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By : Sagar.N (Manager – Green Initiative , Infosys)
Case Study Of Buildings with Radiant cooling
Infosys goals at UN:
Make Infosys Carbon neutral by 2018
Reduce per capita energy by 50% by 2018 (compared to 2008)
Source 100% of electricity from renewables by 2018
Green Initiatives team :
Specialists in respective fields: Lighting, HVAC, Building
management systems, Water, Architecture, Waste, Biodiversity,
etc.
Practice frugal engineering
Question every assumption
Validation through M&V
Green team
HVAC
Architects
Water Mgmt.
Waste Mgmt.
Automation
Lighting
2
Environmental sustainability goals
Increase in no.
of employees
in India
120%
13%
Absolute
Increase in
energy
Growth from 2008 to 20153
890 Million kWh avoided
0.75 Million Tons of CO2 emissions avoided
100 Million USD electricity bills avoided
Current infrastructure:
Total 40 million sq.ft. of space in India
176,000+ employees in Apr 2015
15 campuses across India
46% reduction in per capita energy consumption in last 7 years
46%reduction
Energy Efficiency – kWh / employee per month4
297
266
239 230
203
178167 159
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15
Mo
nth
ly k
Wh
/ e
mp
loye
e
Average Per capita Electricity consumption
5
Performance metricInfosys design –
2007-08Infosys new
design% Improvement
1Total building energy consumption (EPI)
200 kWh/m2/year 75 kWh/m2/year 70%
2 Lighting design 1.2 W/sqft 0.48 W/sqft 60%
3Air-conditioning design (Reduction in heat load)
350 sqft per TR 750 sqft per TR 53%
4Total building electrical design
6.5 W/sqft 3.5 W/sqft 46%
5
Infosys – New design and performance benchmarks
Benchmarking of Infosys buildings with RMI (highest) standards
Design target Units Existing (US) Better Amory Lovins Infosys
Building energy consumption kWh/sqm-y 200 125-60 <95 <80
Lighting Power Density: Design W/sqft 1.5 0.8 0.4-0.6 0.45-0.6
Lighting Power Density: Operational W/sqft 1.5 0.6 0.1-0.3 <0.15
Installed computers/appliances.. W/sqft 4-6 1-2 <0.5 <0.7
Window glass R-value m2 K/W 0.18 – 0.35 1-1.7 ≥3.5 >1
Window glass (Light to Heat ratio) VLT/SHGC 1 1.2 >2.0 >2.0
Installed mechanical cooling sqft/ton 250-350 500-600 1200-1400+ 750 - 1000
Cooling system efficiency kW/ton 1.9 1.2-1.5 <0.6 <0.59
US India
66
*RMI :Rocky Mountain Institute
Sl. No. System Description Units Infosys new designs
Infosys olddesigns
Conventional
01 Total electrical load MW 3.5 6.5 10.0
02 Transformer capacity MVA 4.0 7.5 12.0
03 DG set capacity MVA 5+2.5 9+3 15+3
04 Annual energy consumption Million kWh 7.5 20 25
Infrastructure required for 1 million sqft,
7
Impact of new design on capital and operating cost7
Benefit of efficient design on capital and operating cost for India
Indian context:
• 2/3rd of India of 2030 is yet to be built (McKinsey report)
• For 10 billion sq.ft. of commercial space expected by 2030, Infosys
design standards can save 45,000 MW of installed capacity of power
plants
8
Industry leadership
5.3 million sqft of highest rated green buildings in India -
− 14 of our buildings have achieved LEED platinum rating, making us no.1 in India for office buildings. (Platinum is
highest level in LEED green building rating).
1.7 million sqft of area currently undergoing LEED/GRIHA certification
− 7 of our buildings are in different stages of LEED certification
4 of our buildings have achieved GRIHA 5-star rating (highest level in the MNRE National rating for
Green Buildings)
2.6 million sqft of Radiant cooled buildings
Infosys buildings have an annual Energy Performance Index of 80 kWh/m2/year, lowest in the
industry
Filed for a patent on a new cooling technology developed in-house (RADIFLUX)
9
Our approach
10
Integrated and goal oriented design approach
HVAC Goal Lighting Goal Water Goal
Max envelope heat gain 0.75 W/sqft
Total building @ 750-1000 sqft/TR
25 0C, 55% RH
LPD of 0.45 W/sqft
90% of building to be day lit > 110 lux
No Glare throughout the year
Architects
Facade Specialists
IT Specialists
HVAC Engineers
Lighting Specialists
Architects
Facade Specialists
Lighting Specialists
Electrical Designers
PHE Engineers
Architects
Landscape Architects
15 LPD of fresh water for
office building
Zero discharge
100% self sufficient
TEAM
GOAL
Multi disciplinary team put together to achieve common goal
1111
Optimization strategy
Results in ‘4x’
reduction in air
conditioning
energy
HVAC Optimization
Reduce Heat Gain
Energy simulation
Efficient heat
transfer mechanism
Efficient system
Equipment configuration
Efficient equipment
Control strategy
Continuous monitoring
10%
5%
10%
15%
7%
8%
10%
10%
12
Passive design: Right orientation - Restricted building span to 18 m
Window-wall ratio < 30%
13
Building shape and orientation13
Envelope heat gain < 0.75 W/sq.ft
External heat gain in building to be less than 0.75 W/sq.ft
- Wall insulation with R value of 10
- Roof insulation with R value of 15
• Window-wall ratio < 30%
– Low SHGC of 0.2 with low e glass. Double glazed unit with
argon gas to achieve R value of 5.5
– Glazing completely shaded
14
35 0C 25 0C
Heat ingress through standard wall
35 0C 25 0C
Heat ingress through insulated wall
5 times more efficient
2.0 W/m2 deg K
0.40 W/m2 deg K
Outdoor
Outdoor
Indoor
Indoor
High performanceHigh tech
14
Day light pane
View pane
External shading
Smart glazing
Interior light shelf
15
Day lighting and Glare control – Glass and shading15
Day lighting – shading strategy implementation
West façade
with no windows
16
SDB-1, Infosys Hyderabad campus
16
17
To take daylight deeper into floors
Daylight panel
Vision panel
Light shelves for deeper penetration of day light
Day lighting – Interior light shelf17
18
• Provides pleasant office space
• Improves employee health
• Improves employee productivity
• Addresses Vitamin D deficiency
Natural light in offices18
Use of simulation software for designs
Daylight analysis Shading and glare analysis Building envelope analysis
N-S oriented. Building floor plate : 16m Master plan analysis
19
1. Use automated energy saving strategies/logics
- every single electrical motor in the building uses an energy saving strategy
2. Manage energy by detail – for lighting, computing and plug loads
- floor-wise and wing-wise energy monitoring for lighting, computing and plug
loads for granular energy control, identification of wastage
3. Continuous M&V, continuous commissioning
- measures energy as well as efficiency for all hvac and ups for continuous
verification and improvement
4. Deliver highest standards of indoor air quality (IAQ)
- Demand controlled ventilation to maintain IAQ with minimal energy
consumption
20
Example of demand controlled ventilation.Building only uses as much fresh air as
required based on occupancy / CO2 sensing
Smart building systems20
5. Provides data to optimize future building designs- records peak value of W/sqft on hvac, lighting, computing and main incomer to migrate from thumb rule
engineering to performance data driven engineering
6. Allow equipment and system level diagnostics and corrections
e.g extensive measurement on ahus allow identification of low flows, malfunctioning valves, fans, coils,
filters, etc.
7. Enables trending and data analytics
- e.g. trends to analyze historical operation of VAVs, AHUs, Chiller plants.
8. Water efficiency
- monitors water consumption on hourly, daily and monthly basis for optimization
2121
Smart building systems
Managing wastage by granular energy monitoring
Helps manage
floor wise energy
wastage
22
Working on SMS alerts for energy wastage
22
Continuous verification, continuous auditing- Design Vs Actual
Constant monitoring to
get design efficiencies
23
Allows performance based management for maintenance contracts
23
SMS Gateway
in cloud
Alert condition Preconfigured SMS alerts in BMS
DDC
Controller
2424
SMS alerts for critical alarms
Command center at Infosys Bangalore to monitor, manage and optimize resources usage
Remote monitoring through Command Center25
• Building: Software Development Block (SDB) -1, Hyderabad
• Total area: 240,000 sqft (excluding central wing, which is not occupied)
− Conventional side: 120,000 sqft
− Radiant side: 120,000 sqft
− Total occupancy: 2600
− Conventional side: 1340
− Radiant side: 1260
Analysis
26
HYDERABAD SDB-1First radiant cooled commercial building in India
Heat Capacity of this volume of air
=
Heat Capacity of this volume of water
Water has 3400 times more heat carrying
capacity than air for the same volume Pumping cost is 7.5 times lower
Pumping Air Vs. Water for
same cooling capacity
28
Efficient Heat transfer mode and medium28
Requires 75% less air compared to conventional systems
30% more efficient than conventional HVAC systems
Higher thermal comfort on account of better mean radiant
temperature
Highest indoor air quality
Radiant system equipment requires lesser space
29
Radiant pipes
Radiant slab
Efficient system - Radiant cooling29
Infosys case study - Radiant cooling• Radiant cooling for the first time in India
• SDB-1 (Hyderabad SEZ) has 2 identical halves, one with radiant
cooling and the other with conventional air conditioning
• This building is today the biggest demonstration of cooling
technology comparison
Radiant slab
AIR-CONDITIONING RADIANT COOLING 100
3525
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Standard Air-conditioning
Efficient Air-conditioning
Radiant cooling
Cooling energy consumption (kWh/m2/year)
30
Live Energy Data 31
HVAC energy breakup
32
Chillers60%
Pumps7%
Cooling towers3%
Air Handlers30%
Chillers / DX unit71%
Pumps13%
Cooling towers3%
Air Handlers13%
Conventional side
Total HVAC energy: 428,000 kWh
HVAC Energy index: 38.4 kWh/SQM
Radiant side
Total HVAC energy: 267,000 kWh
HVAC Energy index: 26.1 kWh/SQM
Conventional system Radiant system
Chiller 3145200 3145200
Cooling tower 1306400 1306400
HVAC low side 22838756 15310396
AHUs, DOAS, HRW 5118200 2878900
Radiant piping, accessories, installation, etc. 0 9075760
BMS 6184000 6584000
Total cost (Rs.) 38592556 38300656
Area (sq.ft.) 120000 120000
Rs./sq.ft. 322 319
Cost comparison (Conventional Vs. Radiant)
33
Key Points in Implementing Radiant Slab34
• No condensation has happened in last 5 years.
a) Average water temp to control the manifolds
b) Room dew point is over ride for manifold control
c) Space temp to control PIBCV
d) Condensation sensor installed in the shaft override
e) Dehumidified air to control the dew point in space with
VAV/thermafusers/slot diffusers
• Only 2 Punctures recorded in last 5 years. (Initial period)
• Capex and Opex is lower.
Learnings - Radiant Slab35
• Radiant pipes to be kept under pressure of 3 – 4 kg/cm2 always during installation
• Manifolds to be preferably at the peripheral area
• Two separate controls for peripheral area near glass and work station area
• No radiant slab for meeting rooms/cabins – Design with air
• Not very Flexibile - All services to be planned during designed stage
• Additional drilling is difficult.
• Acoustics is a challenge - Infosys has no issues since there is no voice based operations
Radiant Panels cooling our Buildings36
Published in Construction World Vol 17
37
• We are the first in India to implement the
radiant panel based cooling system.
• Pipes are embedded in panels of modular
sizes like ceiling tiles,
• These panels are interconnected to allow
chilled water flow .
• Cooling is achieved when the Hot source
radiate directly to the cold ceiling.
• Fresh air is supplied through an air
system that maintains pleasant indoor air
quality.
Radiant Panel Based Cooling
Learnings - Radiant Panels38
• Flexible in design when compared to slab.
• Piping/ joints/ pressure drops are very high
• Acoustics is a challenge
• Expensive when compared with Slab
DIY Approach by Infosys39
• Panels should be very flexible
• Piping and joints should be minimal
• Acoustics is addressed
• Should not be expensive than Slab.
• Ease of installation and maintenance
DIY Integrated Design Approach by Infosys40
• Indoor air quality
• Thermal comfort
• Visual comfort
• Acoustic comfort
• Sustainable solution
Infosys in-house radiant panels4141
Developed by Infosys in-house team
Tested and certified for its performance as per international standards in WSP
lab Germany
Produces twice the capacity and less cost , compared to current solutions in
the market
Produces 193 W/m2 at 10 K delta T as per EN14240 standards
Radiant cooling is 30% more efficient than conventional system
Patent filed in US, Europe and India
Capacity Graph – EN14240 standards42
RADIFLUX43
KEY Features of RADIFLUX44
Monolithic and flexible in design
Gives architects liberty in Ceiling designs – Ceilings can be designed with different
shapes and colors
Highest capacity in class
Highest Air quality
Lesser connections in the system
Ease of Installation and maintenance
45
Any questions ???
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