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Cat Scratch Disease Bartonella henselae

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Page 1: Cat Scratch Disease Bartonella henselae. Bartonella Bartonella henselae Bartonella quintana trench fever or 5-day fever Bartonella bacilliformis deadly

Cat Scratch Disease Bartonella henselae

Page 2: Cat Scratch Disease Bartonella henselae. Bartonella Bartonella henselae Bartonella quintana trench fever or 5-day fever Bartonella bacilliformis deadly

Bartonella

• Bartonella henselae • Bartonella quintana

trench fever or 5-day fever

• Bartonella bacilliformis deadly pathogen but endemic only in the high valleys of the Andes and apparently restricted to infecting humans

• B. clarridgeiae• Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii• Bartonella koehlerae

Page 3: Cat Scratch Disease Bartonella henselae. Bartonella Bartonella henselae Bartonella quintana trench fever or 5-day fever Bartonella bacilliformis deadly

תכונות:מתג, עדין, פלאומורפי, גרם שלילי.•צמיחה איטית )עד חודש( על •

CO2 5%קרקע מזון מעושר ב

Presence of B. henselae) arrow) within naturally infected cat erythrocytes, as seen by confocal microscopy. V. Jacomo,1 P. J. Kelly,2 and D. Raoult1* Natural History of Bartonella Infections (an Exception to Koch’s Postulate) CVI, 2002

Page 4: Cat Scratch Disease Bartonella henselae. Bartonella Bartonella henselae Bartonella quintana trench fever or 5-day fever Bartonella bacilliformis deadly

Common infection strategy of the bartonellae. The drawing illustrates the general concept of reservoir host infections with Bartonella. Following transmission by an arthropod vector (a), the bartonellae colonize the primary niche, which probably involves entry into migratory cells (b) and transport to the vascular endothelium (c), where the bacteria persist intracellularly. From the primary niche, the bacteria are seeded into the bloodstream (d), where they invade erythrocytes and reinfect the primary niche. After limited replication inside the red blood cell (e), they persist in the intraerythrocytic niche (f) competent for transmission by a bloodsucking arthropod (g).

A. Harms and C. Dehio, Clin Microbiol Rev. Jan 2012; 25(1): 42–78.

Page 5: Cat Scratch Disease Bartonella henselae. Bartonella Bartonella henselae Bartonella quintana trench fever or 5-day fever Bartonella bacilliformis deadly

:תכונות אלימות

פילי המשמשים להצמדות לתאי • מטרה.

Page 6: Cat Scratch Disease Bartonella henselae. Bartonella Bartonella henselae Bartonella quintana trench fever or 5-day fever Bartonella bacilliformis deadly

פתוגנזה:

גורם לפרוליפרציה של תאי אנדותל בכלי דם •קטנים.

בבני אדם גדל בתוך תאים אפיתליאלים.• ,בחתול – גדל בתוך אריטרוציטים ותאי אנדותל

מצב אשר מקנה עמידות בפני מע' החיסון של המאכסן

.יכולת העברה ע"י וקטור פרוק רגליים עבודה ניסויית הראתה הדבקת חתולים ע"י

החדרה תוך עורית של צואת פרושים

Page 7: Cat Scratch Disease Bartonella henselae. Bartonella Bartonella henselae Bartonella quintana trench fever or 5-day fever Bartonella bacilliformis deadly

המחלה בחתוליםהמחלה בחתולים

בד"כ נשא בריא ואסימפטומטי.בד"כ נשא בריא ואסימפטומטי.•בקטראמיה – מס' חודשים – שנים )מחזורית(בקטראמיה – מס' חודשים – שנים )מחזורית(•שכיחות גבוהה יותר בגורים )> שנה (שכיחות גבוהה יותר בגורים )> שנה (•לטנטי או פרוגרסיבי( יש לטנטי או פרוגרסיבי( יש ( ( FeLVFeLVלחתולים עם לחתולים עם •

BHBHסיכון גדול יותר לחלות ב סיכון גדול יותר לחלות ב

Page 8: Cat Scratch Disease Bartonella henselae. Bartonella Bartonella henselae Bartonella quintana trench fever or 5-day fever Bartonella bacilliformis deadly

SPFSPFהדבקה ניסויית של חתולי הדבקה ניסויית של חתולי לרוב לא נצפו סימנים קליניים. •

follicularקשרי לימפה מוגדלים באופן מופשט, •hyperplasia

חום, חוסר תיאבון,•

שיבושי רביה.•

שינויים פתולוגיים:

טחול וקשרי למפה מוגדלים, •

דלקת של שריר הלב, •

דלקת כליה פיו-גרנולומטוטית•

Page 9: Cat Scratch Disease Bartonella henselae. Bartonella Bartonella henselae Bartonella quintana trench fever or 5-day fever Bartonella bacilliformis deadly

המחלה בחתוליםהמחלה בחתולים

Sick seropositive cats are more likely to have uveitis stomatitis, kidneys and Sick seropositive cats are more likely to have uveitis stomatitis, kidneys and urinary tract diseases. (seroepidemiologic survey!!)urinary tract diseases. (seroepidemiologic survey!!)

המחלה בחתולים היא מחזורית ופרססטנטית.•נמשך חודשים או שנים•

Page 10: Cat Scratch Disease Bartonella henselae. Bartonella Bartonella henselae Bartonella quintana trench fever or 5-day fever Bartonella bacilliformis deadly

Seroprevalance in cats

.Bמס' ניכר של חתולים בעולם נחשף ל-henselae

•Hawaii: 47%, Japan:15%, S. Africa: 21% USA:15-55%, (serology)

•Israel – 40% [45/114] (serology)•25.1% (84/334) of general cat population positive by molecular screening (Harrus 2014)

Page 11: Cat Scratch Disease Bartonella henselae. Bartonella Bartonella henselae Bartonella quintana trench fever or 5-day fever Bartonella bacilliformis deadly

התבטות באדם

©2003 ,Neal R. Chamberlain, Ph.D., All rights reserved

Page 12: Cat Scratch Disease Bartonella henselae. Bartonella Bartonella henselae Bartonella quintana trench fever or 5-day fever Bartonella bacilliformis deadly

Cat contact(scratch, bite, ? cat flea bite)

1 - 3 weeks

Resolutionin weeks tomonths

Disseminationin immuno-compromisedhosts

פתוגנזהפתוגנזה

Page 13: Cat Scratch Disease Bartonella henselae. Bartonella Bartonella henselae Bartonella quintana trench fever or 5-day fever Bartonella bacilliformis deadly

Cat scratch disease and other zoonotic Bartonella infectionsBruno B. Chomel, DVM, PhD; Henri Jean Boulouis, DVM, MS; Edward B.

Breitschwerdt, DVM, DACVIMJAVMA, Vol 224, No 8, April 2004 1270-1279

Cats—Because of the high prevalence of infection with B henselae in cats, it has been difficult to associate infection with specific clinical signs. However, cats that were experimentally infected with B henselae (mainly type-II feline isolates) developed various clinical signs. Fever was one of the most commonly observed clinical signs that usually developed within a few days of infection and persisted for 2 days to a few weeks. Local inflammation (erythema and swelling) at the site of inoculation and lymphadenopathy were also observed. Lethargy and anorexia have also been reported in experimentally infected cats. As reported for certain humans infected with B henselae, some cats also developed CNS disorders. Additionally, reproductive disorders (eg, inability to become pregnant, pregnancy achieved only after repeated breedings, and stillbirths) have been observed in experimentally infected queens..

Variations in the pathogenicity of different strains of B henselae have been suggested for differences in clinical signs observed in experimental conditions. On the basis of serologic findings, naturally infected cats were more likely to have lymphadenitis and gingivitis (especially those also infected with FIV) than were Bartonella seronegative cats. A similar association between the presence of antibodies against B henselae and stomatitis or urologic diseases in cats has also been demonstrated. Bartonella henselae has also been implicated as a potential cause of anterior uveitis in cats. Bartonella henselae-associated endocarditis was recently confirmed via PCR assay in a cat from California.

Page 14: Cat Scratch Disease Bartonella henselae. Bartonella Bartonella henselae Bartonella quintana trench fever or 5-day fever Bartonella bacilliformis deadly

Optic Neuritis Due to Bartonella henselae Infection, Arnd M. Herz, M.D., and J. Michael Lahey, M.D., N Engl J Med 2004; 350: January 8, 2004

Page 15: Cat Scratch Disease Bartonella henselae. Bartonella Bartonella henselae Bartonella quintana trench fever or 5-day fever Bartonella bacilliformis deadly

ביטוי קליני בבני אדם: פפולה אדמדמה במקום החדרת החיידק )שריטה, עקיצה

של פרוש?(

פתוגנזה:

Page 16: Cat Scratch Disease Bartonella henselae. Bartonella Bartonella henselae Bartonella quintana trench fever or 5-day fever Bartonella bacilliformis deadly

פתוגנזה: lymphoid נפיחות של קשרי לימפה מקומיים )

hyperplasia, microabcesses, granuloma, suppuration.עם רגישות יתרה )

umed.med.utah.edu/MS2/derm © Copyright 2003, eMedicine.com, Inc

Page 17: Cat Scratch Disease Bartonella henselae. Bartonella Bartonella henselae Bartonella quintana trench fever or 5-day fever Bartonella bacilliformis deadly

lytic boneבנוסף, טחול מוגדל, הרס עצם )lesions דלקת ריאות ומעורבות מערכת )

העצבים המרכזית. די נפוץ גרנולומה של רירית העין.

Page 18: Cat Scratch Disease Bartonella henselae. Bartonella Bartonella henselae Bartonella quintana trench fever or 5-day fever Bartonella bacilliformis deadly

Both B. quintana and B. henselae are further able to elicit bacillary angiomatosis, i.e., the outgrowth of multiple vasoproliferative tumors, as a common complication of infection, primarily but not exclusively in immunocompromised individuals such as AIDS patients

A. Harms and C. Dehio, Clin Microbiol Rev. Jan 2012; 25(1): 42–78 .

Page 19: Cat Scratch Disease Bartonella henselae. Bartonella Bartonella henselae Bartonella quintana trench fever or 5-day fever Bartonella bacilliformis deadly

כלביםכלביםבכלבים B.hensele תוארו מקרים בודדים של הדבקה ב

בעיקר עם מעורבות של הכבד. 6y spayed G.Retriever female no history of prior illness.

weakness, abdominal distension. specimens from liver contained DNA from B. henselae

4y old spayed Basset Hound female

cs: recurrent fever, anorexia, weight loss.

histology: severe pyogranulomtous inflammation.

PCR from liver :B. henselae

תסמונותתסמונותGranulomatous hepatitis

Peliosis hepatis – vasculoproliferative disorder characterized by cystic blood filled in the liver.

Page 20: Cat Scratch Disease Bartonella henselae. Bartonella Bartonella henselae Bartonella quintana trench fever or 5-day fever Bartonella bacilliformis deadly

Clinicopathologic findings in dogs seroreactive to Bartonella henselae antigens.

Goodman RA, Breitschwerdt EB. Am J Vet Res. 2005 Dec;66(12):2060-4 Department of Clinical Sciences, College

of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA

OBJECTIVE: To assess the potential clinical relevance of seroreactivity to Bartonella henselae antigens in dogs. ANIMALS: 40 dogs seroreactive to B henselae and 45 dogs that did not seroreact to B henselae. PROCEDURE: A case-control study was conducted. Clinical and clinicopathologic findings were extracted from medical records of each dog.

RESULTS: Statistical differences were not detected between dogs seroreactive or nonseroreactive to B henselae when analyzed on the basis of disease category or results of hematologic, biochemical, urine, or cytologic analysis.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Significant associations were not detected between seroreactivity to B

henselae and various diseases.

Page 21: Cat Scratch Disease Bartonella henselae. Bartonella Bartonella henselae Bartonella quintana trench fever or 5-day fever Bartonella bacilliformis deadly

Bartonella spp. in dogsBartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii, Bartonella henselae, and other Bartonella species.

•Bartonella infection is more likely to cause clinical symptoms in dogs compared to cats. •Low seroprevalence in worldwide dog populations suggests that dogs are probably not a natural reservoir for B. vinsonii berkhoffii.

•It is not yet known if dogs can transmit infection to humans. •In addition to dogs and cats, numerous domestic and wild animals, including bovine, canine, human, and rodent species can serve as reservoir hosts for various Bartonella species

2013,Centers for Disease Control, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases

Page 22: Cat Scratch Disease Bartonella henselae. Bartonella Bartonella henselae Bartonella quintana trench fever or 5-day fever Bartonella bacilliformis deadly

Bartonella vinsonii B.vinsonii is an emerging bacterial pathogen of dogs

• associated with endocarditis, lymphadenitis, granulomatous lesions, epistaxis, immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, neurologic dysfunction, and potentially polyarthritis.

The organism appears to be tick-transmitted by Rhipicephalus sanguineus and may be co-transmitted with Ehrlichia canisor Babesia canis.

Concurrent infection with Bartonella may interfere with the expected therapeutic elimination of E. canis with doxycycline.

Similarly to Ehrlichia canis, some healthy dogs can be chronically infected.

*****************May be zoonotic*******************

Page 23: Cat Scratch Disease Bartonella henselae. Bartonella Bartonella henselae Bartonella quintana trench fever or 5-day fever Bartonella bacilliformis deadly

Bartonella koehlerae

• Reported to cause endocarditis in humans and dogs

• Isolated from domestic cats, has been recovered as well from a stray cat population in Israel.

• B. koehlerae was identified in the valvular tissue of an endocarditis patient by DNA sequencing of the PCR products of two Bartonella genes

Bartonella koehlerae, a new cat-associated agent of culture-negative human endocarditis.Avidor B1, Graidy M, Efrat G, Leibowitz C, Shapira G, Schattner A, Zimhony O, Giladi M.J Clin Microbiol. 2004 Aug;42(8):3462-8

Page 24: Cat Scratch Disease Bartonella henselae. Bartonella Bartonella henselae Bartonella quintana trench fever or 5-day fever Bartonella bacilliformis deadly

Bartonella bovis The vast majority of Bartonella bovis infections cause no signs of disease in cattle. There are rare reports of bartonella bovis causing endocarditis, which is inflammation in the tissue that lines the heart, including the heart valves. Cases of endocarditis in cattle are usually only diagnosed at slaughter or during autopsy examination.

The interaction between this bacterium and other pathogens such as BVD and bovine herpes virus remains to be investigated. It is plausible that infection with bartonella may have subclinical effects on reproduction and growth.

Blood-sucking insects, such as lice, biting flies and ticks, transmit this bacterium between cattle.

The percentage of infected cattle seems to vary between locations. For example, a 2008 study in North Carolina found that 82 percent of beef cattle

were positive for B. bovis. 

Page 25: Cat Scratch Disease Bartonella henselae. Bartonella Bartonella henselae Bartonella quintana trench fever or 5-day fever Bartonella bacilliformis deadly

איבחון: ( )תגובות הצלבה( ( )תגובות הצלבה(FAFAסרולוגיה )סרולוגיה ) •

בבני בבני bacilliary angiomatosisbacilliary angiomatosisהגורם ל הגורם ל B. quintanaB. quintanaכנראה קשר סרולוגי )הצלבה( עם כנראה קשר סרולוגי )הצלבה( עם –אדם אימונוסופרסיביים אדם אימונוסופרסיביים

שבועות שבועות2-62-6תרבית דם: תרבית דם: ••IFAIFAמראה חשיפה: מראה חשיפה :•ELISAELISAמראה חשיפה: מראה חשיפה :•PCRPCRמרקמות או דם מרקמות או דם

Page 26: Cat Scratch Disease Bartonella henselae. Bartonella Bartonella henselae Bartonella quintana trench fever or 5-day fever Bartonella bacilliformis deadly

טיפול או חיסון• Doxycycline, amoxicillin, enrofloxacin, and rifampin

(4-6 weeks) may reduce the level of bacteremia in the infected cat or dog.

• The ability of any antibiotic or antibiotic combination to completely clear B. henselae from the blood stream has not been established.

• Given the duration of treatment necessary to clear the bacteremia and the concern for development of antimicrobial resistance, treatment is recommended only for pets that have clinical symptoms.

Page 27: Cat Scratch Disease Bartonella henselae. Bartonella Bartonella henselae Bartonella quintana trench fever or 5-day fever Bartonella bacilliformis deadly

גורמי סיכון:

מהמקרים הם מתחת מהמקרים הם מתחת 90%90%--80%80%ילדים: ילדים: •..2121לגיל לגיל

חתולים בקטראמייםחתולים בקטראמיים•

חתולים צעיריםחתולים צעירים•

חתולים החיים גם בחוץחתולים החיים גם בחוץ•

פרעושיםפרעושים•

משחק עם חתולים המלווה בשריטות או משחק עם חתולים המלווה בשריטות או •נשיכותנשיכות

Page 28: Cat Scratch Disease Bartonella henselae. Bartonella Bartonella henselae Bartonella quintana trench fever or 5-day fever Bartonella bacilliformis deadly

מניעה:

Page 29: Cat Scratch Disease Bartonella henselae. Bartonella Bartonella henselae Bartonella quintana trench fever or 5-day fever Bartonella bacilliformis deadly

מניעה:מניעה:

הדברת פרעושיםהדברת פרעושים•שטיפה יסודית וחיטוי של כל שריטה או נשיכהשטיפה יסודית וחיטוי של כל שריטה או נשיכה•ניטור וטיפול בחתול בקטראמי ומעקב לתקופה ניטור וטיפול בחתול בקטראמי ומעקב לתקופה •

ארוכה ארוכה

אנשים אימונוסופרסיביים :אנשים אימונוסופרסיביים :•אימוץ חתול סרולוגית שלילי בלבד?אימוץ חתול סרולוגית שלילי בלבד? – חתול סרולוגית חיובי מעל שנה? חתול סרולוגית חיובי מעל שנה?–

• - - declawingdeclawingאינו מונע את הסיכוןאינו מונע את הסיכון