casp report of shiva

CASP 2015-16

Contents

Task Name of the Task Page no

Task-01 Communication Skills

(Telephonic Conversation).

(14-23)

Task-02

Task -03

Communication exercise between one too many

simulation

Listening Skills

(24-31)

(32-37)

Task-04 Reading Skills. (38-40)

Task-05 Writing Skills

(Covering letter, Resume, Essay & Synopsis).

(41-55)

Task-06

Task-07

Knowledge of using Internet

Oral Communication

(Debate & Group discussion).

(56-63)

(64-72)

Task-08

Task -09

Task-10

Collecting Market Data and Analyzing

Presentation skills

Pick & speak

(73-76)

(77-96)

(97-99)

References (100)

LOG SHEET

Department of Civil Engg.PVP

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SlNo

Date Task Progress of taskInitials of staff in-

charge & student

Evaluation (as

suggested in each task)


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LOG SHEET

SlNo

Date Task Progress of taskInitials of staff in-

charge & student

Evaluation (as

suggested in each task)


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Task-01

COMMUNICATION SKILL

Fig. 1.1: Communication Skill.

Communication is the activity of conveying meaningful information. Communication

requires a sender, a message, and an intended recipient, although the receiver need not be present

or aware of the sender's intent to communicate at the time of communication; thus

communication can occur across vast distances in time and space. Communication requires that

the communicating parties share an area of communicative commonality. The communication

process is complete once the receiver has understood the message of the sender.

Communication wordsA few people are surprised at that statement. Communication is definitely not just the

words you use. You may have the entire oxford dictionary at the tip of your tongue or may have

the president's pin for the biggest vocabulary and still be a bad communicator because you had

this wondrous idea that communication means words and more words.

In reality, good communication skills are opposite; it is using lesser words and obtained a

greater impact. Communicating well involves using multiple channels that we human have

developed over the centuries. Some of them are primal in nature like the body language and

some of it acquired over years, like the tone of your voice and then we have the words.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information

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Words actually contribute to about 7% according one famous research. Let us not contest

is that, communication is made up of more than just words and until you realize that, your

chance of becoming good at influencing others is quite slim.

Why good communication skills needed?Most of today's influential people reached the level of success by their sheer skills of

influence/ persuasion. However, before you can become good at persuasion and influence, you

will first need to step through the basics.

When you suggested starting up with communication test so you can understand your

current style and level of skills. Once you get a gist of your present situation, you can then start

learning some of the basic rules of good communication.

When you are ready, you can step on to developing your leadershipskills and presentation

ideas. If you need some help in developing other core skills, we also have a section on distance

education, which can help you further your academic skills and improve your job opportunities.

Based on your unique stage of learning, make your choice. If you are not sure what you

are looking for, try our customized search... we have customized it to give you the best resources

to develop your communication skills.

How to improve communication skill?Nobody is born knowing how to communicate exceptionally well. The truth is that good

communicators learned that skill through years of practice. With a little effort you too can hone

your communication skills and improve your competence in the workplace. Follow these simple

tips on becoming a better communicator.

Try to see what the other person means

You want other people to agree with you, but that is not always possible. Conflicts in the

workplace and relationships can be avoided to a great extent by trying to see things from the

other person’s point of view.

Start with you

You cannot change the way other people communicate, but you can change the way you

communicate. You may have colleagues with a short fuse. Instead of expecting them to change


http://www.communicationskills.in/

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that behavior altogether what you need to do is to learn to exercise restraint. By retaining your

composure at all times you will be able to stay in charge of the situation.

Verbal and Non-Verbal CommunicationPay close attention to the non-verbal cues you give. It is said that words account for only

7-11% of a communication. Your body language conveys much more information.

Be clearBe clear about what you mean and what your intentions are. This way you can avoid

getting misinterpreted. Your language is a reflection of the way you think and feel about yourself

and others. So be aware of the apologies, excuses and justifications you make.

Don’t act on assumptionsDon’t make assumptions before you fully understand a message. If you must, tell the

other person ‘I have assumed that’ ‘Is that true?’ Remember that unconfirmed assumptions very

often spoil good communication in the workplace.

You can’t be right all the time

Stop getting obsessed with the idea of being right all the time. The purpose of

communication is to present a piece of information or a point of view. You don’t necessarily

have to beat other people with your arguments. Let people decide whether they want to agree

with you or not.


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1. TELEPHONIC CONVERSATION

Fig. 1.2: Communication between Costumer and Dealer.

It took a mobile phone 100 years to become the largest and most complex network ever

created by men. There are more than 700 million telephones today. The abi

lity to communicate by telephone can help reduce stress in the workplace, improve your

work efficiency and give you an advantage in a very competitive business environment. In fact,

everything is very simply, says David Lewis the American psychologist.

The secret of an effective communication by telephone consists in control of the

following things:

1) Your emotions.

2) Nature of the call.

Many people pertain fear of telephone communication. While the physical stress is

growing you start to lose concentration and your ability to communicate effectively is reduced.

Excessive face, neck and shoulders muscle strain alter your voice. A stressed male person

appears to be older, peevish, and a stressed woman appears to be emotional and unpredictable.

Before you dial a number you should get rid of stress, relax mentally and physically.


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Here are a few exercises that will help you do this so quickly and quietly without leaving your

desk.

1) Tense up your muscle, Clutch the fists, purse toes, gather in stomach and make a deep

breath. Hold the breath and slowly count till five.

2) Breathe out slowly. Relax the whole body. Lower shoulders, and unclench toes and relax

in the chair.

3) Take another deep breath. Hold the breath for five seconds. During the breath take care

not to clench your teeth.

4) The next five seconds breathe calmly. Feel how peace and relaxation permeate your

body.

Finally, ease the nerves, imagining that you are lying on the golden sand of the clean,

blue ocean shore. Hold that image in your mind for a few seconds.


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ONE TO ONE PERSON COMMUNICATION

1. Telephonic conversation of a customer and a supplier[PURCHASING A LAPTOP]

Customer: Hi, Good Morning. This is Shivaraj. Is this HP?

Supplier: Good Morning. Yeah this is HP and you are speaking with executive sales manager

Hemanth Kumar. How may I help you?

Customer: I am planning to buy a new laptop.

Supplier: Sure thing. Do you want to replace your laptop?

Customer: Yes I want too.

Supplier: What model is it?

Customer: HP Pentium 6.

Supplier: Yeah it’s probably time for an upgrade. What kind of features do you need?

Customer: Something like cheap and best and easy to carry around.

Supplier: Sure sir we can provide more than your asking.

Customer: Sir I am professional Software technician and you know what kind of features a

technician requires?

Supplier: I got you sir. Once you tell what kind of model are you looking for?

Customer: It should be more powerful ultraportable with plenty of Ram and huge hard disk space

and good processor.


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Supplier: Sure sir all these requirements are available in HP Pentium10 which has 4GB Ram and

4TB hard disk.

Customer: How much does it cost for these features?

Supplier: It about 50K to 55K.

Customer: that’s more than I accepted look something around 45K.

Supplier: Sir you can be worth for the money since it has got equivalent specifications for the

cost.

Customer But recently my friend purchased a new Lenovo laptop with same feature but the prize

is 40K.

Supplier: But HP is one of the best in laptop and most of it professionals are using and we supply

many IT companies we don’t have a single complaint on our product.

Customer: Ok sir your right. Is there any discount on it?

Supplier: Of course sir. We provide 4TBexternal hard disc with a HP laser mouse on discount

which may reduce your price to 45K.

Customer: Sir it is a bumper offer me and there will be any replacements or free service?

Supplier: will provide replacement if any problems arises in the internal and not for the rough

handling damages

Customer: Ok sir when shall I meet you up?

Supplier: Next week you can come to our center and take the laptop which is made for you.

Customer: Sure sir and thank you for the details provided.

Supplier: It is my pleasure.

Finally we can conclude this session with three opinions of my knowledge


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The average person buying a laptop is on budget. Everyone would rather pay less but with

good quality.

People are confused by dizzying array of models and the terrible product name in the market.

This make the buyers to be paralyzed putting of that laptop purchase to some indeterminate

time in future.

Laptop manufactures make too many comprises in quality and performance to get to

artificially low price points that many buyers don’t need to meet, no matter what they insist

they make people unhappy with the cheap laptop they bought last year.

Fig. 1.3: Communication between Costumer and Dealer.


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2. CONVERSATION BETWEEN TWO FRIENDS MEETING AFTER LONG BACK

HEMANTH : - Hi Shivu…!

SHIVARAJ : - Hi hemanth…! How Are You..?

HEMANTH : - I Am Fine..! What about Yours..?

SHIVARAJ : - Its going good, then

HEMANTH : - What Are You doing now..?

SHIVARAJ : - I got a job in L&T ltd. as executive engineer, What About You..?

HEMANTH : - Now I am studying M Tech in R V College near kengeri.

Oh! You are working in M.N.C company ah and my cousin has

finished, His diploma in civil so he wants a job in that company can

you ask for him?

SHIVARAJ : - Oh! Okay, till now there is no vacancy in our company, if any

vacancy is there means I will suggest you.

HEMANTH : - Oh! Okay, thanks shivu, then any plan to do future graduations...?

SHIVARAJ : - Yes, hemanth, after 2 years I am planning to do B.E in evening

college, company shall be sponsoring for me for higher education.

HEMANTH : - Oh! Great man, super.

SHIVARAJ : - Thanks Hemanth.

HEMANTH : - Yeah, then How is your Parents..?

SHIVARAJ : - They are fine. What about your parents

HEMANTH : - Yes, they are fine.


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SHIVARAJ : - Then, what about our college close friends? How are they?

HEMANTH : - Oh! Durgesh and bharath are fine, they gone to delhi for higher

education. I am touch with them in whatsapp.

SHIVARAJ : - Oh! Great I didn’t know, they didn’t said to me only because I am not

in contact with them.

HEMANTH : - Hmmm, they change their decisions suddenly, so. & your using

whatsapp right

SHIVARAJ : - no, I am not yet have android mobile, I am planning to buy in this

month, please suggest me the best latest mobile.

HEMANTH : - is it, take Samsung galaxy S6 edge, it is the latest mobile in the

market.

SHIVARAJ : - Thanks hemanth and okay it’s getting late for me, I should leave now,

please

HEMANTH : - Okay bye, be in touch.

SHIVARAJ : - Okay bye, Take Care.


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Fig. 1.4: Face to Face Conversation.

Task-02

COMMUNICATION EXERCISE BETWEEN ONE TO MANY IN STIMULATION

1. A Creative Advertisement Sequence For A Product Being Green And Eco Friendly Eco Friendly Products

Hi friends I’m Shivaraj from an Organisation called Green Belt.I will tell you Something about

Eco Freindly Products.ECO Friendly products are products that do not harm the environment, whether in their

production, use or disposal. Some of these going green products when in use, help conserve

energy, minimize carbon footprint or the emission of greenhouse gases, and does not lead to

substantial toxicity or pollution to the environment. Green products are biodegradable,

recyclable. Eco friendly products still have an impact on the environment, but the impact is

greatly reduced when compared to conventionally produced products. In some cases,


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environmentally friendly products may even have a positive benefit, depending on how the

company does business.

Fig 2.1ECO friendly product cycle

ECO FRIENDLY FURNITUREEco Friendly Furniture are good alternative to wooden furniture. Co-friendly furniture use less

wood and more use of waste products and other products, the use of which are not a threat to our

environmental

Fig 2.2 Eco Furniture


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ECO FANSEco Fans don’t need electricity or any external batteries to work, as the thermoelectric module

works a small generator to power the fan. This environment friendly fan is capable of

distributing the warm in whole of our house

Fig 2.3 Eco fans

ECO SHOESEco shoes are made of contents, such as recycled rubber, recycled plastics, textiles, and synthetic

and waste products, which are recyclable.

Fig 2.4 Eco shoes


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ECO WHEELS

The use of ECO wheels, such as electric vehicles can help greatly in reducing air pollution. Also

it can be in great handy in decreasing the energy consumption by 20%.

Fig 2.5 Eco wheels

ECO PAINTSECO friendly paints carry non-toxic elements, which have lesser chemical element. Made of

naturally derived raw materials, eco-friendly paints are in great need for healthier.


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Fig 2.6 Eco paints

2. A Short Talk On Solid Waste Management In Construction Industry

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

HEMANTH :-

What is waste management?

SHIVARAJ :-

Waste management is the process of treating solid wastes and offers variety of solutions for recycling items that don’t belong to trash. It is about how garbage can be used as a valuable resource. Waste management is something that each and every household and business owner in the world needs.

Waste management disposes of the products and substances that you have use in safe and efficient manner.


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Fig 2.7 Solid waste management plant

HEMANTH :-

What are the methods undertaken in the separation of the source and recycling them?

SHIVARAJ :-

First all the building waste like broken bricks, cement bricks which are demolished are brought in to one place and these are separated into different categories.

These sources are crushed by crushers and in return they are recycled and provide different types tiles, marbles, and granite.

Fig2.8 Construction waste

HEMANTH:-

What is obvious decision to be made during separation?


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SHIVARAJ:-

The area for the separation should be more and larger. The financial power should be more. The following initiatives should be undertaken how to make use of sources not letting them for land filling. There should be preferred mechanism to achieve waste minimization and to divert it from land filling. Proper education should be provided to the people about waste management. Minimum waste should be recycled to use to save the natural sources.

3. A panel discussion among students on issues related to making structures smart.

Buildings today are complex concatenations of structures, systems and technology. Over time, each of the components inside a building has been developed and improved, allowing modern-day building owners to select its features independently. Smart buildings go well beyond just using smart materials and protocols

So, what exactly are these?

A smart building uses information technology to connect a variety of subsystems, which typically operate independently, so these systems can share information to optimise total building performance. Enabled by technology, this smart building connects the structure itself to the functions it exists.


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Fig 2.9 Smart building showing communication signals

Smart buildings provide various amenities like user friendly .for example when the owner enters to the office the lights on itself there is no need of switches operation which is great energy saving system, not only lights when owner is sweating the a/c increases the temperature itself by sensing from the id card .the automatic system saves energy more than we estimate so smart buildings are now a day’s very important factors.

Smart building components, such as functionality, safety, efficiency, construction and material, maintenance, environmental quality, design and atmosphere, integrated service utilities, viability and building control system. "The structural order is very important while designing a building.

Fig 2.10 Smart building

Design that is intelligently conceived; green and sustainable; and smart is called as smart buildings.


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Smart buildings should be socially responsible and economically viable. "Buildings will be smart when they start talking. This will happen when the cost of smart buildings becomes on a par with the cost of conventional buildings.

A smart building should look to continuously reduce energy consumption, should use less water, should be climate-responsive, reduce waste, have established protocols to operate efficiently, and be an intuitive and living structure, a timeless beauty.

Conclusion

The buildings should be constructed smartly for saving energy

The future should be taken into consideration and construct the building.

Task-03

LISTENING SKILL


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Fig. 3.1: Listening skill.

We were given two ears but one mouth because god knew listening is hard than talking.

People need to practice and acquire skills to be good listeners, because a speaker cannot throw

you information in the same manner that a dart player tosses a dart at a passive dartboard.

Information is an intangible substance that must be sent by the speaker and received by an active

listener.

Tips for being a good listener

1) Give your full attention on the person who is speaking. Don't look out the window or at

what else is going on in the room.

2) Make sure your mind is focused, too. It can be easy to let your mind wander if you think

you know what the person is going to say next, but you might be wrong! If you feel your

mind wandering, change the position of your body and try to concentrate on the speaker's

words.

3) Let the speaker finish before you begin to talk. Speakers appreciate having the chance to

say everything they would like to say without being interrupted. When you interrupt, it

looks like you aren't listening, even if you really are.


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4) Let yourself finish listening before you begin to speak! You can't really listen if you are

busy thinking about what you want say next.

5) Listen for main ideas. The main ideas are the most important points the speaker wants to

get across. They may be mentioned at the start or end of a talk, and repeated a number of

times. Pay special attention to statements that begin with phrases such as "My point is..."

or "The thing to remember is..."

Watch this video of 15min, note the key points and write an essay or a summary of 200 words?

THE WORLD FAMOUS KAILASA TEMPLE AT ELLORA

Fig 3.1 Fig 3 .2


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Fig 3 .3 Fig 3 .4

Fig 3 .5 Fig 3 .6


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Fig 3 .7 Fig 3 .8


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Fig 3 .9 Fig 3 .10


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Fig .11

THE WORLD FAMOUS KAILASA TEMPLE :-

The world famous kailasa temple was built by very advanced civilization these temple is not constructed by adding stone block but entire mountain was carved to create this mountain as shown in fig 3.1.

This is the only temple where mountain was cut out from the top to create a structure as shown in fig 3.2.

Thus the kailasa temple is the only one that use the opposite technique called cut- out modulus and the huge pillar over 100 feet tall, normally to create such huge piller it would take years of work carving accurately on huge rock but these piller is carved by scooping out all the pieces of mountian around it as in the fig 3.3.

Historians and archiologist are confused because of shear amount of rocks that was removed in the temple archiologist confirmed 400 thousand tonnes of rock have to be scooped out which have to be taken not years but century of human labours, for these people work like a robot for create this structure as in fig 3.4.

now just focus on removal of rocks 400 thousand tonnes of rocks are removed in 18 years 22200 rocks are removed every year and 60 tonnes of rocks are removed every day which gives that five tonnes of rock removed every hour as in fig 3.5.

To destroy this temple the muslim leader aurangzeb he employed 1000 worker to completely demolish the temple in 1682 he ordered the temple been destroyed so that there will be no trace of it but the 1000 people work for 3 years but they only do a minimum damage and they realise its not possible to completely destroy this temple and finally he gave up the task as in fig 3.6.

Even in google earth the arial view of kailasa temple clearly all was design for people to see from the air as in fig 3.7.

and it is oriented with all four direction its entrance faces perfectly to the west as in fig 3.8 and you can see a circular design of 4 lions that create a huge x mark , was that created for

signal for extra pedestrial who can spark the location while flying as in fig 3.9 & 3 .10.


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And These Temple Has:-Rain water harvesting, Drainage system, under-ground passages, secret peak holes &bridges as in fig 3.11.

Conclusion:-The world famous kailasa temple at ellora People Get Experience And Gain Knowledge And Make Better Structure In The Future , However The Kailasa Temple Is Oldest And Biggest Temple Carved With Engineering Perfection.

Task-04

READING SKILL


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Fig. 4.1: Reading Skill.

Reading skills enable readers to turn writing into meaning and achieve the goals

of independence, comprehension and fluency.

Reading skills are specific abilities which enable a reader

1) To read the written form as meaningful language.

2) To read anything written with independence, comprehension and fluency.

3) To mentally interact with the message.

Kinds of reading skills

1) Word attack skills let the reader figure out new words.

2) Comprehension skills help the reader predict the next word, phrase, or sentence quickly

enough to speed recognition.

3) Fluency skills help the readers see larger segments, phrases, and groups of words as

wholes.

4) Critical reading skills help the reader see the relationship of ideas and use these in

reading with meaning and fluency.


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Fig. 4.2: Article on science.

SWIMMING POOL IN BETWEEN TWO APARTMENTS


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Fig4.2 swimming pool b/w two building

It is claimed as a first in the world, a new building development in London will feature a 35-metre-high suspended swimming pool that bridge two luxury apartment blocks. The so-called sky pool will be part of embassy garden, developed by Ireland based Ballymore group, and will allow residents to try out their swimming skills while visiting Neighbours in other apartment.

Embassy garden will be located near the new us embassy in the nine elms area of London, for which a competition for a new bridge over the river Thames is also underway. The pool has a completely transparent 20-centimetre thick glass casing. Measuring 25meters long, five meter wide and three meters deep, the pool will span the two building at the 10th Storey without any addition frame or support.

Designed by Arup associates, Eckersley O’Callaghan and aquarium designers Reynolds, the pool will be accompanied by a sky deck at the top of the two building. The deck at will feature a span and a bar, as well as offer views of the surrounding areas that take in the houses of parliament and the giant London Eye wheel.

Embossed garden will offer 2,42,000 sq. meters of mixed-use space that will incorporate nearly 2,000 new homes, a 100-bed hotel, offices, retail and leisure space, grocery store and flexible work and community space.The building that the pool will link is part of the second phase of the embassy garden development and is expected to be made available to the market shortly.


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Task-05

WRITING SKILL

Fig. 5.1: Writing skill.

Good writing skills are essential for effective communication. Learning to write well

takes time and practice. Be sure to leave yourself enough time for all of these steps.


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Some tips of writing skillsAvoid wordiness. Say out loud what you are trying to write. Listen to how the words

sound. For example, the sentence, "I found out that I should take a look at our past sales figures

in order to come up with a plan to help us re-evaluate our sales technique" could be more simply

stated as "I must take a look at our past sales figures to re-evaluate our sales technique."

Write for your audience. Use simple language. You don't want the reader to need a

dictionary to decipher what you are trying to say. You should not try to impress your reader with

your huge vocabulary. Chances are you will frustrate your reader instead. Most people are

juggling several tasks at the same time, and are interested in receiving only necessary

information. You are responsible for making this happen. Instead of saying, "His gregarious

nature credentials him as a superlative candidate for the job;" say "His friendliness makes him a

top candidate for the job."

Proofreading is one of the most important things you can do. Since you probably do most

of your writing on a computer, you have access to automated spelling and grammar checkers.

Beware though — some words, used in the wrong context may be missed by computerized spell

checkers. For example the sentence "To employees attended too meetings two learn about the

new software," would pass through the spell check without any misspellings being detected.

Have someone else proofread your document, if possible. If time allows, put your composition

away, and proofread it later, or even better, the next day.


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Cover Letter or Job Hunting Letter

Cover letter, Covering letter, Motivation letter, Motivational letter or a letter of

motivation is a letter of introduction attached to, or accompanying another document such as

a résumé or curriculum vitae.

Job seekers frequently send a cover letter along with their CV or employment application as

a way of introducing themselves to potential employers and explaining their suitability for the

desired position. Employers may look for individualized and thoughtfully written cover letters as

one method of screening out applicants who are not sufficiently interested in their position or

who lack necessary basic skills.

Cover letters are typically divided into three categories:

1) The application letter or invited cover letter which responds to a known job opening.

2) The prospecting letter or uninvited cover letter which inquires about possible positions.

3) The networking letter which requests information and assistance in the sender's job search.


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Cover Letter

FROM,

Shivaraju.k

#18th, 4th g cross 4th main road

Maruthinagar, kamakshipalya

Bangalore-560 079

TO,

The Manager H R D

Aswan Ventures

M G Road

Bangalore-560 001

Respected Sir/Madam,

Subject :- regarding application for Junior Engineer.

As a recent technical diploma holder in Civil Engineering from P.V.P Polytechnic. I have great

interest in joining your company, because as it has a good reputation of good outgoing project

with good results, employees care, etc. I found this job on the website of shine.com I request

you to go through my Curriculum Vitae and provide me a chance to work in your organization. I

have gained excellent drafting software courses and have completed my college certificate with

outstanding grades.

Thank you for taking the time and review my Curriculum Vitae and I would be please to

provide you with any additional information you need in my personal interview. I look forward

to your favorable reply.

Thanking you,

Place: Bangalore yours respectfully

Date: (SHIVARAJU.K)


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RESUME

Resume is a document used by individuals to present their background and skill sets.

Résumés can be used for a variety of reasons but most often to secure new employment. A

typical résumé contains a summary of relevant job experience and education. The résumé is

usually one of the first items, along with a cover letter and sometimes in the job application

packet, that a potential employer encounters regarding the job seeker and is typically used to

screen applicants, which is often followed in an Interview, when seeking Employment. The

résumé is comparable to curriculum vitae (CV) in many countries, although in English

Canada and the United States it is substantially different.

A simple resume is a summary typically limited to one or two pages of size A4 or Letter-

size highlighting only those experiences and credentials that the author considers most relevant

to the desired position. US academic CVs are typically longer.

Resumes may be organized in different ways. The following are some of the more

common formats:

1) Reverse chronological résumé

2) Functional résumé

3) Hybrid résumé

Online Resume

The Internet has brought about a new age for the résumé. As the search for employment

has become more electronic, résumés have followed suit. It is common for employers to only

accept résumés electronically, either out of practicality or preference. This electronic boom has

changed much about the way résumés are written, read, and handled.


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BIODATA

NAME : SHIVARAJU.K

EMAIL ID : [email protected]

[email protected]

PHONE NUMBER : 7760272133, 9071963432

JOB OBJECTIVE :

I am good listener, I would like to work in the dynamic environment which offer challenge and self development, where I can share, and impact skills and knowledge I acquire as I move forward.

EDUCATION :

SSLC Percentage : 82.24 % with first class

Diploma In Civil Engineering :

IN 1ST SEM : 58.40%


mailto:[email protected]

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2ND SEM : 74.80%

3RD SEM : 69.71%

4TH SEM : 77.60%

5TH SEM :

6th SEM :

Aggregate percentage :

ITS EXPLOSURE :

Basic computer skills.

Auto cadd.

General internet knowledge & all other basic software’s

EXPERIENCE :

Fresher.

STRENGHTS :

Good communication skills.

Positive attitude, commitment to work.

Desire for innovation & continuous learning.


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Ability to manage stress, time and people effectively.

PERSONAL DETAILSNAME : SHIVARAJU.K

FATHER’S NAME : KRISHNAMURTHY B.M

MOTHER’S NAME : PUTTATHAYAMMA

DATE OF BIRTH : 25-02-1998

AGE : YEARS

SEX : MALE

NATIONALITY : INDIAN

RELIGION : HINDU

CASTE : VOKKALIGA

MOTHER TONGUE : KANNADA

LANGUAGES KNOWN : KANNADA,ENGLISH AND HINDI

HOBBIES : READING BOOKS, PLAYING GAMES WATCHING TV.

PERMANENT ADDRESS : #18TH, 4TH G CROSS, 4TH MARUTHI - NAGAR, KAMAKSHIPALYA,

BANGALORE - 560079

DECLARATION : I hereby declare that the above furnished information is true to the best of knowledge and i bear the responsibility for the Correctness of the above – mentioned particulars.


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DATE :- SINCERELY YOURS

( SHIVARAJU.K )


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ESSAY

An Essay is a piece of writing which is often written from an author's personal point of

view. Essays can consist of a number of elements, including: literary criticism,

political manifestos, learned arguments, observations of daily life, recollections, and reflections

of the author. The definition of an essay is vague, overlapping with those of an article and a short

story. Almost all modern essays are written in prose, but works in verse have been dubbed essays

.While brevity usually defines an essay, voluminous works like John Locke's An Essay

Concerning Human Understanding and Thomas Malthus's An Essay on the Principle of

Population are counter examples.

In some countries (e.g., in the United States), essays have become a major part of formal

education. Secondary students are taught structured essay formats to improve their writing skills,

and admission essays are often used by universities in selecting applicants and, in the humanities

and social sciences, as a way of assessing the performance of students during final exams. The

concept of an "essay" has been extended to other mediums beyond writing. A film essay is a

movie that often incorporates documentary film making styles and which focuses more on the

evolution of a theme or an idea. A photographic essay is an attempt to cover a topic with a linked

series of photographs; it may or may not have an accompanying text or captions.


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Water conservation

Texas water supplies are abundant in some areas but limited in others. In some parts of the state, water conservation by homeowners is necessary to have enough water for basic needs.

Conserving water can help save water for future generations. Demographic statistics predict Texas’ population may double from 20 million to 40 million people by 2050. More demand will be placed on water supplies to provide water for human consumption, food and fiber production, manufacturing and recreation. This demand may cause water shortages in some parts of Texas. Learning to conserve water now can extend water resources for future use. Because water conservation is a good defense against shortages, it should happen all the time, not just when shortages occur.

To begin conserving water, remember:

Water is a highly valuable, limited resource. Water costs a great deal in energy and money. Water consumption can be reduced significantly in the

average home.

Water is the basic necessity for growth of plants life. Every crop requires a definite

quality of water at regular intervals from time to time of sowing till it comes to maturity. The

natural source of water is rainfall. The rainfall if uniform and spread over evenly in a year. It is

sufficient for the growth of crops. But in tropical countries like India when rain fall is not

uniform throughout the year and variable from place to place and year to year, the rain water

alone is in sufficient for successful growth of crops.

So Conservation is everyone’s responsibility. Most of us can significantly reduce our household water consumption if we change some of our habits and conserve water.


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SYNOPSIS

A synopsis is a brief summary of the major points of a written work, either as prose as a

table, an abridgment or condensation of a work.

In general, a synopsis must be only a few pages long, so the author of the synopsis must

know how to extract the most important parts and to combine them in order to have meaning and

to reflect the reality from the book. Another synopsis definition says that this key and the main

feature of a specialist. He must be able to polish the synopsis several times and to sweat over, as

he is writing his own book.


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Task-06

KNOWLEDGE OF USING INTERNET

Fig. 6.1: Google cover page.


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IntroductionThis document is intended to provide a comprehensive introduction to the behavior of

email headers. It is primarily intended to help victims of unsolicited email (“Email spam”)

attempting to determine the real source of the (generally forged) Email that plagues them; it

should also help in attempts to understand any other forged email. It may also be beneficial to

readers interested in a general – purpose introduction to mail transfer on the internet.

Although the document intentionally avoids “How – to – forge” discussions, some of the

information contained in it might be turned to that purpose by a sufficiently determined mind.

The author explicitly does not endorse malicious or deceptive falsification of e-mail, of course,

and any use for such purpose of the information contained in this document is contrary to its

purpose.

Because of the nature of the examples in this document, there were several fictitious

domain names with associated IP (internet protocol) addresses. The chance that some of these

domain names may be used at future time is, inevitably, nonzero. Similarly, all IP addresses used

in the examples are un-identified at this writing, but they will undoubtedly assign someday.

Naturally, nothing in this document is intended to reflect in any way on future users of these

domain names or IP addresses.

Electronic Mail, abbreviated E-Mail, is a store and forward method of composing,

sending, storing, and receiving messages over electronic communication systems. The term E-

Mail applies both to the internet E-Mail system based on the simple mail transfer protocol

(SMPT) and to internet allowing users within one company to E-Mail each other. Often these

work group collaboration organizations may use the internet protocols for internet E-Mail

service.

E-Mail predates the internet; existing E-Mail systems were a crucial tool in creating the

internet. The Compatible Time Sharing System (CTSS) was begun at in 1961. It allowed

multiple users to log in to the 7094 from remote dial – up terminals, and to store files online on

disc. This new ability encourages users to share information in new ways. E-Mail started in 1965

as a way for multiple users of a time – sharing main frame computer to communicate although


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the exact history is murky, among first systems to have such a facility were SDC’s Q32 and

MIT’s CTSS.

E-Mail quickly extended to become network E-Mail, allowing users to pass messages

between different computers. The messages could be transferred between users on different

computers by 1966, but it is possible SAGE systems had something had similar some time

before.

The ARPANET computer network made a large contribution to the evolution of E-Mail.

Advantages of using Internet1) Information on almost every subject imaginable.

2) Power full search engines.

3) Ability to do research from your home versus research libraries.

4) Information at various levels of study.

5) The internet provides the ability of emails. Free mail service to anyone in country.

6) Plat form for products like SKYPE, which allow for holding a video conference with

anyone in the world who also has access.

7) Things such as Yahoo Answers and other sites where kids can have readily available help

for homework.

8) News, of all kinds available almost instantaneously commentary, on that news, from

every conceivable viewpoint is also available.

9) Entertainment for everyone.

10) Abundant information resources.

Disadvantages of using Internet 1) There is a lot of wrong information on the internet .Anyone can post anything, and much

of it is garbage.

2) There are predators that hang out on the internet waiting to get unsuspecting people in

dangerous situations.

3) Some people are getting addicting to the internet and thus causing problems with their

interactions of friends and loved ones.

4) Internet has lot of “cheater” sites. People can buy essays and pass them off as their own

far more easily than they used to be able to do.


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5) Hackers can use the internet for identity theft.

6) There are a lot of unscrupulous businesses that have sprung up on the internet to take

advantage of people.

CREATING AN E-MAIL ID

Creating an e-mail account with GmailOpen the internet explorer and type the URI of Google i.e.., www.gmail.com on the

browser’s addresses bar and then click Go button (or) enter key.

1) A welcome to yahoomail.com screen will be displayed on the screen.

2) A welcome to Gmail window is displayed on the screen. Now we can create an e-mail

account by sign up now hypertext under free Gmail.

3) Click sign up your yahoo.ID with mail window will be displayed on the screen. Fill up

the personal details password and customizing yahoo information.

4) Click Submit this form button.

5) After filling the form completely click on I accept button to complete the procedure. A

welcome message will be displayed on the screen to indicate that your E-mail account

has been successfully created.

6) Once the E-mail account is created you can sign-in at anytime, anywhere in the world

from a computer that has an internal connection and a web browser.

7) We can send (or) receive the E-mails.

To send an e-mail with an attachment file1) Click on the compose tab on the yahoo mail window and a compose page will be

displayed on the screen.

2) Enter the E-mail address of the receiver in the tool box.

3) Enter suitable subject in the subject box.

4) In the message box type the details of the message.


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5) In addition to the message, if you wish to send some attachments with the mail and then

click on attach files.

6) An attachments window appears on the screen.

7) Click on the browse button and select a file.

8) Click attaches button to attach the file.

9) If you wish to send the same mail to others, enter their E-mail ID’s in cc and BCC boxes.

10) Click on send button to send E-mail. If you want to save the message click save.

Receiving e-mails1) Open the internet explorer and type the URL of Google www.gmail.com on the address

bar and then click go button (or) ENTER key.

2) A welcome to Gmail box appears on the screen as shown in figure.

3) Enter your Gmail ID and password.

4) Click on sign in.

To read the e-mail message

1) Click on the inbox tab of the yahoo mail window, and then it will list all the E-mail

receives by your account.

2) Select the E-mail you want to see by double clicking on the E-mail message under from

address.

3) After reading the message window, otherwise click the NEXT button if you want to read

other message in the inbox.

8)


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Fig. 6.2: create an gmail account


2 25219355679753

A8E9Ee pujoyYjS FirstName LastNa

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2. Sending simple messages:-

Fig. 6.3: sending simple message .

3. Forwarding messages with their comments :-


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Fig. 6.4 : Forwarding messages with their comments

4. Sending messages with attachments:-

Fig. 6.5: sending message with attatchments.

5. Sending scanned attachment , sending URLs (link web address)


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6. Fig. 6.6: sending URLs (link web address)

Task-07

ORAL COMMUNICATION

Fig. 7.1: Oral Communication.


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DEBATE

Fig. 7.2: Debate.


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Debate or debating is a formal method of interactive and representational argument.

Debate is a broader form of argument than logical argument, which only examines consistency

from axiom, and factual argument, which only examines what is or isn't the case or rhetoric

which is a technique of persuasion. Though logical consistency, factual accuracy and some

degree of emotional appeal to the audience are important elements of the art of persuasion, in

debating, one side often prevails over the other side by presenting a superior "context" and/or

framework of the issue, which is far more subtle and strategic.

In a formal debating contest, there are rules for people to discuss and decide on

differences, within a framework defining how they will interact. Informal debate is a common

occurrence, the quality and depth of a debate improves with knowledge and skill of its

participants as debaters. Deliberative bodies such as parliaments, legislative assemblies, and

meetings of all sorts engage in debates. The outcome of a debate may be decided by audience

vote, by judges, or by some combination of the two. (Of course, this implies that facts are based

on consensus, which is not factual.) Formal debates between candidates for elected office, such

as the leader’s debates and the U.S. presidential election debates are common in democracies.

The major goal of the study of debate as a method or art is to develop one’s ability to

play from either position with equal ease.

Debates are sometime organized for purely competitive purposes, particularly at the US

high-school level, but also in other English-speaking countries.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skill

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._presidential_election_debates

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaders_debate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debate_(parliamentary_procedure)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deliberative_body

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_argument

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument

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DEBATE ON JOINT FAMILY AND NUCLEAR FAMILY

Joint families:-

An extended family is a family that extends beyond the nuclear family, consisting of aunts, uncles, and cousins all living nearby or in the same household. An example is a married couple that lives with either the husband or the wife's parents.

Joint people have more people so more support in case of crises Joint families are more wealthy as more earners are in place More affection and love between family members More persons are there to enjoy the life socially Youngsters who prefer social life with better support system prefer joint families Learn about the importance of different relations in our lives Be more accepting of people and their different natures Better attention to individuals by different family members Person is matured at earlier stage of the life Person can know the world and learn to struggle in world to sustain Person is habituated with some habits of the family and family person. It is generally seen that person living in joint family is easily adjusted in any situation Getting love of many persons of the family

Fig. 7.3: Presentation skills.


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_family

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Nuclear Family:-

A nuclear family is a family group consisting of a pair of adults and their children. This is in contrast to a single-parent family, to the larger extended family, and to a family with more than two parents

The primary reason for the formation of nuclear families is job opportunities available in cities

Nuclearfamilies can prove useful to veteransmore ever voterans can be useful to such households.

With both working parents,children derice guidance from grandparents. Grandparents too, if living in cities, find company their age. Nuclear family make members of family more responsible Nuclear family provide more privacy Small families have less financial needs They have less quarrels and personal vendetta so less problems Youngsters prefer freedom and less restriction choose nuclear family Avoid stress in discomfort Don’t have to ideal with problems Nuclear families are usually a well maintained economical family


Conclusion:-

Nuclear or joint families both have benefits and problems, they both have their own advantages as well as disadvantages.

It’s a matter of personal choice and also depends on time and environment. A newly married couple would prefer a nuclear family but can move back with parents and

siblings when become parents themselves.


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GROUP DISCUSSION

Fig. 7.3: Group discussion.

A Group Discussion is a methodology used by an organization to gauge whether the

candidate has certain personality traits and/or skills that it desires in its members. In this

methodology, the group of candidates is given a topic or a situation, given a few minutes to think

about the same, and then asked to discuss it among themselves for 15-20 minutes.

Some of the personality traits the GD are trying to may include Ability to work in a team.

Communication skills.


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Reasoning ability.

Leadership skills.

Initiative.

Assertiveness.

Why Group Discussion?

The reason why institutes put you through a Group discussion and an interview, after

testing your technical and conceptual skills in an exam, is to get to know you as a person and

gauge how well you will fit in their institute. The Group discussion tests how you function as a

part of a team. As a manager, you will always be working in teams, as a member or as a leader.

Therefore how you interact in a team becomes an important criterion for your selection.

Managers have to work in a team and get best results out of teamwork. That is the reason why

management institutes include GD as a component of the selection procedure.

Group Discussion On The Latest Developments In Pre-Fabricated Structures:-

Shivaraju: Very good morning to one and all friends.


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Group Members: Very good morning shivu

Shivaraju: Guys today we can discuss about pre-fabricated structures. Does anyone know about PFS?

Syed zabee:Pre fabrication is the method of construction which includes assembling components of a structure in a manufacturing or production site transporting complete assemblies or partial to the site where the structure to be located.

Poornima: Can you tell about the history of PFS.

Hemanth: Yeah ok.The first prefabricated structure in the world was built in Germany the year 1885. Buildings have built in one place and reassembled in another place throughout the history. Possibly the first advertised prefab house was the “Manning cottage”. Prefabricated housing was popular during the second war due to the need for mass accommodation for military personnel.

Pallavi: Can anybody tell about the modernization of PFS.

Manju : Prefab housing should no longer be compared to a mobile home in terms of appearance, but to that of a complex modernist design. There has also been an increase in the use of “Green” materials in the construction of prefab houses. Many prefab houses can be customized to the client’s specific location and climate, making home much more flexible and modern than before.

Muralidhar: The world’s fastest commercial building was McDonalds and it was built in 13 hours.

Shivaraju: The PFS requires certain stages for preparation of structures. The stages are casting, curing, transportation and erecting.

Casting: Precast components are casted with controlled cement concrete in moulds of required shape and sizes. The vibrator is used to vibrate concrete and this removes and honeycombing inside the components.

Curing: After 24 hour of casting the casted components are released from the mould and transported to curing tanks. Certain special components like railway sleepers where high strength is required are steam cured.

Transportation and erecting: After complete curing is done the components are transported to the site with heavy trucks and erection will be done using cranes with skilled labour force.

Hemanth: Some components of structures are;

Columns: A columns is a vertical member carrying the beam and floor loadings to the foundations. It is a compression member and therefore the column connection is required to be


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proper. The main principle involved in making column connections is to ensure continuity and this can be achieved by a variety of methods.

Beams:Beams can vary in their complexity of design and reinforcement from the very simple beam formed over an isolated opening to the more common encountered in frames where the beams transfer their loadings to the column.

Methods of connecting beams and columns are:

A pre casting concrete haunch is cast on to the column with a locating dowel or stud bolt to fix the beam.

A projecting metal corbel is fixed to the column and the beam is bolted to the corbel.

Pallavi : As many advantages are there for PFS, but still there are some disadvantages.

Design of sections and drawings are complicated It requires too much of planning Initial investment will be high Requires lot of machinery’s and equipment. Difficulties in transportation and placing the pre-fabricated components.

Manju : Now I am going to tell about a advantages of PFS.

Savings in cost, material, time and manpower. Shuttering and scaffolding is not necessary. Clean and dry work at site. Possibility of alternatives and reuse. Correct shape and dimension and sharp edges are maintained.

Shivaraju: Thank you guys for discussing about pre-fabricated structures. And now we got the idea about pre-fabricated structure

Task-08


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COLLECTING MARKET DATA AND ANALYSING

Fig. 8.1: Marketing presentation.

Collecting Market Data and Analyzing For Meaningful Inferences

Data collection is a term used to describe a process of preparing and collecting data - for

example as part of a process improvement or similar project. The purpose of data collection is to

obtain information to keep on record, to make decisions about important issues, to pass

information on to others. Primarily, data is collected to provide information regarding a specific

topic.

Data collection usually takes place early on in an improvement project, and is often

formalized through a data collection plan which often contains the following activity.

1) Pre collection activity – Agree goals, target data, definitions, methods

2) Collection – data collection

3) Present Findings – usually involves some form of sorting analysis and/or presentation.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_collection_plan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_improvement

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data

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Fig. 8.2: Marketing logo

MARKETING DATA AND SPECIFICATION

MOBILE NAMES XIMOI Mi 4i MOTO G 3RD

(GENERATION)SAMSUNG GAALAXY J7

PRICE 12990.00 12990.00 12990.00

Brand Mi Motrola Samsung

Model Name Mi 4i Moto G (3rd Generation)

Galaxy J7


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SIM Size Micro SIM Micro SIM Micro SIM

SIMType LTE + LTE, (Dual Standby)

Dual Sim, GSM + LTE

Dual Sim, LTE + GSM, (Dual Standby)

Camera

Video Recording 1920 x 1080 1920 x 1080, 30 fps 1920 x 1080, 30 fps

Rear Camera 13 MP 13 MP 13 MP

Front Facing Camera

5 MP 5 MP 5 MP

Flash LED LED LED

ZoomDigital Zoom – 5x Digital Zoom – 4x

(Drag to Zoom In / Out)

Digital Zoom – 5x (Drag to Zoom In /

Out)

Multimedia

Video Player Full HD ,VLC,720P WMP

Supports MP 4, 3GP ,HD Video

Vlc ,Wmp ..

Supports MP4, WMP VLC ,3GP ...

More

Music Player Supports MP3 Supports MP3 Supports MP3,

Internet & connectivity 4G 4G 4G

Display

Resolution Full HD, 1920 x 1080 Pixels

HD, 1280 x 720 Pixels

HD, 1280 x 720 Pixels


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Size 5 inch 5 inch 5.5 inch

Dimensions

Weight 130 g 155 g 171 g

Size 69.6x138.1x7.8 mm 72.4x142.1 78.6x152.4x7.5 mm

Battery Type Li-ion Polymer, 3030

mAh2470 mAh 3000 mAh

Conclusion:-

Best one is ximoi mi 4i (mi 4i) It has best display resolution and weight less and battery capacity is high & it is most

recommended for it’s quality & sevice.also it fulfills the customer satisfaction. And it also competitive price compare to other two And for more specification click on below url.

http://www.flipkart.com/mobile/compare?ids=mobe6h8az6pf4bvy,mobe6kk93jg 5wkb2,mobe93gwsmgzhfsk#


http://www.flipkart.com/mobile/compare?ids=mobe6h8az6pf4bvy,mobe6kk93jg%20%205wkb2,mobe93gwsmgzhfsk

http://www.flipkart.com/mobile/compare?ids=mobe6h8az6pf4bvy,mobe6kk93jg%20%205wkb2,mobe93gwsmgzhfsk

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Task-09

PRESENTATION SKILLS


Presentation is the practice of showing and explaining the content of a topic to an

audience or learner. Presentations come in nearly as many forms as there are life situations. In

the business world, there are sales presentations, informational and motivational presentations,

first encounters, interviews, briefings, status reports, image-building, and of course, the

inevitable training sessions.


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Structuring the presentation1) 2 to 2.5 min - opening/beginning.

2) 20 to 21 min - middle section.

3) 2 to 3 min - closing/end.

4) 5 min - questions.

The Beginning1) Should be carefully designed.

2) Get attention - shock, humor, question, story, facts &figures - well rehearsed yet natural.

3) Motivate audience to listen - listen to their needs.

Preparation – Structure1) Sequence should be logical & understandable.

2) Interim summaries- Recaps.

3) Value of visual aids-flip charts, handouts etc.

Prepare Closing1) Last 2 to 2.5 minutes are as critical as the first five minutes for a successful presentation.

2) Summarize- highlight important points.

3) Suggest action- what to do and when, where and how to do it.

Stage Fright1) Everyone has it to some degree.

2) Can be used constructively.

3) Key issue is not elimination of fear.

4) Instead channel the energy it generates for an effective presentation.


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Effective Delivery1) Be active – move.

2) Be purposeful - controlled gestures.

3) Variations – vocal (pitch, volume, rate).

4) Be natural.

5) Be direct – don’t just talk in front of the audience talk to them.

Verbal Communication- barriers1) Speaking too fast.

2) Tone and content.

3) Complicated or ambiguous language.

4) Physical State of the audience.

Sensitivity to the audience1) “See” the audience.

2) Take non-verbal feedback -congruent and incongruent body language.

3) Modify to meet audience needs.

4) Don’t just make it as a presentation.

Handling Questions1) Do not get confused.

2) You are not supposed to know everything.

3) Anticipate and keep answers ready.

4) Sometime questions themselves give you a lead to highlight your point of view.

Visual Aids1) While using an overhead projector face the audience while talking.

2) Point with a pen.


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3) Appropriate lighting.

4) Ensure clear visibility.

So to concludeAlways prepare for Channelize you fear and Interact with your audience.


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0


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GROUP PRESENTATION

Fig.9.19: Presentation skill.

Presentation is the practice of showing and explaining the content of a topic to an

audience or learner. Presentations come in nearly as many forms as there are life situations. In

the business world, there are sales presentations, informational and motivational presentations,

first encounters, interviews, briefings, status reports, image-building, and of course, the

inevitable training sessions.


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Task-10

PICK AND SPEAK

Fig.10.1: Pick and speak.

We would have heard very much of a competition called Pick and Speak. Pick and Speak

is a competition wherein we have to pick a chit from a bowl where in there will be chits

comprising of various topics of discussion. We will have to talk on a topic which is listed in the

chit for a Period of 5 minutes.

We can usually talk on any topic in general but when a particular topic is given we may

not be able to talk so much as we generally do. Speakers say that before they deliver a speech

they will usually have a rehearsal and many home works are done in order to have the speech

spoken well and reachable to the audience. They conclude that lot of preparation is needed to

speak well in such competitions.

If the preparation is not done and when given an opportunity to talk suddenly on a topic

they will first of all have a fear of public speaking and may not be able to deliver the speech

better. This will give a negative impression to the listeners and will be draw back to the speaker.

Hence a proper preparation of anything we do will have a fruitful result.


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Bus conductors:-

Bus conductors have a range of responsibilities, which include collecting fares, issuing tickets, helping passengers with baggage, advising on destinations and ensuring the safety of passengers. There is some paperwork involved, for instance when recording fares, checking timetables and counting money. In most areas, with the exception of London, the duties of driver and conductor are combined into one job (see Bus/Coach Driver profile).

Hours are irregular and may involve some weekends and shift work. Driver-conductors work alone, but where the roles are divided, the driver and conductor work together as part of a team. The conductor will be expected to stand for prolonged periods.

the bus conductor should:


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be reliable and punctual be of smart appearance be physically fit - able to climb stairs, stand and lift luggage have good communication skills be numerate – able to calculate quickly and accurately have an awareness of safety issues have the ability to operate a payment system.

Opportunities are greater in large towns or cities. Most companies run buses operated by one person only and therefore the number of openings for conductors has declined in recent years.

More opportunities exist nationally for bus drivers. To become a bus driver you need to have a full UK driving licence and attain a Passenger Carrying Vehicle (PCV) licence, which involves passing a practical and theoretical test. For more information on bus driving, see the Bus/Coach

Driver profile.


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REFERENCES

1) Indian Society for Technical Education (ISTE)

2) Highway, Bridge and Airport Engineering Book - H.S.Vishwanath

3) Ramanrutham & R.Narayan “Reinforced concrete structure”.

4) H.S Vishwanth Text Book.

Internet Sources

Google Search Engine

Wikipedia

Sciencedirect.com
