catalyst (5 min) 9/26/11 electron orbitals eq: how are electrons organized in an atom? how were...

Catalyst (5 min)Catalyst (5 min)9/26/11 Electron Orbitals9/26/11 Electron Orbitals

EQ: How are electrons organized in an atom?EQ: How are electrons organized in an atom?

How were the models of JJ Thomson, How were the models of JJ Thomson, Niels Bohr, and Erwin Schrodinger Niels Bohr, and Erwin Schrodinger differentdifferent from each other with from each other with respect to their ideas about respect to their ideas about electronselectrons in an atom? in an atom?

Draw pictures if it will help you Draw pictures if it will help you explain yourself. (explain yourself. (Hint: Use your Hint: Use your foldable.foldable.))

JJ Thomson believed negative electrons

floated within a positive sphere, & look similar to raisins in a plum

pudding.

Niels Bohr believed electrons

orbited the positive nucleus

in circles like planets orbiting

the sun.

Erwin Schrödinger

believed electrons travelled

extremely quickly around

the positive nucleus in

recognizable patterns.

CatalystCatalyst

Modern Orbital Modern Orbital TheoryTheory

There are four kinds of electron There are four kinds of electron orbitals:orbitals:

s, p, d, & fs, p, d, & fLower energy orbitals are closer Lower energy orbitals are closer to the nucleus and higher energy to the nucleus and higher energy orbitals are farther from the orbitals are farther from the nucleus.nucleus.

Each orbital can hold a maximum Each orbital can hold a maximum of 2 electronsof 2 electrons

s Orbitalss Orbitalss orbitals are spherical, s orbitals are spherical, and there is 1 in each and there is 1 in each energy levelenergy level

Examples: Examples: 1s, 2s, 3s, 4s, 1s, 2s, 3s, 4s, 5s, 6s, 7s5s, 6s, 7s

p Orbitalsp Orbitalsp orbitals are shaped like p orbitals are shaped like dumbbells, and there are dumbbells, and there are 3 in each energy level3 in each energy level

Examples: 2p, 3p, 4p, 5p, Examples: 2p, 3p, 4p, 5p, 6p, 7p6p, 7p

d Orbitalsd Orbitalsd orbitals are shaped d orbitals are shaped like clovers, and there like clovers, and there are 5 in each energy are 5 in each energy levellevel

Examples: 3d, 4d, 5d, 6dExamples: 3d, 4d, 5d, 6d

f Orbitalsf Orbitalsf orbitals are oddly shaped, f orbitals are oddly shaped, and there are 7 in each and there are 7 in each energy levelenergy level

Examples: 4f, 5f, 6f, 7fExamples: 4f, 5f, 6f, 7f

Reviewing Reviewing orbitalsorbitals

Each orbital can hold ____ electrons.Each orbital can hold ____ electrons.

There is ____ kind of There is ____ kind of ss orbital. orbital.Therefore, Therefore, ss can hold ____ electrons. can hold ____ electrons.

There are ___ kinds of There are ___ kinds of pp orbitals. orbitals.Therefore, Therefore, pp can hold ___ electrons. can hold ___ electrons.

There are ___ kinds of There are ___ kinds of dd orbitals. orbitals.Therefore, Therefore, dd can hold ___ electrons. can hold ___ electrons.

There are ___ kinds of There are ___ kinds of ff orbitals. orbitals.Therefore, Therefore, ff can hold ___ electrons. can hold ___ electrons.

2

12

36

510

714

OrbitalsOrbitalsOrbital names have 2 partsOrbital names have 2 parts

The energy level is the first part.The energy level is the first part.For example: n=1, n=2, n=3, etc.For example: n=1, n=2, n=3, etc.

The shape of the orbital is the The shape of the orbital is the second part.second part.

For example: s, p, d, or fFor example: s, p, d, or f

Examples of orbital names Examples of orbital names include 1s, 2p, 3d, 3f, 4d, 5s, include 1s, 2p, 3d, 3f, 4d, 5s, 5d, etc.5d, etc.

Do you notice any patterns on the periodic Do you notice any patterns on the periodic table that match the # of electrons in each table that match the # of electrons in each orbital shape?orbital shape?

s = 2, p = 6, d = 10, and f=14s = 2, p = 6, d = 10, and f=14

Notes: Atomic Notes: Atomic OrbitalsOrbitals

Summary of Principal Energy Levels, Sublevels and Orbitals:Summary of Principal Energy Levels, Sublevels and Orbitals:

Principal Energy Level

Type of Sublevel

Maximum Number

of Electrons

n = 1 1s 2

n = 2 2s, 2p8

(2+6)

n = 3 3s, 3p, 3d18

(2+6+10)

n = 4 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f32

(2+6+10+14)

Notes: Orbital Notes: Orbital DiagramsDiagrams

•Fold your paper so that you have two columns – the left side column should be larger than the right

Orbital Diagrams

Electron Configuration


The Aufbau Principle states that an electron will occupy the lowest energy level orbital available

En

erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

Hydrogen

The Pauli Exclusion Principle states that two electrons in the same orbital will have opposite spins


En

erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

Helium


En

erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

Lithium


En

erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

Beryllium


En

erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

Boron


Hund’s Rule states that electrons in an equal energy level orbital will go in singly before doubling up

En

erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

Carbon



En

erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

Nitrogen



En

erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

Oxygen

PracticePracticeDraw the orbital diagrams for Draw the orbital diagrams for fluorine, neon and sodium in your fluorine, neon and sodium in your notes.notes.

1s

3s

2p2p2p

2s

1s

3s

2p2p2p

2s

1s

3s

2p2p2p

2s

fluorine

neon

sodium


En

erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

3p

3p

3p

4s

HomeworkHomework

Draw orbital Draw orbital diagrams for:diagrams for:

AluminumAluminumPhosphorousPhosphorousChlorineChlorine

Catalyst (5 min)Catalyst (5 min)9/28/11 Electron Configurations9/28/11 Electron Configurations

EQ: How do we represent the EQ: How do we represent the organization of electrons in an organization of electrons in an atom?atom?

Draw an electron orbital diagram for Draw an electron orbital diagram for

sulfur.sulfur.

CatalystCatalyst

En

erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

3p

3p

3p

4s

Sulfur

Principles of Orbital Principles of Orbital FillingFillingThe

Aufbau Principle states that an electron will occupy the lowest energy level orbital available

The Pauli Exclusion Principle states that two electrons in the same orbital will have opposite spins


Review: Orbital Review: Orbital DiagramsDiagrams

En

erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

Hydrogen

Review : Orbital Review : Orbital DiagramsDiagrams

En

erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

Helium

Review : Orbital Review : Orbital DiagramsDiagrams

En

erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

Lithium


En

erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

Beryllium


En

erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

Boron


En

erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

Carbon


En

erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

Nitrogen


En

erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

Oxygen


En

erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

Fluorine


En

erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

Neon


En

erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

Sodium

Homework: Orbital Homework: Orbital DiagramsDiagrams

En

erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

3p

3p

3p

4s

Aluminum

En

erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

3p

3p

3p

4s

Phosphorous


En

erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

3p

3p

3p

4s

Chlorine

Electron Electron ConfigurationConfiguration

Electron configuration is a less Electron configuration is a less complicated way to show the complicated way to show the electrons in an atom.electrons in an atom.

Energ

y

1s

2s

Orbital Diagram for Hydrogen

becomes

1s1The

Orbital

Number of electrons in the orbital


Energ

y

1s

2sHe

Energ

y

1s

2sLi

becomes 1s2

becomes 1s2

2s1


Energ

y

1s

2sBe

Energ

y

1s

2s

B2p2p2p

becomes 1s2 2s2

2p1

becomes 1s2

2s2

PracticePractice

Write the electron Write the electron configuration for carbon configuration for carbon through neon.through neon.

Carbon Carbon = = 1s1s222s2s222p2p22

Nitrogen Nitrogen = = 1s1s222s2s222p2p33

Oxygen Oxygen = = 1s1s222s2s222p2p44

Fluorine Fluorine = = 1s1s222s2s222p2p55

Neon Neon = = 1s1s222s2s222p2p66

Classwork/Classwork/HomeworkHomework

On a On a separate sheet of separate sheet of paperpaper, make 2 columns , make 2 columns just like you did on just like you did on Thursday.Thursday.

Keep going! I need to Keep going! I need to see orbital diagrams & see orbital diagrams & electron configurations electron configurations for elements #11-22 for elements #11-22 (sodium through (sodium through titanium).titanium).

Orbital Diagrams

Electron Configuration

Classwork/Classwork/HomeworkHomework

En

erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

3p

3p

3p

4s

4p

4p

4p 3

d3d

3d

3d

3d

HomeworkHomeworkWrite electron configurations for Write electron configurations for Al, P, Cl, & S (Al, P, Cl, & S (aluminumaluminum,, phosphorousphosphorous,, chlorine chlorine,, andand sulfur sulfur).).

Hint: Hint: You should have the electron You should have the electron orbital diagrams for all of these orbital diagrams for all of these from last night’s homework and from last night’s homework and today’s warm-up.today’s warm-up.

Catalyst (5 min)Catalyst (5 min)9/28/11 Electron Configurations9/28/11 Electron Configurations

EQ: How do we represent the EQ: How do we represent the organization of electrons in an atom?organization of electrons in an atom?1.1. How many types of s, p, d, & f How many types of s, p, d, & f

orbitals are there?orbitals are there?2.2. How many electrons will fit in one How many electrons will fit in one

orbital?orbital?3.3. If phosphorous has 15 If phosphorous has 15

electrons, where is each oneelectrons, where is each onelocated?located?

Catalyst ReviewCatalyst Review1 & 2:1 & 2: s = 1 type, 2 electronss = 1 type, 2 electrons

p = 3 types, 6 electronsp = 3 types, 6 electronsd = 5 types, 10 electronsd = 5 types, 10 electronsf = 7 types, 14 electronsf = 7 types, 14 electrons

3: 3: Phosphorous has 15 electrons. Phosphorous has 15 electrons. 1s1s2 2 2s2s222p2p6 6

3s3s223p3p33

11stst energy level has 2 electrons in the 1s orbital energy level has 2 electrons in the 1s orbital

22ndnd energy level has 8 electrons in the 2s & 2p energy level has 8 electrons in the 2s & 2p orbitalsorbitals

2 electrons in 2s, 6 electrons in 2p2 electrons in 2s, 6 electrons in 2p33rdrd energy level has 5 electrons in the 3s & 3p energy level has 5 electrons in the 3s & 3p orbitalsorbitals

2 electrons in 3s, 3 electrons in 2p2 electrons in 3s, 3 electrons in 2p


En

erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

3p

3p

3p

4s

Aluminum: 1s22s22p63s23p

1

En

erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

3p

3p

3p

4s

Phosphorous1s22s22p63s23

p3


En

erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

3p

3p

3p

4s

Chlorine1s22s22p63s23

p5

En

erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

3p

3p

3p

4s

Sulfur1s22s22p63s23

p4

Labeling s, p, d, & Labeling s, p, d, & ff

sd

f

p

Writing Electron Writing Electron ConfigurationsConfigurations

sd

f

pC

Carbon

1s2

2s2

2p2


sd

f

pMg

Magnesium 1s

2

2s2

2p6

3s2


sd

f

pCl

Chlorine

1s2

2s2

2p6

3s2

3p5


sd

f

pAs

Arsenic1s22s22p63s23p64s23d1

0

4p3

Identifying Identifying ElementsElements

1s1s222s2s222p2p33

NitrogenNitrogen

1s1s222s2s222p2p663s3s223p3p664s4s223d3d101044pp11

GalliumGallium

Identifying Identifying ElementsElements

1s1s222s2s222p2p663s3s223p3p33

PhosphorousPhosphorous

1s1s222s2s222p2p663s3s223p3p664s4s223d3d101044pp665s5s11

RubidiumRubidium

Catalyst (5 min)Catalyst (5 min)9/29/11 Valence Electrons9/29/11 Valence Electrons

EQ: EQ: What are valence electrons?What are valence electrons?

Write the electron configuration forWrite the electron configuration for neon neon..

Write the electron configuration for Write the electron configuration for aluminumaluminum..

Write the electron configuration for Write the electron configuration for argonargon..

Write the electron configuration for Write the electron configuration for calciumcalcium..

Catalyst ReviewCatalyst Review

NeonNeon 1s1s222s2s222p2p66

AluminumAluminum 1s1s222s2s222p2p663s3s223p3p11

ArgonArgon 1s1s222s2s222p2p663s3s223p3p66

CalciumCalcium

1s1s222s2s222p2p663s3s223p3p664s4s22

catalyst (5 min) 9/26/11 electron orbitals eq: how are electrons organized in an atom? how were...

Documents

s orbitals s orbitals

s slide

p orbitals p orbitals

p slide

kind of s orbital

s hydrogen slide

s helium slide

s lithium slide