categorical syllogism by lory

7/23/2019 Categorical Syllogism by Lory

1/25

CATEGORICAL

SYLLOGISMCHAPTER 11


2/25

CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM

TERMS

GENERAL RULES


3/25

TERMS


4/25

THE TERMS OF CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM

MAJOR TERM

MINOR TERM

MIDDLE TERM


5/25

THE TERMS OF CATEGORICALSYLLOGISM

MAJOR TERM

PREDICATE OF THECONCLUSION AND IS

FOUND IN THE MAJOR

PREMISE.

MINOR TERM

SUBJECT OF THECONCLUSION AND IS

FOUND IN THE MINOR

PREMISE.

MIDDLE T

FOUND IN THEPREMISES BUT

THE CONCLUS


6/25

EXAMPLE 1:

MAJOR PREMISE: ALL MENARE RATIONAL BEINGS.

MINOR PREMISE: BUT FRANCISIS A MAN.

CONCLUSION: THEREFORE FRANCISIS A RATIONAL BEING.

O MAJOR TERM

O MINOR TERM

O MIDDLE TERM


7/25

EXAMPLE 2:

MAJOR PREMISE: SINCE BIRDSARE FEATHERED CREATURES.

MINOR PREMISE: AND MAYASARE BIRDS,

CONCLUSION: THEREFORE MAYASARE FEATHERED CREATURES.

O MAJOR TERM

O MINOR TERM

O MIDDLE TERM


8/25

THE 10 GENERAL RULESOF CATEGORICAL

SYLLOGISM


9/25

THE 10 GENERAL RULES OFCATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM

RULE 1:

THERE MUST BE ONLY THREE TERMS INTHE SYLLOGISM: MAJOR TERM,MINOR TERM, MIDDLE TERM

FALLACY

THE VIOLATION OF RULE 1

EXAMPLE:CATRHYMES WITH FAT

BUTYOUARE A MEMBER OF THE CLUB CAT

THEREFOREYOU ARE FAT

O MAJOR TERM

O MINOR TERM

O MIDDLE TERM


10/25


RULE 2:

THE THREE TERMS SHOULD BE ARRANGED

IN THE FOLLOWING MANNER:

o MAJOR TERM IS THE PREDICATE OF THECONCLUSION & IS FOUND IN THE MAJOR

PREMISE

o THE MINOR TERM IS THE SUBJECT OF

THE CONCLUSION AND IS FOUND IN THEMINOR PREMISE

o THE MIDDLE TERM IS FOUND IN THE TWOPREMISES BUT NOT IN THE CONCLUSION

EXAMPLE:THE SICK MAN NEEDS AN OPERATION

BUT TONSILLECTOMYIS AN OPERATION

THEREFORE THE SICK MAN NEEDS TONSILLECTO

O MAJOR TERM

O MINOR TERM

O MIDDLE TERM


11/25


RULE :

THE MAJOR AND MINOR TERMS SHOULDONLY BE UNIVERSAL IN THECONCLUSION IF THEY ARE UNIVERSALIN THE PREMISES.

ILLICIT PROCESS

THE VIOLATION RULE .

EXAMPLE:(MAJOR TERM)

EVERY SKYSCRAPERIS A BUILDING;

BUT NO BUNGALOWIS A SKYSCRAPER;

THEREFORE NO BUNGALOW IS A BUILDING.

O MAJOR TERM

O MINOR TERM

O MIDDLE TERM


12/25


EXAMPLE:

!MINOR TERM"

EVERY CIRCLEIS A SPHERE#

BUT EVERY CIRCLEIS A FIGURE#

THEREFORE EVERY FIGUREIS A SPHERE.

O MAJOR TERM

O MINOR TERM

O MIDDLE TERM


13/25


RULE $:

THE MIDDLE TERM MUST BE UNIVERSALAT LEAST ONCE.

FALLACY OF UNDISTRIBUTEDMIDDLE

THE VIOLATION RULE $.

EXAMPLE:ALL WHALES ARE SEA CREATURES;

BUT SOME SEA CREATURES ARE SHARKS;

THEREFORE SOME SHARKSARE WHALES.

O MAJOR TERM

O MINOR TERM

O MIDDLE TERM


14/25


RULE %:

IF TWO PREMISES ARE AFFIRMATIVE, THE

CONCLUSION MUST BE AFFIRMATIVE.


15/25

RULE % !EXAMPLE"

INVALID:

(A) OPERAS ARE CULTURALPRESENTATIONS#

(A) BUT CARMEN IS AN OPERA#

(N)THEREFORE CARMEN IS NOT ACULTURAL PRESENTATION.

THIS SYLLOGISM IS INVALID

VALID:(A=N) MACHINES DIFFER FROMANIMALS;

(A) BUT IBM COMPUTERS AREMACHINES;

(N) THEREFORE IBM COMPUTERS ARENOT MACHINES.

THIS SYLLOGISM IS VALID


16/25


RULE :

IF ONE PREMISE IS AFFIRMATIVEAND THE OTHER

IS NEGATIVE, THE CONCLUSION MUST BE

NEGATIVE.


17/25

RULE !EXAMPLE"

INVALID:

(A) ANGELS ARE SPIRITS#

(N) BUT MONUMENTS OF STONE ARENOT ANGELS

(A)THEREFORE MONUMENTS OFSTONE ARE SPIRITS


VALID:(A) SCHOLARS ARE ELIGIBLE FOR MEMBERSHIP;

(N) BUT ELENA IS NOT A SCHOLAR;

(A=N) THEREFORE ELENE IS INELIGIBLE CLUB MEMBERSHIP.



18/25


RULE ':

THE CONCLUSION IS INVALID WHENEVER THE

PREMISES ARE BOTH NEGATIVE AND NOT

EUIVALENTLY AFFIRMATIVE.


19/25

RULE '!EXAMPLE"

INVALID:

(N) NO MILLIONAIRE IS PEASANT#

(N) BUT NO PEASANT IS A CULTUREDMAN#

(N)THEREFORE NO CULTURED MAN ISA PEASANT.


VALID:(N=A) NO FILIPINOS ARE NOTELIGIBLE;

(N) BUT LIM CHUA IS NOT A FILIPINO;

(A=N) THEREFORE LIM CHUA ISINELIGIBLE.



20/25


RULE (:

ONE PREMISE AT LEAST MUST BE UNIVERSAL.


21/25

RULE (!EXAMPLE"

INVALID:

(I) SOME POLICEMEN ARE CROO)S#

(I) BUT SOME POLICEMEN AREHONEST#

(I) THEREFORE SOME HONESTPOLICEMEN ARE CROO)S.


VALID:(A) ALL BABIES ARE HUMAN BEINGS;

(A) BUT MICHAEL IS BABY;

(A) THEREFORE MICHAEL IS A HUMAN



22/25


RULE *:

IF ONE PREMISE IS PARTICULAR, THE CONCLUSIONMUST BE PARTICULAR.


23/25

RULE *!EXAMPLE"

INVALID:

(I) SOME FIGURES AREPARALLELOGRAMS#

(E) BUT ELECTRICITY IS NOT A FIGURE#

(E)THEREFORE ELECTRICITY IS NOT APARALLELOGRAM.

VALID:(A) MAOISTS ARE COMMUNISTS;

(O) BUT NOT ALL COMMUNISTS LIVE IN CHI

(A) THEREFORE ALL THOSE WHO LIVE IN CHIMAOISTS.


24/25


RULE 10:

THE SUBJECT OF THE CONCLUSION MUST BE FOUNDIN THE MINOR PREMISE.


25/25

RULE 10!EXAMPLE"

INVALID:

(I) ALL MEN ARE MORTAL#

(E) BUT FERDINAND IS A MAN#

(E)THEREFORE BENIGNO IS A MORTAL.

categorical syllogism by lory

Documents