FEB 3,rg231 THE JENNER CENTENARY CELEBRATIONS. [M1~ 203

Cbt Jenner Celcbrations.PARIS.

THE CENTENARY OF JENNER AT THE ACADEMIE DE MEDECINE.[FROM OUR PARIS CORRESPONDENT.]

THE meeting of the Academie de Medecine on January 23rdwas devoted to tlhe praise of Jenner. The famous Salle desPasPerdus presented an unwonted aspect; it echoed to thefeet of many visitors, for there was displayed in it a collectionof all that could be got together in tlle way of documentsconcerning Jenner and the beginning of vaccination. Themaanitude of the collection was all the more remarkablebecause the Jenner exlhibition in London must have preventedthe loan of many interesting objects. Apart from some

valuable relics kindly lent to the British delegates the ex-

hibition was entirely the work of the.Continental admirers ofthe greatmrnan: books, portraits,medals, china, caricatures,all were to be seen; Dr. Cumston had brought fwm Genevaa unique example of the famous engraving by Scriven afterthe portrait by J.R. Smith-unique because it was in colours.The special numbers of the BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL-theJenner Number, 1896, and the Vaccination Number, 1902-were given a prominent place. Dr. Vitoux, the well knownParisian collector, exhibited some autograplhs, one of them

slhowing that the crise de8 logemente even then needed a

preventive vaccine:

My dear Madam,I am at length in London butbave not yet been able to get

appartments, except at anhotel. When Ihave, you shall again

heIr from me.Edw. Jenner.

Imperial Hotel, CoventGarden.

Now the meeting opens; the president, Professor

CHAUFFARD, and the committee enter, wearing plumed cockedlhats and regulation embroidered coats. The Minister of

Hygiene represents the Government of the Republic, and

Lord Crewe, the British Ambassador, is represented by the

First Secretary to the Embassy. A large number of foreignguests have accepted the invitation to France, and in the fore-most seats we see the delegates of Belgium, Canada, Greece,Holland, Italy, Peru, Portugal, Rumania, Sweden, Switzerland,Czeclio-Slovakia, Tunis, and Turkey. Need I add that our

English friends were represented? I need not, for the repre-seuitatives are atf home in Paris and belong to the academiicfamily; Dr. R. 0. Moon representing the Royal Colleae ofPlhysicians of London, Sir Ronald Ross, K.C.B., the Ministry

of Health, and Sir StClair Thomson and Sir Almroth Wrightthe Royal Society of Medicine.

Professor CHAUFFARD gave a short and clharming address, in

whlich he traced the history of the fight against smallpoxand described what manner of man Jenner was. Then Dr.CAMUs, Directeur de l'Institut Sup4rieur de Vaccine, dealtwith Jenner's work from the scientific point of view. Thiswas the plat de rds8istance of the occasion. Then came Pro-fessor TEISSIER, who in vivid and eloquent words related the

share of French science and of the Acad4mie de Medecine inthe dissemination of knowledge of the new methods. He

quoted some striking figures. During the war of 1870-71-ashort war, witlh relatively few men engaged-the French

army had 200,000 cases of small-pox, and nearly 30,000 deatlhsfrom that cause. Durina the recent war, with an army of

four million men, mobilized for four years and a lhalf, only

four cases occurred, and these four imported. Dr. JEANSELMEsketched the progress of vaccination in the French colonies,describing it as an agent of civilization; and Professor

D'EsPINE recalled the part played by Genevese physicians in

the propagation of vaccination.Dr. SOUQUES, thie annual secretai-y of the Academie, read

a paper on small-pox in London, prepared by Dr. BLAXALL,and expressed hiis rearet and that of the audience that theautlhor had been unable to read it himself.

Sir STCLAIR THOMSON, in the name of the Royal Societyof Medicine, won the heart of the audience with a spiritedTlhomsonian speech delivered in the purest Parisian French.He presented to the Acad6mie de M6decine a: fine-engrs.vingof Jenner, the gift of Dr. Walter S. A. Griffith, and also thepicture of the twenty-one founders of the Medical Society ofLondon with- the portrait of Jenner in the background. Hepointed out how Jenner was the precursor of Pasteur, just asPasteur opened the way to Lister.

Professor ACHARD, secretary-general of the Acad4mie, thenread the following address of gratitude and sympathy, signedby the President of the British Medieal Association andtheChairman of Council, in the name of the 24)OOO members ofthe Association.

To THE ACADEMIEDE MIkDECINEOn the Occasion of its Celebration of the Centenary of

Edwardl Jenner'i Death.The British Medical Association has heard with great pleasure

that the Academie do Mddecine is about to celebrate the centenaryof the death of a great Englishman, Edward Jenner. The Assoeia-tion desires to express its warm appreciation of this act ofspontaneous generosity. The Association does not forget thegraceful words in whicb a great Frenchman, Louis Pasteur, in hisaddress to the International Medical Congress in London in 1881,referred to Jenner: "I have," he said, "giveh to the term'vaccination' an extension which science I hope will accept as ajust homage to the immense services rendered by one of thegreatest of Englishmen-Edward Jenner." The British MedicalAssociation has over 23,000 members who are practising medicinein all parts of the British Empire. Each one of them, wherever hislines may be cast, is,alike in his conception of the principles ofmedicine and in his daily application of these principles to thealleviation of suffering and the prevention of disease,- under animmense debt to Pasteur. The British Medical Association- isproud to know that Pasteur himself desired to associate with hisown great achievements the name of Edward Jenner.

Sioned on behalf of the Association,WILLAM MACEWEN,

President.R. A. BOLAM, M.D.,

January 19th, 1923. Chairman of Council.Professor Achard concluded by showing a number of lantern

slides- illustrating thelife and work of Jenner.In the evening a banquet was held to which your corre.

spondent was specially invited. Our visitors received a mosbcordial welcome, and when Sir Almroth Wright, Sir RonaldRoss, and Dr. Moon in succession rose to address the companyin French each one of theem was greeted by a ban givenvigorously in the French fashion.That the centenary of the death of Jenner and of the birth,

of Pasteur should have fallen almost at the samc time seems,providential: tlhese two benefactors of mankind succeededeach otlher in time as they did in genius. It is impossible toput into dry words the atmnosphere which pervaded the day.The symbolic significance of the presence of representatives-of so mauy countries coming togetlher in France to renderhomage to a great Englishman appealed alike to eye and.heart. We live in difficult times, but if we know how to lift'ourselves higlh enouglh we shall breathe a purer air. Jenner,.Pasteur-these *names arouse in us the highest kind of'entlhusiasm; they shine upon the peoples like the sun,wlichl has no regard for frontiers. The relations of our twogreat masters, like tlhe relations of our two races-I borrowlhere from Sir SiClair Thiomson's peroration-may theynot be expressed in these two lines from Shakespeare:

"Are we not made as notes of music are,For one another, though dissimilar ?"

THE JENNER CENTENARY CELEBRKTIONS. T" 9.3 2031 MEDTCAL JOURNASFEW 3, 19231

204 FEB. 3, 1923] THE JENNER CENTENARY CELEBRATIONS.

LONDON.COMMEMORATION AT THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF

THE centenary of the death of Edward Jenner

at a special meeting of the Royal Society of

Januarv 26th, wlhen the President of the Society, WILLIAM

HALE-WHITE, delivered an address. The membets

audience, on arrival outside the building, were

plied with antivaccinationist leaflets-in tlle

a grotesque misdirection of energy.-

On the platform William Hobday's portrait

which has been presented to the Society by

Griffith, was displayed. The portrait, painted repre-

sents Jenner seated, dressed in a cloak, witlh a

arm restina on a volume lettered "John Hunter," while

paper relating to vaccination lies on the table.

JENNER: NATURALIST, PATHOLOGIST,

COUNTRY DOCTOR.ADDRESS BY SIR W. HALE-WHITE.

Sir WILLIAM HALE-WHITE devoted his address

tion of Jenner's personality, and not an appraisement

great discovery,which he judged to be unneces3ary before

such- an audience. He remarked that it was

memorate the centenary in the Royal SocietyMedicine,

because Jenner was one oft the foundation members

former Medical and Chirurgical Society, and

papers to the first volume of its Transactions.*

Jenner was born at Berkeley, in Gloucestershire,

He wasthe son of Stephen Jenner, vicar of

had been tutor to one of the Earls of Berkeley. fatlher

died soon after Edward's birth, and the boy was

by his brother, also a Rev. Stephen Jenner.

agehe went to schlool at Wotton-under-Edge, later

a tutor at Cirencester. After a pupilage to Mr.

practitioner at Sodbury, in Gloucestershlire,

London at the age of 21, and for two years the

house-

of John Hunter. "Nothing couldhlave

fortunate, for' both men were enthlusiasticnaturalists,

always observing, inquiring, and speculati]ng.recommendation Jenner was appointed to

pare the- specim6ns of natural history broughbt back Captain

Cook in 1771; lie declined the offer of the post

to the expedition which sailed inthle following

The Soul ofaf Naturalist.After Jenner's return to Gloucestershire

passed between the two until Hunter's deathiJenner's lettei-s had been destroyed, but from Hunter's

evident that Jenner made many observations

the hibernation of animals. In one letter Hunter

of Jenner's disappointment in love:

"I own I was glad when I heard you

a woman of fortune; but lethe r go, never

employ you with hedgehogs, for I donot know how trustmitne. I want you to get a hedgehog at beginning winter

and weighhi-m; put him in your garden,

leaves, hay, or straw to cover himself with, do;weigh him in the spring, and see what

Secondly,

I want you to kill one at the beginning of to

he is, and another in the spring to see what

Tbirdly, when the weather is very cold, month

January, I wish you would make a holebellies,

and put the thermometer down into the

of the mercury."Probably no other disappointed lover

seek solace in liedgehogs I Many othier letters

concernne with these animals, and, indeed, nine-tenthis theletters were taken up with requests for

experiments in natural hiistory. Thlat Jenner had himathesoul of a naturalist was shown by thleHunter's letters began:"

I do not know

sooner write to thlan you; I do not know anybody

muchi obliged to." It was Hunter whio stimulated

study the hiabits of the. cuckoo, on which sulbjecta comm'unication to the Royal Society in 1788.

Comsg plete Country actitioner.Whlen Jenuer took up general practice in Berkeley 1773)bis talents gained him confidence and esteem, his

Distemper In dogs" aud cases of small-pox cor-

muaicated to thefoetfus in uterounderer Peculiar CircUMtances," bothconjtributed In 1809.

and reputation rapidly increased. A patient in the

infirmary requiring an immediate operation, and

tlle surgeons being available, Jenner, sixteen miles

was summoned, and performed tlhe operation successfully.

He was disappointed by the uncertainty of tlle

tartar emetic, and published an improved process, wlhich

Hunter to write: " I am puffing off your tartar the

of all tartars. . Let it be called Jenner's tartar emetic."

In 1777 Hunter wrote to Jenner, saying that lie Was

Jenner, suspecting that lie was suffering from

pectoris, visited him and fouud the surmise

wrote to Heberden to say tllat, as a result of post-mortem

examinations, lie lhad come to the conclusion tllatpectoris was due to disease of tlhe coronary arteries, tllat

hielhesitated to make his opinion public or to tell

fear of distressinghis friend. This was the first

of the association of diseased coronary arteries

pectoris. In a letter to Dr. Parry of Bath Jenner a

quaint account of his first case:" I was making a transverse section of the heart near

base, when my knife struck against something

as to notch it. I well remember looking up at ceiling,

was old and crumbling, conceiviing thjat some lhad

down. But on a further scrutiny the real cause the

coronaries were become bony canals."

He read a pa'per on this subject before a society of doctors,

called the"Medico-Convivial," which met at a country

at Rodboroughl. Anotlier paper of his was onlheart disease

occurring during rheumatism. Jenner was popular with hisfellow doctors and witlh hiis patients. He frequentlydays inthe houses of particular friends, especially

them were ill, carrying onhIis practice from his temporary

quarters. Educated people loved his conversatiou, he

used to encouragetlhose whomhe liked to ride witlh him

hlis rounds. Wlhen he left a patient'sliouse often some

the family would ask permission to ride home with hiimif it was midnight. His range of conversation vast; lie

was often witty, was fond of epigram,and was no mean poet;

alsohle could sing and play the violin and flute.

In 1788 Jennermaarried Miss Cathierine Kingscote,

the following year his son Edward was born,

standing as godfather. In 1792 the fatigues ever-

increasing practice 'had becom'e so great

resolved to practise solely as a physician, and accordinglyhle obtained the M.D. degree of St. Andrews.

Gardner thus described hiis appearance at this time:

"His height was rather under themi3lde size, was

robust but active and well formed. In dress he

neat.... He was dressed in a blue coat buttons,

buckskins, and well polished jockey boots with silverspurs, and he carried a smart whip with a silver hair,

after the fashion of the times, was done up in a

a broad-brimmed hat."

"Everything we know ofhimi," said Sir William Hale-White,"indicates that he was usually cheerful and sociable, very

occasionally he, was depressed, and we find him complaining

thitt he was an example of the sin of indolence.

people, being aware how much there is to do in the

times blame themselves for this."

The Great Di8covery.When as a youthi Jenner was an apprentice at Sodbury,

a young woman came to hiis master's house, and small-pox

being mentioned said at once,"

I cannot take that disease,

for I hAve had cow-pox." Thlat remark set Jenner thiinking,and afterwards hie talked about it to Hunter, whio chlarac-teristically told him, "Don't tlhink, but try,. be patient,

accurate."Whlen hie went into practice lie discussed the

question withi other doctors, whio were sceptical, for th1ey saidthlat cow-pox often did not protect froim 'smiall-pox. Tiis'difficulty Jenner overcame by finding that thie eruptions

the udders of cows were not always truecow-p-ox, that the

vesicles of cow-pox wcre not equally virulent at periods of

their development. By 1780 he believed lie was sight.

a means of completely eradicating small-pox by inoculation

witi ccow-pox. In 1789hLe inoculated his eldest withswine-poxx matter; subsequently variolous matter in-

serted, and again in two subsequent years. None these

three small-pox inoculations caused small-pox the child.

In 1796 matter was taken from the hand of Nelmes;

tTw Barn=r 1RtDICAL JOURWAS

THE JENNER CENTENARY CELEBRATIONS. [ THE BRLIJRU 205IMEDICAL JOURTCM 20

who had been infected with cow-pox by lier master's cows,and inserted into tlhe arm of James Phipps, aged 8 years.Two months later variolous matter was taken immediatelyfrom a small-pox pustule and carefully inserted by severalincisions. Days of the intensest anxiety to Jenner draggedby, but James Phipps did not have small-pox. Jenner wroteto his friend Gardner on July 19th, 1796:"As I promised let you know how I proceeded in my inquiryinto the nature of that singular disease the cow-pox, and being

fully satisfied how much you feel interested in its success, youwill begratified inhearing that I have at length accomplishedwhatI have been so long waiting for, the passing of the vaccinevirus from one human being toanother by the ordinary mode ofinoculation."A boy named Phipps was inoculated in the arm from a pustule

on the hand of a young womau who was infected by her master'scows. Having never seeu the disease but in its casual way before-that is, when communicatedfrom the cow to the hand of themilker-I was astonished at the close resemblance of the pustules,in some of their stages, tolthe variolous pustules. But now listento the most delightful part of my story. The boy has- sincebeen inoculated for the small-pox, which, as I ventured to predict,produced no effeet.- I shall now pursue my experiments withredoubled ardour."''In 1798 Jenner published his famous little book, called for

short the Inquiry. It contained the record of numerouscases. Some of them showed that persons who had had cow-pox did not get small-pox either wlhen exposed to it or wheninoculated with it; some showed that if a person bad hadsmall-poxhe was protected against cow-pox; some thatthoseinoculated with cow-pox were immune to small-pox inocula-tions, and others again that material taken from the cow-poxpustule in the human being might be used to inoculate otherhuman beings, who weretllus equallv- protected from small-pox.

World-wide Progress of Vaccination.After thepublication of his book Jenner's correspondence

left him little time for practice. Most of his contemporariesin the profession saw that a great discovery had been made,though there were a fewwlho gave trouble, for Jenner wrote:"

Brickbats andhostile weapons of every sort arefiying thickaround me"; and, "I am beset on all sides by snarlingfellows." The Inqtiry found its way to the Continent in1799. The day on which the boy Phippshad been vaccinated-May 14th-became an annual festival in Berlin. TheFrench Government offered vaccination gratuitously to all*who could not pay for it. Thanks to Lettsom, vaccinationmade its way to America. Jennerhimself offered athousandguineas towardsthe cost of getting vaccination toIndia- buthe was not called upon for this money, because De Carro ofVienna hadalready been the means of introducingi-t there.By decree of the D6wager Empress of Russia, the firt chiildin Russia to be vaccinatedwaws named Vaccinoff, and provisionWas settled on her for life.-

nMeanwhlileu,scwascliwa'sJenner's occupation wit journeys,corre3pondence, aud gratuitous vaccination that his practicedisappeared. Many persons thought he ought to be rewardedby Parliament. A petition accordingly was presented, andwas referred to a committee, which advised a grant. Thesum of £10,000 was voted in the House of Commons. Otherhonours were heaped upon him, but what he appreciatedmost- was- the praise of-members of -his own profession. SirWV. Hale-Whiite gave an account of Jenner's appearancesduring a longdeb ate, occupying several successive nights, inthe Ph'ysical Society of Guy's Hospital. On entering thetheatre hie was constantly received withi universal and rap-turous applause. A pamphlet by Johin Birch, surgeon toStt . Thomas's Hospital, and an opponent of vaccination, wasinteresting in this connexion:

"'The anniversary ofMir. Guy's Hospital was held in 1802, whereI expected to meet the professors, the medical gentlemen, -and thestudents on the same terms as usual. What was my surprise tofind that the sole business of the meeting was to begin a canvassfor names to a Petition to Parliament In support of Dr. Jenner'sbill. I refused to sign it. My surprise wasincreased afterdinnerto find that toasts and songsalnd compliments fromoe e professorto another in honour ofvaccination were the order of the day."Jenner's friends thoughttllat e would make a handsome

income if hie settled inLondon , and consequently he startedpractice at Hertford Street, Mayfair, but it was a failure.Most persons seemed to c'onsider that as hie h.ad a grant hiewas the servant of the public (althoughi the grant was notpaid fortwooyears, and when it was paid £1,000 was deductedfor expenses). After a fair trial, he relin-qished the Londonpractice and returned to Berkeley, becoming again the villagedoctor. The

London

expeerimethad costly,supporters brought before Parliament the question of a furthier

grant. The Royal College of Physicians, on the instructionof the Government, reported on the subject of vaccination in'1807, under the sign'ature of Sir- Lucas Pepys, the President,and stated that tlle truth of the practice "'seems to be estab-lished as firmly as the nature of such a question admits."As a result of this report the Chancellor of the Exchequerproposed a grant of £10,000, which, by amenidmnent in theHouse, was r'aised to £20,000, withi the fortunate conditio'n-for Jenner that it was to be free of fees.

Jenner's Last Twenty Years.--Jenner now lived- at his lhouse, 41The C.hantry," in:

Berkeley, doing the work of an ordinary-country practitioner.In the garden was an arbour in which he-used to vaccinatethe poor gratuitously. Sometimes he visited Cheltenham-and Bath, occasionally hehad the opportunity of seeingcelebrated visitors to his neighibourhood. He wasas eageras ever in the study of nature; a charming note- of his:described how moths fed upon the night-blowing primrose;He also did much work on the migration of birds. " In- nowise was he puffed up with- his fame. He remained a simple,unostentatious man, a friend of his neighbours, whomheliked to meet at dinner. He freely gave of that most valuable-of all commodities,his time; he was assiduous as a magistrate,he would listen to all callers, rich,and poor, atwhlatever timethey came to-him. He was particularly cordial to all-hisfellow practitiobers, and especially liked talkingwith the-younger oftlhem. H,is kindness to the poor was- continual.'Phipps (the subject of his vaccination experiment) became

very ill; tlherefore, asle lived in a miserable place, Jennerbuilt him a comfortable-cottage, himself stocking the- garden-with shrubs and flowers. One of the villagers showed con- -

siderable ability, whereuponJenner took him to a'MusickMeeting' at Gloucester. Indeed, as far as we can gather, heled the happy life of the perfect country doctor."

His fame continued to spread. Diplomas, honours, andaddresses were awarded to him to the number, according toBaron, of forty-seven. The freedom of the City of Londonand of five, other citiesini the kingdom was presented to hiim.He received an honorary degree from the University ofOxford. He was made physician-extraordinarv totlhe King.One great distinction was his unanimous election as aCorresponding Member of the National Institute of France;later he became one of its Foreign Associates. One interest-ing tribute came from the Indians of North America,towlhomJenner.lhad sent his book.Tppihe chiefs held am eeting tothankhim,and in their reply said:"We shall not fail to teach our children to 'speak thenam bof

Jenner, and to thanktho Great Spirit for bestowing.upon him somuch wisdom and so much benevolence. Wessend with'this belt'aud a string of wampum ln tokeni of our acceptahee of yourprecious;gift; and we beseech the Great Spiritto take care ofyou inthisworld and in'the ladSpirits."Such ,was the gratitude of- mankind.to Jenner Ahathle

attained an indluence througholut the world such, as had njewvr.been acquired before or since by a private individual. His.name was enough to obtain the release of -.some EEnglishnenimprisoned by Napoleon and by other monarchs.. Thosowhotravelled abroad were able -to dispense with passprtRts if theytook a certificate by Jenner. The European- inhabitntssfofIndia gave him £6,000 in their gratitude. Many medals were,struck inhlis honour and -many statues set up. Of hiis various,portraitsthatt byHobday was considered the best, and byt the.-great generosity of Dr. W. S. A. Griffith it had beenpreseented:to the Royal Society of Medicine. On looking at HQbday'sportrait no one would be surprised to learn that Jenner wasliable to apoplexy. His first attack took place in 1820, hislast and fatal attack on January 26th, 1823."'Usually," said Sir W. Hale-White in conclusion, twhen'a really great discovery is made it is attacked by ignoramuses,fools, knaves, and cranks. In their day they had thleir flingat Jenner, but I have not alluded to thjem, for time andJenner's fame have cast them into obscurity,whler theya adbetter stay. Nor have I given any proofs ofh th efficacy ofvaccination; this has been done over and over again....Rather have I tried to delineate the quiet, retiring countrydoctor, fond of poetry, music, and painting, beloved by thi'osewho knew him, quite unspoilt by fame suclh as hlas fallen tovery few, a grea-t natura-list, thle friend of Hunter, a manwho would have been known as a pioneer pathiologist if hohad publishied his observations, who by patient 'thoughit andobservation, extending over many years, arrived at a discoverywhich not only told us how -to banish one of the greatestscourges of mankind, but thie principle of wlich Las 'sincebeen applied equally successfully to other diseases."

a

FBB. 3, 1I23]

CELEBRATIONS.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Sir ANTHONY BOWLBY proposed a vote of thanks to Sir

William Hale-White for hiis address. Without entering toodeeply into statistics, Sir William had made plain the ravagesof small-pox in the pre-vaccination era. At a time when thepopulation of England was only about seven millions thedeatlhs from small-pox were said to amount to 44,000 a year.It was evident also from the way in which Jenner's discoverywas acclaimed in all countries that the disease must havebeen extraordinarily prevalent almost all over the world.Sometimes, when he looked at pictures which illustratedsociety beauties of 150 years ago, le thought there was notmnuch to be said for their features; but tlie explanationprobably was that the population was so largely pockmarkedthat almost any woman who had an unsullied complexionwas distinguished among her sisters, and, given passablecharms, ranked as a beauty. Sir William HaleWhllite lhadalluded very briefly to the fact that the British army wasspared small-pox in the late war. One of the striking thingsin the medical history of the war was that there was lhardlya zymotic disease wlhich did not make its appearance at onetime or another in one part or another of the war area ofFrance and Belgium; but there-was only one case of re-puted small-pox, and that turned out not to be small-pox at all. When-th Nortl Midland Division came out toFrance it was discovered that it included 8,000 unvacci-Dated men.. These men lhad coma from areas, like Leicesterand- Derby, where there had been much antivaccina-tion propaoanda, and the authorities had a goodc deal ofanxiety. before tlhcsemen were put intothe line. It wassupposed that theorder for vaccna-

tion might gi ve,

trouble, but actually-thlere was none.; itwas put to thle menthat it Would be

assumed b y t h ecommand that any.-body who was

afraid of being vacd-cinated was afraid

of fighting; where-,upon all the men

we r e vaccinated.P'asteur was borna m o n t 11 before TEIE JENNER MEMORIALJenner died; itseemed as though one great spirit had lhanded on the torchof- science to another great spirit; and the greatness ofmind of a great man was brought out in Pasteur's state-ment that to Jenner and not to himself slhould be giventhe credit for the discovery of tlle attenuated virus.- It.was at Pasteur's request that the name of vaccine,"instead of some new name, was given generally to the matterintroduced in preventive inocalations against other diseases.

Dr. R. J. REJCE, C.B. (Senior Medical Officer, Ministry of -

Health), seconded the vote of thanks, and referred to the fact.that th6e Section of Epidemiology and State Medicine, ofwhichl lie was president,, awarded a Jenner medal on occasionto distinguished epideiniologists. Dr. Reece mentioned thathis father was vaccinated by Edward Jenner himself.The vote of thanks was accorded by acclamation.

THE JENNER MEIMORIAL MEDAL.THE Jenner Memorial Medal lhere illustrated was foundedby tlle Epidemiological Society at a meeting held on May 15th,1896, one lhundred years and p.ne day after the date on wlhichEdward Jenner performed his first vaccination. The desireof the society was to commemorate a discovery attended withsuch brilliant results in the direction of preventive inoculationand to promote epidemiological research.The award of the medal was not to be restricted to British

subjects. An appeal was made to the profession to contri-bute to the cost, and subscriptions were received from allparts of the world. The medal was designed by Mr. AllanIVyon, F.S.A., under 4he advice of a committee, of whichSir Shirley Murphy was president. On the obverse of themedal is a three-quarter face portrait of Edward Jenner,with the inscription "Edward Jenner, M.D., F.R.S, born 1749,died 1823," and on-the reverse a representation of the earth,

such as is enaraved on the diplomas of the society, surroundedby the following inscription: "Centenary of VaccinationCelebrated 1896. For Work of Great Merit. EpidemiologicalSociety of London. Venienti Occurrite Morbo." The nameof the medallist and the date of tlle award are inserted onthe rim of the medal. Since the Epidemiological Societv hasbeen merged in the Royal Society of Medicine the medal hasbeen bestowed on tlle recommendation of the Section ofEpidemiology and State Medicine.

Thle persons the pre-eminence of whose work in the preven-tion and control of epidemic disease lhas been recognized inthis way are: 1898, Sir William Henry Power, K.C.B., F.R.S.;1902, Professor A. Laveran; 1912, Sir Patrick Manson,G.C.M.G., M.D., F.R.S.; 1921, Sir Shirley Murphly, K.B.E.,F.R.C.S.; 1922, John C. McVail, M.D., LL.D., F.R.F.P.S.G.

THE JENNER RELICS.,MR. C. J. S. THOMPSON, of the Welloome Historical Museum,kindly placed on view a collection of relics and exliibitsconnected with Jenner. Thley included many articles ofmuch personal and hiistorical interest. Among personalbelongings tllere were Jenner's walking-stick, eyeglasses,snuff-box, seal vith crest, medicine cabinet, cupping glass,vaccine points cut from a quill, lancets, visiting lbook, note-book, and prescription b3ok. The walking-stick has at thetop thle old-faslhioned cavity for camphor, protected by aperforated screw lid. Thiere were also medals (one presented

to Jenner by Sacco',diplomas, addressesfholograph let1ters,

and poirtraits. Two

locks of his hiairwerepreserved- one, at

55 years old, darkbrown, the other,taken at hiis death,mixed withi gr'ey but.by no means white.Neither seemed- to

* _' correspond veryclosely Withl the

colour of hair in tlheHobday portrait ex-

hibited in the lec-ture hall. Manyold books relatina

MEDAL: FOUNDED 1896 to small - pox andvacCination were on

view. His own works of course were amona tlhem, andincluded --both' editions of the Inquiry, the first dedi-cated to Dr. -Parry of Bath, and the second to the King.Other writers -epresented were Dimsdale, Haygartlh (hisSketch of a plan to exterminate the 8mall-pox), Aitken,Willan, Moore, Ceely, and Bousquet. The coloured caricaturesand -cartoons of the early controversies made a large dis-play, and illustrated the old predictions about the lhumancountenance being chanaed by vaccination into the visageof a cow, and tie new and undreamt-of diseases producedby cow-pox.The exllibition was particularly rich in illnstzaLions

of the day-to-day appearances of the development and'decline of tlle vaccine vesicle. Among them was a copy7 of

the plate in Aitken's little book wwhich was sold in thousandsand helped to teach the protession the characters of -thevaccine vesicle as distinguished from the "nlmother pustule"of small-pox inoculation with which they were alreadyfamiliar. The exhibits included the original Kirtland plateslent by Dr. G. W. Collins, who, between tlhirty and fortyyears ago, found them on an old baokstall. They werereproduced in the Jenner Number of the BRITISH ME DICALJOURNAL in 1896, and for convenience the Wellcome Exlhibi-tion has placed tlle reproductions in framed cases so that thle.whole course of vaccinia and inoculated variola can be con-trasted from beginning to end. The differences between th6etwo processes are so great as to be unmistakable.The Jenner relics and exhibits shown at the house of the

Royal Society of -Medicine have now been removed to tleWelleome Historical Exhibition, 54a, Wigmore Street, wherethey will remain on view- for a time, along witlh manyarticles wllich were too bulky for conveyance to thespecial display on the occasion of Sir William Hale-White'saddress.

r Tux Bamm|tDICAL JOUwitA

2o6 FEB- 3, '19231 THE JENNER CENTENARY CELEB-RATIONS.