cassandra eu 2012 - highly available: the cassandra distribution model by sam overton

Highly Available: The Cassandra Distribution

Model

Sam Overton

Cassandra Europe 2012


Highly Available: The Cassandra Distribution Model

Cassandra is:● built for scalability● built to tolerate failure

In this talk:● Cassandra distribution overview● Partitioning and placement● Replication● Consistency



Overview

● High availability● Partition tolerant● Tunable consistency● Scalable● Replication● No single point of failure



Partitioning and placement

Should...● Assign data to hosts● Have no S.P.O.F for routing clients to data● Balance load● Allow scaling without moving too much data



Consistent Hashing



Consistent Hashing

(k1, v1)

(k2, v2)

(k3, v3)



Consistent Hashing

● partitioner maps key to ring token● hosts' tokens determine placement of keys● and proportion of data assigned to each host● each row is stored on one host● wide rows can cause hot-spotting!

So how does it scale?



Consistent Hashing



Consistent Hashing

Bootstrapping a new node



Consistent Hashing

Range is transferred from old host to new host



Consistent Hashing



Consistent Hashing

Decommission is the reverse process



Consistent Hashing



Consistent Hashing

● Tokens can be assigned manually, automatically or randomly● Every node has full knowledge of placement● Client connects to any node, max 1 hop to data● Node status is gossiped



Partitioners

● Converts a row key (from client data) into a token on the ring● RandomPartitioner● Order Preserving Partitioner



Partitioners

Random Partitioner● token = hash(key)● good load balancing● no range queries across row keys



Partitioners

Order Preserving Partitioner● token = key● requires manual load balancing● careful selection of tokens around the ring● allows range queries across row keys



Partitioners

● Get it right first time!● Design data model for RP● Custom partitioners are possible if necessary



Replication

● For availability● For redundancy● Can increase read bandwidth



Replication

● Replication Factor (RF) is number of copies of data● Defined per-keyspace● Can be changed (eg. If data becomes more/less valuable)● Determines how many failures can be tolerated



Replication Strategy

● Determines how replicas are assigned for each host● Defined per keyspace (like RF)● SimpleStrategy● NetworkTopologyStrategy● Custom strategies can be written



Replication Strategy : Simple Strategy

(k1, v1)

(k2, v2)

eg. RF=3



Replication Strategy : Network Topology Strategy




Multi-datacentre support

DC1 DC2



Snitches

● Enables routing of requests according to node proximity● Used by replication strategy to determine rack and DC membership● Custom snitches can be written



Simple Snitch

● Every host is in the same rack & DC with equal proximity

RackInferringSnitch

● Infers the rack & DC from IP address of host123.8.2.100

DCrack host



EC2Snitch

● DC = EC2 region● Rack = EC2 availability zone

Property file snitch

● Rack and DC membership read from configuration file



DynamicSnitch

● Wraps each of the other snitches● Records latency stats from read operations● Avoids routing to slow hosts● Configurable update intervals



Consistency

● Replication and failures/partitions cause inconsistency● Old versions of data can be returned

Timestamps:● Chosen by the client● Can be used to avoid read-modify-write


Consistency

● Cassandra allows a trade-off between partition-tolerance and consistency

● For strong consistency:R + W > N

● Eg. with 5 replicas(RF = N = 5)write to 3read from 3


11

11

11

11

11


Consistency





22

22

22

11

11

write


Consistency





22

22

22

11

11

read



Consistency Level

● ANY (only for writes)● ONE, TWO, THREE● QUORUM (N/2 + 1)● LOCAL QUORUM● ALL

● Relax strong consistency for partition tolerance● To tolerate 1 node failure with strong consistency use RF=3 with CL=QUORUM



Increasing Consistency

● Read repair● Hinted hand-off● Anti-entropy repair



Read Repair



Hinted Hand-off

eg. RF=2(k1, v1)

(k1, v1)



Hinted Hand-off

eg. RF=2(k1, v1)

(k1, v1)

Write (k1, v2)



Hinted Hand-off

eg. RF=2(k1, v1)

(k1, v1)

Write (k1, v2)

(k1, v2)



Hinted Hand-off

eg. RF=2(k1, v2)

(k1, v1)

(k1, v2)



Hinted Hand-off

eg. RF=2(k1, v2)

(k1, v2)

(k1, v2)



Hinted Hand-off

● Hinted writes do not count towards the chosen consistency level● … except with CL=ANY which succeeds even if all replicas are down● Don't rely on hints: hints cannot be read!



Anti-entropy repair

● Manual maintenance process● Compares all data stored on a host with the replicas● Differences are streamed to restore consistency● Must be run every 10 days to ensure tombstones are replicated





fin.

cassandra eu 2012 - highly available: the cassandra distribution model by sam overton

Technology

data cassandra europe

partitioner cassandra

node cassandra europe

v2 cassandra europe

necessary cassandra

row keys cassandra europe

new host cassandra europe

v3cassandra europe