CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................3

CHAPTER I. REVIEW OF VOICE CATEGORY RESEARCH IN

ENGLISH, RUSSIAN AND KYRGYZ.................................................................7

1.1 VERBAL CATEGORY OF VOICE IN ENGLISH AND KYRGYZ

LANGUAGES......................................................................................................7

1.2 USES OF THE PASSIVE VOICE PECULIAR TO THE ENGLISH

LANGUAGE......................................................................................................14

1.3 PAST FORMS OF PASSIVE VOICE IN ENGLISH, RUSSIAN AND

KYRGYZ LANGUAGES.................................................................................18

CHAPTER II CLASSIFICATION OF PASSIVE CONSTRUCTION IN

ENGLISH AND WAYS OF THEIR TRANSFER INTO RUSSIAN AND

KYRGYZ...............................................................................................................51

2.1 TRANSITIVITY AND INTRANSITIVITY OF VERBS AND

CATEGORY OF VOICE.................................................................................52

2.2 MAIN TYPES OF ENGLISH PASSIVE CONSTRUCTIONS.

REASONS FOR MORE FREQUENT OCCURRENCE OF PASSIVE

VOICE IN ENGLISH AS COMPARED TO RUSSIAN AND KYRGYZ...56

2.3 COMPARISON OF VOICE CATEGORY IN ENGLISH, RUSSIAN

AND KYRGYZ LANGUAGES.......................................................................62

CONCLUSION......................................................................................................66

2

Bibliography:...........................................................................................................69

3

INTRODUCTION

The present work is devoted to the usage of English and Russian passive and active

constructions from the position of Kyrgyz language speaker. The category of the

voice in English language has not long history of research as in the Russian

linguistics, however the rich language material which include voice forms causes

many divergences in its interpretation.

The topicality of research is defined by necessity to present such description of

passive constructions in English language which could make a part of functional

grammar of the English language focused on teaching English language in Russian

and Kyrgyz audience.

Object of research is studying realization of passive meaning in the English

language from the prospective of Russian and Kyrgyz language speakers.

Although these languages concern to typologically different languages passive

meaning represents language universals itself that allows us to consider language

means of three named languages on the basis of their semantic functions

generality.

As object of research served passive constructions of English, Russian and

Kyrgyz languages. In the present work basically was considered passive

constructions i.e. those constructions where the verb and a participle in the passive

form carry out a role of a predicate. Examples like: “Я еще под впечатлением

чего-то непонятного и неразрушающегося, и прекрасного, чем я обязана Вам,

...” (И. Бунин. Неизвестный друг) where the verbal form with passive meaning

functions as definition in a nominal word-combination do not enter into a circle of

questions interested us. Restriction of the present work are also passive participles

of following types like: Она вообще вообразила, кажется, ..., будто нашелся

какой-то «чуткий» человек, который наконец оценит ее неоцененную мужем

душу (И. Бунин. Мордовский сарафан).

The purpose of the present research is the description of ways of passive

constructions expression in comparison with Kyrgyz and Russian languages.

4

The aim of the present research is the description of ways of passive

constructions expression in the English language in comparison with Kyrgyz and

Russian languages.

The given purpose defines following specific tasks:

to investigate a modern condition of voice category research in English,

Russian and Kyrgyz linguistics;

to interpret researches of a studied grammatical category and questions

connected with it in three languages under the approach of functional grammar

(А.В: Bondarenko and his supporters);

to analyze contextual realizations of English verbs passive forms with the

purpose to reveal their function in expression of voice meaning;

to establish the most frequency and typical ways of English passive designs

translation into Russian and Kyrgyz languages.

In the description of a language material is used the approaches like: «from

semantics to its formal expression» («from functions to means») in a combination

of the approach «from the form to semantics» («from means to functions). Also

was used other research methods like descriptive, analytical, critical, comparative,

etc.

Scientific novelty of research is that attempt to describe, analyze means of

passive constructions express in the English language from a position of the

Kyrgyz language speaker was made for the first time.

The theoretical significance of this research lies in the fact that proposition

developed in research makes a contribution to study English, Russian and Kyrgyz

category of voice and also concretize a number of general-theoretical propositions.

The practical importance of research work consists in that results of research

can be used in practice of teaching English language in Kyrgyz audience, in giving

lectures on the theoretical courses of general and private linguistics, and also in the

sphere of translation.

As material of research were served examples taken from works of art of

L.Tolstoy, I.Bunin and K.Paustovsky and translations of these works into English

5

language. We also use examples from periodicals, advertisements and

conversations with native speakers of English for an illustration and comparison.

Alongside with not differentiated use of two pair terms active and a passive in

A.V.Bondarenko's opinion1 their some differentiation is possible. In a view of

functional grammar an active and a passive — wider concepts, than Active and a

Passive Voice. Last two terms are expedient for using in more special,

morphological sense, defining a verb to prepare as a verb of an active voice, and a

participle it is prepared - as a passive participle (a participle of a Passive Voice).

Terms an active and a passive have wider value - under the attitude as to a level of

the offer, to active and passive designs and to a level of a word, to morphological

system of language (in the latter case - when there is no necessity specially to

emphasize the morphological party of the voice). We in the present work consider

differentiation in meaning of the terms, noted by A.V.Bondarenko.

Main proposition to defense:

in the center of functional-semantic field of English, Russian and Kyrgyz

languages voice category the basic grammatical kernel is opposition of an active-

passive which is expressed not only in different forms of a verb, but also in various

syntactic function of the subject and object

while translating English passive constructions into Russian and Kyrgyz

languages it’s possible to use both Russian and Kyrgyz similar designs, and other

language means that does not prevent to transfer the original meaning completely.

Structure of work. Diploma paper except the present Introduction, consists of two

chapters, Conclusion and the Bibliography (the list of the used literature and

lexicographic sources). The first chapter is devoted to the review of voice category

research in three languages. We state the points of view of English, Russian and

Kyrgyz researchers on the given grammatical category and the questions connected

to it from the modern linguistic literature. The abundance of the literature on a

category of voice releases us from its representation in full. The review is

presented in that degree in what it is actual for this research. In the second chapter

1 Bondarenko A.B. Functional grammar, 19726

passive designs of three languages are studied in a view of functional grammar,

reveal communicative and pragmatical character of the given designs, distinctions

between a passive and stative are considered, ways of English passive

constructions transfer into Russian and Kyrgyz languages are established and given

methodical suggestions in teaching English language in Russian and Kyrgyz

audience. In Conclusion given conclusions according to the result achieved during

the research work.

7

Chapter I. Review of voice category research in English, Russian and Kyrgyz

1.1 Verbal category of voice in English and Kyrgyz Languages.

The verbal category of voice shows the direction of the process as regards the

participants of the situation reflected in the syntactic construction.

The voice of the English verb is expressed by the opposition of the passive form of

the verb to the active form of is the combination of the auxiliary be with the past

participle of the conjugated verb. The passive form as the strong member of the

opposition expresses reception of the action by the subject of the syntactic

construction; the active form as the weak member of opposition leaves this

meaning unspecified, i.e. it expresses "non-passivity".

In colloquial speech the role of the passive auxiliary can occasionally be

performed by the verb get and probably, become. Sam got licked for a good

reason. The category of voice has a much broader representation in the system of

the English verb that in the system of the Russian verb, since in English not only

transitive, but also intransitive objective verbs including prepositional ones can be

used in the passive. Besides, verbs taking not one but two objects, as a rule, can

feature both of them in the position of the passive subject. E.g.: I've just been rung

up by the police. The diplomat was refused transit facilities through London. She

was undistributed by the frown on his face. Have you ever been told that you're

very good looking? He was said to have been very wild in his youth. The dress has

never been tried on. The child will be looked after all right. I won't be talked to like

this, etc.

Still, not all the capable of taking an object are actually used in the passive.

In particular, the passive form is alien to many verbs of the statal subclass, such as

have, belong, cost, resemble, fail, and misgive, etc. thus, in accord with their

relation to the passive voice all the verbs can be divided into two large sets: the set

of passivised verbs and the set of non-passivised verbs.

A question then should be posed whether; the category of voice is a full-

representative verbal category, i.e. represented in the system of the verb as a

8

whole, or a partial representative category, confined only to the passivised verbal

set. Considerations of both form and function tend to interpret voice rather as a

full-representative category, the same as person, number, tense and aspect. Three

reasons can be given to back this appraisal.

First, the integral categorical presentation of non-passivised verbs fully

coincides with that of passivised verbs used in the active voice; second, the active

voice as the weak member of the categorical opposition is characterized in general

not by the "active" meaning as such, but by the extensive non-passive meaning of a

very wide range of actual significations, some of them approaching by their

process-direction characteristics those of non-passivised verbs. Third, the

demarcation line between the passivised and non-passivised set is by no means

rigid, and the verbs of the non-passivised order may migrate into passivised order

in various contextual conditions.

Thus, the category of voice should be interpreted as being reflected in the

whole system of verbs, the active voice form if not directly, then indirectly.

As a r egular categorical form of the verb the passive voice is combined in the

same lexeme with other oppositionally strong forms of the verbal categories of the

tense-aspect system, i.e. the past, the future, the continuous, the perfect. But it has

a neutralizing effect on the category of development in the forms where the

auxiliary be must be doubly employed as a verbid, so that the future continuous

passive, as well as the prefect continuous passive are partically not used in speech.

As a result, the future continuous active has as its regular counterpart by the voice

opposition the future indefinite passive; the perfect continuous active in all the

tense-forms has as its regular counterpart the perfect indefinite passive. Cf.: The

police will be keeping an army of reports at bay. An army reporter will be kept at

bay the police. We have been expecting the decision for a long time. The decision

has been expected for a long time.

The category of voice differs radically from all the other hitherto considered

categories from the point of view of its referential qualities. Indeed, all the

previously described categories reflect various characteristics of process, both

9

direct and oblique, as certain facts of reality existing irrespective of the speaker's

perception. For instance, the verbal category of person expresses the personal

relation of the process. The category of prospect expresses the timing of the

process from the point of view of its relation to the plane of posteriority. Finally,

the analyzed aspects characterize the respective inner qualities of the process. So

each these category does disclose some actual property of the process denoted by

the verb, adding more and more particulars to the depicted processual situation.

But we cannot say the same about the category of voice. As a matter of fact, the

situation reflected by the passive construction does not differ in the least from the

situation reflected by the active construction - the nature of the process is

preserved intact, the situational participants remain in their places unchanged

quality. It is clearly seen when comparing any pour of constructions one of which

is passive counterpart of the other. Cf.: The guards dispersed the crowd in font of

the Presential Palace. - The crowd in font of the Presential Palace was dispersed

by the guards.

In the two constructions, the guards as the doer of the action are the same;

the same also is the place of action, i.e. the space in front of the Place. The

Presentation planes, though are quite different with the respective constructions,

they are in fact mutually reverse. Namely, the first sentence, by its functional

destination, features the act of the guards, whereas the second sentence, in accord

with its meaningful purpose, features the experience of the crowd.

All the functional distinctions of the passive, both categorical and contextual

connotative are substained in its use with verbids.

The gerundial phrase that is given below conveying the principal categorical

meaning of the passive, suppresses the exposition of the indefinite subject of the

process: After being wrongly delivered, the letter found its address at last.

The following passive participial construction: when the enemy batteries had been

put out of action, our troops continued to push on the offensive. Cf.: the clausal

equivalent of the construction: When the enemy batteries had been put out of

action, our troops continued to push on the offensive.

10

The past participle of the objective verb is passive in meaning and phrases built up

by it display all the cited characteristics. E.g.: Seen from the valley, the castle on

the cliff presented a fantastic sight. Cf.: the clausal equivalent of the past participle

range of the unmarked member of the voice opposition. Let us consider the

following examples: I will shave and wash and be ready for breakfast in half an

hour. I'm afraid Mary hasn't dressed up yet. Now I see your son is thoroughly

preparing for the entrance examination.The indicated verbs in the given sentences

are objective transitive, used absolutely in the form of the active voice. This kind

of verbal meanings of the action performed by the subject upon it is classed as

"reflexive". The same meaning can be rendered explicit by comparing the verb

with the reflexive "self-pronoun". Let us take examples of another type: The

friends will be meeting tomorrow. Unfortunately, Nillie and Christopher divorced

two years after their magnificent marriage. Are Phil and Glen quarreling again

over their toy-cruiser?

The cited reflexive and reciprocal uses of verbs are open to consideration as

special grammatical voices, called respectively, "reflexive" and "reciprocal". The

reflexive and reciprocal pronouns within the framework of the hypothetical voice

identification of the uses in question should be looked upon as the voice

auxiliaries. To distinguish between the two cases of the considered phrasal-

derivative process the former can be classed as "organic", the latter as "inorganic"

reflexivization.The derivative, i.e. lexemic expressions of voice meanings may be

likened, with due alteration of details, to the lexemic expression of aspective

meaning. In the domain of aspectuality we also find derivative aspects, having a

set of lexical markers and generalized as limitive and non-limitive.

Of course, the factor of semantics as the criterion of the dynamic force of the

construction is quite in its place, since the dynamic force itself is a meaning factor

of language. But the "technically" grammatical quality of the construction is

determined by the categorical and functional properties of its constituents, first and

foremost, its participial part. Thus, if this part, in principle, expresses processual

verbality, however statal it may be in its semantic core, then the whole

11

construction should be understood as a case of the finite passive in the categorical

sense. E.g.: The young practitioner was highly esteemed in his district. Thus, with

the construction in question the context may have both voice-suppressing

"statalising" effect and voice-stimulating "processualising" effect. It is very

interesting to note that the role of processualising stimulators of the passive can be

performed alongside of action-modifying adverbials, also by some categorical

forms of the verb itself, namely, by the future the continuous, and the perfect - i.e.

by the forms of the time-aspect order other that the indefinite imperfect past and

present.

The fence is painted. - The fence is painted light green. - The fence is to be painted.

- The fence has just been painted. The fact that the indefinite to this graduation of

dynamism in passive constructions.

Functional features of the Passive forms in English and Russian Languages.

The passive voice is formed by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the required

form and Participle II of the notional verb.

a) The present, past, future indefinite passive are formed by means of the

present, past, and future indefinite of the auxiliary verb to be and Participle II of

the notional verb.

The Present Ind. Passive The Past Ind. Passive The Future Ind. Passive

I am invited I was invited I will be invited

He is invited He was invited He will be invited

We are invited We were invited We will be invited

You are invited You were invited You will be invited

They are invited They were invited They will be invited

b) The present, past, future indefinite passive are formed by means of the

present, past, and future perfect of the auxiliary verb to be and Participle II of the

notional verb.

The Present Perfect Passive The Past Perfect Passive The Future Perfect Passive

12

I have been invited I had been invited I will have been invited

He has been invited He had been invited He will have been invited

We have been invited We had been invited We will have been invited

You have been invited You had been invited You will have been invited

They have been invited They had been invited They will have been invited

c) The present continuous, past continuous passive are formed by means of the

present continuous, past continuous of the auxiliary verb to be and Participle II of the

notional verb.

The present continuous

passive

The past continuous passive

I am being invited I was being invited

He is being invited He was being invited

We are being invited We were being invited

You are being invited You were being invited

They are being invited They were being invited

The Future Continuous, the Present Perfect Continuous, the Past Perfect

Continuous and the Future Perfect Continuous are not found in the Passive Voice2.

The use of Passive Voice in English

Passive voice can be used:

a) Without the doer of the action being mentioned. In this case the doer is either

unknown or unimportant. E.g.: In silence the soup, was finished excellent if a little

thick and fish was brought. Tom Tusher was sent off early, however, to a school in

London (Thackey).

b) With the doer of the action being mentioned. This occurs only with the doer of

the action is to some extent emphasized. The noun or pronoun denoting the doer of

the action is introduced by the preposition by. E.g.: He was wrenched from his

2 Базелл Ч.Е. Лингвистическая типология. - Принципы типологического анализа языков различного строя.- М., 1972

13

blank wretchedness by the sound of the door opening from his mother's room

(Galsworthy). This room was dimly lighted from the ceiling by a single electric

lamp (Bennett).

The uses of the tenses in the Passive Voice

The use of tenses in Active and in the Passive voice is the same:

Indefinite Present New schools are built every year.

Future New schools will be built in spring.

Past New schools were built a month ago

Perfect Present New schools have been built this year.

Future New schools will have been built by May.

Past New schools had been built by the 1st of May.

Continuous Present New schools are being built in Khiva

Past New schools were being built when I came.

All boys have shells…in other words, they are never seen, or if seen would (b) not

be recognized (Th.Dreiser).

The news was brought that the little boy at the "Three Castles" was

ill (Th.Drieser).

Further meeting will be hold tonight and tomorrow night (Th.Drieser).

You have been told three times this week that she is coming home for a year for her

health (Th.Drieser).

I have been very unhappy since she died. I have been slighted and taught nothing

and thrown upon myself and put to work not fit for me (Th.Drieser).

By 12 o'clock a jury reasonably satisfactory to both sides had been

chosen (Th.Drieser).

Don't you disturb him? He is working at his wonderful poem.

An immortal work of art is being created (Th.Drieser).

When he got to the stables, a horse was being saddled (Th.Drieser).

To express an action going on at a definite moment in the future only the Future

Continuous Active is possible. Thus the Russian sentence Когда вы придете в

14

лабораторию, опыт уже будет производиться must be translated in the

following way: When you come to the laboratory, we shall already be making the

experiment. To denote an action which began before a definite moment in the

present, past or future perfect continuous active are generally used.

Уже два часа как правят корректуру.

They have been reading the proofs for two hours.

Когда пришел главный редактор, корректуру правили уже два часа.

When the editor-in-chief came, they had been reading the proofs for two hours

(Th.Drieser).

The Present Perfect Inclusive Passive and the Past Inclusive Passive are found with

verbs not used in the Continuous form, in negative sentences and with sonic non-

terminative verbs. She has always been admired (Th.Drieser). The library has not

been used for months (Th.Drieser).

1.2 Uses of the Passive Voice peculiar to the English language

There are cases when the use of the Passive Voice seems to Russian students very

peculiar because we find no analogous constructions in Russian. These cases are as

follows:

1. The verbs to accord to advice, to allow, to ask, to award, to deny, to envy, to

forbid, to forgive, to give to grant, to offer, to order, to pay, to prescribe, to

promise, to refuse, to show, to teach, to tell are used in the Passive Voice. These

verbs always take an object expressed by a noun or an infinitive. The action

expressed by the Passive Predicate passes on the subject and the object. This

subject corresponds to the Russian indirect object. E.g. He was granted ten day's

leave has he been shown the documents? The patient was prescribed a strict diet.

He was ordered a change of scene. We were to wait (Th.Dreiser).

Note - These verbs admit of another type of passive construction if the object is

expressed by a noun. Thus, we can say not only I was given a book. He was shown

a book, but also a book was given to me, A book was shown to him. The choice of

the construction depends on the logical stress: in I was given a book. The book

shown to him the person is emphasized.

15

2. The Passive Voice is possible with intransitive verbs used with preposition: to

account for, to agree upon, to allude in, to arrive at, to call for, to call upon, to

comment upon, to depend on, to dispose of to hear of to insist on, to interfere with,

to laugh at, to look down, to look up, to provide for, to put at, to put up with, to

read to, to run over, to send for, to speak about, to store at, to talk about.

At last an agreement was arrived at. His strange behavior was largely commented

upon. He can be depended upon to keep strict silence. This is certainly to keep

strict referred to. The composite verb to do away with the proposition with can be

used in the Passive Voice. In our country illiteracy was done away with many

years ago. Note - To send for can be used only in connection with people. E.g. The

doctor was sent for.

3) The following verbal phraseological units can be used in the Passive Voice: to

find fault with, to lose sight of, to make fun of, to make use of, to pay attention, to

put an end to, to set fire to, to take care of.

4) Quite peculiar is the case when the subject of the Passive predicate corresponds

to Russian adverbial modifier. This is the case with the intransitive

verbs to live and to sleep with the proposition in. e.g. The bed was not slept in. the

room is not lived in (Th.Dreiser).

5) There are a number of transitive verbs in English which correspond to

intransitive verbs in Russian. They are: to affect, to answer, to assist, to attend, to

follow, to help, to influence, to join, to watch.

These verbs naturally admit of the passive construction while their Russian

equivalents cannot be used in the Passive Voice.

She was greatly affected by the scene (Th.Dreiser).

The report was followed by a discussion (Th.Dreiser).

Such sentences are rendered in Russian by indefinite - personal sentences unless

the latter case either the Active Voice is used which occurs rather seldom or the

Passive Voice.

The poor child was always being found fault with (Th.Dreiser).

The grammatical semantics of the combination to be + Participle II

16

The combination to be + Participle II can denote an action in which case it is a

simple predicate expressed by a verb in the Passive Voice. It can also denote a sets,

then it is a compound nominal predicate consisting of a link verb and a predicative.

As the director was ill, the documents were signed by his assistant (Th.Dreiser).

The compound nominal predicate expressed by the verb to be and Participle II can

be translated only by the verb быть + краткая форма причастия. In the present

the verb быть is not used.

The statue is broken (Th.Dreiser).

Статуя разбита.

When I come the papers were signed and lay on the secretary's table (Th.Dreiser).

Когда я пришел, документы были подписаны и лежали на столе у секретаря.

The use of tenses is closely connected with meanings combination to be +

Participle II.

When I came up to the gate, it was already locked (Th.Dreiser).

Когда я подошел к воротам они уже были заперты.

The predicate indicates an action completed before a definite moment in the past

Don't try to pen the gate. It is locked (Th.Dreiser). (state).

It has just been locked (Th.Dreiser). (action).

Passive grammar semantics translation

The category of voice differs radically from all other hitherto considered

categories from the point of view of its referential qualities. Indeed, all the

previously described categories reflect various characteristics of processes, both

direct and oblique, as certain facts of reality existing irrespective of the speaker's

perception. For instance, the verbal category of person expresses the personal

relation of the process. The verbal number, together with person. The verbal

primary time denotes the absolutive timing of the process, i.e. its timing in

reference to the moment of speech. The category prospect expresses the timing of

the process from the point of view of its relation. But we cannot say the same

about the category of voice.

17

As a matter of fact, the situation reflected by the passive construction does

not differ in the least from the situation reflected by the active constructions - the

nature of the process is preserved intact, the situational participants remain in their

places in their unchanged quality. What is changed then, with the transition from

the adjective appraisal of the situation by the speaker the plane of his presentation

of it. It is clearly seen when comparing any pair of situation by the speaker, the

plane of his presentation of it.

The property of the category of voice shows the its immediate connection

with syntax, which finds expression in direct transformational relational between

the active and passive constructions.The said fundamental meaningful difference

between the two forms of the verb and the corresponding constructions that are

built around them goes with all the concrete situational contexts. In particular, we

find the object - experience featuring achieved by the passive in its typical uses in

cases when the subject is unknown or is not to be mentioned for certain reasons, or

when the attention of the speaker is centered on the action as such respectively.

Another act of terrorism has been committed in Argentina. Dinner was announced,

and our conversation stopped. All the functional distinctions of the passive both

categorical and contextual connotative are sustained in its use with verbids.

For instance, in the following passive infinitive phrase the categorical object

experience featuring is accompanied by the logical accent of the process

characterizing the quality of its situational object. This event will never be

forgotten. The past participle of the objective verb is passive in meaning, and

phrases built up it by display all the cited characteristics. E.g. Seen from the valley,

the castle on the cliff presented a fantastic sight.

18

1.3 Past forms of Passive voice in English, Russian and Kyrgyz Languages.

In Passive voice of English there are following forms of Past Tense:

Past Tense in

Passive voice

form to be + P2 Meaning

Past Indefinite

Passive

was invited (told)

were invited (told)

express:

• the action that is done before the

speech

• Single action taken place, and ended

  • a complete, long-term effect

  • an action in the past (adverbial words,

adverbs of time)

• accomplished in the past, regular or

permanent effect

• Multiple or repeated action in the past

  • Instant, one-time

• effect of the past, when one has passed

since the action precedes another action

• Future target action is used:

• to describe the appearance, the nature

of the subject, environment, nature

• the stylistic purposes without alteration

of other temporary forms, which gives

credibility, picturesqueness

Past Continuous

Passive was being invited

(told)

were being invited

(told)

express:

• the action that goes on in the past, the

speaker can see the continuing effect of

  • multiple, repeated action in the past

• normal, regular, past

• the limited duration of action in the

rare cases

19

• In rare cases, the simultaneous

action

Past Perfect Passive had been invited

(told)

express:

• the importance of precedence i.e to

start of another past action:

• when the two actions do not coincide in

time in the past, indicated by preceding

adverbial words

• used more recent

action expressed by various forms of

• Completed actions in the past

before another past

action

• Incomplete ongoing action which

began in the past, after the

second occurrence of the past

action, which began in the past

• repeating the action in

the past, before the onset of another

past actions, expressed

various additional lexical

grammatical means

• the recent action

In the passive voice in English have the following forms of past tense: Past

Indefinite Passive, Past Continuous Passive, and Past Perfect Passive.

And now look at the forms and meaning of Past Indefinite Passive.

Past Indefinite Passive in English forms with the help of verb to be in the Past and

form of the Past Participle.

This form of Passive Voice of English has following forms:

I was invited (told)

20

You were invited (told)

He (she, it) was invited (told)

We were invited (told)

You were invited (told)

They were invited (told)

1. The Past Indefinite is expressed in the past regular or permanent effect. E.g.:

Mildred rarely tasted Mr. He was addicted to one scoop of vanilla every

afternoon at three, eaten frот his aluminum dish with a disposable plastic spoon

(M Apple, p. 28). They fought the matter skillfully and tenaciously, losing at every

step but always in such a way that the decision was forced to be as broad as

possible, and then trying it by way of appeals to the World Court (I

Asimov, p. 61).

In these examples, predicates was addicted, was forced past expressed an

uncertain time in the passive sense of the meaning in the past. Regular and

constant action transferred adverbs of time every afternoon at three, always. All

actions are expressed by predicates proposals are in the form of Past Indefinite

Passive. They point to the uncertainty of action and the duration of the concrete at

three.

2. The past indefinite passive voice expresses an action that is done before the

speech. E.g.: But actually Ambrose has relieved that Peter now had a quarter too

(J. Barth, p. 98).

3. The past indefinite tense can mean a single act, committed and ended in the past.

E.g.: Her late were spent comfortably in the modern houses just as one might

enjoy in age the benefits of a child's prosperity (M. Apple, p.33). After her

emotional outburst at seeing Howard again, a calmer Millie felt a slight twitch in

her upper stomach and in the midst of her joy was reminded of another sure thing

(M. Apple, p.35). Decades ago, my positronic brain was connected to organic

nerves (I. Asimov, p. 64). Sir, nearly a century ago, I was told by a Merton

Mansky of this corporation that the mathematics governing the plotting of the

positronic pathways was far too complicated to permit of any but approximate

21

solutions and that, therefore, my own capacities were not fully predictable. (I.

Asimov, p. 52)

Actions were spent, was reminded, was connected, was told of the past expressed

an indefinite forms are completed. Usage of past infinitive is its main valuable.

Completeness of the past indefinite form is one of the instances of its use.

Completeness of the action also depends on the lexical meaning of the verb, so in

all cases, one of the criteria is the uncertainty of this form of action, the message of

the facts occurred in the Past.

4. The past indefinite is express a complete, long-term effect. E.g.: It was endlessly

qualified and the punishments for violating the law were totally inadequate, but

the principle was established (I. Asimov p. 51). And while everyone else can be

seen, from time to time, to wonder what to do next - the Chicago people,

apparently committed to unity of action, were heard arguing in the dining room

over whether, or when, to rent a boat for deep-sea fishing the two old people

have clear, unwavering schedule of their own (A.Adams, p.2). Complete long-

term effect transferred to the predicate was endlessly qualified, with the adverb

endlessly - endlessly, indicating the duration of action in the past, the second

predicate was established is the completed action. The second sentence of the

predicate was heard arguing too is an example of the duration of the action in the

Past. E.g.: Andrew accepted many commissions and worked harder as a free

robot than he ever had before, till the cost of the house was paid for and the

structure was signed over to Him. (I. Asimov, p.46) When the final decision

was handed down, DeLong held what amounted to a victory celebration over the

legal loss (I. Asimov, p. 62).

5. The past indefinite is an action in the past, where there is circumstantial speech,

temporal adverbs: In Travis's case, what was then called a nervous

breakdown took two years from his life; coming out of it, he was, or felt himself

to be, too far behind, in terms of research (A.Adams, p.2). On the one hundred

and fiftieth anniversary of his construction, a testimonial dinner was given in

his honor at U.S. Robots (I. Asimov, p. 59).

22

6. The past is repeated indefinitely or repeated action in the past. E.g.: His work

on his book on robots was delayed and delayed again, as he pored over the

legal arguments and even, at times, made very different suggestions (I. Asimov,

p. 50.). Sometimes the owners, who were always asked to be away or to step

outside when the house was being shown, didn't even know that the bowl had

been in their house (A. Beattie, p. 112).

7. The Past Indefinite period of time is instant, a single action. E.g.: When it did,

Harley Smythe-Robertson, who, on his mother's side, was descended from

the original founder of the corporation and who had adopted the hyphenation

to indicate it, looked remarkably unhappy (I. Asimov, p. 52). The past indefinite is

consistent action in the past. The road, which was broad and oiled and well

constructed, made a turn to the left at the far end of the bridge and then swung

out of sight around a curve to the right. At this point it was enlarged from the old

road to its present width by cutting into the solid bastion of the rock on the far

side of the gorge; and its left or western edge, looking down from he pass and the

bridge, as marked and prine of upright stone where of stone where its edge fell

sheer away to the gorge (E. Hemingway, p. 69).

8. The past indefinite is used to describe the appearance and character of the

subject, environment and nature. E.g.: Her fingernails were shaped so that the

soft meat of the tips could stroke a typewriter without imaging the apex of a

nail, her arch slid over a 6B shoe like an egg in a shell, id never in her adult

life did Mildred recall having vomited (M. Apple, p. 35). It layed like a match

burning around her belly, etching itself into her as the round He emblem was so

symmetrically embroidered into the bedspread, which she had kicked off in the

flush that accompanied the pain (M. Apple, p. 30). But the habits were careful

and clean and they were best represented in the body that was she. The fingers

were long and were shaped into artistically metallic, looping curves so graceful

and appropriate that one could imagine a. scalpel fitting them and becoming,

temporarily, and one piece with them (I. Asimov, p. 39). Her figure was very

well developed for her age (J. Barth, p.89). These examples point to the

23

characterization was broad and oiled well constructed, the description of the

exterior was very well developed, were shaped and it was enlarged situation or

condition was marked and protected.

9. The past indefinite period of time is sometimes used in the stylistic purposes

without alteration of other temporary forms, which gives the narrative credibility,

picturesqueness. E.g. It was even dilapidated than most: the silver coating was

worn off the brown metal handles, the glass windows around the dummy were

cracked and taped, her kerchiefs and silks long-faded (J.Barth, p.95). Even

though he was met with smiles and good will, he knew, before a single word was

spoken, that all the currents ran against him and that he would make no

headway (S. Bello, p. 119). And her heart was torn between her love for the

misfortunate young man between her love et cetera and her womanly intuition

that only in suffering and isolation could he give voice et cetera (J. Barth, p.

102).

10.

Past Indefinite Passive is used not only for the expression of the uncertainty with

respect to its completeness or incompleteness, but also in respect of the expression

of certainty. E.g.: The, young man, whose name was Robert Gordan, was

extremely hungry and he was worried (E.Hemingway, p. 36). A telephone line ran

along the road and its wires were carried over the bridge (E.Hemingway, p. 36).

Kugelmass visited Persky the next day, and in a few minutes was again passed

magically to Yonville (W. Allen, р.14). his form can express a certain action in the

past. Certain actions are not passed to the form itself was worried, were carried,

was again passed

but solely by means of additional language lexical adverbial words, adverbial

turns extremely, suddenly, magically.

Past Continuous Passive in English forms with the help of verb to be in the Past

Continuous and form of the Past Participle.

This form of Passive Voice of English has following forms:

I was being invited (told)

24

You were being invited (told)

He (she, it) was being invited (told)

You were being invited (told)

They were being invited (told)

Verbs in this form may express the following meanings:

1. The Past Continuous Tense in Passive Voice indicates the action that goes on in

the Past; the speaker can observe the ongoing action. E.g.: I listened with proper

veneration to these ancient narratives, perhaps less admirable in themselves

than the fact that they had been Created by my blood and were being restored to

me by a, man of a remote empire, in the course of a desperate adventure, on a

Western isle (J.L. Borges, 142).

2.

The Past Continuous Tense expresses the multiple, repeated action in the Past.

E.g.: When the bowl was not being taken from house to house, it sat on

Andrea's coffee table at home. (A. Beattie Janus p. 112)

3. Past Continuous Tense of the Passive Voice is used to express the normal,

regular, ongoing actions in the past. E.g.: Sometimes the owners, who were

always asked to be away or to step outside when the house was being shewn,

didn 't even know that the bowl had been in their house (A. Beattie, p. 112).

4. Past Continuous Tense expresses an unlimited long-term effect in the past. E.g.:

Women were being forcibly raped in the South Pacific (J. Barth, p.99) He had

been caught a vortex and was being whirled on with a velocity of advance

and gyration that made him giddy and sick. LA. Bierce, p. 135)

5. Past Continuous Tense of the Passive Voice is limited long-term effect on rare

occasions. E.g.: One hot July day, towards evening, just as the cattle were

being driven away, and the whole yard was full of dust, someone suddenly

knocked at the gate. A. Chekhov, p.200) The revival was being carried on by

three sisters in black and a brother (J. Baldwin, p.81).

25

6. Past Continuous Tense Passive transfer (in rare cases) simultaneous action. E.g.:

Не felt as though he was being constructed again (I. Asimov, p. 55).

Past Perfect Passive in English forms with the help of verb to be in the Past Perfect

and form of the Past Participle.

This form of Passive Voice of English has following forms:

I had been invited (told)

You had been invited (told)

He (she, it) had been invited (told)

We had been invited (told)

You had been invited (told)

They had been invited (told)

1. Past Perfect Tense of The Passive Voice has a value of precedence, i.e., before

the start of another past action, when the two actions do not coincide in time in the

past, the preceding adverbial words indicated. E.g.: She had been starved for

statement, and his tales of Broadway night life, of fast cars and -Hollywood

and stars, enthralled the young French beauty (W. Allen, p. 15). Analyzed at

the previous example specifies the action that is expressed Past Perfect Passive had

been starved, and used other forms of past tense to express the various actions. Past

perfect tense expresses completed action in the past before another past action.

E.g.: Perhaps Mildred now stood where Abraham had been visited by a

vision making a, rock his pillow, had first put the ease into the earth (M.

Apple, 32). Little Miss came to see him frequently in the small house that had

been built made over for him (I. Asimov, p.46). Actions expressed by predicates

followed suggestions in the Past Perfect Passive had been visited, had been built to

show the completeness of the previous action. The predicate following example

also means the completed action. E.g.: She had been dead for nearly two

centuries now, but as a result of writing his book Andrew knew her so well he

could half persuade himself that he had met in life (I. Asimov, p. 53).

2. The form of the past perfect tense of the passive voice can express incomplete

action continued, which began in the past, after the passing of the second, which

26

began in the past. E.g.: Не had been caught in a vortex and was being whirled on

with my velocity of advance and gyration that made him giddy and sick (A.

Bierce, p. '35). The man had been deprived of sleep for more than a week, and to

have this sprung on him at the height of a furious gale nearly drove him out of his

mind (J. Conrad, p.319). True, he had made that last stride, he had stepped

over the edge, while I had been permitted to draw back my hesitating foot (J.

Conrad, p. 307). The form of the past Perfect Tense of the Passive Voice can

express incomplete action continued, which began in the past, after the passing of

the second, which began in the past. E.g.: Andrew had appeared much more

a robot when he had first been manufactured (I. Asimov, p. 40). He had

been picked up, the evening before, in a maid on an apartment downtown, for

peddling and using heroin (J. Baldwin p. 66) Ы the few seconds before Andrea

picked up the bowl, she realized that the owner Waist have just seen that it had

been perfectly placed, that the sunlight struck the part of it (A. Beattie, p. 112).

3. Past perfect tense is used to express a simultaneous action, which coincides with

the moment of speech. E.g.: It seemed though we had been forgotten by the

world, belonged to nobody, would get where; it seemed that, as if bewitched,

we would have to live for ever and ever in it inner boatmen (J.Conrad, p.348). I

had to lean right out to swing the heavy shutter, and I saw a face of amongst

the leaves on the level with my own, looking at me very fierce and steady;

and then suddenly, as though a veil had been moved from my eyes, I made

out, deep in the tangled gloom, naked breasts, arms, legs, glaring eyes, -the

bush was swarming with human limbs in movement, glistening, of bronze color

(J. Conrad, p.287).

4. Past perfect tense of the passive voice may indicate habitual action that is a

permanent feature of the subject entity. E.g.: Andrew had been intended to

perform the duties of a valet, a butler, even a lady's maid (I. Asimov, p. 40). But

houses exactly like the houses of our past yet dominated the landscape, boys

exactly like the boys we once had been found themselves smothering in these

27

houses, came down into the streets for light and air found themselves encircled by

disaster (J.Baldwin, p. 71).

The Past Tense of the Passive Voice in Kyrgyz Language.

Past Tense of the

Passive Voice

Form Meaning

Past Definite

Tense (айкын

откон чак).

-ды,-ты

• unspecified action any period of time last

• an action (different lexical and syntactic

means)

• re-operation

• single, single action

• Completed Scoring

• with auxiliary verbs

"жат" "тур" is extended, unfinished action

• follow-up action when another past action

preceded by

• simultaneous action

• a clear, significant effect from the

perspective of the speaker

Past Indefinite

Tense (жалпы

откон чак).

-ган

• the action is not personally observed

speaker

• the action is quite obvious speaker

• the impact of pervasive pattern

• incomplete action last

• repetitive action last

• description of the subject, environment

• Limitation of action

• the recent action

Past Subjective

Tense (капыскы

• an action relating to past, with a touch

of

28

откон чак). -ып,(тыр) subjective assumptions about the accuracy

of its commission

Past Continuous

Tense (адат

откон чак).

-чу,-оочу,(-

уучу),

• the action that is long, continuously or

repeatedly

was done in the past

• the action that took place continuously (in

the complex sentences with subordinate

conditional)

Pluperfect

Definite Tense

(айкын

байыркы откон

чак).

-ды+эле, экен,

беле, бекен

• the action which took place in distant past,

much earlier date speech

• can express guessing

Pluperfect

Indefinite Tense

(жалпы

байыркы откон

чак).

-ган+эле, экен

•long time the action which is the speaker

recalled

or learned in the process of speech

•pluperfect action referring to the distant

the past, in reality, the commission of which

the speaker not sure

Pluperfect

Continuous

Tense (адат

откон чактын

байыркы откон

чактык

формасы).

-чу+эле, экен

• the action that took place in the distant

past,

reality and the different circumstances

which

the speaker knows the words of others

29

In the Passive Voice in Kyrgyz Language have several forms of past tense, and

now look at the forms and meanings in examples. E.g.: Жакшылыкты коро

албас арамдыгы куч бузуку иштердин оз башына кайгынын кара казаны

комкорулду (J.Balasagyn, 6. Considering cases of actions in the past унутулуп

да калды, денеси жыйрыла калды indicate iniquity of actions expressed by

complex predicate. Participles унутулуп, жыйрыла as part of complex

predicate in passive voice indicate the manner, and калды express past

singular action. In the example замбирек атылды, shot the cannon verb

атылды - shot, which is in the passive voice , past tence, and the noun

замбирек cannon subject in the passive sentence indicate single action in the past.

1. Past definite tense expresses finished resultative action. E.g.: Ушул эле

куну Бишкек шаарындагы Касымалы Баялынов атындагы балдар

китепканасында Кыргыз Эл жазуучусу Ч.Айтматов менен мектеп

окуучуларынын жолугушуусу болуп, анда коврунуктуу жазуучунун

«Тоо кулаганда» ammyy романы жонундо кеп козголду (Erkintoo

15.02.07.№14 (1623)). Баги бийлик тарабынан Жусуп Баласагынга Хасс хажиб

таамы берилди (J.Balasagyn 6 б.). Ал кеп жигиттердин ортосунда

корпочонун устундо чыканактап жаткан кишинин алдына жеткирилди

Т.Кasymbekov, 18 б.). Action in the past expressed by predicate in Passive

Voice жеткирилди – was delivered, ордо дагы бузулду – ruined the horde,

provides composed actions which results are obvious.

2. Form of past definite with auxiliary verbs «жат», «тур» expresses continued

incomnpleted action.

E.g.: Ичкертен кишилердин кобуру бал аарынын уюгундай бир калыпта

кунгуроп угулуп жатты (Т.Кasymbekov, 43 б.). Бирде алыстан булбул этип,

бирде кучогонсуп балбылдап, биринин шооласы бирине уланышып,

асманга которулуп турду (Т.Кasymbekov, 67 б.). Analyzed sentences, which

predicates are expressed by forms of past time in Passive Voice кунгуроп

угулуп жатты – was heard, асманга которулуп турду — rose up are good

examples which express incomplete action. And adverbial modifiers кунгуроп

30

угулуп, асманга которулуп act as indicators of additional actions, specifying

ways of basic action fulfillment. E.g.: Кылдардан чыккан турдуу унду

тыншап, бирин которуп, бирин кунгуроого чейин пастатып, ундордун

бирине бири жалганууларын журогу менен угуп, кыял эргуусуно

берилип жатты (Т.Кasymbekov, 160 p.). In the given sentence, predicate

берилип жатты consists of verbal adverb берилип with adverbial meaning and

auxiliary verb «жат» and expresses continued incomplete action. Past definite

tense expresses subsequent action when other past action proceeds . E.g.:

Ошол заматта ага жакын турган нвкврдун аты чыцырып кош аяктап

тура калды да, онколоп жыгылып тушту (Т.Кasymbekov, 45 б.). In this

sentence verbal adverbs кош аяктап, онколоп жыгылып mean additional

actions, preceding action expressed by predicate тушту. E.g.: Ошол кундон

Кокон ордо аталды. Сарай салынды. Хан атынан алтын, кумуш тенге

чыгарылып, казына жыйылып, казынанын эсебинен аскер кутулуп, ар

кандай окум хан атынан айтылып, бийлик бир колго чогултулду

(Т.Кasymbekov, 49 б.)

3. Past definite tense expresses simultaneous action. E.g.: Жорго жолдон

суурулду, кайран заман куурулду, бей-бечара момундар баткак болуп

жуурулду (Улуу кыргыз кочу 149).

4. Past definite tense expresses obvious, authentic action from the speaker’s point

of view.

E.g.: Андан башка да талаш-тартыштын бары бир ушул пикирге келтирилди

(Erkintoo 16.01.07.NsS (1612)). Бирок дагы эле мансап учун кармашуу

басылбады (Т.Kasymbekov, 117 б.). Кылычтар кунго жалт-жалт деп

бирине-бири зор кучтор менен каре-каре чабылып, миздеринен от

тогулду (Т. Kasymbekov, 222 б.).

Past Indefinite Tense (жалпы откон чак) of Passive Voice is formed by

attaching to the stem of the verb an affix of Passive Voice - ыл (-ил, - ул, -ул,

-л) and affix of past time -ган (-ген, -гон,-гон, -кан, -кен,-кон,-кон).

31

Form of Past Indefinite Tense (жалпы еткен чак) of Passive Voice is used in

order to express the following actions3.

1. Past Indefinite Tense expresses action which is not observed by speaker’s

personally. E.g.: Бул китептын озогу-апрым озгорбо, туболуктуу

тушунуктордон турат: биринчиси-адилет, экинчиси-доолот, учунчусу-

акыл, тортунчусу-каниет делип, алардын ар бирине туркчо оз аттары

берилген; Адилетти- Кун тууду Элик атаган, бул окумдар; Доолоттун

аты- Айтолду, ал-увазир, Акылга-Акдилмиш деген aт берилген, ал

увазирдин уулу, а Каниет болсо-Откурмуш аталып, анын иниси делген.

Мына ушулардын ортосунда оз ара суйлошуулор, суроо-жооптор аркылуу

санжыра чечмеленет (J.Balasagyn, 29 б.). In the given example predicate

берилген, is used in the meaning of past action, where affix of Past Indefinite

Tense -ган with affix of passive Voice -ил in the verb берилген means that

action has taken place in the indefinite past .

2. Past Indefinite Tense expresses quite obvious action, authentic from the

speaker’s point of view.

E.g.: Ал согуш башталгандын эртеси эле армияга жонотулгон

Т.Sydykbekov,100 б.). Ж. Баласагындын чыгармасында кандайдыр

ырааттуу философиялык маанидеги концептуалдуу система атайлап

тузулгон эмес (J.Balasagyn, 16 б.). In these examples predicates жонотулгвн,

тузулгон эмес expresses quite obvious actions in the past.

3. Past Indefinite Tense expresses perfectively performance. E.g.: Ото бышкан

«басып алды» коон данегинен ОЗУ узулуп, озунон озу чар жарылган

(Т.Kasymbekov, 416 б.).Ошентип, бул курултайда коптогон маселелер

чечнлип, доомат менен келгендердин толгон-токой арыздары Кыдыр

акенин жардамы менен, анын олуялык саясатында тура чечилген (Улуу

кыргыз кочу, 132 б.). In the given examples predicates жарылган, чечилген,

expresses results of actions, which happened in the Past Indefinite Tense.

3 Абдувалиев И. Садыков Т. Азыркы кыргыз тили: морфология. Бишкек, 1997. -227с.32

4. Past Indefinite Tense expresses incomplete action in the past. E.g.:Жалан

акыл создон тузулгон, Шуру сымал жибек жипке тизилген (J.Balasagyn, 31

б.).Past Indefinite Tense expresses repeating action in the past. E.g.: Бул

аныктама мурунку авторлор тарабынан дайыма айтылган жана

кайталанып келет (S.Ibraimov, 3 б.). In the analized sentence predicate

айтылган with adverb of time дайыма expresses action repeated in the

past. Past Indefinite Tense is used in order to describe subject, situation. E.g.:

Эшиктин жээгине, узуктун тегерегине Кызыл кийиз бастырылган

(Т.Sydykbekov,288 б.). Бакты аралап сейил кыла турган ничке жолго

торболжундун турундой кылып, бири кок, кызыл бышкан кыш тошолгон,

жээгине ар турлуу гул тигилген (Т.Kasymbekov; 359 б.). Ал - чыныгы бир

эл учун жаралган адам (Улуу кыргыз кочу, 171 б.). Predicates of the given

examples тошолгон, бастырылган, тигилген used in order to describe

situation in the stylistic purposes to transfer actions related to the past . Past

Indefinite Tense expresses limitation of action. E.g.: Ошентип ал тоолуктун

сутун эмген, тутунган баласы болуп эсептелинип калган экен (Т.Kasymbekov,

120 б.). Predicate эсептелинип калган экен indicates for long-past time. 7. Past

Indefinite Tense expresses recent action. E.g.: Эмне учундур сулоосунго

кайрылган жок (Т.Kasymbekov, 238 б.). Predicate of the given sentence with

negation кайрылган жок shows to that circumstance, that action has

occurred in the recent past after some action in the past.

Past Continuous Tense (адат откон чак) of Passive Voice is formed by adding

to the verb stem affix of Passive Voice - ыл (-ил, - ул, -ул, -л) and affix of past

time –чу (-оочу,-уучу). Past Continuous Tense (адат откон чак) is used in the

following expressions. Past Continuous Tense expresses action, which occured

long, constantly or repeatedly in the Past. E.g.: Нузуптун, аталыктыгы

жоюлганы Шералинин хандык бийлиги озунон-озу бир аз жоторулуп,

ар кандай иш анын макулдугу аркылуу жургузуло баштаган болучу

(Т.Kasymbekov, 116 6.) In the Kyrgyz language there are also irregular

forms of Past tense of Passive Voice.

33

Pluperfect Definite Tense (айкын байыркы откон чак). Pluperfect

Indefinite Tense (жалпы байыркы откон чак). Pluperfect Continuous Tense

(адат откон чактын байыркы откон чактык формасы).

Pluperfect Definite Tense (айкын байыркы откон чак) is formed by

combining verb in the form of Past definite and functional words эле, жен in

affirmative form and беле, бекен in the interrogative form. It expresses action,

occurred in the remote past much earlier before the moment of speech. With

the form беле, бекен can express not only question, but also supposition. E.g.:

Мектепти ремонттоого уч мин сом каралган эле (Кыргызча-орусча создук).

Pluperfect Indefinite Tense (жалпы байыркы откон чак) is formed

combining of verb in the Past Indefinite Tense with defective verbs эле, экен.

Verbs in this form mean action happened long ago in the Past, about which the

author remembered or found in the moment of speech. E.g.: Ал ушундайча

болуп бек атанып, чуко ордосуна, хан ордосуна, бак талашуу, бийлик

талашуу кызыгына ушундайча болуп кошулган эле (Т.Kasymbekov, 530

б.). Кыргыз тили боюнча алгачкы илимий-практикалык китептеринин

алгачкылары негизинен К.Тыныстанов тарабынан жазылып, башталган

жен (S.Ibragimov, 18 б.). In the given examples all the actions, expresseed by

the forms of Pluperfect Definite Tense are formed by combining verb in the form

of Past Indefinite Tense with defective verbs эле, кошулган эле, башталган

экен, mean action happened in the past a long time ago, about which the author

remembered or found in the moment of speech.

Pluperfect Continuous Tense (адат откон чактын байыркы откон

чактык формасы) is formed out of the form of Past Continuous Tense with the

help of defective verbs экен, эле. This form meand action, took place in the

remote past, about reality and different circumstances which speaker knows

according to other people words. Action has a character of duration,

repeatibility as simple form corresponding it. E.g.: Карты алдымда Сары ала

турган жон токулуп (folklore, 245 б.).

34

Analized material out of modern Aglo-American fiction revealed many examples

of Passive Voice use in three forms used in English language:

Past indefinite form of Passive Voice (Past Indefinite Passive);

Past continuous form of Passive Voice (Past Continuous Passive);

Past perfect form of Passive Voice (Past Perfect Passive).

But in the Kyrgyz language Past Tense is expressed in seven forms.

Past Definite Tense (айкын откон чак).

Past Indefinite Tense (жалпы откон чак).

Past Subjective Tense (капыскы откон чак).

Past Continuous Tense (адат откон чак).

Pluperfect Definite Tense (айкын байыркы откон чак).

Pluperfect Indefinite Tense (жалпы байыркы откон чак).

Pluperfect Continuous Tense (адат откон чактын байыркы откон

чактык формасы).

The analysis of Past Indefinite, Progressive and Perfect form of Passive Voice

in English language helps to make the following

definite action in the past specified by means of various leksiko-syntactic

means;

repeated action in the past, single, unitary action in the past;

finished resultative action in the past;

with auxiliary verbs жат, тур expresses progressive, unfinished action;

subsequent action, when other past action precedes;

simultaneous action, obvious, authentic from the speaker’s point of view.

Past Indefinite Tense (жалпы откон чак) expresses:

past action, not observer by the speaker personally;

quite obvious action, authentic from the speaker’s point of view;

perfectivity performance;

not finished action in the past;

repeated action in the past;

while describing subject, situation;35

prescription of action;

recent action.

36

Past Subjective Tense (капыскы откон чак) is used:

to express action concerning the past, with shade of subjective assumption

on reliability of its fulfillment.

Past Continuous Tense (адат откон чак) expresses action happened long time

ago, about which speaker remembered or found in the process of speech;

pluperfect action, concerning the remote past, in the reality fulfillment of

which speaker is not sure.

Pluperfect Definite Tense (айкын байыркы откон чак) expresses:

action, occurred in the remote past, much earlier before the speech

moment;

can express supposition.

Pluperfect Indefinite Tense (жалпы байыркы откон чак) expresses:

action occurred long ago, about which speaker remembered or found in the

moment of speech;

pluperfect action, concerning remote past, in the reality fulfillment of

which speaker is not sure.

Pluperfect Continuous Tense (адат откон чактын байыркы откон чактык

формасы) expresses:

• action taking place in the remote past, on the reality and different

circumstances of which speaker knows from the words of others .

As a result, analysis of forms and meanings of Passive Voice we came

to the conclusion, that transformations of English Passive Voice into the

Kyrgyz language are shown in different forms. In many cases of usage Present,

Past, Future (Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect) Passive and Kyrgyz учур чак

(жонокой учур чак, татаал учур чак); откон чак (айкын откон чак, айкын

байыркы откон чак, жалпы откон чак, жалпы айкын откон чак, жалпы

байыркы откон чак, капыскы откон чак, адат откон чактын байыркы откон

чактык формасы); келер чак (айкын келер чак, арсар келер чак) mainly

coincide, except for those, where predicate can be expressed by other ways, i.e.

37

complex predicates, including verbal adverbs, noun, adjective,

phraseological units, etc.

1. Noun

English Present Indefinite Passive are wounded expresses action, occuring in the

moment of speech, and into the Kyrgyz language transferred with the help of

noun жараатыныз, which also expresses action, occurring in the moment of

speech.

2. Combined Voice (кош мамиле)

Example from the given piece of work with passive Voice Present Indefinite

Passive are hot organized expresses action in general, into the Kyrgyz

language is transferred by verb-predicate уюмдашкан эмес in the meaning of

usual action in the Present Tense of Combined Voice (кош мамиле).

3. Passive Voice (туюк мамиле)

Present Indefinite Passive is used to transfer constant sign of subject . And in

the Kyrgyz language express action quite obvious, authentic from speaker’s

points of view. In both languages Passive Voice is used, indicating action in the

Past Tense, in the English language action is expressed by verb in Present Tense.

4. Basic Voice (негизги мамиле)

Sentence with Passive Voice in Present Indefinite Passive transfers concrete

action in this moment, verb of Basic Voice (негизги мамиле) has an adverb in

its possession, which is equivalent to adverb in the Kyrgyz language where

adverb, indicates fulfillment of action in the moment of speech.

5. Nominal predicate

Form of Present Indefinite Passive are drunk in the English language can be

homonymous to predicative construction with link verb to be and adjective

drunk as nominal predicate. In the sentence this construction works as complex

nominal predicate, are drunk is translated into the Kyrgyz language with the help

of adjective мае. Both in English and Kyrgyz sentences actions express moment

of speech.

38

6. Nominal component

Present Perfect Passive have you been wounded expresses repeated action in the

Past, which ends by the Present moment, and transferred to Kyrgyz

language жарадар болдунуз. In combination with nominal component жарадар

auxiliary verb бол forms complex predicate, losing independent lexical

meaning and acting as grammatical formant. Complex verbs have intransitivity

signs and denote usual condition.

Present Perfect tense of passive Voice is transferred by Past Indefinite tense.

Example in Present Perfect Passive have been cut denote finished action, result

of which is available. Given predicate is transferred by finished action

with the help of Past indefinite tense form тогулгон in Passive Voice (туюк

мамиле).

8. Past Indefinite Tense transferred by forms of Future tense in Kyrgyz

language. Predicate of English, sentence in Past Indefinite Passive was not yet

finished expresses not finished action in the Past, and in Kyrgyz language

эмдигиче салынып буто элек болчу also expresses unfinished action, only in

the future, which transferred by means of adverb of time эмдигиче, verbal

adverb with affix -ып and two-parts auxiliary verb элек болчу, indicating that

action is not finished yet in the Combined voice (оздук мамиле).

9. Reflexive passive meaning

Predicate in the example was captured expresses certain action in the past,

translated in the form of алынды, which proves aforesaid about Kyrgyz

language. Reflexive passive meaning, with which work verbs of reflexive

voice, differs from actually-reflexive. These verbs express an idea of

fulfillment action in favor of subject of action, but with the participation of

some other persons, subjects, phenomena, which act like reason or tool of

these actions. Logic and grammatical subject is united in one word ,

distinguishes meaning of these verbs from actually-passive meaning [1:246-

248].

39

On the basis of analysis it is determined, that lexical meaning of English

verb is wider, than Kyrgyz verb, in order to transfer the meaning of verb

amused, in the Kyrgyz language two verbs are used жыргап угуп. Distortion in

volume of lexical meaning of words in unrelated languages indicates for

typological differences of lexical systems of investigated languages.

10. Predicate in English transferred with an object

Author of translation used grammatical form of Passive Voice тизилген,

expressing meaning of completeness in the past

- in the Kyrgyz language this form carries out additional function of object

but not predicate as in English language: were lined up expressed by verb in

the form of past completed action.

11. Functions as noun with attributes

Compound additional sentence what was left of a railway station, where

Passive Voice is Past Indefinite Passive was left, translated into Kyrgyz

language as noun with attributes in the function of object темир жол

станциясынын урандылары.

12. Verbal adverb phrase

Verb in the form of Past Indefinite Tense of Passive Voice in the role of

predicate were closed in the English language transferred to Kyrgyz

language by verbal adverb phrase (чакчыл турмок) чапталышып калгансып

and notional verb ачылбайт negative form of Passive Voice. Verbal adverb

phrase means additional action, made simultaneously with action expressed by

verb predicate.

13. Transferred by description

Past Indefinite Passive were required in English identifies committed

regular action in the past , in Kyrgyz translation алып журууге милдеттуу

болчубуз expresses continuous long action on the certain interval of time and

transferred by basic voice (негизги мамиле), when subject is expressed by

plural in the first person. In the second part of sentence action of predicate

relates to other persons expressed by specification of subject {even doctors and

40

sanitary officers), and in Kyrgyz language there is sentence with predicate

or its widespread variant (атугул санитардык болуктогу врачтар менен

офицерлер да тапанча алып журууго милдеттуу эле.

14. Though in both languages functions the form of Passive Voice, they differ

by expression of meaning (long lasting action is transferred by individual

action).

In this sentence all actions are expressed by verbs in the form of Passive Voice

Past Indefinite Passive, was held, were not connected in the meaning of

accomplished action in the past. English predicates translated by verbs in

Passive Voice (туюк мамиле) - айрылган in the meaning of perfect action in the

past, илинип туруптур means long lasting constant action, диртилдейт

expresses meaning, durable by time, and the predicate was gone in Kyrgyz

language жулуп кетиптир expressed by two componential verb in the past

tense, where the main component is in the participial form with affix -ып, and

auxiliary verb in the past tense acts in the meaning of individual accomplished

action in the past.

15. Complex verb in the role of adverbial modifier of time

Past Indefinite Passive was brought expresses long term action in the past ,

transferred by complex verb алып келишкенде, which has the same meaning in

Kyrgyz, consists of verbal adverb with affix -ып and notional verb кел in

combined voice (кош мамиле) -ыш, in the past tense with affix -ган, and

affix of locative case -да, which functions in the role of adverbial modifier of

time.

Predicate of the main clause were only turned on transferred by complex

verb жагыла турган болду by three components: if the main component

жагыла is in participial form of passive Voice with affix -а, in this case

predicate турган болду express action which proceeded for a long time in the

past and lasts till the present moment.

16. Expressed by adverb

41

Predicate of English sentence was disappointed expressed in Past Indefinite

Passive, into the Kyrgyz language it transfers with the help of predicate

expressed by adverb of condition капа and auxiliary verb кылганын

(кыл+ган+ын) in the past time of reflexive voice (оздук мамиле). In the

English language subject of action is not specified, in the Kyrgyz language subject

of action is specified precisely бул.

17. Active voice

This example was gone expresses finished action in the past, in Kyrgyz also

mean finished action отуп кеткен. In English language felt finer (Past Indefinite

Active) transferred to Kyrgyz language by Passive Voice кошулуп жаттъш in

the meaning of duration of action. Transfer of English verb in Active voice with

the help of Passive voice in Kyrgyz indication the structural features of grammar

in investigating languages.

18.Past action transferred by the form of present time. Discrepancy is seen

while expressing the meaning in example was clearly defined в Past

Indefinite Passive. Example in English expresses complete action in the past,

into the Kyrgyz transferred by Basic Voice (негизги мамиле) of Present

Indefinite Tense as аныктоого болот.

19.Simultaneous action

Predicate was exhausted expresses individual action, ended in the past, and in

Kyrgyz language transferred by verbal adverb жоготуп and designates

additional action, occurred simultaneously with action, expressed by verb-

predicate деп айтты.

20. Discrepancy of lexical units

In this sentence were all cooked (Past Indefinite Passive) expresses individual

finished action, and while repetition of the given predicate in two subsequent

sentences with condition to realize «if this action is realized», it is the reason

of other action would win. But in the Kyrgyz language given predicate is

used once and verbs-predicated differs by time: алдан тайганыбыз expresses

action, occurring for a long time in the Basic Voice (негизги мамиле), and

42

predicate of second sentence, алдан тайыдык expresses action, which had

happened till the moment of speech.

21. Full coincidence both in form and meaning

Example in Past Indefinite Passive were polished expresses, that action is

finished in the past, into Kyrgyz is transferred by form of Past Indefinite Tense,

appears as the result of action тазаланган in Passive Voice (туюк мамиле).

22. Full equivalence of actions in tenses, and discrepancy in expression of form

of action meaning of predicate was being shot in this sentence indicates on

simultaneous action, which in rare cases expresses Past Continuous Passive. In

Kyrgyz translation predicate атып таштап келгенче expressed by verbal adverb

with affix -ып in combination with auxiliary word кел with participle affix -ган

and restrictive particle —на, which means limit in time, to which action is

done. Though forms of expression of Past Continuous Tense are various in

investigated languages, losses in transfer of sentence sense is not observed.

23. Conformity

Given example with Past Continuous Passive was being finished in English

language is used in the meaning of action which continues in the past , speaker

can observe continuing action. In Kyrgyz translation of predicate чабылып

буткону калыптыр we observe figurative transfer of meaning of English

predicate was being finished, expressed by simple, not figurative verb

finished, and verb чабылып has the meaning carve, trim, dig, and precisely

specifies works done in the mountains. Verb буткону is used like synonym to

English verb finished in the meaning terminate.

Past Continuous Passive was being finished transferred by Passive Voice in the

Past Continuous Tense чабылып буткону калыптыр, where in the complicated

form designates action, which should occur soon.

24. In English language one semantic word is used, and others are auxiliary,

whereas in Kyrgyz it is used three semantic forms of verb: in the function of

predicate, in the form of verbal adverb and auxiliary verb.

43

Predicate in the following example was being done expresses in rare

cases simultaneous action in the Past Continuous Tense , transferred into

Kyrgyz жагыла турган болду in the meaning of action which is long

occurred in the past in Passive Voice (туюк мамиле).

25. Complex predicate

Form of predicate in Past Perfect Passive had not been evacuated used for

expression of completeness of action in the past before occurring of other

past action were supposed to wear steel helmets - темир каска кийип aт,

берилгени менен and transferred into Kyrgyz by complex predicate кочурулуп

кетпеген, i.e. main verb кет in combination to verbal adverb квчурулуп to -ып

in Passive Voice designates action directed from speaker or from present to

future кетпеген.

26. Analysis of sentence shows, that predicate had been put forward has form of

Past Perfect Passive and expresses action, finished in the past before other

past action occurrence. It is transferred into Kyrgyz language by predicate

кечендетилди in the Past definite Tense in Passive Voice (туюк мамиле) and

has the meaning of authenticity of action happened in the past. Indicative mood

is transferred by imperative mood

Predicative had never been arrested in the Kyrgyz variant sounds wrong: instead

of translating камакка алынбаган author uses the form of камакка

алынбасын, where the main verb is in the form of imperative mood with

negative affix -ба, and -сын in the meaning of categorical order of speaker to

third party, which conveys to him through interlocutor . Predicative of English

sentence had never been arrested express action in the negative form, which

has not had time occurred yet till the certain moment in the past .

Investigated material convinces that it is necessary to consider Voice as

morphological category, as voice is considered as category of part of

speech, belonging to verb, and enters along with categories of time ,

aspect, mood, person and number in the system of verbal accidence. Voice

change occurs in the form of verb. Passive Voice has grammatical meaning

44

(internal signs) and grammatical form, (external signs), in English language it is

expressed by analytical mode, and in Kyrgyz language by morphological

(agglutinative).

In the result of carried out research there were revealed and described

similarities and distinctions of forms, meanings and cases of Passive voice usage

in the investigated languages.

The basic tendencies in research are description of Passive Voice in

the structure of functionally-semantic category of voice , establishment of

specify of kinds and time forms functioning and meanings expressed by

them.

On the basis of presented detailed analysis of category of voice in modern

linguistics literature of both languages, it was found out, that grammatical

category of Passive Voice has its specify in every separately investigated

languages. In English language Passive Voice in the Present Time has :

Present Indefinite, Present Continuous, Present Perfect, and Present Perfect

Continuous are absent. Sentence with passive voice is used in all the styles

of modern English and American fiction.

Out of the named three Tenses often used Present Indefinite Passive, Present

Perfect Passive - less, and Present Continuous Passive – very rare.

Main grammatical meaning of each form can change in certain conditions of

context, but it is not erased, and remains in all cases.

In the modern English language Present Tense of Passive Voice is used to

transfer: permanent, regular actions; actions which will be made after speech;

concrete actions in the moment of speech. As well as actions , unlimited by

time borders; characteristic signs of subject; actions, result of which is

available in present tense; repeated action in the past which comes to an end

by the present moment. Investigation of Present, Future and Past Tense of passive

Voice in Kyrgyz linguistics is spent for the first time on the basis of revealing

form and meaning with the help of sentences chosen from fiction of modern

Kyrgyz writers.

45

In modern Kyrgyz language Present Tense of Passive Voice has the

following forms: simple form of Present Tense ending on -а,- й; for -уу,-оо and

complicated form ending on -а,-е,-й or -ып with the help of auxiliary verbs

жат, жур, отур, тур.

The form ending on -а,-й in Kyrgyz language expresses the following

meanings:

-action, made in the moment of speech; usual action, durable on time, where

moment of speech occupies only some part;

-action, occurred periodically, available adverbial modifiers which shows its

duration or other indicators specifying constancy and duration of action;

-constant action, inherent to certain subject, person as its property, or being

prominent feature of person, subject;

-continuous action, occurring in the nature, society, natural property of

subject;

-periodically repeating action;

-action, started for a long time ago and proceeding at present.

In the result of analysis conformity and discrepancies of meanings at Present

time in Passive Voice in English and Kyrgyz languages.

Passive Voice of English language has the following conformity of meanings

in Kyrgyz language:

-concrete action in the moment of speech = action, made in the moment of

speech;

-action, unlimited description of subject’s character of property =

permanent action, which is prominent feature of person, subject;

-meaning of the Past = meaning of Past Tense (having эле);

-procedural meaning – process of action, which proceeds gradually,

continuous and in the Present Tense;

-unfinished action, which does not stop in the Present moment = unfinished

action in the moment of speech.

In Kyrgyz language there are no conformities to the following meanings:

46

action, which will happen after speech; action, preceding the present moment ;

finished action, result of which is available in Present; repeated action in the Past.

The results of meanings analysis and usage of Future forms of Passive

Voice: Future Indefinite Passive, Future Indefinite in the Past Passive, Future

Perfect Passive and Future Perfect in the Past Passive allows to make the following

conclusions:

Future Indefinite Passive and Future Indefinite in the Past Passive are

often used by authors of fiction, but Future Perfect Passive and Future Perfect in

the Past Passive meet very seldom.

Future Tense is used to express: action, which will happen or will be

happening in future; future action in relation to the past moment; future

action, which will happen before certain moment in future. And also can

sometimes express prospective action, concerning the past; future action,

about which they were talking in the past.

In Kyrgyz language future definite and indefinite forms can express: future

action, which will happen in the near future and speaker is not doubting in it ;

action, which will happen in the far future, or will happen generally, as it is

predetermined by the Present; action, which necessarily will happen in future

under certain condition; modal contrast of action; action, which should happen

soon, and its initial stage sometimes is observed in the moment of speech;

action, which could be realized if the condition was carried out . Grammatical

meaning of Future indefinite Tense consists in expression of uncertainty ,

assumption of action, which can happen in the Future or not.

Passive Voice of English language has the following conformities of

meanings in Kyrgyz language: certain action with adjunct words, which will

happen after moment of speech = action, which will happen in the nearest future;

future real action in conditional clauses — in complex sentences with

subordinate of real condition means action, which necessarily will happen in

Future under the given condition; future action in relation to the past

moment = usual real actions, relating to the plan of Past , in narrative form

47

of speech; action, which will happen till the certain moment in future = action

which must happen soon, and its initial stage sometimes action, which

could be carried out, if condition was carried out; it is used in the subordinate

clauses when verb in the main clause is in Past time - эле can transfer usual,

repeating actions in the past in the narrative form of speech.

In Kyrgyz language there are no conformities to the following meanings,

such as: indefinite action in future; simultaneous action with the word when.

And in English language there is no conformity to the following meaning of

passive Voice of Kyrgyz language: action, which will happen in far future, or

will happen in general, as it is predetermined by the Present. Past tense of

passive Voice is analyzed by us in three forms of usage in English language :

Past Indefinite Form of Passive Voice (Past Indefinite Passive); Past

Continuous Form of passive Voice (Past Continuous Passive); Past Perfect

Form of Passive Voice (Past Perfect Passive). And in Kyrgyz language Past

Tense of Passive Voice is expressed in seven forms: Past Definite Tense

(айкын откон чак); Past Indefinite Tense (жалпы откон чак); Past Subjective

Tense (капыскы откон чак); Past Continuous Tense (адат откон чак);

Pluperfect Definite Tense (айкын байыркы откон чак); Pluperfect Indefinite

Tense (жалпы байыркы откон чак); Pluperfect Continuous Tense (адат откон

чактын байыркы откон чактык формасы). Analysis of past Indefinite,

Continuous and Perfect forms of Passive Voice in English language helps to

make the following conclusions: Past Indefinite Passive is very often used by

authors of fiction, Past Continuous Passive is used more often then Present

Continuous Passive, Past Perfect Passive remains on the second place after

Past Indefinite Passive.

Basic meanings of Past tense of the above said forms in English

language: Past Indefinite Passive -neutrality of it’s meaning, it can define any

action in the past till the moment of speech, remaining indefinite; Past

Continuous Passive – can express long lasting action, occurred in the certain

moment in the past, i.e. basic meaning of this form is processuality; Past Perfect

48

Passive can express action, happened till the certain moment in the past, which

is specified with the help of lexical and grammatical means , as well as

context, but one of the distinctive signs of this form is precedence ; it also

can be used in the main and subordinate clause. In Kyrgyz language basic

meanings of Past Definite Tense of Passive Voice (айкын откон чак)

expresses: past action during any period of time; certain action in the past with

the help of different lexical and syntactic means; repeated action in the past ,

single, unitary action in the past; finished resultative action in the past. And

predicates with auxiliary verbs жат, тур expresses progressive, unfinished action;

subsequent action, when other past action precedes; simultaneous action, obvious,

authentic from the speaker’s point of view.

Past Indefinite Tense of Passive Voice (жалпы откон чак) expresses:

past action, not observer by the speaker personally; quite obvious action,

authentic from the speaker’s point of view; perfectivity performance; not

finished action in the past; repeated action in the past; while describing subject,

situation; prescription of action; recent action. Past Subjective Tense of Passive

Voice (капыскы откон чак) is used: to express action concerning the past, with

shade of subjective assumption on reliability of its fulfillment.

Past Continuous Tense of Passive Voice (адат откон чак) expresses:

expresses action happened long time ago, about which speaker remembered or

found in the process of speech; pluperfect action, concerning the remote past, in

the reality fulfillment of which speaker is not sure. Pluperfect Definite Tense of

Passive Voice (айкын байыркы откон чак) expresses: action, occurred in the

remote past, much earlier before the speech moment; can express supposition.

Pluperfect

Indefinite Tense of Passive Voice (жалпы байыркы откон чак) expresses:

action occurred long ago, about which speaker remembered or found in the

moment of speech; pluperfect action, concerning remote past, in the reality

fulfillment of which speaker is not sure.

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Pluperfect Continuous Tense of Passive Voice (адат откон чактын байыркы

откон чактык формасы) expresses: action, taking place in the remote past,

on the reality and different circumstances of which speaker knows from the

words of others.

Passive Voice in English language has the following conformity

of meanings in Kyrgyz language: unitary action, happened and finished

in the past = single, unitary action; certain action in the past (adjunct words,

adverbs of time) = certain action (different lexical and syntactical means );

multiple or repeated action in the past = repeated action in the past; describing

appearance, subject’s character, situation, nature = describing subject, situation;

in rare cases expresses simultaneous action = simultaneous action ; meaning of

precedence, i.e. before starting other past action — subsequent action, when

other past action precedes; completeness of action in the past before other past

action = completed, resultative action; completed proceeding action started in the

past, after beginning the second past action, started also in the past = with the

help of auxiliary verbs «жат», «тур» expresses continued not finished action;

repeating action in the past before starting the other past action, expressed by

different additional lexical and grammatical means repeated action recently past

action — recent action.

In the Kyrgyz language there are no conformities to the following

meanings of English language, such as: Future purpositive action; in stylistic

purposes without alternation of other Tense forms, providing reliability, realness;

proceeding action observed by speaker. In the English language there are no

conformities to the following meanings of passive Voice of Kyrgyz

language: long lasting action, relating to remote past, in which reality of

fulfillment speaker is not sure. Carried out research helped to extend and expand

available now report on the aspectual tense relations of Passive Voice and their

transformations.

We have been focused on the transformation of Passive Voice in

English language, while translating and transferring them into Kyrgyz

50

language. There have been revealed similarities and distinctions in the form,

meaning and use of Passive Voice, such as:

1. Cases of use Present Indefinite Passive and Kyrgyz учур чак in many cases

coincide, excluding those where verbs can express actions in Past Tense, which

study will lead to theoretical generalizations in translation science and in

typology of German and Turkic languages.

2. Analysis shows that Passive Voice in compared languages is oftener used

in Past Tense, rarer in present and very rare in Future.

З. In the English language Passive Voice is often used in Past Indefinite and Past

Perfect forms, and in Kyrgyz language in Past Definite and Pluperfect

forms.

4. Tense forms of Passive Voice are multiple valued both in English and Kyrgyz

languages.

5. Aspect tense system of Passive Voice in English language transferred into

Kyrgyz language by different ways: а) Passive Voice (туюк мамиле), б) Basic

Voice (негизги мамиле), в) Reflexive Voice (оздук мамиле), г) Causative

Voice (аркылуу мамиле), д) Combined Voice (кош мамиле) and other means

of Kyrgyz language. They help to transfer considerable quantity of various

colors, which meanings are reached with the help of additional lexical

means and context. Therefore while transferring aspect tense forms of

Passive Voice from one language into another, essential distinctions are

turned out, which are caused by specify of different system languages, but never,

they have such phenomena, which make them typologically similar. Revealed

transformations on the basis of English Passive Voice translation into Kyrgyz

language in Present, Future and Past Tense presented as follows.

Present Indefinite Passive transferred as: noun; Combined Voice (кош

мамиле) in Present Tense; Passive Voice (туюк мамиле) in Past Tense; Basic

Voice (негизги мамиле)+adverb; Complex nominal predicate.

Present Continuous Passive transferred as: Passive Voice (туюк мамиле);

Combined Voice (кош мамиле) + verbal adverb.

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Present Perfect Passive transferred as: Passive Voice (туюк мамиле) in

Past Tense; Combined Voice (кош мамиле) in Past Tense; nominative

component.

Past Indefinite Passive transferred as: Passive Voice (туюк мамиле) in

Past Tense; Combined Voice (кош мамиле) in past Tense; Reflexive-Passive

meaning; Basic Voice (негизги мамиле); participial phrase; Reflexive Voice

(оздук мамиле); Causative Voice (аркылуу мамиле); Verbal adverb phrase;

Phraseological unit.

Past Continuous Passive transferred as: Passive Voice (туюк мамиле);

Basic Voice (негизги мамиле) + verbal adverb. Past Perfect Passive transferred

as: Passive Voice (туюк мамиле) in Past Tense; Combined Voice (кош

мамиле) in Past Tense; Reflexive Voice (оздук мамиле).

52

Chapter II Classification of Passive construction in English and ways of their

transfer into Russian and Kyrgyz

To express an action going on at a definite moment in the future only the

Future Continuous Active is possible. Thus the Russian sentence Когда вы

придете в лабораторию, опыт уже будет производиться must be translated

in the following way: When you come to the laboratory, we shall already be

making the experiment.

To denote an action which began before a definite moment in the present, past or

future perfect continuous active are generally used.

Уже два часа как правят корректуру.

They have been reading the proofs for two hours.

Когда пришел главный редактор, корректуру правили уже два часа.

When the editor-in-chief came, they had been reading the proofs for two hours

(Th.Drieser).

The Present Perfect Inclusive Passive and the Past Inclusive Passive are found with

verbs not used in the Continuous form, in negative sentences and with sonic non-

terminative verbs. She has always been admired (Th.Drieser). The library has not

been used for months (Th.Drieser).

Ways of translating the Passive into Russian

There are three ways of translating the Passive Voice into Russian:

a) By the verb быть+краткая форма причастия страдательного залога. In the

present the verb is not used.

b) By verbs in -ся.

c) By means of indefinite personal construction (неопределенно-личные

предложения). The last way of translating is possible only if the doer of the action

is not mentioned.

Houses are built of stone.

Дома строятся из камня.

Дома строят из камня.

The house was built in1932.

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Дом построили в 1932 году.

The experiment was made by a famous scientist.

Опыт был произведен знаменитым ученым.

Опыт производился знаменитым ученым.

2.1 Transitivity and intransitivity of verbs and category of voice

Depending on the type of object they take, verbs may be transitive, intransitive, or

linking. The meaning of a transitive verb is incomplete without a direct object, as

in the following examples:

Incomplete

The shelf holds.

Complete

The shelf holds three books and a vase of flowers.

Incomplete

The committee named.

Complete

The committee named a new chairperson.

Incomplete

The child broke.

Complete

The child broke the plate.

An intransitive verb, on the other hand, cannot take a direct object:

This plant has thrived on the south windowsill.

The compound verb "has thrived" is intransitive and takes no direct object in this

sentence. The prepositional "on the south windowsill" acts as an adverb describing

where the plant thrives.

The sound of the choir carried through the cathedral.

The verb "carried" is used intransitively in this sentence and takes no direct object.

The prepositional phrase "through the cathedral" acts as an adverb describing

where the sound carried.

The train from Montreal arrived four hours late.

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The intransitive verb "arrived" takes no direct object, and the noun phrase "four

hours late" acts as an adverb describing when the train arrived.

Since the company was pleasant and the coffee both plentiful and good, we

lingered in the restaurant for several hours. The verb "lingered" is used

intransitively and takes no direct object. The prepositional phrase "in the restaurant

for several hours" acts as an adverb modifying "lingered."The painting was hung

on the south wall of the reception room. The compound verb "was hung" is used

intransitively and the sentence has no direct object. The prepositional phrase "on

the south wall of the reception room" acts as a adverb describing where the paint

hung. Many verbs can be either transitive or intransitive, depending on their

context in the sentence. In the following pairs of sentences, the first sentence uses

the verb transitively and the second uses the same verb intransitively:

transitive According to the instructions, we must leave this goo in our hair for

twenty minutes. In this example, the verb "leave" takes a direct object, the noun

phrase "this goo."

intransitive We would like to stay longer, but we must leave.

In this example, the verb "leave" does not take a direct object.

transitive The audience attentively watched the latest production of The Trojan

Women.

In this example, the verb "watch" is used transitively and takes the noun phrase

"the latest production of The Trojan Women" as a direct object.

intransitive The cook watched while the new dishwasher surreptitiously picked up

the fragments of the broken dish.

In this example, the verb "watched" is used intransitively and takes no direct

object.

intransitive The crowd moves across the field in an attempt to see the rock star get

into her helicopter.

Here the verb "moves" is used as an intransitive verb and takes no direct object.

transitive Every spring, William moves all boxes and trunks from one side of the

attic to the other.

55

In this sentence "moves" is used as a transitive verb and takes the noun phrase "all

the boxes and trunk" as a direct object.

Written by Heather MacFadyen

   In grammar, an intransitive verb is a verb that has no object. This is distinct

from a transitive verb, which takes one or more objects. Both classes of verb are

related to the concept of the transitivity of a verb.

Examples of intransitive verbs include to die and to sleep. Transitive verbs include

to see and to give.

The valency of a verb is a related concept. Where the transitivity of a verb only

considers the objects, the valency of a verb considers all the arguments the verb

takes, including both the subject of the verb and all of the objects (of which there

are none for an intransitive verb). It is possible to change the transitivity of a verb,

and in so doing to change the valency.

In languages that have a passive voice, a transitive verb in the active voice

becomes intransitive in the passive voice. For example, consider the following

sentence: David hugged Mary.

In this sentence, "hugged" is a transitive verb taking "Mary" as its object. The

sentence can be passivized with the direct object "Mary" as the grammatical

subject as follows: Mary was hugged.

This shift is called promotion of the object.

The passive-voice construction cannot take an object. The passivized sentence

could be continued with the agent: Mary was hugged by David.

It cannot be continued with a direct object to be taken by "was hugged", For

example, it would be ungrammatical to write "Mary was hugged her daughter" in

order to show that Mary and her daughter shared a hug.

Intransitive verbs can be passivized in some languages. In English, intransitive

verbs can be used in the passive voice when a prepositional phrase is included, as

in, "The houses were lived in by millions of people."

The Difference between Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

My sister broke the window.

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My father cried.

Can you figure out the difference between the verbs (broke, cried) in the above

sentences? I'm not talking about the meaning; I'm talking about the grammar. In

other words, how are these two verbs grammatically different?

We should notice that the first verb broke, has another word after it. The second

verb, cried, does not have another word after it. Generally speaking, we can say

that all verbs in English can be divided into two groups--those that must have a

word (or words) after them and words that do not have to have any word after

them. This rule is simplified right now, but we will learn more later. For now, let's

just focus on the simple ideas. Let's look at the two different kinds of verbs.

Transitive Verbs

My sister broke the window.

In the first sentence, the word that comes after the verb, window, is the object of

the verb. We say that window is the object because it receives the action of the

verb. All objects of verbs receive the action of the verb.

Here are some more examples of transitive verbs with their objects:

I sold some books.

I took the bus.

I bought a radio.

I understood her question.

I wrote a letter.

When a verb has an object that receives the action of the verb, we say that the verb

is transitive. Many students get confused about intransitive verbs.

Let's look at the other kind of verb now.

Intransitive Verbs

My father cried.

We can see in this sentence that there is no word after cried. In other words, there

is no object for the word, so there is no noun to receive the action of the word.

Think about it-what could we say? My father cried something. Is there a noun that

57

we could use after cried? We could probably think of one or two nouns, like tears,

or even, good-bye, but normally, we do not use the verb cry with an object.

In this case we say that this verb is intransitive because it does not have an object

after it. Here are some more examples of intransitive verbs:

I slept.

I coughed.

The glass fell.

My cat ran.

The sun rose.

We should notice that in each case, the subject is doing the action of the verb and

nothing receives the action.

2.2 Main types of English passive constructions. Reasons for More Frequent

Occurrence of Passive Voice in English as Compared to Russian and Kyrgyz

In English as in many other languages, the passive voice is the form of a transitive

verb whose grammatical subject serves as the patient, receiving the action of the

verb. The passive voice is typically contrasted with the active voice, which is the

form of a transitive verb whose subject serves as the agent, performing the action

of the verb. The subject of a verb in the passive voice corresponds to the object of

the same verb in the active voice. English's passive voice is periphrastic; that is, it

does not have a one-word form. Rather, it is formed using a form of the auxiliary

verb be together with a verb's past participle. English is rich in various types of

passive constructions: the subject of the passive construction may correspond to

the direct object of the verb and may be called the Direct Passive. For example:

Then he noticed that the window in the opposite room was being opened he

couldn’t see by whom.

There are a number of verbs in English which can be used in the Passive Voice,

while with their equivalents in Russian and Kyrgyz the passive construction is

impossible. To these verbs belong, for example, to approach, to attend, to answer,

to help, to assist, to follow, to influence, to join, to watch and some others.

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Canonical passives

Passive constructions have a range of meanings and uses. The canonical use to

map a clause with a direct object to a corresponding clause where the direct object

has become the subject. For example:

John threw the ball.4 Here, threw is a transitive verb with John as its subject and

the ball as its direct object. If we recast the verb in the passive voice (was thrown),

then the ball becomes the subject (it is promoted to the subject position) and John

disappears:

The ball was thrown.

The original subject can typically be re-inserted using the preposition by:

The ball was thrown by John.

Promotion of other objects

One non-canonical use of English's passive is to promote an object other than a

direct object. It is usually possible in English to promote indirect objects as well.

For example: John gave Mary a book. → Mary was given a book.

In the active form, gave is the verb; John is its subject, Mary its indirect object, and

a book its direct object; in the passive form, the indirect object has been promoted

and the direct object has been left in place. (In this respect, English resembles

dechticaetiative languages.) It is also possible, in some cases, to promote the object

of a preposition:

They talked about the problem. → The problem was talked about.

In the passive form here, the preposition is «stranded»; that is, it is not followed by

an object. (See Preposition stranding.) Indeed, in some sense it doesn't have an

object, since «the problem» is actually the subject of the sentence.

Promotion of content clauses.

It is possible to promote a content clause that serves as a direct object. In this

case, however, it typically does not change its position in the sentence, and an

expletive it takes the normal subject position:

4 Bybee, Joan L., Revere Perkins, and William Pagliuca (1994) The Evolution of Grammar: Tense, Aspect, and Modality in the Languages of the World. University of Chicago Press

59

They say that he left. → It is said that he left.

Stative passives

The passives described so far have all been eventive (or dynamic) passives. There

exist also stative (or static, or resultative) passives; rather than describing an

action, they describe the result of an action. English does not usually distinguish

between the two. For example:

The door was locked.

This sentence has two meanings, roughly the following:

[Someone] locked the door.

The door was in the locked state. (Presumably, someone had locked it.)

The former meaning represents the canonical, eventive passive; the latter, the

stative passive. (The terms eventive and stative/resultative refer to the tendencies

of these forms to describe events and resultant states, respectively. The terms can

be misleading, however, as the canonical passive of a stative verb is not a stative

passive, even though it describes a state.)

Some verbs do not form stative passives. In some cases, this is because distinct

adjectives exist for this purpose, such as with the verb open:

The door was opened. → [Someone] opened the door.

The door was open. → The door was in the open state.

Adjectival passives

Adjectival passives are not true passives; they occur when a participial adjective

(an adjective derived from a participle) is used predicatively For example:

She was relieved to find her car undamaged.5

Here, relieved is an ordinary adjective, though it derives from the past participle of

relieve In some cases, the line between an adjectival passive and a stative passive

may be unclear.

Passives without active counterparts. In a few cases, passive constructions

5 Bybee, Joan L., Revere Perkins, and William Pagliuca (1994) The Evolution of Grammar: Tense, Aspect, and Modality in the Languages of the World. University of Chicago Press

60

retain all the sense of the passive voice, but do not have immediate active

counterparts. For example:

He was rumored to be a war veteran. ← *[Someone] rumored him to be a war

veteran.

(The asterisk here denotes an ungrammatical construction.) Similarly:

It was rumored that he was a war veteran. ← *[Someone] rumored that he was a

war veteran.

In both of these examples, the active counterpart was once possible, but has fallen

out of use.

Double passives

It is possible for a verb in the passive voice – especially an object-raising verb – to

take an infinitive complement that is also in the passive voice:

The project is expected to be completed in the next year.

Commonly, either or both verbs may be moved into the active voice:

[Someone] expects the project to be completed in the next year.

[Someone] is expected to complete the project in the next year.

[Someone] expects [someone] to complete the project in the next year.

In some cases, a similar construction may occur with a verb that is not object-

raising in the active voice:

The project will be attempted to be completed in the next year. ← *[Someone] will

attempt the project to be completed in the next year. ← [Someone] will attempt to

complete the project in the next year.

(The question mark here denotes a questionably-grammatical construction.) In this

example, the object of the infinitive has been promoted to the subject of the main

verb, and both the infinitive and the main verb have been moved to the passive

voice. The American Heritage Book of English Usage declares this unacceptable

but it is nonetheless attested in a variety of contexts

Other passive constructions

Past participle alone

61

A past participle alone usually carries passive force; the form of be can therefore

be omitted in certain circumstances, such as newspaper headlines and reduced

relative clauses:

Couple found slain; Murder-suicide suspected.

The problem, unless dealt with, will only get worse.

A person struck by lightning has a high chance of survival.

With get as the auxiliary

While the ordinary passive construction uses the auxiliary be, the same effect can

sometimes be achieved using get in its place: Jamie got hit with the ball.

This use of get is fairly restricted. First of all, it is fairly colloquial; be is used in

news reports, formal writing, and so on. Second of all, it typically only forms

eventive passives of eventive verbs. Third of all, it is most often (but not

necessarily) used with semantically negative verbs; for example, the phrase get

shot is much more common than the phrase get praised.

Ergative verbs

An ergative verb is a verb that may be either transitive or intransitive, and whose

subject when it is intransitive plays the same semantic role as its direct object when

it is transitive. For example, fly is an ergative verb, such that the following

sentences are roughly synonymous:

The airplane flew.

The airplane was flown.

[Someone] flew the airplane.

One major difference is that the intransitive construction does not permit an agent

to be mentioned, and indeed can imply that no agent is present, that the subject is

performing the action on itself. For this reason, the intransitive construction of an

ergative verb is often said to be in a middle voice, between active and passive, or

in a mediopassive voice, between active and passive but closer to passive.

Reflexive verbs

A reflexive verb is a transitive verb one of whose objects is a reflexive pronoun

(myself, yourself, etc.) referring back to its subject. In some languages, reflexive

62

verbs are a special class of verbs with special semantics and syntax, but in English,

they typically represent ordinary uses of transitive verbs. For example, with the

verb see:

He sees her as a writer.

She sees herself as a writer.

Nonetheless, sometimes English reflexive verbs have a passive sense, expressing

an agentless action. Consider the verb solve, as in the following sentences:

He solved the problem.

The problem solved itself.

One could not say that the problem truly solved anything; rather, what is meant is

that the problem was solved without anyone solving it.

Gerunds and nominalization

Gerunds and nominalized verbs (nouns derived from verbs and referring to the

actions or states expressed by them), unlike finite verbs, do not require explicit

subjects. This allows an object to be expressed while omitting a subject. For

example:

The proof of the pudding is in the eating.

Generating electricity typically requires a magnet and a solenoid.

Usage and style

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involved!)

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time.

Many English educators and usage guides, such as The Elements of Style,

discourage the use or overuse of the passive voice, seeing it as unnecessarily

verbose (when the agent is included in a by phrase), or as obscure and vague (when

it is not). This perception is exacerbated by the occasional intentional use of the

passive voice to avoid assigning blame, such as by replacing «I made mistakes»

with «Mistakes were made. »

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Nonetheless, the passive voice is frequently used for a number of other reasons:

Certain verbs frequently appear in the passive – for example, be born, be smitten,

and be had are all more common in certain senses than their active counterparts –

though in many cases these might be better analyzed as adjectival passives (see

above) than as true passives.

The passive voice serves to emphasize the patient; if the agent is comparatively

unimportant to the point, or if the agent is obvious from context, then the passive

voice might serve a rhetorical purpose.

Since in English, the subject nearly always comes before the object in a sentence,

using the passive voice (i.e., promoting the patient from object to subject) moves

the patient earlier in the sentence. If the patient has been mentioned in a previous

sentence, this can serve as a marker of the connection between the two sentences.

Scientific writing has traditionally used the passive voice rather than mentioning a

researcher in every sentence; this may be changing, however.

In journalistic writing and law, two areas where it can be essential to state only

established facts, use of the passive voice allows uncertain agents to be omitted;

again, however, use of the active voice is on the rise, with other mechanisms being

used to avoid insupportable claims6.

2.3 Comparison of Voice category in English, Russian and Kyrgyz languages

There are different points of view concerning the number of voices both in English

and Russian. There is an opinion that there are 3 voices in Modern Russian: active,

middle reflexive and passive. Grammatically we have only 2 voices in English;

active and passive. (Boy reads the book. The book is read by the boy.) In the active

voice the subject is the doer of an action while in the passive voice the subject is

not the doer of an action. There are some group of verbs in MoR which are not

used in the passive voice: 1) all the intransitive verbs without the suffix «–ся»

(идти, ехать, ходить), 2) reflexive verbs built upon intransitive ones

6 Бурланова В.В. Осиновые структуры словосочетания в современном английском языке. Л., 1975 стр. 26464

(споткнуться, улыбнуться), 3) some verbs with the suffix «–ся» having a special

meaning (слушать- слушаться, нести-нестись).

The specific feature of the English language is that the Passive voice may be

formed the verbs connected with the indirect object. (She gave me a book. I was

given a book by her. – adv.modifier.) Let us compare the number of active-passive

oppositions in both languages. We see that Russian have two: пишет - пишется.

In English we have 10 active-passive opposition. The forms of the Future

Continues, Present Perfect Continues, Past Perfect Continues, Future Perfect

Continues are not used in the Passive Voice. The category of voice is closely

connected with the text (братья переписываются, бумаги переписываются

секретарем). The instrumental case in Russian corresponds to the by-phrase in

English. When the Past Particle expresses a state – Active voice, when it expresses

the action – Passive voice. The action is emphasized by the by-phrase, the

adv.modifier and sometimes by the form itself. The continues perfect forms

usually emphasize an action (the door has been shut – s.v.pr.).

The category of Voice expresses relations between the subject and the object of the

action or between the subject and the action.

The opposition of the passive form of the verb to the active form of the verb

expresses the voice of the English Verb. E.g.: writes - is written. The passive form

is the strong member of the opposition. On the plane of expression it is marked by

the combination of the auxiliary be with the Past Participle of the notional verb.

The active form as a weak member of the opposition expresses "non-passivity".

The Active Voice shows that the subject of the sentence is the doer of the action.

The Passive Voice shows that the subject is acted upon. The agent may be

expressed in the sentence and it's usually introduced with the help of the

preposition by. E.g.: The book is written by a young writer.

The sentence with the passive voice may include a means of the action,

which is introduced, with the help of the conjunction with. Ex. The book is

covered with a newspaper. The category of voice has a much broader

65

representation in the system of the English verb than in the system of the Russian

verb, since in English not only transitive but also intransitive verbs can be used.

In accord with their relation to the passive voice, all the verbs can be divided into 2

large sets: the set of passivized verbs and the set of non-passivized verbs. In

particular the passive is alien to many verbs of the statal subclass, such as have,

belong, cost, resemble, fail, misgive, etc.

The demarcation line between the passivized and non-passivized set is not

rigid, and the verbs of the non-passivized set may migrate into the passivized set in

various contexts. E.g.: The bed has not been slept in. The house seems not to have

been lived in. Sometimes the opposition between 2 forms may be reduced. It

means that the verb may be used in the Active Voice form with the meaning of the

Passive Voice. Usually we observe it with medial verbs and some authors speak of

the medial Voice.

The matter is that verbs may be transitive (which require a subject and an

object) and intransitive (which do not require an object) because an action of the

verb is directed at a subject. E.g.: He reads a book. She smiled. Medial verbs do

not require any subject but as the English sentence requires that the position of the

subject should be filled in, then the object fills in the position of the subject. E.g.:

The book sells well.

The passive voice indicates that the action of a sentence or phrase is

performed ON the subject, and not BY the subject. The passive is usually formed

by the addition of the reflexive suffix to the end of the verb: -ся (pronounced "-

ца") after consonants, or -сь after vowels, while any words that indicate who or

what is performing the action take the instrumental case.

So, for instance, Active:  Где продают компьютеры? -- "Where do they sell

computers?" Passive:  Где продаются компьютеры? "Where are computers

sold?" In theory, most verbs can be used as such, but a number are rarely, if ever

seen anywhere.

It should be noted, however, that the use of the suffix -ся/-сь is not primarily

for use in the passive voice, even if that is where it is often seen. There are two

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groups of verbs that also use the same ending. The first are so-called "reflexive

verbs" which always have -ся/-сь regardless of logic. The other, and more

numerous group are those verbs that are transtive (that must take a direct object)

but used in a context that does not have one This does not include cases where the

object has been noted in a previous construction. Usage of the passive voice in

Russian versus that of English also brings up the issue of word order, which is

much freer in Russian than in English, and so while the passive voice is often used

in English to change the word order, you can do the same in Russian while keeping

the active voice. That is not to say that passive constructions are rare in Russian;

they are quite often used in regular speech, particularly statements of want, need or

like, along with various indirect or impersonal constructions. Nonetheless, there

are a few general rules and trends that may help in deciding what to put where:

Prepositions must be placed before the noun or pronoun it is tied to; adjectives can

be placed in between them, but the preposition must come before the noun or

pronoun. Information that is emphasized or that is newly introduced by the

sentence goes at or near the end.

If the object of a sentence is a pronoun, word order is usually subject-object-

verb; if the object is a noun, order is typically subject-verb-object.

Thus while theoretically more or less any order of words is possible, as noted in

the section on inflection, deviation from the subject-verb-object or subject-object-

verb structure is rare outside of prose and poetry. As it is in any language, the less

complex the sentence structure the greater chances of being understood in full.

67

CONCLUSION

Having analyzed the voice category in three languages I have come to the

following conclusion: As a result of the analysis of voice category in English,

Russian and Kyrgyz languages, it is revealed that the category of voice is presented

in language through the originality of verbal semantics finds expression in

complexity and high degree of the semantic structure. Passive Voice of English

language has the following conformities of meanings in Kyrgyz language:

certain action with adjunct words, which will happen after moment of speech =

action, which will happen in the nearest future; future real action in conditional

clauses — in complex sentences with subordinate of real condition means

action, which necessarily will happen in Future under the given condition;

future action in relation to the past moment = usual real actions, relating

to the plan of Past, in narrative form of speech; action, which will happen till

the certain moment in future = action which must happen soon, and its initial

stage sometimes action, which could be carried out, if condition was carried

out; it is used in the subordinate clauses when verb in the main clause is in Past

time - эле can transfer usual, repeating actions in the past in the narrative form

of speech.

In Kyrgyz language there are no conformities to the following meanings,

such as: indefinite action in future; simultaneous action with the word when.

And in English language there is no conformity to the following meaning of

passive Voice of Kyrgyz language: action, which will happen in far future, or

will happen in general, as it is predetermined by the Present.

Past tense of passive Voice is analyzed by us in three forms of usage in

English language: Past Indefinite Form of Passive Voice (Past Indefinite

Passive); Past Continuous Form of passive Voice (Past Continuous Passive);

Past Perfect Form of Passive Voice (Past Perfect Passive).

And in Kyrgyz language Past Tense of Passive Voice is expressed in seven

forms: Past Definite Tense (айкын откон чак); Past Indefinite Tense (жалпы

откон чак); Past Subjective Tense (капыскы откон чак); Past Continuous

68

Tense (адат откон чак); Pluperfect Definite Tense (айкын байыркы откон

чак); Pluperfect Indefinite Tense (жалпы байыркы откон чак); Pluperfect

Continuous Tense (адат откон чактын байыркы откон чактык формасы).

Carried out research helped to extend and expand available now report on the

aspectual tense relations of Passive Voice and their transformations.

We have been focused on the transformation of Passive Voice in

English language, while translating and transferring them into Kyrgyz

language. There have been revealed similarities and distinctions in the form,

meaning and use of Passive Voice, such as:

1.Cases of use Present Indefinite Passive and Kyrgyz учур чак in many cases

coincide, excluding those where verbs can express actions in Past Tense, which

study will lead to theoretical generalizations in translation science and in

typology of German and Turkic languages.

2.Analysis shows that Passive Voice in compared languages is oftener used

in Past Tense, more rare in present and very rare in Future.

З. In the English language Passive Voice is often used in Past Indefinite and Past

Perfect forms, and in Kyrgyz language in Past Definite and

Pluperfectforms.

4. Tense forms of Passive Voice are multiple valued both in English and Kyrgyz

languages.

5. Aspect tense system of Passive Voice in English language transferred into

Kyrgyz language by different ways: а) Passive Voice (туюк мамиле), б) Basic

Voice (негизги мамиле), в) Reflexive Voice (оздук мамиле), г) Causative

Voice (аркылуу мамиле), д) Combined Voice (кош мамиле) and other means

of Kyrgyz language. They help to transfer considerable quantity of various

colours, which meanings are reached with the help of additional lexical

means and context. Therefore while transferring aspect tense forms of

Passive Voice from one language into another, essential distinctions are

turned out, which are caused by specifity of different system languages, but

never, they have such phenomena, which make them typologically similar.

69

Revealed typological comparison on the basis of English Passive Voice

translation into Russian and Kyrgyz languages in Past Tense presented as

follows.

Thus, the made work allows planning some prospects for the further

linguistic studying Voice category in such different languages as English, Kyrgyz

and Russian languages.

In each language there are similarities, and as we have seen differences in

the above-stated examples. I think that the work written by me has achieved the

object. I hope, results of my work will satisfy everyone, and the material will be

used in reports, abstracts, and course papers.

70

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