catalyst 1. what is the difference between speed and velocity? 2. put these objects in order from...
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CatalystCatalyst1. What is the difference between speed and
velocity?2. Put these objects in order from slowest to fastest:●Peregrine falcon●Cheetah●Human●Car (at the highway speed limit)●Mako shark●Ocean wave●Maglev train
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Motion & ForcesMotion & Forces
II. Describing Motion Motion Speed & Velocity Acceleration
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A. MotionA. Motion
Problem: Is your desk moving?
We need a reference point...nonmoving point from which
motion is measured
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A. MotionA. Motion
MotionChange in position in relation to
a reference point.
Reference point
Motion
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A. MotionA. Motion
Problem:You are a passenger in a car
stopped at a stop sign. Out of the corner of your eye, you notice a tree on the side of the road begin to move forward.
You have mistakenly set yourself as the reference point.
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B. Speed & VelocityB. Speed & Velocity
Speed rate of motion distance traveled per unit time
time
distancespeed
sd
t
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B. Speed & VelocityB. Speed & Velocity
Velocityspeed in a given directioncan change even when the speed
is constant!
vd
tUnits:D=metert-=secondsV=m/s
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B. Speed & VelocityB. Speed & Velocity
Instantaneous Speedspeed at a given instant
Average Speed
time total
distance totalspeed avg.
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B. Speed & VelocityB. Speed & Velocity
Problem:A storm is 10 km away and is
moving at a speed of 60 km/h. Should you be worried?
It depends on the storm’s direction!
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More PracticeMore Practice
Try problems 1-5 on the Speed Practice Problems sheet on my website on a separate sheet of paper.
Use the guess method we practiced when we worked on density.
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How do distance and How do distance and displacement differ?displacement differ?
Distance is the total distance of the path travelled.
Displacement-measured from start point to ending point in one line. (if you start & stope in the same spot, displacement =0.
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Graphing MotionGraphing Motion
slope =
steeper slope =
straight line =
flat line =
Distance-Time Graph
A
B
faster speed
constant speed
no motion
speed
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Graphing MotionGraphing Motion Who started out faster?
A (steeper slope) Who had a constant speed?
A Describe B from 10-20 min.
B stopped moving
Find their average speeds. A = (2400m) ÷ (30min) A
= 80 m/min B = (1200m) ÷ (30min) B =
40 m/min See pg 334 in text See pg 335
Distance-Time Graph
A
B
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0
100
200
300
400
0 5 10 15 20
Time (s)
Dis
tan
ce (
m)
Distance-Time Graph
Graphing MotionGraphing Motion
Acceleration is indicated by a curve on a Distance-Time graph.
Changing slope = changing velocity
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Solve- Solve- not in your notesnot in your notesThe diagram below shows the position of a cross-country skier at various times. At each of the indicated times, the skier turns around and reverses the direction of travel. In other words, the skier moves from A to B to C to D. Use the diagram to determine distance traveled by the skier during these three minutes. Can you determine the displacement?
The skier covers a distance of (180 m + 140 m + 100 m) = 420 m and has a displacement of 140 m, rightward
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A football coach paces back and forth along the sidelines. The diagram below shows several of coach's positions at various times. At each marked position, the coach makes a "U-turn" and moves in the opposite direction. In other words, the coach moves from position A to B to C to D. What is the coach's resulting displacement and distance of travel?
The coach covers a distance of(35 yds + 20 yds + 40 yds) = 95 yards and has a displacement of 55 yards, left.
not in your notes
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CalculationsCalculationsYour neighbor skates at a speed of 4 m/s.
You can skate 100 m in 20 s. Who skates faster?
GIVEN:
d = 100 m
t = 20 s
v = ?
WORK:
v = d ÷ t
v = (100 m) ÷ (20 s)
v = 5 m/s
You skate faster!vd
t
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CalculationsCalculationsSound travels 330 m/s. If a lightning bolt
strikes the ground 1 km away from you, how long will it take for you to hear it?
GIVEN:
v = 330 m/s
d = 1km = 1000m
t = ?
WORK:
t = d ÷ v
t = (1000 m) ÷ (330 m/s)
t = 3.03 s
vd
t
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C. AccelerationC. Acceleration
Acceleration the rate of change of velocitychange in speed or direction
t
vva if
A : acceleration(m/s2)
Vf : final velocity (m/s)
Vi : initial velocity (m/s)
T : time (sec)
a
vf - vi
t
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3 ways an object can 3 ways an object can accelerateaccelerate
1. Positive acceleration=“speeding up”
2. Negative acceleration (aka. Deceleration= “slowing down”
3. Changing direction- traveling around a curve with constant speed.
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Free FallObjects that fall in
air towards Earth, due to gravity. Objects fall at the rate of 9.8m/s2
(acceleration due to gravity= 9.8m/s2)
T=1sV=9.8m/s
T=2sV=19.6 m/s
T=3sV=29.4m/s
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Terminal VelocityTerminal Velocity
the highest velocity that will be reached by a falling object.
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Graphing MotionGraphing Motion
0
1
2
3
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (s)
Sp
ee
d (
m/s
)
Speed-Time Graph
slope =
straight line =
flat line =
acceleration +ve = speeds up -ve = slows down
constant accel.
no accel. (constant velocity)
0
1
2
3
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (s)
Sp
ee
d (
m/s
)
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Graphing MotionGraphing Motion
0
1
2
3
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (s)
Sp
ee
d (
m/s
)
Speed-Time GraphSpecify the time period
when the object was... slowing down
5 to 10 seconds speeding up
0 to 3 seconds
moving at a constant speed 3 to 5 seconds
not moving 0 & 10 seconds
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CalculationsCalculationsA roller coaster starts down a hill at 10 m/s.
Three seconds later, its speed is 32 m/s. What is the roller coaster’s acceleration?
GIVEN:
vi = 10 m/s
t = 3 s
vf = 32 m/s
a = ?
WORK:
a = (vf - vi) ÷ t
a = (32m/s - 10m/s) ÷ (3s)
a = 22 m/s ÷ 3 s
a = 7.3 m/s2
a
vf - vi
t
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CalculationsCalculationsHow long will it take a car traveling 30 m/s
to come to a stop if its acceleration is -3 m/s2?
GIVEN:
t = ?
vi = 30 m/s
vf = 0 m/s
a = -3 m/s2
WORK:
t = (vf - vi) ÷ a
t = (0m/s-30m/s)÷(-3m/s2)
t = -30 m/s ÷ -3m/s2
t = 10 sa
vf - vi
t
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B. MomentumB. Momentum
p = mv
p: momentum (kg ·m/s)m: mass (kg)v: velocity (m/s)
m
p
v
All objects have mass; so if an object is moving, then it has momentum
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Law of Conservation of Law of Conservation of MomentumMomentum
Momentum is not created nor destroyed during a crash.
if no net force acts on a system, then the total momentum of the system does not change.
In a closed system, the loss of momentum of one object equals the gain in momentum of another object-momentum is conserved.
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