catiav5 report 3d design

7/27/2019 CatiaV5 Report 3d design

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PARAMETRIC CADTECH DESIGN CENTRE CHANDIGARH

TRAINING REPORTON

CATIA

SUBMITTEDBY

VIKAS MODIR.NO. 01-ME-1081

BRCM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGYBAHAL (BHIWANI).


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COMPANY PROFILE

Parametric Cadtech is Fourteen year old organization, a pioneer in

CAD/CAM/CAE industry offering complete solutions from Conceptual /

Product Design to Tool Design and manufacturing.

Our Research and development center is equipped with P-III workstations

and uses state of art software of CAD/CAM/CAE for computer aided

styling, designing, analysis, simulation and prototyping of various models of

Mechanical components.

Parametric Cadtech has executed projects on Design & Development of

Foundry Tooling for Automobile Components, Process sheets of

Transmission Components (Gears, Wheel Shafts, Clutch Shafts etc.),

Analysis of Chassis of Truck, Analysis of Bus Body Structure, 3-D

Modeling, Part & Assembly Drawings of CNC Machines, Exploded View

creation of CNC Machines, Design of Core setting Fixture, Mold Design of

Kidney Tray etc.


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Scope of CAD/CAM/CAE

Integrated CAD/CAM/CAE Softwares like Pro/Engineer, I-DEAS &

CATIA help manufacturers optimize product concept early in Design

process, enabling them to significantly improve product quality, while

reducing product development time and cost

Moreover people having 3D CAD/CAM/CAE knowledge have better

chances of growth, immediate employability after completion of course,

graduation and chances of jobs abroad.

As the market economy opens more and more it has become extremely

competitive and with this state of economy, skilled people play the most

important role in organization. Hence it becomes imperative on the part of

top Tool Room Training centers and Engg. Colleges to especially look for

new initiatives towards improving the skills and knowledge of students.

An emerging trend of Engg. Education in Tool Room and the world is the

rapid incrementation of CAD/CAM/CAE software as an essential part of

curriculum.

The primary reasons for this trend are enumerated as follows:


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Rapid shift from manual Design and Production system of Engg. Industry

to highly productive quality and cost effective CAD/CAM/CAE system.

In fact most of Tool and Die, Automotive, Heavy Engg., Industrial

Equipment industry etc. in India and the World are totally working on

CAD/CAM/CAE equipment. In continuation in above points many of

companies as recruiters are looking at CAD/CAM/CAE knowledge as

part of essential profile of recruiting students.

Knowledge of CAD/CAM/CAE system shall be an added weapon for

students seeking admission to post graduate M.S. courses and jobsabroad.

These CAD/CAM/CAE systems shall prove to be an excellent tool for

Industry, Research setup for Professors and Academically Bent Students.

The question, Which are the industries that need more skilled man power

and what for these segments skill sets are available, such of these

segments are:

Tool Room Process M/C Heavy Engg. Industries

M/C Tool Defence

Automobile Auto Ancillaries


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WORKING WITH CAD/CAM/CAE TECHNOLOGY

Essentially design is a decision making process where the discretion and

knowledge of the designer play a great role. While man still finally controls

decision-making, the computer has served to ease the designers task.

MASTERMODELER

CAD CAM CAE

TOOL PATH

GENERATION

SIMULATION

SHEET METAL

DESIGN

MOLD

DESIGN

PIPE

DESIGN

STATIC ANALYSIS

(WHEN BODY IS IN

STATE OF REST)

KINEMATICS ANALYSIS

(WHEN BODY IS IN

STATE OF MOTION)


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Geometric modeling

Design involves the development of the shape and dimensions of acomponent. During designing several factors are to be considered

simultaneously. Some of them are stress requirements, method of

manufacture. Geometric modeling is the first step in CAD. A geometric

model is created on the screen using different techniques. Once creating this

model can be easily altered in geometry and configuration to yield a

satisfactory shape. The next step is deciding on the exact dimensions. The

results of geometric modeling will further be use by CAM in the preparation

of NC tapes for the component.

Engineering Analysis

The most important function of CAD is engineering analysis.

Engineering analysis basically involves deciding the exact dimensions of the

component. These values have to be arrived at by analyzing the component

in terms of the loads it has to withstand in function. CAD provides

sophisticated method like the finite element technique. Unsatisfactory design

may require several iteration of the whole process. The computer scores over

the human in its capabilities of rapid information retrieval, numerical

processing and repeating a process without fatigue.

Simulation

Simulation, in the CAD/CAM context, means duplicating on thevideo screen a replica of the actual physical situation the designed

component is likely to be in. for instance, an aeroplane will be subjected to

wind loads. In the conventional method, the aeroplane will be tested in a

wind tunnel using a prototype. This is an expensive and inflexible process,

expensive because of the physical construction of the wind tunnel and the

prototype, inflexible because it may not be possible to test various sizes and

shape under a set of test condition. Computer simulation gets rid of boththese limitations. It involves the testing of a graphic model whose size and

shape can be varied at will. Computer simulation does not completely do

away with prototype testing. A near perfect shape can be determined using

simulation, which can later be tested with a prototype under test conditions.


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Drafting

The logical step would be to produce a drawing of the component. A

drawing is dispensable for the production of the component. Not only the

components designed by engineering analysis, but also complex layouts,assemblies can be created interactively and plotted in about one tenth of the

normal time. Automated drafting has resulted in enormous productivity

gains in terms of time, labour and expenses.


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System Design Cycle(Conventional Design cycle)

For solving any design problem or engineering problem, the

general procedure may be followed.

RECOGNITION OF A NEED

SPECIFICATION ANDREQUIREMENTS

FEASIBILITY STUDY

CREATIVE DESIGNSYNTHESIS

PRELIMINARY DESIGNAND DEVELOPEMENT

DETAILED DESIGN

PROTOTYPE BUILDING

AND TESTING

DESIGN FOR PRODUCTION

PRODUCT RELEASE


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Need analysis

This aspect of design can have its origin in many numbers of sources.

Customer reports on the product function and quality may force a redesign.

The starting point of a design project is a hypothetical need which may have

been observed in socio-economic scene. The need may be existing or may

not yet exist, but the evidence may be existing that the need is latent. The

following points will help at this stage:

1. Study the nature of the need.

2. Establish the need reasonably well to the extent possible.

3. Make primitive statement of need.

4. Do reconnaissance study with respect to qualitative and

quantitative aspects.

Specification and requirement

Once a need has been established, its requirements must be

carefully spelled out. Very often the specifications are stated in such general

terms as to indicate that the consumer has only a vague idea of what he

wants. In these requirements design and performance requirements are

carefully stated. Also, the specifications are prepared keeping in mind the

production competence and capability of the company.

Feasibility study

Once the problems need has been established and the

specifications have been prepared, accepted and submitted, the feasibility

study is done. The purpose of this study is to check the possibility of success

or failure of the purposed project both from technical and economic

standpoint. In this study, various questions are to be answered.1. Is any natural law being defied?

2. Are some of the specifications beyond what is technically

available at present?

3. Is there any dependence on source materials?

4. Will the cost of the end product be too high?


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The persons doing the feasibility study will be the engineers with strong

design background, knowledge of engineering science, a good knowledge of

material usage, knowledge of production methods and requirements of the

sales department.

Creative design syntesis

Once the feasibility of the design is established, the creative

design synthesis has to be done. Here, the designer can act as engineer,

inventor, artist all in one, because now he is called upon to create.

The quantities of the new design will be:

1. The quality of newness or uniqueness.

2. Things, which are either useful or appreciated, are called creative.

Creative things are sometimes either purposeful or beautiful or

both.3. The third quality in the design solution will be that it will have

simplicity. A solution having the qualities of newness and useful or

appreciated but complex would not be known as a creative solution.

Preliminary design & devolopement

After the process of creativity design is complete, there will be one

or more possible designs that satisfy the given set of specifications and

requirements. It then becomes necessary to decide which of the solutions tochoose for the preliminary design and development stage. Note, this stage is

primarily concerned with checking the validity of the functional and overall

size requirements of the specifications.

The stages of the preliminary design can be summarized as below:

1. Selection of the most useful solution from the several suggested

solutions.

2. Formulation of useful model preferably mathematical for this

selected solution.

3. Analysis of this model.

4. Prediction of performance.

5. Preparing layout of the selected solution, making a check for its

function.


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Detalied design

Many designers often miss many of the activities of the detailed design

phase of the design process, particularly for smaller jobs, because so much

of the detailing in the sense of component design is already done in the

preliminary design phase. This phase of the design work consists of two

major activities:

(1) Detailing the parts, component and their assembly.

(2) Going into sufficient details of manufacture in implementing the

design.

The second phase as indicated earlier requires a good knowledge of

manufacturing process. The method of manufacturing should be such that

the following are avoided.

(1) Heavy weight of material(2) Reclamping of work

(3) Special purpose tools

(4) Finishing operations

Prototype building &testing

After completing all the details, the sub-assemblies and assembly

drawings including the materials and parts list, the completed design is sent

to the prototype or model shop for fabrication. At this juncture the parts arefabricated, commercial components are purchased, and the machine or

system, after having been assembled, is ready for evolution and testing. This

testing can help in:

1. Producing acceptable performance

2. To generate new design information

3. To develop improved design concepts

4. To increase validity of the results.

Design for production

In addition to being functionally sound, a product must have sales

appeal and must be competitive in price. In order for a product to be made

economically, it must be designed so that the most appropriate material and

processes will be utilized. This is called design for production. For large

scale manufacturing, any of these processes may be more economical than

individual part machining.


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DIFFERENT TYPES OF CAD/CAM SOFTWARE

1. INTEGRATED CAD/CAM SYSTEM - Pro/engineer, I-DEAS

CATIA, UNIGRAPHICS are integrated CAD/CAM system. We can

do design/ analysis/ generation of tool path in same environment.

2. Point/Standalone solution- Softwares, which give only one solution

out of DESIGN, MANUFACTURING & ANALYSIS are called

point solution software. Like AUTO-CAD gives only drafting

solution, master cam gives manufacturing solution& ANSYS,

NASTRAN, ADAMS, ABAQUS gives only analysis solution.

CAD tools required to support the design process

Design phase Required CAD tools

Design Conceptualization Geometric modeling techniques; graphic

aids, manipulations, and visualization

Design modeling and simulation same as above;animation; assembliesSpecial modeling packages

Design analysis analysis packages; customized programsAnd packages

Design optimization Customized application; structuralOptimizations

Dsign evaluation Dimensioning erances; bill of materials;

NC

Design communication and documantation drafting and detailing; shaded images


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THE CAD/CAM MARKET TRENDS

The Cad/Cam market has always been in a state of flux since it began. The

emergence of microcomputer and engineering workstation have contributed

to the decline in price which make CAD/CAM systems more affordable by

small businesses. In current dollars the average yearly growth is 21 percent

per year. Growth is expected to decline over the seven-year in 1985 to 17

percent per year in1992.

Traditional turnkey systems will continue to be soled but not at the rate seen

in the past . these will be aimed at the project group which works togetheratthe drafting and drawing archival environment, and the other where shering

a system does not sereuesly impeded the productivity of coworkers.Turnkey

system will continue to offer high level of software and peripheral capability

and can be equipped with the same types of software tools and graphics

terminals as their stand alone workstation counter parts.

The relative ranking of top three industries are expected to be system

vary.the fastest growth is seen in construction,electronics , and chemicals

market sagment . the rapid growth in construction is due to the combination

of a relatively small installed base and the development of CAD/CAMtechnology to a point where construction can productively use it on a large

scale.


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Why industries switch towards 3-d technology

Because 3-d model is centreled to all the activities pertaining to

analysis,manufacturing,product concept& customer requirements.


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1 SKETCHER

The Sketch tools toolbar provides the following options commands:

Snap to Point

Construction/Standard Element

Geometrical Constraints

Dimensional Constraints

Value fields (Sketch tools toolbar)

Snap to PointIf activated, this option makes your sketch begin or end on the

points of the grid. As you are sketching the points are snapped to

the intersection points of the grid. Note that this option is also

available in the Tools->Options, Mechanical Design -> Sketcheroption at the left of the dialog box (Sketcher tab).

Construction/Standard ElementsYou can create two types of elements: standard elements and construction elements.Note that creating standard or construction elements is based upon the samemethodology. If standard elements represent the most commonly created elements, onsome occasions, you will have to create a geometry just to facilitate your design.Construction elements aim at helping you in sketching the required profile.

Click the Construction/Standard Element option command from the Sketch tools

toolbar so that the elements you are now going to create be either standard orconstruction element.

As construction elements are not taken into account when creating features, note thatthey do not appear outside the Sketcher.When they are not used anymore, construction elements are automatically removed.Note that in the case ofhexagons, construction element type is automatically used forsecondary circles. This type of sketch is interesting in that it simplifies the creation andthe ways in which it is constrained. Setting a radius constraint on the second circle isenough to constrain the whole hexagon.


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Geometrical Constraints

When selected, the Geometrical Constraint option command

allows forcing a limitation between one or more geometry

elements.

Dimensional ConstraintsWhen selected, the Dimensional Constraint option command allows forcing

a dimensional limitation on one or more profile type elements provided you

use the value fields in the Sketch tools toolbar for creating this profile.


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Value Fields (Sketch tools toolbar)

The values of the elements you sketch appear in the Sketch tools toolbar asyou move the cursor. In other words, as you are moving the cursor, the

Horizontal (H), Vertical (V), Length (L) and Angle (A) fields display the

coordinates corresponding to the cursor position.You can also use these fields for entering the values of your choice. In the followingscenario, you are going to sketch a line by entering values in the appropriate fields.

Using ColorsTwo types of colors may be applied to sketched elements. These two types

of colors correspond to colors illustrating:

Graphical propertiesColors that can be modified. These colors can therefore be modified using the contextualmenu (Properties option and Graphic tab).ORConstraint diagnosticsColors that represent constraint diagnostics are colors that are imposed to elementswhatever the graphical properties previously assigned to these elements and inaccordance with given diagnostics. As a result, as soon as the diagnostic is solved, theelement is assigned the color as defined in the Properties dialog box (Graphic tab).

COLORS and GRAPHICAL PROPERTIES

Grey: Construction ElementElements that are internal to, and only visualized by, the sketch. These elements areused as positioning references. These elements cannot be visualized in the 3D andtherefore cannot be used to generate solid primitives.

Yellow: Non Modifiable ElementFor example, use edges. These elements cannot be modified, graphically speaking.

Red Orange: Selected Element

A subgroup of elements actually selected (the Select icon is similarly active).

COLORS and DIAGNOSTICSSOLUTION:

White: Under-Constrained ElementThe geometry has been constrained: all the relevantdimensions are satisfied but there are still some degrees offreedom remaining.

Add constraints.


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Creating a sketch

To create a sketch, you have several possibilities: Select Start -> Mechanical Design -> Sketcher from the menu bar.

Select the Sketch with Absolute Axis Definition icon and specify the

reference plane, and the origin and orientation of the axis system. This enablesyou to create a positioned sketch. This is the recommended method for creatinga sketch, as it enables you to define explicitly the position of the axis system and

ensures associativity with the 3D geometry.

Editing an existing sketch

To edit an existing sketch, you have several possibilities: Double-click the sketch or an element of the sketch geometry, either in the

geometry area or in the specification tree.

To do this from the 3D, right-click the sketch in the specification tree, point to

[sketch name] object in the contextual menu, and then select Edit.

Sketching Simple Profiles

The Sketcher workbench provides a set of functionalities for creating 2D geometry andmore precisely pre-defined profiles.

As soon as a profile is created, it appears in the specification tree.Note that if you position the cursor outside the zone that is allowed for creating a given

element, the symbol appears.

Create a profile

Use the Sketch tools toolbar or click to define lines and arcs

which the profile may be made of.

Create a rectangleUse the Sketch tools toolbar or click the rectangle extremity

points one after the other.

Create a circle

Use the Sketch tools toolbar or click to define the circle center

and then one point on the circle.


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Create a three point circle

Use the Sketch tools toolbar or click to define the circle start

point, second point and end point one after the other.

Create a circle using coordinates

Use the Circle Definition dialog box to define the circle center

point and radius.

Create a tri-tangent circle

Click three elements one after the other to create a circle made

of three tangent constraints.

Create an arc

Use the Sketch tools toolbar or click to define the arc center and then the arc start

point and end point.

Create a three point arc

Use the Sketch tools toolbar or click to define the arc start point,

second point and end point one after the other.

Create a three point arc (using limits)

Use the Sketch tools toolbar or click to define the arc start point,

end point and second point one after the other.

Create a spline

Click the points through which the spline will go.Connect elements

Click the points through which the spline will go.

Create an ellipse

Use the Sketch tools toolbar or click to define the ellipse center,

major semi-axis and minor semi-axis endpoints one after the

other.

Create a parabolaClick the focus, apex and then the parabola two extremity points.

Create a hyperbola

Click the focus, center and apex, and then the hyperbola two

extremity points.

Create a conic


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Click the desired points and excentricity for creating an ellipse,

a circle, a parabola or a hyperbola, using tangents, if needed.

Create a lineUse the Sketch tools toolbar or click the line first and second points.

Create an infinite lineUse the Sketch tools toolbar or click the infinite line first and

second points.

Create a bi-tangent line

Click two elements one after the other to create a line that is

tangent to these two elements.

Create a bisecting lineClick two lines.

Create a symmetrical extensionUse the Sketch tools toolbar or click the center point and then

the extremity point of a line that is a symmetrical extension to

an existing one.

Create an axisUse the Sketch tools toolbar or click the axis first and second points.

Create a point

Use the Sketch tools toolbar or click the point horizontal and

vertical coordinates.Create a point using coordinates

Enter in the Point Definition dialog box cartesian or polar coordinates.

Create an equidistant point

Enter in the Equidistant Point Definition dialog box the number

and spacing of the points to be equidistantly created on a line or

a curve-type element.

Create a point using intersection

Create one or more points by intersecting curve type elementsvia selection.

Create a point using projection

Create one or more points by projecting points onto curve type

elements.


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Performing Operations on ProfilesThe Sketcher workbench provides a set of functionalities for performing operations onprofiles. Note that you can either click on a profile or use the Sketch tools toolbar.

Create corners

Create a rounded corner (arc tangent to two curves) between

two lines using trimming operation.

Create chamfers

Create a chamfer between two lines using trimming operation.

Trim elements

Trim two lines (either one element or all the elements)

Trim multiple elements

Trim a few elements using a curve type element.

Break and trim

Quickly delete elements intersected by other Sketcher elements

using breaking and trimming operation.

Close elements

Close circles, ellipses or splines using relimiting operation.

Complement an arc (circle or ellipse)Create a complementary arc.

Break elements

Break a line using a point on the line and then a point that does not belong to theline.

Create symmetrical elements

Repeat existing Sketcher elements using a line, a construction line or an axis.

Setting ConstraintsYou can set geometrical and dimensional constraints on various types of elements.

Create quick dimensional/geometrical constraints

Set constraints on elements or between two or three elements.

The constraints are in priority dimensional. Use the contextual


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menu to get other types of constraints and to position this

constraint as desired. Define constraint measure direction

Define the measure direction as you create a dimensional constraint.

Create contact constraintsApply a constraint with a relative positioning that can be

compared to contact. You can either select the geometry or the

command first. Use the contextual menu if you want to insert

constraints that are not those created in priority. Modify constraint definition

Double-click a constraint a modify the definition using the

Constraint Definition dialog box.

Create constraints using a dialog boxSet various geometrical constraints between one or more

elements using a dialog box and if needed, multi-selection.Modify constraints on/between elements

Edit geometrical constraints defined on elements or between

elements either in the Sketcher or in the 3D area.

Autoconstrain a group of elements

Detects possible constraints between selected elements and

imposes these constraints once detected.

Animate constraints

Assign a set of values to the same angular constraint and

examine how the whole system is affected.

When creating your constraint, remember that a green constraint is a valid constraint bydefault. Conversely, a yellow constraint indicates that the definition is not valid.

When you position the cursor on constraint symbols, the software calls your

attention on the elements involved in the constraint system.


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2 Part Design

The Part Design workbench document is divided into:

the specification tree

the geometry area

specific toolbars : refer to Part Design Workbench a number of contextual commands available in the specification tree and in the

geometry. Remember that these commands can also be accessed from themenu bar.

You will notice that CATIA provides three planes to let you start your design. Actually,designing a part from scratch will first require designing a sketch. Sketching profiles isperformed in the Sketcher workbench, which is fully integrated into Part Design. To open

it, just click the Sketcher icon and select the work plane of your choice. TheSketcher workbench then provides a large number of tools allowing you to sketch theprofiles you need.

Sketch-Based FeaturesFeatures are entities you combine to make up your part. The

features presented here are obtained by applying commands on

initial profiles created in the Sketcher workbench, or in the

Generative Shape Design workbench. Some operations consist in

adding material, others in removing material.

Pad

Creating a pad means extruding a profile or a surface in one or two

directions. CATIA lets you choose the limits of creation as well as

the direction of extrusion.1. Select Sketch.1 as the profile to be extruded.

2. Click the Pad icon .The Pad Definition dialog box appears and CATIA previews the pad to be created.

3. You will notice that by default, CATIA specifies the length of

your pad. But you can use the following options too:Up to NextUp to Last

Up to PlaneUp to Surface4. Click the Mirrored extent option to extrude the profile in the opposite direction usingthe same length value. If you wish to define another length for this direction, you do nothave to click the Mirrored extent button. Just click the More button and define the secondlimit.5. Click Preview to see the result.6. Click OK.


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A Few Notes About Pads

CATIA allows you to create pads from open profiles

provided existing geometry can trim the pads. The pad below

has been created from an open profile, which both endpoints

were stretched onto the inner vertical faces of the hexagon.The option used for Limit 1 is "Up to next". The inner bottom

face of the hexagon then stops the extrusion. Conversely, the

"Up to next" option could not be used for Limit2. Pads can also be created from sketches including several profiles. These profiles

must not intersect.

Before clicking the Pad command, ensure that the profile to be used is not

tangent with itself.


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.

RibTo define a rib, you need a center curve, a planar profile and

possibly a reference element or a pulling direction.Ribs can also be created from sketches including several profiles. These profiles mustbe closed and must not intersect.For example, you can easily obtain a pipe by using a sketch composed of two concentriccircles:

Profiles Result

You can create ribs by combining the elements as follows:

Moreover, the following rules should be kept in mind: 3D center curves must be continuous in tangency

If the center curve is planar, it can be discontinuous in tangency.

You can control profiles position by choosing one of the following options:Keep angle: keeps the angle value between the sketch plane used for the profile andthe tangent of the center curve.Pulling direction: sweeps the profile with respect to a specified direction. To define thisdirection, you can select a plane or an edge.

For example, you need to use this option if your center curve is a helix. In

this case, you will select the helix axis as the pulling direction.Reference surface: the angle value between axis h and the reference surface isconstant.

The Merge ends option is to be used in specific cases. It creates material

between the ends of the rib and existing material provided that existing

material trims both ends.


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3 Dress-Up Features

Dressing up features is done by applying commands to one or

more supports. CATIA provides a large number of possibilities to

achieve the features meeting your needs.

Edge FilletA fillet is a curved face of a constant or variable radius that is tangent to, and that joins,two surfaces. Together, these three surfaces form either an inside corner or an outsidecorner.In drafting terminology, the curved surface of an outside corner is generally called around and that of an inside corner is normally referred to as a fillet. Edge fillets aresmooth transitional surfaces between two adjacent faces.

Two propagation modes are available:

Minimal: CATIA does not take any tangencies into account. The filletwill be computed only on a portion of the edge as shown below:

Tangency: tangencies are taken into account so as to fillet the entire edge and

possible tangent edges.

If you set the Tangency mode, the new option "Trim ribbons" becomes

available: you can then trim the fillets to be created.

Click the Limiting element field and select a Plane that will intersect the

fillet. An arrow appears on the plane to indicate the portion of material that


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will be kept. Clicking this arrow reverses the direction and therefore

indicates that the portion of material that will be kept will be the opposite

one. The fillet will be trimmed to that Plane.

Without Trim ribbons With

Trim ribbons

With Minimal option


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Advanced DraftThe Advanced Draft command lets you draft basic parts or parts with reflect lines but italso lets you specify two different angle values for drafting complex parts.Note that two modes are available:Independent: you need to specify two angle valuesDriving/Driven: the angle value you specify for one face affects the angle value of thesecond face.

Variable Angle Draft

Sometimes, you cannot draft faces by using a constantangle value, even if you set the Square mode. For this

purpose, you need to the draft by Variable Draft

option.

Draft with Parting Element

To define the parting element, you can check: Parting = Neutral to reuse the plane you selected

as the neutral element,

or Define parting element and then explicitly select

a plane or a planar face as the parting element.


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Angle Values

You can draft faces using a negative value. If the chosen angle value exceeds the angle value of the faces adjacent to the

face to be drafted, an error message is issued. To perform the draft, you thenneed to activate the Square option available from the Draft form drop list.

Here is an example of a drafted face obtained using the Square option:

The use of the Square option does not guarantee that parts will be easily removed fromtheir molds.

Draft from Reflect Lines

Shell

Shelling a feature means emptying it, while keeping a given

thickness on its sides. Shelling may also consist in adding

thickness to the outside. This task shows how to create a cavity. shell.


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4 Surface-Based Features

Split

You can split a body with a plane, face orsurface.

Thick SurfaceYou can add material to a surface in two opposite directions byusing the Thick Surface capability.

Close Surface

Sew SurfaceSewing means joining together a surface and a body. This capability consists incomputing the intersection between a given surface and a body while removing uselessmaterial. You can sew all types of surfaces onto bodies.


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5 Transformation FeaturesMirror

Mirroring a body or a list of features consists in duplicating these

elements using a symmetry. You can select a face or a plane to

define the mirror reference.Using a plane to mirror a body lets you obtain two independent portions of

material in a same body. The following mirror is obtained by using plane zx

as the reference.

Rectangular Pattern

You may need to duplicate the whole geometry of one or more

features and to position this geometry on a part. Patterns let you do

so. CATIA allows you to define three types of patterns:

rectangular, circular and user patterns. These features accelerate

the creation process.Each tab of the Pattern dialog-box is dedicated to a direction you will use to

define the location of the duplicated feature.

Checking the Keep specifications option creates instances with the limit Up

to Next, Up to Last, Up to Plane or Up to Surface defined for the original

feature.

Complex PatternsYou can pattern a list of Part Design features.These rules are to be kept in mind before patterning a list of features:


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When multi-selecting, the first feature you select must not be a dress-up feature.

Your list of features cannot include any transformation features, nor shells, nor

splits, nor associated bodies.

Your list of features cannot include any body.

Circular PatternThis figure may help you to define your parameters for circular pattern:


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6 Modifying Parts

Editing Parts, Bodies and FeaturesEditing a part may mean for example modifying the density of the part, but most oftenediting consists in modifying the features composing the part. This operation can be

done at any time. There are several ways of editing a feature. If you modify the sketchused in the definition of a feature, CATIA will take this modification into account tocompute the feature again: in other words, associativity is maintained.Now, you can also edit your features through definition dialog boxes in order to redefinethe parameters of your choice.

Redefining Feature ParametersDouble-click the feature to be edited (in the specification tree or in the geometry area).The Definition dialog box appears and CATIA shows the current values of the feature.Generally speaking, CATIA always shows dimensional constraints related to the featureyou are editing. Concerning sketch-based features, CATIA also shows the sketches

used for extrusion as well as the constraints defined for these sketches.You can also access the parameters you wish to edit in the

following way:Select the feature in the specification tree and use the feature.n object -> EditParameters contextual command. You can now view the feature parameters in thegeometry area.1. Double-click the parameter of interest. A small dialog box appears displaying theparameter value.2. Enter a new value and click OK.

Reordering Features

The Reorder capability allows you to rectify design mistakes.For Example, your initial data consists of a pad that was mirrored and a

second pad created afterwards. As the order of creation is wrong, you are

going to reorder the second pad so as to mirror the whole part. Position your

cursor on Pad.2. and select Edit -> Pad.2 object -> Reorder...

The Feature Reorder dialog box appears. Select Pad.1 to specify the new

location of the feature.This name appears in the After: field.


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Updating PartsThe point of updating a part is to make the application take your very last operation intoaccount. Indeed some changes to a sketch, feature or constraint require the rebuild ofthe part. To warn you that an update is needed, CATIA displays the update symbol nextto the part's name and displays the geometry in bright red.To update a part, the application provides two update modes:

automatic update, available in Tools -> Options -> Mechanical Design . If

checked, this option lets the application update the part when needed. manual update, available in Tools -> Options -> Mechanical Design: lets you

control the updates of your part. What you have to do is just click the Update iconwhenever you wish to integrate modifications. The Update capability is alsoavailable via Edit -> Update and the Update contextual command. A progressionbar indicates the evolution of the operation.

Note that you can cancel or interrupt updates.

What Happens When the Update Fails?

Sometimes, the update operation is not straightforward because for

instance, you entered inappropriate edit values or because you

deleted a useful geometrical element. In both cases, CATIArequires you to reconsider your design.

Changing Sketch Supports

You can replace sketch planes with new planes or planar surfaces.

Replacing a sketch plane with another one is a way of moving a

sketch but it may also be a way of modifying design specifications.

This task shows you how to do so.For changing sketch supports:

1. Select the Sketch1.object -> Change Sketch Support command.2. Select the replacing plane.


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7 Introduction to Drafting

SheetsThe Interactive Drafting workbench provides a simple method to manipulate a sheet.

A sheet contains:

a main view: a view which supports the geometry directly created in the sheet

a background view: a view dedicated to frames and title blocks

interactive or generated views

The sheet size depends on the standard type. For example, if you choose the

ISO standard, the sheet will automatically be assigned the A0 format type.

You can choose another format if you want. To add a new sheet, click the

New Sheet icon

Modifying a Sheet1. Select File -> Page Setup from the menu bar. The Page Setup dialog box appears.2. From the Page Setup dialog box, select the appropriate standard and the format youwant to specify.You can update the current standards by clicking the Update button. This copies themost recent version of the standard file in the drawing, thus reflecting the latest changesan administrator or user may have performed in the standard file.

Creating a Frame Title BlockFor creating a Title Block, you have to do the following steps:1. Select Edit->Background item from the menu bar.

2. Click the Frame Creation icon from the Drawing toolbar.

The Insert Frame and Title Block dialog box is displayed.


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Creating a Front ViewA front view is a projection view obtained by drawing perpendiculars from all points onthe edges of the part to the plane of projection. The plane of projection upon which thefront view is projected is called the frontal plane.

At this step, we strongly advise that you tile screen horizontally. For this, go

to Window -> Tile Horizontally options from the menu bar.If you do not want to have the specification tree displayed, press the PF3 key.

1.Click the Drawing window, and click the Front View icon from the Views toolbar

(Projections sub-toolbar).

2. Select the desired planar surface of the 3D part you opened, from the 3D Part viewer.Blue arrows and a green frame including a preview of the view to be created appear on

the sheet.These frame and arrows allow defining the location and orientation of the view to becreated.3. Click on the drawing sheet or at the center of the blue manipulator to generate theview.

As long as you see the green frame, you can define the frame position using the bluemanipulators: top, bottom, left, right or rotated according to a given snapping, or elseaccording to an edited rotation angle.

In the Generative Drafting workbench, the view name, scaling factor and view frameare set by default. Throughout this documentation, we decided not to display viewnames and scaling factors. For this:Go to Tools->Options->Mechanical Design->Drafting option (Layout tab) and un-checkthe View name and Scaling factor options.The front view is created.


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From now on, you will work on the created sheet unless you define a new sheet.


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Creating Projection ViewsProjection views are views conceived to be drawn or

projected onto planes known as planes of projection. A

transparent plane or pane of glass representing a plane of

projection is located parallel to the front surfaces of the part.1. Click the Drawing window and click the Projection View icon from theViews toolbar (Projections sub-toolbar). A preview of the view to becreated appears. By default, the projection view is aligned to the frontview. As you move the cursor, a preview of the view to be createdappears, as long as you keep the cursor positioned at any possibleprojection view location (at the left, right, top or bottom of the redframe).2. Define the projection view position, for example the right view position, using thecursor.3. Click to generate the view.

Creating a Section ViewThis section view will make drawings more readable by replacing the hidden elements ofparts including holes with filled areas.1. Click the Drawing window, and click the Offset Section View icon from the Viewstoolbar (Sections sub-toolbar).2. Select the holes and points required for sketching the callout on the view. Selecting acircular, a linear edge or an axis line (for example, a hole) amounts to making the calloutassociative by default to the 3D feature. If you select a circle, the callout will go throughthe circle center. If you select an edge, the callout will be parallel to the selected edge.

If you are not satisfied with the profile you create, you can, at any

time, use Undo or Redo icons.Note that SmartPick assists you when creating the profile. The section plane appears atthe second point you select and moves dynamically on the 3D part as you create thecallout on the drawing. This section plane will automatically disappear, as you willdouble-click to end the callout creation.3. Double-click to end the cutting profile creation.Positioning the view amounts to defining the section view direction. The callout bluearrows direction is modified according to the cursor position. In other words, this previewbehaves as if it were either a left or a right projection view you need to position.


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Creating a Detail ViewA detail view is a partial generated view that shows only what is necessary in the cleardescription of the object. Note that, the Detail view command uses a Boolean operatorfrom the 3D whereas the Quick Detail view command computes the viewdirectly from the 2D projection. The representation is therefore different.

1. Click the Drawing window, and click the Detail View icon from theViews toolbar (Details subtoolbar).2. Click the callout center.3. Drag to select the callout radius.4. Click a point on the callout. A blue circle appears at the position of thecursor.5. Move the previewed detail view to the desired location.6. Click inside the blue circle to position the detail view at the desiredlocation.7. If needed, drag the detail view to a new position.

Creating a Section CutBe careful: the scale of the section cut will

depend on the scale of the view this section

cut is generated from. In this case, the

section cut is generated from a detail with a

scale 4: The section cut scale will also be 4.1. Right-click the view and select the Activate View optionfrom the contextual menu whose section cut you want tomake.2. Select the Drawing window, and click the Aligned

Section Cut icon from the Views toolbar (Sectionssubtoolbar).3.Select the holes and points required for sketching the cutting profile. Selecting acircular, a linear edge or an axis line (for example, a hole) amounts to making the cuttingprofile associative by default to the 3D feature.

You can modify the hatching pattern by pressing the right mouse button on the sectioncut pattern and selecting the Properties option from the contextual menu. You will then


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display a Properties dialog box in which you will either select a new hatching pattern ormodify the graphical attributes of the existing hatching pattern.


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perpendicular to planes that are perpendicular of the curves. This auxiliary view,together with the top view, completely describes the object.


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Creating a Clipping View and/or a Clipping View ProfileA clipping view is a partial view that shows only what is necessary in the cleardescription of the object. This operation is applied directly onto the active view.

Creating an Isometric View

Isometric means "equal measure". To produce an

isometric projection, it is necessary to place the object so

that its principal edges make equal angles with the plane

of projection and are therefore foreshortened equally.Note that an isometric view created from a product can

be re-used for generating an exploded view.1. Click the Drawing window, and click the Isometric View icon from the Views toolbar2. Click the 3D part.

A green frame with the preview of the isometric view to be created, as well as bluemanipulators appear. You can re-define the view to be created position using thesemanipulators: to the bottom, the left, the right, the top, or rotated using a given snappingor according to an edited rotation angle.

Generating an Exploded View1. Go to Digital Mock-up workbench (DMUNavigator) and define the Scene with theadequate orientation and with the instancesproperly positioned.2. Explode the view.


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3. Go to Drafting workbench and click the Isometric View icon from the

Views toolbar.4. Select the product from the specification tree and then a plane on this product.5. Click to locate the resulting exploded view.


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Creating a Broken ViewA broken view is a view that allows shortening an elongatedobject. You have to define two profiles corresponding to the part tobe broken from the view extremities.

You can create new breaks in a broken view, but in the

same direction and two breaks cannot overlap. You cansuppress created break via the contextual menu.

You cannot apply breakout view and broken view

command to the same view.

Creating a Breakout ViewIn a breakout view, you will remove locally material from a generated view in order tovisualize the remaining visible internal part. A breakout view is one not in directprojection from the view containing the cutting profile. In other words, it is not positionedin agreement with the standard arrangement of views. A breakout view is often a partialsection.

You can create breakout view on a view that already contains breakout

views. You cannot generate views from a breakout view.

Once created the breakout view profile cannot be modified.

The geometry that defines the breakout view is not associative with thegenerated views.

You cannot apply breakout view and broken view command to the same view.

Once the breakout view is created, you can right-click the view, and select the RemoveBreakout option. You can also right-click the view, select the Apply to option and clickanother view you want to apply the breakout to.


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Generating DimensionsThe Generative Drafting workbench provides a simple method for manipulatingDimensions. This dressup is associative to the elements created from a part or anassembly.

The generated dimensions will be positioned according to the following

criteria:1. on the view on which the dimension may be generated.2. on the view on which the dimension is better visualized. For example, a view on whichelements are visualized in non-hidden lines instead of hidden lines.3. on external views. For example on projection views instead of detail or section views.4. on the view with a bigger scale.5. on views including more dimensions.The dimensions are generated on the views on the condition the settings werepreviously switched to the dimension generation option.

Generating Dimensions in One Shot

You can generate dimensions in one shot from the constraints of a 3D part.Only the following constraints can be generated: distance, length, angle,

radius and diameter.Constraints may be of three kinds: created manually (i) via the sketcher or (ii) via the 3Dpart, or else (iii) automatically created via internal parameters.

Click the Generating Dimensions icon from the Generation toolbar.The dimensions are automatically generated on all the views. You can generatedimensions on views you previously selected.

The generated dimensions are positioned according to the views most

representative. In other words, a dimension will appear on a view so that this

dimension needs not be also created on another view.

Manipulating Dimensions

These dimensions will be associative to the elements created from

a part or an assembly. When created, these elements are associated

with a view. Note that for views that are generated from surfaces,

only sketched constraints are generated.


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8 Assembly Design

Using Assembly Constraints

Constraints allow you to position mechanical components correctly

in relation to the other components of the assembly. You just needto specify the type of constraints you wish to set up between two

components, and the system will place the components exactly the

way you want. You can also use constraints to indicate the

mechanical relationships between components.Setting constraints is rather an easy task. However, you should keep in mind thefollowing:

You can apply constraints only between the child components of the

active component. Do not mistake the active component for the

selected component: The active component is blue framed (defaultcolor) and underlined. It is activated by double-clicking. The selected

component is orange framed (default color). It is selected by clicking. You cannot define constraints between two geometric elements belonging to the

same component.

You cannot apply a constraint between two components belonging to the same

subassembly if this subassembly is not the active component.

When you set a constraint, there are no rules to define the fixed and the

movable component during the selection.

Creating a Coincidence ConstraintCoincidence-type constraints are used to align elements.Depending on the selected elements, you may obtain concentricity, coaxiality orcoplanarity. The tolerance i.e. the smallest distance that can be used to differentiate twoelements is set at 10 -3 millimeters.The following table shows the elements you can select.


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Creating a Contact Constraint

Contact-type constraints can be created between two planar faces

(directed planes).The common area between the two planar faces can be a plane (plane contact), a line(line contact) or a point (point contact).The following table shows the elements you can select.


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Creating an Offset Constraint

When defining an offset constraint between two components, you

need to specify how faces should be oriented.The offset value is always displayed next to the offset constraint. The unit used is theunit displayed in the Units tab of the Tools -> Options dialog box. If you wish, you cancustomize it.The following table shows the elements you can select:

Creating an Angle ConstraintAngle-type constraints fall into three categories:

Angle

Parallelism (angle value equals zero)

Now, when setting a parallelism constraint, green arrows appear on the

selected faces to indicate the orientations.

Perpendicularity (angle value equals 90 degrees)When setting an angle constraint, you will have to define an angle value. Note that thisangle value must not exceed 90 degrees.The tolerance i.e. the smallest angle that can be used to differentiate two elements is setat 10 -6 radians.The following table shows the elements you can select:


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Fixing a ComponentFixing a component means preventing this component from moving from its parentsduring the update operation. There are two ways of fixing a component:

by fixing its position according to the geometrical origin of the assembly, which

means setting an absolute position. This operation is referred to as "Fix inspace".

by fixing its position according to other components, which means setting a

relative position. This operation is referred to as "Fix".

Fixing Components TogetherThe Fix Together command attaches selected elements together. You can select asmany components as you wish, but they must belong to the active component.

A Few Notes about Fix Together

You can select a set of attached components to apply the Fix

Together command between this set and other components. You can set constraints between components belonging to a set of components

fixed together.

If you set a constraint between a component and a set of attached components,

the whole set is affected by the constraint.

You can deactivate or activate a set of attached components by using theDeactivate/Activate contextual command available in the specification tree. Redparentheses preceding the graphic symbol indicate deactivated sets.

Using the Quick Constraint Command

The Quick Constraint command creates the first possible constraint

as specified in the priority list.


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`

Changing Constraints

Changing a constraint means replacing the type of this constraint

by another type. This operation is possible depending on the

supporting elements. You can select any constraints, notnecessarily in the active component.1. Select the constraint to be changed.

2. Click the Change Constraint icon .The Change Type dialog box that appears, displays all possible constraints.3. Select the new type of constraint.4. Click Apply to preview the constraint in the specification tree and the geometry.5. Click OK to validate the operation.

Deactivating or Activating Constraints

Deactivating or activating constraints means specifying if theseconstraints must be taken into account during updates or not. This

task consists in deactivating then activating a constraint.

Moving Components

Translate Components: Click this icon, select the component to be

translated and enter the offset values.

Rotate Components: Click this icon, click the Rotation tab, and select the

component to be rotated, choose an axis and enter the angle values.

Manipulate Components: Click this icon, click the parameters you wish, select thecomponent to be moved and drag this component.

Snap Components: Click this icon and select both elements.

Smart Move: Click this icon, check the Automatic constraint creation option andselect the components to be moved and constrained.

Explode a Constrained Assembly: Click this icon, select the parameters you needand select the assembly to be exploded.


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9 Wireframe & Surface Design

Creating Wireframe GeometryWireframe geometry is the geometry that helps you create features when needed.Creating this geometry is a simple operation you can perform at any time.

Two creation modes are available: either you create geometry with its history or not.Geometry with no history is called a datum.

Create points by coordinates: enter X, Y, Z coordinates.Create points on a curve: select a curve and possibly a reference point, and entera length or ratio.Create points on a plane: select a plane and possibly a reference point, then click

the plane.Create points on a surface: select a surface and possibly a reference point, anelement to set the projection orientation, and a length.Create points as a circle center: select a circleCreate points at tangents: select a curve and a line.

Create point between another two points: select two points

Create multiple points: select a curve or a point on a curve, and possibly areference point, set the number of point instances, indicate the creation direction orindicate the spacing between points.

Create lines between two points: select two pointsCreate lines based on a point and a direction: select a point and a line, then specifythe start and end points of the line.Create lines at an angle or normal to a curve: select a curve and its support, apoint on the curve, then specify the angle value, the start and end points of the line.Create lines tangent to a curve: select a curve and a reference point, then specifythe start and end points of the line.

Create lines normal to a surface: select a surface and a reference point, thenspecify the start and end points of the line.Create bisecting lines: select two lines and a starting point, then choose a solution.

Create polylines: select at least two points, then define a radius for a blendingcurve is needed

Create an offset plane: select an existing plane, and enter an offset value.Create a parallel plane through a point: select an existing plane and a point. Theresulting plane is parallel to the reference plane and passes through the point.Create a plane at an angle: select an existing plane and a rotation axis, then enteran angle value (90 for a plane normal to the reference plane).Create a plane through three points: select any three pointsCreate a plane through two lines : select any two linesCreate a plane through a point and a line : select any point and lineCreate a plane through a planar curve: select any planar curveCreate a plane normal to a curve: select any curve and a pointCreate a plane tangent to a surface: select any surface and a pointCreate a plane based on its equation: key in the values for the Ax + Bu + Cz = D

equationCreate a mean plane through several points: select any three, or more, points


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Create n planes between two planes: select two planes, and specify the number ofplanes to be created

Create a circle based on a point and a radius: select a point as the circle center, asupport plane or surface, and key in a radius value. For circular arcs, specify thestart and end angles.

Create a circle from two points: select a point as the circle center, a passing point,and a support plane or surface. For circular arcs, specify the start and end angles.Create a circle from two points and a radius: select the two passing points, asupport plane or surface, and key in a radius value. For circular arcs, specify thearc based on the selected points.Create a circle from three points: select three points. For circular arcs, specify thearc based on the selected points.Create a circle tangent to two curves, at a point: select two curves, a passing point,a support plane or surface, and click where the circle should be created. Forcircular arcs, specify the arc based on the selected points.Create a circle tangent to two curves, with a radius: select two curves, a supportsurface, key in a radius value, and click where the circle should be created. Forcircular arcs, specify the arc based on the selected points.Create a circle tangent to three curves: select three curves.

Create conics: select a plane, start and end points, and either passing points ortangents

Create spirals: select a support plane, center point, and reference direction, thenset the radius, angle, and pitch as needed.

Create splines: select two or more points, if needed a support surface, settangency conditions and close the spline if needed.

Create a helix: select a starting and a direction, then specify the helix parameters.

Create corners: select a first reference element (curve or point), select a curve, asupport plane or surface, and enter a radius value.

Creating connect curves: select two sets of curve and point on the curve, set theircontinuity type and, if needed, tension value.

Create parallel curves: select the reference curve, a support plane or surface, andspecify the offset value from the reference.

Create projections: select the element to be projected and its support, specify theprojection direction,

Create combined curves: select two curves, possibly directions, and specify the

combine type

Create reflect lines: select the support and direction, and specify an angle

Create intersections: select the two elements to be intersected


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Creating Surfaces

Wireframe and Surface allows you to model both simple and

complex surfaces using techniques such as extruding, lofting and

sweeping. Two creation modes are available: either you create

geometry with its history or not. Geometry with no history is calleda datum.

Creating Extruded SurfacesFor creating an Extruded surface, you have to select a

profile, specify the extrusion direction and then specify

the start and end limits.


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Creating Revolution SurfacesFor creating a revolved surface, select a profile and a rotationaxis, and key in an angle.Following points should be remembered wile making arevolved surface:

There must be no intersection between the axisand the profile.

If the profile is a sketch containing an axis, the latter is

selected by default as the revolution axis. You canselect another revolution axis simply by selecting anew line.

Creating Spherical SurfacesThis task shows how to create surfaces in theshape of a sphere.

The spherical surface is based on acenter point, an axis-system

defining the meridian & parallel

curves orientation, and angular

limits.The axis-system determines the orientation of the meridian and parallel

curves, and therefore of the sphere. By default, if no axis-system has been

previously created in the document, the axis-system is the document xyz

axis-system. Otherwise the default axis-system is the current one.

Parallel angular limits are comprised within the -90 and 90 range.Meridian angular limits are comprised within the -360 and 360 range.You can also choose to create a whole sphere. The parallel and meridian angular valuesare then grayed.

Creating Offset SurfacesOffset surface makes a surface by selecting

an existing surface, specifying the offset

value and choosing the offset direction.Depending on the geometry configuration and theoffset value, an offset may not be allowed, as it

would result in a debased geometry. In this case,you need to decrease the offset value or modify

the initial geometry.

Creating Filling SurfacesWith this command, you can fill surfacesbetween a numbers of boundary segments.


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You can click in the Passing point field, and select a point. This point is a

point through which the filling surface must pass, thus adding a constraint to

its creation. However, you may need to alleviate the number of constraints

by removing the supports. This point should lie within the area delimited by

the selected curves. If not, the results may be inconsistent.

Creating Swept SurfacesYou can create a swept surface by sweeping out a profile in planes normal to a spinecurve while taking other user-defined parameters (such as guide curves and referenceelements) into account.You can sweep an explicit profile:

Along one or two guide curves (in this case the first

guide curve is used as the spine)

Along one or two guide curves while respecting a

spine.The profile is swept out in planes normal to the spine.In addition, you can control the positioning of the profilewhile it is being swept by means of a reference surface.The profile position may be fixed with respect to the guide curve (positioned profile) oruser-defined in the first sweep plane.The Smooth sweeping section is used to smooth the sweeping motion along thereference surface.

This may be necessary when small discontinuities are detected with regards

to the spine tangency or the reference surface's normal. The smoothing is

done for any discontinuity which angular deviation is smaller than 0.5

degree, and therefore helps generating better quality for the resulting sweptsurface.The Position profile is used if you want to manually position the profile, check thePosition profile button and click the Show parameters >> button to access a set ofpositioning parameters.

Generally speaking, the sweep operation has a derivative effect, meaning

that there may be a continuity loss when sweeping a profile along a spine. If

the spine presents curvature continuity, the surface presents at least tangency


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continuity. If the spine presents tangency continuity, the surface presents at

least point continuity.

Creating Lofted Surfaces

You can generate a lofted surface by sweeping: one or two planar section curves one or more planar section curves

along a computed or user-defined spine. The surface can be made to respect one ormore guide curves.

These sections may be tangent to support surfaces, provided they are not

parallel. Closed section curves can have point continuity at each closing

point.

You can impose tangency conditions onto sections and/or guides, by

specifying a direction for the tangent vector (selecting a plane to take its

normal, for example). This is useful for creating parts that are symmetrical

with respect to a plane. Tangency conditions can be imposed on the two

symmetrical halves.Similarly, you can impose a tangency onto each guide, by selection of a surface or aplane (the direction is tangent to the plane's normal). In this case, the sections must alsobe tangent to the surface.You can create lofted surfaces between closed section curves. These curves have pointcontinuity at their closing point. This closing point is either a vertex or an extremum pointautomatically detected and highlighted by the system. By default, the closing points ofeach section are linked to each other. The red arrows in the figures below represent theclosing points of the closed section curves. You can change the closing point byselecting any point on the curve.


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The Relimitation tab lets you specify the loft relimitation type. You can

choose to limit the loft only on the Start section, only on the End section, on

both, or on none. when one or both are checked: the loft is limited to corresponding section

when one or both are when unchecked: the loft is swept along the spine:

o if the spine is a user spine, the loft is limited by the spine extremitieso if the spine is an automatically computed spine, and no guide is selected:

the loft is limited by the start and end sectionso if the spine is an automatically computed spine, and guides are selected:

the loft is limited by the guides extremities.

Use the Planar surface detection check button (Canonical Surfaces tab) to

automatically convert planar surfaces into planes.

Coupling

You can use two kinds of coupling during the creation of the loftedsurface:

coupling between two consecutive sections

coupling between guides

These couplings compute the distribution of isoparameters on the surface.

Coupling between two consecutive sectionsThis coupling is based on the curvilinear abscissa.To create a coupling between particular points, you can add guides or define thecoupling type.


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Before Coupling Coupling Applied After Coupling

Coupling between guidesThis coupling is performed by the spine.If a guide is the concatenation of several curves, the resulting loft will contain as manysurfaces as curves within the guide.Several coupling types are available, depending on the section configuration:

Ratio: the curves are coupled according to the curvilinear abscissa ratio.

Tangency: the curves are coupled according to their tangency discontinuity

points. If they do not have the same number of points, they cannot be coupledusing this option.

Tangency then curvature: the curves are coupled according to their tangency

continuity first then curvature discontinuity points. If they do not have the same

number of points, they cannot be coupled using this option. Vertices: the curves are coupled according to their vertices. If they do not have

the same number of vertices, they cannot be coupled using this option.

Manual Coupling (P2 only)

If the number of vertices differs from one section to another, you

need to perform a manual coupling. You can create coupling point on the fly, using the Create coupling point

contextual menu item, instead of selecting an existing point.

To edit the coupling, simply double-click the coupling name in the list (Coupling

tab) to display the Coupling dialog box. Then you select the point to be edited

from the list and create/select a replacing coupling point, then click OK Use the contextual menu on the coupling list to edit defined couplings.


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Creating Blended SurfacesA blended surface is a surface betweentwo wireframe elements, taking a numberof constraints into account, such astension, continuity, and so forth. Several

cases are worth surveying: blend between curves

blend between closed contours

coupling blend

You can set the continuity type

using the Basic tab. It defines the

continuity connection between the

newly created surface and the curves

on which it lies.

Activate the Trim first/second support option, on one or both support

surfaces to trim them by the curve and assemble them to the blend surface:By default the blend surface borders are tangent to the support surface borders.You can also specify whether and where the blend boundaries must be tangent to thesupports boundaries:

Both extremities: the tangency constraint applies at both ends of the curve

None: the tangency constraint is disregarded

Start extremity: the tangency constraint applies at the start endpoint of the curve

only

End extremity: the tangency constraint applies at the end endpoint of the curve

only

The Start and End extremities are defined according to the arrows in the blendedsurface's preview.


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Blend between closed contours: (P2 only for Wireframe and Surface)

By default, the system detects and highlights a vertex on each curve that can

be used as a closing point, or it creates an extremum point (you can also

manually select another one if you wish).


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Blend without specifying Closing Points Blend after specifying

Closing Points

Performing Operations on Shape GeometryWireframe and Surface allows you to modify your design using techniques such astrimming, translating and rotating.

Join geometry: select at least two curves or surfaces to be joined.

Heal geometry: select at least two surfaces presenting a gap to be healed.

Untrim an element: select a split element, and click the icon.

Disassemble elements: select a multi-cell element, and choose the disassembling

mode.Split geometry: select the element to be split and a cutting element.

Trim geometry: select two elements to be trimmed and specify which side ofelement

Create boundary Curves: select a surface's edge, set the propagation type, and re-define the curve limits if needed.

Extract geometry: select an element's edge or face and click the icon

Translate geometry: select an element, a translation direction (line, plane orvector), specify the translation distance

Rotate geometry: select an element, a line as the rotation axis, and specify therotation angle

Perform a symmetry: select an element, then a point, line, or plane as referenceelement

Transform geometry by scaling: select an element, then a point, plane, or planarsurface as reference element, and specify the scaling ratio


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Transform geometry by affinity: select an element to be transformed, specify theaxis system characteristics, and the enter the affinity ratio values

Transform geometry into a new axis-system: select an element to be transformed,specify the axis system characteristics, and the enter the affinity ratio values

Create the nearest sub-element: select the Insert -> Operations -> Near menuitem, the element made of several sub-elements, then a reference element whoseposition is close to the sub-element to be created

Extrapolate curves: select a curve endpoint then the curve itself, specify theextrapolation limit (length value or limiting surface/plane), and specify the continuityconstraints (tangent/curvature)

Extrapolate surfaces: select a surface boundary then the surface itself, specify theextrapolation limit (value or limiting surface/plane), and specify the extremitiesconstraints (tangent/normal)

catiav5 report 3d design

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