cash and receivables c hapter 7 an electronic presentation by norman sunderman angelo state...
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Cash and Receivables
Chapter7
An electronic presentation by Norman Sunderman Angelo State University
An electronic presentation by Norman Sunderman Angelo State University
COPYRIGHT © 2007 Thomson South-Western, a part of The Thomson Corporation. Thomson, the Star logo, and South-Western are trademarks used herein under license.
Intermediate AccountingIntermediate Accounting 10th edition 10th edition
Nikolai Bazley JonesNikolai Bazley Jones
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Cash is the resource on hand to meet planned
expenditures and emergency situations.
Cash
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Cash
Cash
• Coins and currency• Checking accounts• Savings accounts• Negotiable checks• Bank drafts
Included in Cash Excluded from Cash
• Certificates of deposit• Bank overdrafts• Postdated checks• Travel advances• Postage stamps
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Cash equivalents are short-term, highly liquid investments that are
readily convertible into known amounts of cash and near their
maturity (90 days) when purchased.
Cash Equivalents
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Cash Management
The person opening the mail or the sales person using the cash register should count the receipts immediately.
All cash receipts are recorded daily in the accounting records.
All receipts are deposited daily in the company’s bank account.
Control Over ReceiptsControl Over Receipts
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Make all payments by check (except petty cash items) so that a record exists for every company expenditure.
Authorize and sign all checks only after an expenditure is verified and approved.
Periodically reconcile the cash balance in the bank statements with the company’s accounting records.
Control Over PaymentsControl Over Payments
Cash Management
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Receivables
Trade ReceivablesTrade Receivables
Revenue Recognition
and Valuation• Normal circumstances
• Right of return
• Valuation
• Cash discounts• Sales returns and allowances
• Uncollectible accounts• Financing arrangements
Recording and Reporting Accounts
Receivable• Interest-bearing
• Non-interest-bearing
• Discounted
Recording and Reporting Notes
Receivable
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1. The sales price is fixed or determinable at the date of sale.
2. The buyer has paid or will pay the seller, and the obligation is not contingent upon the resale of the product.
3. The buyer’s obligation to the seller would not be changed by theft or damage to the product.
Each of the following criteria must be satisfied when the right of return exists in order to recognize
revenue at the time of sale.
Each of the following criteria must be satisfied when the right of return exists in order to recognize
revenue at the time of sale.
ContinuedContinuedContinuedContinued
Receivables
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4. The buyer has an economic substance apart from the seller.
5. The seller does not have significant obligations for future performance to directly bring about resale of the product by the buyer.
6. The seller can reasonably estimate the amount of future returns.
Right of ReturnRight of Return
Receivables
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Accounts Receivable
Prenumbered sales invoices.
Separation of the sales function from the cash collection responsibilities.
Internal Control Procedures for Accounts Receivable
Internal Control Procedures for Accounts Receivable
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Sales Discounts
Increase salesEncourage prompt
paymentIncrease likelihood
of collection
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2% discount if payment is made within 10 days, otherwise the total amount is due within 30 days (net of returns and
allowances)
2% discount if payment is made within 10 days, otherwise the total amount is due within 30 days (net of returns and
allowances)
2/10, n/30
Calculation of Sales Discounts
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Loss Contingencies1. Information available
prior to the issuance of the financial statements indicates that it is probable that an asset has been impaired or a liability has been incurred at the date of the financial statements.
2. The amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated.
1. Information available prior to the issuance of the financial statements indicates that it is probable that an asset has been impaired or a liability has been incurred at the date of the financial statements.
2. The amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated.
FASB Statement No. 5 requires that estimated
losses from loss contingencies be
accrued against income and...
FASB Statement No. 5 requires that estimated
losses from loss contingencies be
accrued against income and...
… recorded as reductions in assets or as liabilities when both of these conditions are
met.
… recorded as reductions in assets or as liabilities when both of these conditions are
met.
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Estimated Bad Debts Method
Bad debts can be estimated based on sales or on accounts
receivable.
Bad debts can be estimated based on sales or on accounts
receivable.
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1. Relationship to sales (income statement approach): Percentage of sales Percentage of net credit sales
2. Relationship to accounts receivable (balance sheet approach): Percentage of outstanding accounts
receivable Aging of accounts receivable
Estimated Bad Debts Method
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Percentage of SalesPercentage of Sales
If a company’s net credit sales during the year were $525,000 and bad debts historically amount to 2% of
net credit sales, what is the required adjusting entry?
If a company’s net credit sales during the year were $525,000 and bad debts historically amount to 2% of
net credit sales, what is the required adjusting entry?
Bad Debt Expense 10,500Allowance for Doubtful Accounts 10,500
Estimated Bad Debts Method
$525,000 x 0.02$525,000 x 0.02$525,000 x 0.02$525,000 x 0.02
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Percentage of Outstanding Accounts Receivable
Percentage of Outstanding Accounts Receivable
If a company has determined that there has been a 4% relationship between actual bad debts and
the year-end account receivable balance($475,000), what would be the required
adjusting entry?
If a company has determined that there has been a 4% relationship between actual bad debts and
the year-end account receivable balance($475,000), what would be the required
adjusting entry?Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
4,500 (current balance)
$475,000 x 0.04 = $19,000$475,000 x 0.04 = $19,000$475,000 x 0.04 = $19,000$475,000 x 0.04 = $19,000
Estimated Bad Debts Method
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Percentage of Outstanding Accounts Receivable
Percentage of Outstanding Accounts Receivable
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
4,500 (current balance)
19,000 (required balance)
14,500 (required adjustment)
If a company has determined that there has been a 4% relationship between actual bad debts and
the year-end account receivable balance($475,000), what would be the required
adjusting entry?
If a company has determined that there has been a 4% relationship between actual bad debts and
the year-end account receivable balance($475,000), what would be the required
adjusting entry?
Estimated Bad Debts Method
14,500 (required adjustment)
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Percentage of Outstanding Accounts Receivable
Percentage of Outstanding Accounts Receivable
If a company has determined that there has been a 4% relationship between actual bad debts and
the year-end account receivable balance($475,000), what would be the required
adjusting entry?
If a company has determined that there has been a 4% relationship between actual bad debts and
the year-end account receivable balance($475,000), what would be the required
adjusting entry?
Bad Debt Expense 14,500Allowance for Doubtful Accounts14,500
Estimated Bad Debts Method
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Aging of Accounts Receivable1. Gather the unpaid invoices in each customer’s
account.
2. Classify the invoice amounts according to the length of time the invoice has been outstanding.
3. Multiply the total amount in each age group by the applicable estimated uncollectible percentage.
4. Make a journal entry to bring the balance in Allowance for Doubtful Accounts to the amount calculated in Step 3.
Examine Example 7-2 carefully.Examine Example 7-2 carefully.Examine Example 7-2 carefully.Examine Example 7-2 carefully.
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Writing Off Uncollectibles
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
8,750
Accounts Receivable
175,000
A customer’s account totaling $1,000 is determined to be uncollectible.
A customer’s account totaling $1,000 is determined to be uncollectible.
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts 1,000Accounts Receivable 1,000
Net realizable value = $166,250
1,000
1,000
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Collection of an Account Previously Written Off
Later, a payment for $300 is received from the account that was written off in
the previous slide.
Later, a payment for $300 is received from the account that was written off in
the previous slide.
Accounts Receivable 300Allowance for Doubtful Accounts 300
Cash 300Accounts Receivable 300
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Accounts Receivable Financing Agreements
PledgingAssigningFactoring
PledgingAssigningFactoring
There are three basic forms of financing
agreements to obtain cash from accounts receivable.
There are three basic forms of financing
agreements to obtain cash from accounts receivable.
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When a company pledges its accounts receivable, it is using
these accounts as collateral for a loan, and the servicing activities
remain its responsibility.
When a company pledges its accounts receivable, it is using
these accounts as collateral for a loan, and the servicing activities
remain its responsibility.
Pledging
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When a company assigns its accounts receivable to a
financial institution, it enters into a lending agreement with the institution to receive cash on specific customer accounts.
When a company assigns its accounts receivable to a
financial institution, it enters into a lending agreement with the institution to receive cash on specific customer accounts.
Assignment of Accounts Receivable
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When a company factors its accounts receivable, it sells individual accounts to a financial institution
(called a factor).
When a company factors its accounts receivable, it sells individual accounts to a financial institution
(called a factor).
Factoring
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Credit Card SalesMany retail companies accept national credit
cards, such as VISA, MasterCard, American Express and Diners’ Club.
The retailer either deposits the slips at the bank or receives an electronic transfer of funds from the credit card company.
The retailer is assessed a charge by the credit card company.
This charge is accounted for as an operating expense.
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Credit Card Sales
Assume that Kern Company sold $1,500 of merchandise on credit, which was billed to a
national credit card company. If the collection fee is 5%, Kern Company makes
the following journal entry:
Cash 1,425Credit Card Expense 75
Sales 1,500
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A note receivable is an unconditional written
agreement to collect a certain sum of money on a specific date.
A note receivable is an unconditional written
agreement to collect a certain sum of money on a specific date.
Notes Receivable
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Notes receivable generally have two attributes that are not
found in accounts receivable.
Notes receivable generally have two attributes that are not
found in accounts receivable.
Notes Receivable
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1. They are negotiable instruments, which means that they are legally and readily transferable among parities and may be used to satisfy debts by the holders of these instruments.
2. They usually involve interest, requiring the separation of the receivables into its principal and interest components.
Notes Receivable
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Interest-BearingInterest-Bearing
Received a $5,000, 60-day, 12% note on October 1, 2007.
Notes Receivable 5,000Sales5,000
Received maturity value on December 1, 2007.
Cash 5,100Notes Receivable5,000Interest Revenue100
Notes Receivable
$5,000 x 0.12 $5,000 x 0.12
x 60/360x 60/360
$5,000 x 0.12 $5,000 x 0.12
x 60/360x 60/360
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Non-Interest-BearingNon-Interest-Bearing
Received a $5,100, 60-day, non-interest-bearing note on October 1, 2007.Notes Receivable 5,100
Interest Revenue 100Sales 5,000
Received maturity value on December 1, 2007.
Cash 5,100Notes Receivable 5,100
Notes Receivable
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On August 31, 2007, the Kasper Corporation discounts a
customer’s note at its bank at a 14% discount rate. The note was
received from the customer on August 1, is for 90 days, has a face
value of $5,000, and carries an interest rate of 12%.
On August 31, 2007, the Kasper Corporation discounts a
customer’s note at its bank at a 14% discount rate. The note was
received from the customer on August 1, is for 90 days, has a face
value of $5,000, and carries an interest rate of 12%.
Notes Receivable Discounted
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1. Face value of note $5,000.00
2. Interest to maturity($5,000 x 0.12 x 90/360) 150.00
3. Maturity value of note $5,150.00
4. Discount ($5,150 x 0.14 x 60/360) (120.17)
5. Proceeds $5,029.83
6. Accrued interest revenue: $50
7. Book value of note ($5,000 + $50) (5,050.00)
8. Loss from discounting of note $ 20.17
Notes Receivable Discounted
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October 30, 2007Notes Receivable Discounted 5,000.00
Notes Receivable 5,000.00
Cash 5029.83Loss from Discounting of Note 20.17
Notes Receivable Discounted 5,000.00Interest Receivable 50.00
August 31, 2007Interest Receivable 50.00
Interest Revenue 50.00
Notes Receivable Discounted
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Assume instead that on November 2, 2007, the bank notified Kasper that the note had not been paid and also charged Kasper a $10 fee.
Assume instead that on November 2, 2007, the bank notified Kasper that the note had not been paid and also charged Kasper a $10 fee.
Notes Receivable Dishonored 5,160Notes Receivable Discounted 5,000
Notes Receivable 5,000Cash 5,160
Notes Receivable Discounted
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Appendix: Petty Cash
First: An employee is appointed petty
cash custodian.
First: An employee is appointed petty
cash custodian.
Petty Cash 500Cash 500
Petty Cash 500Cash 500
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Second: Petty cash vouchers are printed,
prenumbered, and given to the custodian of the fund.
Second: Petty cash vouchers are printed,
prenumbered, and given to the custodian of the fund.
At all times the total of the cash in the fund plus
the amounts of expenditure vouchers
should be equal to $500 (in this case).
At all times the total of the cash in the fund plus
the amounts of expenditure vouchers
should be equal to $500 (in this case).
Appendix: Petty Cash
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Third: When the amount of cash in the petty cash
fund becomes low and/or at the end of accounting
period,...
Third: When the amount of cash in the petty cash
fund becomes low and/or at the end of accounting
period,...
Assume that a count at the end of the month
shows $67.54 remaining in the petty cash fund.
Assume that a count at the end of the month
shows $67.54 remaining in the petty cash fund.
…the vouchers are sorted into expense categories and
the remaining cash is counted.
…the vouchers are sorted into expense categories and
the remaining cash is counted.
Appendix: Petty Cash
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The sorting of vouchers indicated the following costs were incurred during the month:
Office supplies $ 34.16Postage 178.00Transportation 132.14Miscellaneous 83.76Total expenses $428.06
The sorting of vouchers indicated the following costs were incurred during the month:
Office supplies $ 34.16Postage 178.00Transportation 132.14Miscellaneous 83.76Total expenses $428.06
The fund is short $4.40 ($71.94 - $67.54).The fund is short $4.40 ($71.94 - $67.54).
Appendix: Petty Cash
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The company records the actual expenses and the amount needed to replenish the fund.
Office Supplies Expense 34.16Postage Expense 178.00Transportation Expense 132.14Miscellaneous Expense 83.76Cash Short and Over 4.40
Cash 432.46
The company records the actual expenses and the amount needed to replenish the fund.
Office Supplies Expense 34.16Postage Expense 178.00Transportation Expense 132.14Miscellaneous Expense 83.76Cash Short and Over 4.40
Cash 432.46
Appendix: Petty Cash
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Appendix: Bank Reconciliation
Outstanding checksDeposits in transitCharges made by the
bankDeposits made
directly by the bankErrors
Causes of the difference between
the cash balance and the company’s
bank statement balance.
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Cash balance
from bank statement
$7,218
Cash balance
from company records $6,925
Appendix: Bank Reconciliation
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Cash balance from bank statement $7,218 Add: Receipts recorded on the company’s
records but not reported on the bankstatement. 629
$7,847
Deposits in transit and cash received but not yet deposited
totaled $629.
Deposits in transit and cash received but not yet deposited
totaled $629.
Cash balance from bank statement $7,218
Appendix: Bank Reconciliation
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Outstanding checks totaled $516.
Outstanding checks totaled $516.
Appendix: Bank Reconciliation
Cash balance from bank statement $7,218 Add: Receipts recorded on the company’s
records but not reported on the bankstatement. 629
$7,847 Deduct: Outstanding checks (516)Adjusted Cash Balance $7,331
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Notes receivable totaling $700 and interest totaling $15 were
collected by the bank.
Notes receivable totaling $700 and interest totaling $15 were
collected by the bank.
Cash balance from company records $6,925 Add: Notes receivable ($700) and interest
($15) collected by bank 715 $7,640
Appendix: Bank Reconciliation
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Cash balance from company records $6,925 Add: Notes receivable ($700) and interest
($15) collected by bank 715 $7,640
Deduct: Bank service charge (9)
Appendix: Bank Reconciliation
Bank service charge, $9.Bank service charge, $9.
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Cash balance from company records $6,925 Add: Interest earned on the funds on
deposit. 715 $7,640
Deduct: Bank service charge (9)NSF checks (300)
Adjusted Cash Balance $7,331
Customers’ checks were returned for lack of funds (NSF check),
$300.
Customers’ checks were returned for lack of funds (NSF check),
$300.
Appendix: Bank Reconciliation
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Adjusted cash balance
per bank statement
$7,331
Adjusted cash balance per
company records $7,331
Appendix: Bank Reconciliation
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Journal Entries
Cash 715Notes Receivable (note collected) 700Interest Revenue (interest collected) 15
Miscellaneous Expense (bank service charge) 9Accounts Receivable (NSF check) 300
Cash 309
Appendix: Bank Reconciliation
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Chapter7
Task Force Image Gallery clip art included in this electronic presentation is used with the permission of NVTech Inc.