector DocumentCMYK Downsample16BitImages true FlattenerPreset ltlt PresetSelector MediumResolution gtgt FormElements false GenerateStructure false IncludeBookmarks false IncludeHyperlinks false IncludeInteractive false IncludeLayers false IncludeProfiles false MultimediaHandling UseObjectSettings Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (20) ] PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector DocumentCMYK PreserveEditing true UntaggedCMYKHandling LeaveUntagged UntaggedRGBHandling UseDocumentProfile UseDocumentBleed false gtgt ]gtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰114
參考書目
一中文部分
王泰銓2006《歐洲聯盟條約與歐洲共同體條約譯文極重要參考文件》
台北翰儒圖書
吳建輝2011〈歐盟對外關係之發展經貿協定之類型化與模範 FTA 之可
能〉「歐盟對外經貿協定與談判策略研討會」論文（6 月 10 至 11 日）
台北中央研究院歐美研究所
李貴英2011〈論里斯本條約下歐盟之共同商業政策〉李貴英（編）
《歐洲聯盟經貿政策之新頁》台北臺大出版中心頁 419-473
卓忠宏2011〈里斯本條約生效後歐盟對外貿易政策之新發展歐盟與中
美洲自由貿易協定案例研究〉「歐盟對外經貿協定與談判策略研討會」
論文（6 月 10 至 11 日）台北中央研究院歐美研究所
周旭華2000〈歐洲共同體對外貿易關係的權力劃分問題〉《美歐季刊》
14(4) 433-470
周志杰2011〈人類安全思維在歐盟對外經貿政策上之聯結與運用〉李
貴英包宗和（主編）《歐洲聯盟經貿政策之新頁》台北臺大出
版中心頁 361-418
林欽明2011〈都是 CAP 惹的禍探討歐盟與南錐共同市場協商自由貿易
協定的困境〉「歐盟對外經貿協定與談判策略研討會」論文（6 月 10
至 11 日）台北中央研究院歐美研究所
洪德欽2011〈歐盟自由貿易協定政策歐盟與韓國 FTA 個案研究〉「歐
盟對外經貿協定與談判策略研討會」論文（6 月 10 至 11 日）台北
中央研究院歐美研究所
徐遵慈2011〈歐盟簽署自由貿易協定中爭端解決機制之演變與其政策意
涵〉「歐盟對外經貿協定與談判策略研討會」論文（6 月 10 至 11 日）
台北中央研究院歐美研究所
張芝颯辛翠玲2003〈歐盟對外貿易談判－從制度面看執委會與理事會
之互動〉《問題與研究》42(3) 121-138
陳麗娟2006〈歐洲貿易法之研究〉《貿易政策論叢》6 121-143
政治科學論叢∕第五十五期∕民國 102 年 3 月 115
二西文部分
Ahearn R J 2011 ldquoEuropersquos Preferential Trade Agreements Status Content and
Implications (CRS report No R41143)rdquo in httpwwwfasorgsgpcrsrow
R41143pdf Latest update 27 September 2012
Bungenberg M 2008 ldquoThe Common Commercial Policy after Lisbonrdquo in http
Zangl B 2008 ldquoJudicialization matters A comparison of dispute settlement under
GATT and the WTOrdquo International Studies Quarterly 52(4) 825-854
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰118
A Categorization and Content Analysisof EU Free Trade Agreements
David W F Huang
Abstract
According to the Commission of the European Union (EU) there have been todate (November 2011) twenty-eight Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) signed betweenthe EU and its trade partners However most existing studies of existing EU FTAsare either single-case studies or limited-case comparative studies As a result ourknowledge is confined to which policy provisions each of the EU FTAs included oromitted what legal and political controversies were attached to each of the FTAsand the economic impact each FTA had on its signatories There have been fewattempts to generalize the existing knowledge derived from case studies on theseFTAs This paper aims to fill this gap in the literature by systematically categorizingand analyzing the content of EU FTAs Using Horn Marvroidis and Sapirrsquosclassification framework which categorizes fifty-two policies into either WTO plus(fourteen items) or WTO extra (thirty-eight items) policy areas the paper seeks toidentify the policy areas included in each of the twenty-eight EU FTAs at the sametime as developing hypotheses to explain policy coverage rates for EU FTAs Thepaper finds that most EU FTAs can be classified as WTO-plus type in the sense thatthey include higher proportions of WTO-plus policy items In addition thefollowing explanatory variables are found to be correlated with the appearance of aWTO-plus policy focus the chronological order in which FTAs are signed the 2006dummy item the population and economic size of the trade partner the number ofFTAs previously signed by the trade partner the number of EU members when theFTA is signed and whether the trade partner is geographically adjacent to EUmember states
Keywords European Union Free Trade Agreement Global Europe World TradeOrganization Policy Coverage Rate
Associate Research Fellow Institution of European and American Studies Academia SinicaE-mail dwfhuanggatesinicaedutw
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政治科學論叢∕第五十五期∕民國 102 年 3 月 115
二西文部分
Ahearn R J 2011 ldquoEuropersquos Preferential Trade Agreements Status Content and
Implications (CRS report No R41143)rdquo in httpwwwfasorgsgpcrsrow
R41143pdf Latest update 27 September 2012
Bungenberg M 2008 ldquoThe Common Commercial Policy after Lisbonrdquo in http
Zangl B 2008 ldquoJudicialization matters A comparison of dispute settlement under
GATT and the WTOrdquo International Studies Quarterly 52(4) 825-854
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰118
A Categorization and Content Analysisof EU Free Trade Agreements
David W F Huang
Abstract
According to the Commission of the European Union (EU) there have been todate (November 2011) twenty-eight Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) signed betweenthe EU and its trade partners However most existing studies of existing EU FTAsare either single-case studies or limited-case comparative studies As a result ourknowledge is confined to which policy provisions each of the EU FTAs included oromitted what legal and political controversies were attached to each of the FTAsand the economic impact each FTA had on its signatories There have been fewattempts to generalize the existing knowledge derived from case studies on theseFTAs This paper aims to fill this gap in the literature by systematically categorizingand analyzing the content of EU FTAs Using Horn Marvroidis and Sapirrsquosclassification framework which categorizes fifty-two policies into either WTO plus(fourteen items) or WTO extra (thirty-eight items) policy areas the paper seeks toidentify the policy areas included in each of the twenty-eight EU FTAs at the sametime as developing hypotheses to explain policy coverage rates for EU FTAs Thepaper finds that most EU FTAs can be classified as WTO-plus type in the sense thatthey include higher proportions of WTO-plus policy items In addition thefollowing explanatory variables are found to be correlated with the appearance of aWTO-plus policy focus the chronological order in which FTAs are signed the 2006dummy item the population and economic size of the trade partner the number ofFTAs previously signed by the trade partner the number of EU members when theFTA is signed and whether the trade partner is geographically adjacent to EUmember states
Keywords European Union Free Trade Agreement Global Europe World TradeOrganization Policy Coverage Rate
Associate Research Fellow Institution of European and American Studies Academia SinicaE-mail dwfhuanggatesinicaedutw
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 DEU 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 ESP ltFEFF005500740069006c0069006300650020006500730074006100200063006f006e0066006900670075007200610063006900f3006e0020007000610072006100200063007200650061007200200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f00730020005000440046002000640065002000410064006f0062006500200061006400650063007500610064006f00730020007000610072006100200069006d0070007200650073006900f3006e0020007000720065002d0065006400690074006f007200690061006c00200064006500200061006c00740061002000630061006c0069006400610064002e002000530065002000700075006500640065006e00200061006200720069007200200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f00730020005000440046002000630072006500610064006f007300200063006f006e0020004100630072006f006200610074002c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200079002000760065007200730069006f006e0065007300200070006f00730074006500720069006f007200650073002egt ETI 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 FRA 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 GRE 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 HEB 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 HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN 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 ITA 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 JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB 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 RUM ltFEFF005500740069006c0069007a00610163006900200061006300650073007400650020007300650074010300720069002000700065006e007400720075002000610020006300720065006100200064006f00630075006d0065006e00740065002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002000610064006500630076006100740065002000700065006e0074007200750020007400690070010300720069007200650061002000700072006500700072006500730073002000640065002000630061006c006900740061007400650020007300750070006500720069006f006100720103002e002000200044006f00630075006d0065006e00740065006c00650020005000440046002000630072006500610074006500200070006f00740020006600690020006400650073006300680069007300650020006300750020004100630072006f006200610074002c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020015f00690020007600650072007300690075006e0069006c006500200075006c0074006500720069006f006100720065002egt RUS ltFEFF04180441043f043e043b044c04370443043904420435002004340430043d043d044b04350020043d0430044104420440043e0439043a043800200434043b044f00200441043e043704340430043d0438044f00200434043e043a0443043c0435043d0442043e0432002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002c0020043c0430043a04410438043c0430043b044c043d043e0020043f043e04340445043e0434044f04490438044500200434043b044f00200432044b0441043e043a043e043a0430044704350441044204320435043d043d043e0433043e00200434043e043f0435044704300442043d043e0433043e00200432044b0432043e04340430002e002000200421043e043704340430043d043d044b04350020005000440046002d0434043e043a0443043c0435043d0442044b0020043c043e0436043d043e0020043e0442043a0440044b043204300442044c002004410020043f043e043c043e0449044c044e0020004100630072006f00620061007400200438002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020043800200431043e043b043504350020043f043e04370434043d043804450020043204350440044104380439002egt SKY ltFEFF0054006900650074006f0020006e006100730074006100760065006e0069006100200070006f0075017e0069007400650020006e00610020007600790074007600e100720061006e0069006500200064006f006b0075006d0065006e0074006f0076002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002c0020006b0074006f007200e90020007300610020006e0061006a006c0065007001610069006500200068006f0064006900610020006e00610020006b00760061006c00690074006e00fa00200074006c0061010d00200061002000700072006500700072006500730073002e00200056007900740076006f00720065006e00e900200064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400790020005000440046002000620075006400650020006d006f017e006e00e90020006f00740076006f00720069016500200076002000700072006f006700720061006d006f006300680020004100630072006f00620061007400200061002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002000610020006e006f0076016100ed00630068002egt SLV 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 SUO 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 SVE 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歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰116
Policy 17(6) 781-798
Elsig M amp C Dupont 2012 ldquoEuropean Union Meets South Korea Bureaucratic
Interests Exporter Discrimination and the Negotiations of Trade Agreementsrdquo
Journal of Common Market Studies 50(3) 492-507
EU commission 2006 ldquoGlobal Europe competing in the worldrdquo in httptrade
Zangl B 2008 ldquoJudicialization matters A comparison of dispute settlement under
GATT and the WTOrdquo International Studies Quarterly 52(4) 825-854
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰118
A Categorization and Content Analysisof EU Free Trade Agreements
David W F Huang
Abstract
According to the Commission of the European Union (EU) there have been todate (November 2011) twenty-eight Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) signed betweenthe EU and its trade partners However most existing studies of existing EU FTAsare either single-case studies or limited-case comparative studies As a result ourknowledge is confined to which policy provisions each of the EU FTAs included oromitted what legal and political controversies were attached to each of the FTAsand the economic impact each FTA had on its signatories There have been fewattempts to generalize the existing knowledge derived from case studies on theseFTAs This paper aims to fill this gap in the literature by systematically categorizingand analyzing the content of EU FTAs Using Horn Marvroidis and Sapirrsquosclassification framework which categorizes fifty-two policies into either WTO plus(fourteen items) or WTO extra (thirty-eight items) policy areas the paper seeks toidentify the policy areas included in each of the twenty-eight EU FTAs at the sametime as developing hypotheses to explain policy coverage rates for EU FTAs Thepaper finds that most EU FTAs can be classified as WTO-plus type in the sense thatthey include higher proportions of WTO-plus policy items In addition thefollowing explanatory variables are found to be correlated with the appearance of aWTO-plus policy focus the chronological order in which FTAs are signed the 2006dummy item the population and economic size of the trade partner the number ofFTAs previously signed by the trade partner the number of EU members when theFTA is signed and whether the trade partner is geographically adjacent to EUmember states
Keywords European Union Free Trade Agreement Global Europe World TradeOrganization Policy Coverage Rate
Associate Research Fellow Institution of European and American Studies Academia SinicaE-mail dwfhuanggatesinicaedutw
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 GRE 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HEB 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HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB 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 TUR 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 UKR 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can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 50 and later) gtgt Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (10) ] OtherNamespaces [ ltlt AsReaderSpreads false CropImagesToFrames true ErrorControl WarnAndContinue FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false IncludeGuidesGrids false IncludeNonPrinting false IncludeSlug false Namespace [ (Adobe) (InDesign) (40) ] OmitPlacedBitmaps false OmitPlacedEPS false OmitPlacedPDF false SimulateOverprint Legacy gtgt ltlt AddBleedMarks false AddColorBars false AddCropMarks false AddPageInfo false AddRegMarks false ConvertColors ConvertToCMYK DestinationProfileName () DestinationProfileSelector DocumentCMYK Downsample16BitImages true FlattenerPreset ltlt PresetSelector MediumResolution gtgt FormElements false GenerateStructure false IncludeBookmarks false IncludeHyperlinks false IncludeInteractive false IncludeLayers false IncludeProfiles false MultimediaHandling UseObjectSettings Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (20) ] PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector DocumentCMYK PreserveEditing true UntaggedCMYKHandling LeaveUntagged UntaggedRGBHandling UseDocumentProfile UseDocumentBleed false gtgt ]gtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice
政治科學論叢∕第五十五期∕民國 102 年 3 月 117
501
Nicolaiumldis K amp S Meunier 2002 ldquoRevisiting trade competence in the European
Union Amsterdam Nice and beyondrdquo In Institutional challenges in the
European Union eds Madeleine O Hosli Adrian M A van Deemen and
Mika Widgreacuten London amp New York Routledge 173-201
Pollack M A 2003 The Engines of European Integration Delegation Agency
and Agenda Setting in the EU New York Oxford University Press
Rogowski R 1987 ldquoPolitical Cleavages and Changing Exposure to Traderdquo
American Political Science Review 81(4) 1121-1137
USTR (Office of the United States Trade Representative) 2009 ldquoUSTR Releases
Preliminary Analysis of KOREA-EU Free Trade Agreement [Press Releases]rdquo
in httpwwwustrgovabout-uspress-officepress-releases2009octoberustr-
releases-preliminary-analysis-korea-eu-free-t Latest update 27 September
2012
Winters L A 2000 ldquoThe EUrsquos preferential Trade Agreements Objectives and
Outcomesrdquo In The External Economic Dimension of the European Union eds
Faber G amp van Dijck P La Haye Netherlands Kluwer Law International
195-223
Woolcock S 2010 ldquoEU trade and investment policymaking after the Lisbon
Treatyrdquo Review of European Economic Policy 45(1) 22-25
WTO (World Trade Organization) 2004 ldquoTrade Policy Review European
Communities (WTTPRS136)rdquo in httpwwwhserudata20111129
1271082239EU20200420WTTPRS136pdf Latest update 27 September
2012
WTO (World Trade Organization) 2009 ldquoTrade Policy Review of the European
Zangl B 2008 ldquoJudicialization matters A comparison of dispute settlement under
GATT and the WTOrdquo International Studies Quarterly 52(4) 825-854
歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰118
A Categorization and Content Analysisof EU Free Trade Agreements
David W F Huang
Abstract
According to the Commission of the European Union (EU) there have been todate (November 2011) twenty-eight Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) signed betweenthe EU and its trade partners However most existing studies of existing EU FTAsare either single-case studies or limited-case comparative studies As a result ourknowledge is confined to which policy provisions each of the EU FTAs included oromitted what legal and political controversies were attached to each of the FTAsand the economic impact each FTA had on its signatories There have been fewattempts to generalize the existing knowledge derived from case studies on theseFTAs This paper aims to fill this gap in the literature by systematically categorizingand analyzing the content of EU FTAs Using Horn Marvroidis and Sapirrsquosclassification framework which categorizes fifty-two policies into either WTO plus(fourteen items) or WTO extra (thirty-eight items) policy areas the paper seeks toidentify the policy areas included in each of the twenty-eight EU FTAs at the sametime as developing hypotheses to explain policy coverage rates for EU FTAs Thepaper finds that most EU FTAs can be classified as WTO-plus type in the sense thatthey include higher proportions of WTO-plus policy items In addition thefollowing explanatory variables are found to be correlated with the appearance of aWTO-plus policy focus the chronological order in which FTAs are signed the 2006dummy item the population and economic size of the trade partner the number ofFTAs previously signed by the trade partner the number of EU members when theFTA is signed and whether the trade partner is geographically adjacent to EUmember states
Keywords European Union Free Trade Agreement Global Europe World TradeOrganization Policy Coverage Rate
Associate Research Fellow Institution of European and American Studies Academia SinicaE-mail dwfhuanggatesinicaedutw
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1 SubsetFonts true TransferFunctionInfo Apply UCRandBGInfo Preserve UsePrologue false ColorSettingsFile () AlwaysEmbed [ true ] NeverEmbed [ true ] AntiAliasColorImages false CropColorImages true ColorImageMinResolution 300 ColorImageMinResolutionPolicy OK DownsampleColorImages true ColorImageDownsampleType Bicubic ColorImageResolution 300 ColorImageDepth -1 ColorImageMinDownsampleDepth 1 ColorImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeColorImages true ColorImageFilter DCTEncode AutoFilterColorImages true ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy JPEG ColorACSImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt ColorImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt JPEG2000ColorImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt AntiAliasGrayImages false CropGrayImages true GrayImageMinResolution 300 GrayImageMinResolutionPolicy OK DownsampleGrayImages true GrayImageDownsampleType Bicubic GrayImageResolution 300 GrayImageDepth -1 GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2 GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeGrayImages true GrayImageFilter DCTEncode AutoFilterGrayImages true GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy JPEG GrayACSImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt GrayImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt JPEG2000GrayImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt AntiAliasMonoImages false CropMonoImages true MonoImageMinResolution 1200 MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy OK DownsampleMonoImages true MonoImageDownsampleType Bicubic MonoImageResolution 1200 MonoImageDepth -1 MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeMonoImages true MonoImageFilter CCITTFaxEncode MonoImageDict ltlt K -1 gtgt AllowPSXObjects false CheckCompliance [ None ] PDFX1aCheck false PDFX3Check false PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false PDFXNoTrimBoxError true PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXOutputIntentProfile () PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier () PDFXOutputCondition () PDFXRegistryName () PDFXTrapped False CreateJDFFile false Description ltlt ARA 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 BGR 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 CHS ltFEFF4f7f75288fd94e9b8bbe5b9a521b5efa7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065876863900275284e8e9ad88d2891cf76845370524d53705237300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c676562535f00521b5efa768400200050004400460020658768633002gt CHT ltFEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef69069752865bc9ad854c18cea76845370524d5370523786557406300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002gt CZE 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 DAN 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 DEU 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 ESP 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 ETI 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 FRA 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 GRE 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 HEB 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 HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN 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 ITA 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 JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR ltFEFF004200720075006b00200064006900730073006500200069006e006e007300740069006c006c0069006e00670065006e0065002000740069006c002000e50020006f0070007000720065007400740065002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740065007200200073006f006d00200065007200200062006500730074002000650067006e0065007400200066006f00720020006600f80072007400720079006b006b0073007500740073006b00720069006600740020006100760020006800f800790020006b00760061006c0069007400650074002e0020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740065006e00650020006b0061006e002000e50070006e00650073002000690020004100630072006f00620061007400200065006c006c00650072002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200065006c006c00650072002000730065006e006500720065002egt POL 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歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究 黃偉峰118
A Categorization and Content Analysisof EU Free Trade Agreements
David W F Huang
Abstract
According to the Commission of the European Union (EU) there have been todate (November 2011) twenty-eight Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) signed betweenthe EU and its trade partners However most existing studies of existing EU FTAsare either single-case studies or limited-case comparative studies As a result ourknowledge is confined to which policy provisions each of the EU FTAs included oromitted what legal and political controversies were attached to each of the FTAsand the economic impact each FTA had on its signatories There have been fewattempts to generalize the existing knowledge derived from case studies on theseFTAs This paper aims to fill this gap in the literature by systematically categorizingand analyzing the content of EU FTAs Using Horn Marvroidis and Sapirrsquosclassification framework which categorizes fifty-two policies into either WTO plus(fourteen items) or WTO extra (thirty-eight items) policy areas the paper seeks toidentify the policy areas included in each of the twenty-eight EU FTAs at the sametime as developing hypotheses to explain policy coverage rates for EU FTAs Thepaper finds that most EU FTAs can be classified as WTO-plus type in the sense thatthey include higher proportions of WTO-plus policy items In addition thefollowing explanatory variables are found to be correlated with the appearance of aWTO-plus policy focus the chronological order in which FTAs are signed the 2006dummy item the population and economic size of the trade partner the number ofFTAs previously signed by the trade partner the number of EU members when theFTA is signed and whether the trade partner is geographically adjacent to EUmember states
Keywords European Union Free Trade Agreement Global Europe World TradeOrganization Policy Coverage Rate
Associate Research Fellow Institution of European and American Studies Academia SinicaE-mail dwfhuanggatesinicaedutw
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 ETI 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 FRA 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 GRE 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 HEB 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 HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN 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 ITA 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 JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI ltFEFF0049007a006d0061006e0074006f006a00690065007400200161006f00730020006900650073007400610074012b006a0075006d00750073002c0020006c0061006900200076006500690064006f00740075002000410064006f00620065002000500044004600200064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400750073002c0020006b006100730020006900720020012b00700061016100690020007000690065006d01130072006f00740069002000610075006700730074006100730020006b00760061006c0069007401010074006500730020007000690072006d007300690065007300700069006501610061006e006100730020006400720075006b00610069002e00200049007a0076006500690064006f006a006900650074002000500044004600200064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400750073002c0020006b006f002000760061007200200061007400760113007200740020006100720020004100630072006f00620061007400200075006e002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002c0020006b0101002000610072012b00200074006f0020006a00610075006e0101006b0101006d002000760065007200730069006a0101006d002egt NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB ltFEFF005500740069006c0069007a006500200065007300730061007300200063006f006e00660069006700750072006100e700f50065007300200064006500200066006f0072006d00610020006100200063007200690061007200200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f0073002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020006d00610069007300200061006400650071007500610064006f00730020007000610072006100200070007200e9002d0069006d0070007200650073007300f50065007300200064006500200061006c007400610020007100750061006c00690064006100640065002e0020004f007300200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f00730020005000440046002000630072006900610064006f007300200070006f00640065006d0020007300650072002000610062006500720074006f007300200063006f006d0020006f0020004100630072006f006200610074002000650020006f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002000650020007600650072007300f50065007300200070006f00730074006500720069006f007200650073002egt RUM 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 RUS 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 SKY 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 SLV ltFEFF005400650020006e006100730074006100760069007400760065002000750070006f0072006100620069007400650020007a00610020007500730074007600610072006a0061006e006a006500200064006f006b0075006d0065006e0074006f0076002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002c0020006b006900200073006f0020006e0061006a007000720069006d00650072006e0065006a016100690020007a00610020006b0061006b006f0076006f00730074006e006f0020007400690073006b0061006e006a00650020007300200070007200690070007200610076006f0020006e00610020007400690073006b002e00200020005500730074007600610072006a0065006e006500200064006f006b0075006d0065006e0074006500200050004400460020006a00650020006d006f0067006f010d00650020006f0064007000720065007400690020007a0020004100630072006f00620061007400200069006e002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200069006e0020006e006f00760065006a01610069006d002egt SUO ltFEFF004b00e40079007400e40020006e00e40069007400e4002000610073006500740075006b007300690061002c0020006b0075006e0020006c0075006f00740020006c00e400680069006e006e00e4002000760061006100740069007600610061006e0020007000610069006e006100740075006b00730065006e002000760061006c006d0069007300740065006c00750074007900f6006800f6006e00200073006f00700069007600690061002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400740065006a0061002e0020004c0075006f0064007500740020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740069007400200076006f0069006400610061006e0020006100760061007400610020004100630072006f0062006100740069006c006c00610020006a0061002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030003a006c006c00610020006a006100200075007500640065006d006d0069006c006c0061002egt SVE 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 TUR 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 UKR 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can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 50 and later) gtgt Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (10) ] OtherNamespaces [ ltlt AsReaderSpreads false CropImagesToFrames true ErrorControl WarnAndContinue FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false IncludeGuidesGrids false IncludeNonPrinting false IncludeSlug false Namespace [ (Adobe) (InDesign) (40) ] OmitPlacedBitmaps false OmitPlacedEPS false OmitPlacedPDF false SimulateOverprint Legacy gtgt ltlt AddBleedMarks false AddColorBars false AddCropMarks false AddPageInfo false AddRegMarks false ConvertColors ConvertToCMYK DestinationProfileName () DestinationProfileSelector DocumentCMYK Downsample16BitImages true FlattenerPreset ltlt PresetSelector MediumResolution gtgt FormElements false GenerateStructure false IncludeBookmarks false IncludeHyperlinks false IncludeInteractive false IncludeLayers false IncludeProfiles false MultimediaHandling UseObjectSettings Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (20) ] PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector DocumentCMYK PreserveEditing true UntaggedCMYKHandling LeaveUntagged UntaggedRGBHandling UseDocumentProfile UseDocumentBleed false gtgt ]gtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice
