cbse plus two

8/10/2019 CBSE plus two

1/20

THE

B

PSBB

OODGL

MIL

IOLOGY

P

COSET

1

ENN

INVESTIG

ROJECT

LERAN

IUM

ATORY

E:ACAS

S

CH

ESTUDY

ISUVET

12

A

12128

OL

ASRI.S.


2/20

2


3/20

3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my sincere thanks to our Principal Mrs. Sita

Umamaheshwaranwhoseconstant supportandguidancehas steered

usalong

way.

Iam

deeply

grateful

to

our

biology

teacher

Mrs.

V.T.R.S.

Gayathri and Mrs. Deepa Menon whose tips and supervision on the

studyhashelpedmealot.IwoulddefinitelythankmygrandfatherMr.

S.Sekaronwhommycasestudy isbasedupon.Aspecialmention to

myparentswhosebacking and encouragementhas helpedme finish

myprojectsuccessfully.


4/20

4

WHYICHOSETHISTOPIC?

Thesweetdevil,as itmayseemoxymoronic, istrulymeaningful in its

sense that sweets can takeus toundulating ridesduring the lifetime

especiallyfor

the

old

aged.

Being

the

most

prevalent

disorder

for

not

only people above 60 years, but for almost all age groups diabetes

holdstherecordforhighestincidenceinIndia.Type2diabeteswhichis

insulin independent can be kept under controlwith proper diet and

exerciseandotherlifestylehabits.Havingsuchaneasycureandcontrol

toaconditionthatisthreateningtheentirecountry,Ithoughtgivingit

a mention and focusing on it, shall be interesting to take up as a

project.


5/20


6/20

INTRO

The

sipho

name

passin

In 16

comm

theur

glucos

"sipho

DUCTIO

ord Dia

n. Aret

the

c

toomu

5, Tho

nlyrefe

ine and

is sw

ningoff

etes, t

s, a Gr

ndition

chwater

as Willi

rredtos

bloodof

et like

weetwa

kes its

ek phys

iabainei

(polyuri

added

implyas

people

oney. D

ter".

6

roots fr

ician dur

.He

d

) likea

mellitus

diabetes

ithdia

iabetes

om Gre

ing the

scribed

siphon.

to the

.Mel in

etesha

mellitus

ce whe

second c

patients

term, al

atinme

excess

could lit

re it m

entury

who

though i

ns"hon

lucose,

erally m

ans

.D.,

ere

t is

ey";

and

ean


7/20

7

Medically referred to as diabetes mellitus, it describes a group of

metabolicdiseases inwhich thepersonhashighbloodglucose (blood

sugar),eitherbecauseinsulinproductionisinadequate,orbecausethe

body'scells

do

not

respond

properly

to

insulin,

or

both.

The

former

referstotype1ofdiabeteswhichcontributesonly10%ofthosewith

diabetesworldwide.The latter thatpertains to type2ofdiabetes, is

mostprevalentwith90%ofthepeoplediagnosedwithdiabetesallover

the world. Patients with high blood sugar will typically experience

polyuria (frequent urination), they will become increasingly thirsty

(polydipsia)andhungry(polyphagia).


8/20

8

Type 1 of diabetes is referred to as insulindependent diabetes,

juvenilediabetes,orearlyonsetdiabetes.Peopleusuallydevelopthis

typebeforetheir40thyear,ofteninearlyadulthoodorteenageyears.

Patientswith

type

1diabetes

will

need

to

take

insulin

injections

for

the

restoftheirlife.Theymustalsoensureproperbloodglucoselevelsby

carryingoutregularbloodtestsandfollowingaspecialdiet.

Type2ofdiabetes is typicallyaprogressivedisease itgraduallygets

worse and the patient mostly ends up taking in insulin, usually in

tabletform.


9/20

9

Overweight andobesepeoplehave amuchhigher riskofdeveloping

type2diabetescomparedtothosewithahealthybodyweight.Being

overweight/obese causes the body to release chemicals that can

destabilizethebody'scardiovascularandmetabolicsystems.

Being

overweight,

physically

inactive

and

eating

the

wrong

foods

all

contribute to our risk of developing type 2 diabetes.A recent report

stated thatdrinkingjustonecanof (nondiet) sodaperdaycan raise

our riskofdeveloping type 2diabetesby22%,The scientistsbelieve

that the impactofsugarysoftdrinksondiabetesriskmaybeadirect

one,ratherthansimplyaninfluenceonbodyweight.

Theriskofdevelopingtype2diabetesisalsogreateraswegetolder.It

isnot

known

why,

but

it

is

said

that

as

we

age

we

tend

to

put

on

weight

andbecomelessphysicallyactive.Thosewithacloserelativewhohave

had type 2 of diabetes, people ofMiddle Eastern, African, or South

Asiandescentalsohaveahigherriskofdevelopingthedisease.


10/20

10

Menwhose testosterone levels are low have been found to have a

higherriskofdevelopingtype2diabetes.

Excessivethirst isamajorsymptomofhighbloodsugars.Othermajor

symptomsinclude

dry

mouth,

increased

hunger

(especially

after

eating), frequent urination, fatigue, unexplainedweight loss, blurred

vision, andheadaches. These symptoms are all causedbyhighblood

sugar.Other symptoms of type 2 diabetesmay include slowhealing

wounds, itching,numbnessandtinglingofthehandsand feet,weight

gain,frequentyeastinfections,andimpotency.

Beforepeople

develop

type

2diabetes,

they

almost

always

have

"prediabetes"bloodglucose levelsthatarehigherthannormalbut

notyethighenoughtobediagnosedasdiabetes.

Doctorssometimesrefertoprediabetesas impairedglucosetolerance

(IGT) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG), depending onwhat testwas

usedwhenitwasdetected.Thisconditionputsyouatahigherriskfor

developingtype2diabetesandcardiovasculardisease.


11/20

11


12/20

12

Many a times the terms diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus

mislead us to the thought that they refer to the same condition.

However, they are completely different.Diabetes insipidus is a rare

conditionthat

arises

due

to

the

lack

of

sufficient

release

of

the

Antidiuretichormone(ADH).Itmayalsobeduetothekidneysthatare

unresponsive to thishormone. Inboth thesecases, there isexcessive

loss of water and fluid through frequent urination and the body

demands extraordinarily large amounts of water to compensate the

lossoffluids.However,itisnotharmfulenoughtoendangerapersons

health.


13/20

13

Medicationsandtreatmentusedforcuringdiabetes:

Type2usuallylastsalifetime;however,somepeoplehavemanagedto

getridof theirsymptomswithoutmedication, throughacombination

ofexercise,

diet

and

body

weight

control.

Newdrugsandtypesofinsulinhavemadetreatmentbetter.

DPP4 inhibitorsinclude the oral drugs that protect a natural

compound in the body GLP1 from breaking down. GLP1

helpslowerbloodglucose.

Incretin

mimetic

or

GLP

analogs

include

the

injected

drugs

that

usethebody'sownsignalingsystemtoboostinsulinaftermeals.

Sodiumglucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitorswork by

blocking glucose from being reabsorbed by the kidneys. That

raisestheamountofglucoseurinated,andlowerstheamountof

glucoseintheblood.

Other

drugs

include

an

injectable

synthetic

hormone

that

helps

lowerblood sugar aftermeals inpeoplewithdiabeteswhouse

insulin.

Combination drugshavemade a difference. Theyjoin different

medications in one pillwhich cuts down the number of pills a

personhas to take.There canbedrawbacks.They tend to cost

more than genericdrugs. They can alsomake itharder to fine

tunethetreatment.

Newtypesofinsulinallowsomepeopletotakejustoneinjection

oflongactinginsulineachday.


14/20

14

Future medications.Other classes of medication are in

development. One type doesn't affect insulin, unlike most

diabetesdrugs.Itblocksthebodyfromreabsorbingglucosefrom

urine.


15/20

15

THEORY

A question may arise What is the exact metabolism behind this

condition?Theprocessgoeslikethis.

Thefoodwhichweeat,rich incarbohydrate isconverted intoglucose

and other monosaccharides which serve as the sources for all the

energyandgrowth.Thebrokendowncarbohydrate glucose,thengets

into thebloodstream toreach thecellsofourbody. It isat thispoint

that the roleof insulinbecomescrucial for themaintenanceofblood

glucoselevel.

Thepancreas

endocrine

part

possesses

acluster

of

cells

called

Islets

of

Langerhansthatsensethepresenceofsugarintheblood.Inthiscluster

of cells, there exists a group of cells called the beta cells that are

responsibleforthesecretionofthehormoneinsulin.

Itisonlyinthepresenceofinsulinthatthecellscantakeuptheglucose

present in the bloodstream and utilize it for energy. Thus, in the


16/20

16

presenceofinsulin,thecellsabsorbglucosefrombloodandtheblood

glucose levelsdrop. It is thus in the absenceof insulinor if the cells

havebecome resistant anddonot respondproperly to the releaseof

insulinby

pancreas

that

the

condition

diabetes

arises.

This

condition

whereinthebloodglucose levelsarehighistermedashyperglycemia.

Aconditionhypoglycemiaariseswhenthe levelofglucose inblood is

extremely low (


17/20

17

The skeletalmuscle is responsible for ~80% ofwhole body glucose

uptake in insulinstimulated conditions and thus it is an important

tissuewherein there can be possible defects in insulin signaling and

action.

This is a brief overview of the lipid carbohydrate metabolism that

occursininsulinstimulatedconditions.


18/20

18

CASESTUDY:

NAME :S.SEKAR

AGE

:

72

WEIGHT :55KGS.

DIAGNOSEDWITH :TYPE2OFDIABETESMELLITUS

BLOODSUGARLEVEL:

a)

Randombloodsugarlevel:192mg/dL

b)

Before

food

:

151mg/dL

c)Afterfood:209mg/dL

FOODHABITS:

Descriptionforadailybaseddiet:

Breakfast rich in carbohydrates, intake of sufficient food

every2hours,consumptionofchocolateseveryday,partial

control over other sweets, limited food for dinner mainly

riceand

wheat.

Frequent inclusionof spinach,green vegetables,otherwise

intakeoffatandproteinisless.

EXERCISE:Regularwalking forhalfanhour to45minutes in the

evening.

MEDICATION:DosageofGlyciphage500and850mgbeforeand

afterfood

respectively

at

an

interval

of

4hours.

MEDICALHISTORY:Underwentabypasssurgerybefore10years

FAMILYHISTORY:Hisfatherwasalsodiagnosedwithdiabetesbut

wasnotunderanymedicationandlaterhadparalysis.


19/20


20/20

BIBLI

GRAPH

CERTte

ww.dia

ww.dia

ww.me

Show Desktop.

tofbiol

etes.org

etesindi

icalnew

scf

gyforcl

.com

today.or

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