case studies undp: pred nai mangrove conservation and development group, thailand

7/27/2019 Case Studies UNDP: PRED NAI MANGROVE CONSERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT GROUP, Thailand

1/11

Equator Initiative Case StudiesLocal sustainable development solutions for people, nature, and resilient communities

Thailand

PRED NAI MANGROVECONSERVATION ANDDEVELOPMENT GROUP

Empowered live

Resilient nation

Empowered live

Resilient nation


2/11

UNDP EQUATOR INITIATIVE CASE STUDY SERIES

Local and indigenous communities across the world are advancing innovative sustainable development solutions that wo

or people and or nature. Few publications or case studies tell the ull story o how such initiatives evolve, the breadth

their impacts, or how they change over time. Fewer still have undertaken to tell these stories with community practition

themselves guiding the narrative.

To mark its 10-year anniversary, the Equator Initiative aims to ll this gap. The ollowing case study is one in a growing ser

that details the work o Equator Prize winners vetted and peer-reviewed best practices in community-based environmenconservation and sustainable livelihoods. These cases are intended to inspire the policy dialogue needed to take local succ

to scale, to improve the global knowledge base on local environment and development solutions, and to serve as models

replication. Case studies are best viewed and understood with reerence to The Power o Local Action: Lessons rom 10 Years

the Equator Prize, a compendium o lessons learned and policy guidance that draws rom the case material.

Click on the map to visit the Equator Initiatives searchable case study database.

EditorsEditor-in-Chie: Joseph Corcoran

Managing Editor: Oliver HughesContributing Editors: Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Erin Lewis, Whitney Wilding

Contributing WritersEdayatu Abieodun Lamptey, Erin Atwell, Toni Blackman, Jonathan Clay, Joseph Corcoran, Larissa Currado, Sarah Gordon, Oliver Hughe

Wen-Juan Jiang, Sonal Kanabar, Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Rachael Lader, Patrick Lee, Erin Lewis, Jona Liebl, Mengning Ma,

Mary McGraw, Gabriele Orlandi, Juliana Quaresma, Peter Schecter, Martin Sommerschuh, Whitney Wilding, Luna Wu

DesignOliver Hughes, Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Kimberly Koserowski, Erin Lewis, John Mulqueen, Lorena de la Parra, Brandon Payn

Mariajos Satizbal G.

AcknowledgementsThe Equator Initiative acknowledges with gratitude the Pred Nai Mangrove Conservation and Development Group. All photo cred

courtesy o RECOFTC The Center or People and Forests. Maps courtesy o CIA World Factbook and Wikipedia.

Suggested CitationUnited Nations Development Programme. 2012. Pred Nai Mangrove Conservation and Development Group, Thailand. Equator Initiat

Case Study Series. New York, NY.
http://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/index.php?option=com_winners&view=casestudysearch&Itemid=858


3/11

PROJECT SUMMARY

This community-based organization was ounded in themid-1980s to reverse the eects o destructive mangroveharvesting near the coastal village o Pred Nai. A parallelgoal was the recovery o local crab populations, whichare an important source o income or poorer members othe community. Ater developing a strong track-record osuccessul orest management and ecosystem restoration,the group became a model and point o reerenceor sweeping policy reorms that transerred orestmanagement authority to communities.

Since 2003, Pred Nai has developed a network that includesa number o other local villages, becoming ormalized asthe Community Coastal Resource Management Network,Trat Province. Through exchanging knowledge and sharingexperiences with community orestry, these villageshave learned rom each others successes and ailures;the network has served as the basis or a climate changeadaptation programme or coastal communities.

KEY FACTS

EQUATOR PRIZE WINNER: 2004

FOUNDED: 1993

LOCATION: Pred Nai, Trat Province, Thailand

BENEFICIARIES: 130 households

BIODIVERSITY: 1,920 Hectares of coastal mangroves

3

PRED NAI MANGROVE CONSERVATIONAND DEVELOPMENT GROUPThailand

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Background and Context 4

Key Activities and Innovations 6

Biodiversity Impacts 7

Socioeconomic Impacts 7

Policy Impacts 8

Sustainability 9

Replication 9

Partners 9


4/11

4

On the eastern seacoast o Thailand, near the Cambodian border,

es one o the last remaining mangrove orests in the country.

his species-rich tropical mangrove orest is dominated by redRhizophora and Bruguirea spp.) and black (Avicennia spp.) mangrove

rees. With trees and shrubs that are adapted to the high salinity

nd water-logging o tidal environments, these orests are highly

roductive ecosystems that support a diverse variety o wildlie and

velihoods or coastal communities. Less than 10% o the original

stimated 48,000 hectares o Thailands mangrove orests remain

oday, however, thanks to the conversion o these coastal areas or

igh-impact commercial activities.

mpact o commercial cultivation on local livelihoods

During the 1980s, logging and intensive shrimp arming caused

major declines in agricultural productivity and resulted in the loss o

iodiversity in the mangroves. Logging concessions were granted by

he government to corporations, and oten restricted local villagers

rom harvesting crabs, shellsh, and other mangrove resources.

he deorested lands were then converted to ponds or intensive

hrimp arming. The large-scale nature o these concessions resulted

n widespread damage to the mangrove orests that could not be

eversed through small-scale replanting and natural re-growth.

red Nai was one o the communities hardest hit by the loss o the

mangrove orests. The village lies in the province o Trat, to the east one o the largest contiguous ragments o mangrove orests in

hailand, covering 1,920 hectares. In 2004 the village comprised 130

ouseholds. The main uses o land within the village area depend on

he elevation and distance rom the sea: lowlands are used or rice

nd sh arming, while the uplands have houses, ruit gardens, and

ubber plantations. Livelihoods o community members rely on rice,

ruits, and rubber cultivation, and are supplemented with harvests

resources such as crabs rom the mangroves. The destruction o

mangrove orests impacted heavily on household ood security and

ources o income, particularly through the loss o marine resources.

In 1985, resistance to these trends reached a peak when ne

logging concessions over-harvested the mangroves and prohi

villagers rom harvesting crabs, shellsh, sh and other resourc

the concession areas. Other local commercial interests conve

degraded mangrove areas into shrimp arms and built a gat

block seawater, which urther damaged the mangrove ecosys

In response to these threats to their livelihoods, the villagers o

Nai came together to prevent urther destruction o the mangr

and to better manage them or their sustained wellbeing. The i

resistance to destruction o the mangroves was marshaled by a g

o ten villagers, and successully halted commercial logging in 1

The gate was destroyed and roads into Pred Nai were blockade

villagers in the ace o concerted opposition and intimidation logging interests.

Background and Context


5/11

55

From resistance to proactive management

he villagers initially developed a orest management plan under

he Pred Nai Community Forestry Group (PNCFG) that conducted

ntensive mapping o orest resources and instituted orest patrols to

revent illegal logging and charcoal production. The group initiated

ree-planting activities in degraded mangrove areas and developed

egulations on crab harvesting that prohibited any harvesting

uring crab reproduction periods.

ven ater the concessions stopped, however, it was dicult to

revent outsiders rom nearby villages and arther away rom

arvesting or destroying resources within the mangrove area.

rohibitions on shing in the mangroves aected the poorest

illagers and shers whose livelihoods depended on the mangroves.

A key component o the groups eorts in reversing the trend o

eorestation thereore was winning widespread support rom

ocal communities. In 1993, with the help o a local Buddhist monk

nd the support o village elders, the core group o villagers began

aising awareness o the importance o protecting the areas natural

heritage. The monk also helped to create a village savings group

provided low-interest loans to villagers or investing in educa

and healthcare, while keeping the earnings rom the interest w

the community. Now known as the Pred Nai Mangrove Conserva

and Development Group, the initiative currently oversees a va

o community development projects.

Partnerships have been critical or the success o the Pred

initiative, especially during its early years. The group has engsheries researchers or technical assistance with monito

methods and new ideas to improve the sustainable manageme

their mangroves. The Thailand Royal Forest Department (RFD

part o the Ministry o the Environment) also played a crucial

in developing a management plan that helped the group to ev

rom an inormal orest patrolling group into a ormal exam

o village-based orest management. Since 1999, Pred Nai

partnered with the Regional Community Forestry Training Ce

or Asia and the Pacic (RECOFTC), a not-or-prot organization

specializes in capacity building or community orestry and devo

orest management.

We have received a lot of training and support in the development of our knowledge cente

mangrove management systems, and the creation of the sub-district network through RECOFT

and other organizations, but we are facing new challenges now from climate change, and nee

technical and institutional support.

Mr. Amporn Phaetsat, President of the Pred Nai Mangrove Conservation and Development Group


6/11

6

Key Activities and Innovations

ince 1993, the Pred Nai initiative has ocused on the sustainable

management o marine resources, ecological monitoring within the

mangrove orests, and raising environmental awareness among the

ommunities o Pred Nai and neighbouring villages.

nstituting sustainable orest management

As part o the villages rst management activity, volunteers planted

rees in denuded mangrove areas. Over time, some stands have begun

o regenerate naturally thanks to strict protection under harvesting

egulations. Harvesting regulations were also introduced or the

Grapsid crab (Metopograpsus sp.) in 1997. These rules specied the

losure o the harvest during the crabs breeding period in October.hese small crabs are typically harvested or sale locally. For another

conomically important species the Giant Mud Crab (Scylla serrata)

villagers set out to increase production by instituting a crab bank.

egg-bearing crabs were caught, they were placed in one o several

ages established by the management group in the village canals.

red Nai Mangrove Conservation and Development Group also

ook action to prevent destructive shing practices, and have

xperimented with thinning the dense natural stands o Ceriops

mangroves. Fisheries researchers have been engaged to assist with

monitoring o these eorts and collection o relevant data. Analysis

o the process and results is refected in subsequent planning cycles.

his conscious learning process has been an important aspect o theroups success.

Network development or scaling-up success

n 2003, the Pred Nai management concluded that the people o a

ingle community could not eectively implement successul and

ustainable management policies across a wide area o coastal

mangrove orests, especially since boundaries were not demarcated

nd there was a lack o existing regulations on orest use. The group

eveloped a network that included a number o other local villages.

This was initially limited to those villages bordering Pred Nai; it qu

expanded to a larger number along the coast, becoming orma

as the Community Coastal Resource Management Network,

Province. Through exchanging knowledge and sharing experie

with community orestry, these villages have learned rom

others successes and ailures. Their collaboration has also allo

them to initiate new ideas and practices that eectively respon

community needs.


7/11

7

Impacts

BIODIVERSITY IMPACTShe chie biodiversity impact o the Pred Nai project has been the

estoration and protection o 1,920 hectares o coastal mangrove

orest. This substantial regeneration o mangrove orest cover

as also allowed or the return o wildlie species to the coastal

rea. Villagers report that stocks o crab, shellsh, and sh have

ll increased. Many water birds like the Painted stork (Mycteria

eucocephala), Purple Swamphen (Porphyrio poliocephalus), Purple

eron (Ardea purpurea), Grey heron (A. cinerea), Indian Whistling

Duck (Dendrocygna javanica) and Brahminy Kite (Haliastur indus) are

eturning, while Crab-eating macaques (Macaca ascicularis) have

een reported as returning ater disappearing during the logging

eriod. Razor Clams (Solen strictus Gould) known locally as Hoi Lod,

ut absent rom the area or twenty years, have also reappeared

hanks to improved ecological conditions.

Villagers have also moved beyond protection o the mangrove orests

nd their species to more proactive methods o management. Pred

Nai Mangrove Conservation and Development Group has advocated

or the sustainable harvesting o mud crabs, or instance, rather than

imple protection. This arose partly as a response to diculties in

rying to prohibit access to these economically-valuable species. Mud

rabs have become especially valuable thanks to their increasing

arity as mangroves have disappeared along Thailands coastline.

Community members who were interested in cultivating mud crabsor sale ormed a group to increase production. This group acilitates

he exchange o ideas between members, and has sought the advice

sheries researchers who specialize in crab aquarium breeding.

ncreases in crab species have been seen through increased

arvesting yields or poorer members o the village. Harvests o

Grapsid crabs (Metopographus spp.), or instance, have almost

oubled rom approximately 8 kg per day per harvester in 1998 to

5 kg per day in 2004 ater regulations were introduced to prohibit

arvesting during the crabs breeding period. The introduction o

technologies or improving crab harvests, coupled with impro

population management techniques, has helped to inculcate a

conservation ethic or the networks small-scale harvesters.

SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS

The immediate beneciaries o the sustainable managemen

the villages mangrove resources have been the poorer mem

o the community. Pred Nai as a village is not especially poor

crab collecting is an important economic activity or the low-inc

households o the village. As well as providing marine resou

the mangrove ecosystem is the basis o a way o lie or the

Nai village as a whole. Local management eorts have also spu

other community development activities.

As o 2004, there were approximately 20 part-time crab collec

25-30 part-time or seasonal collectors, and numerous crab bu

and processors in the village. Sustained, healthy population

both Grapsid and Giant Mud Crabs support the livelihoods o t

community members. Anecdotal evidence supplied by villa

suggests that the income level o villagers involved in crab collec

has almost doubled as a result o improved catches o Grapsid c

While exact gures on income are not available, data suggest

the poorer villagers engaged in crab collection could earn 600

baht (USD 15-18) per day. Collectors can also nd crabs much mquickly as a result o greater availability, particularly in the low sea

this provides opportunities or additional economic activities.

Articial sh houses made rom blocks o used car tyres have b

installed in the villages canals. This has reduced the time nee

or sh harvesting. Pred Nai villagers have also begun attemp

restore the coastline, advocating or a 3,000-metre conserva

zone extending that would protect the coast rom destructive s

practices like use o push nets and trawlers. This would allow

stocks to regenerate and increase the economic potential o s


8/11

Diversifed livelihoods and education options

The Pred Nai community orestry project has encouraged villagers

o initiate other livelihood activities based on the mangrove orests.

A savings management group ormed in 1995 had more than 600

members and a und totaling nearly six million baht (about USD

72,000) in 2004. Through loans to community members, this und

has allowed the development o small-scale enterprises within the

village. Examples o recent ventures have included a marketing

ystem or locally-produced goods, processing edible crackers maderom mangrove plants, and producing local wine. Other community

organizations have been established, including a womens group

and a youth group.

Local education has also benetted rom the Pred Nai initiative.

Villagers have collaborated with schools and village elders to

educate school children about mangrove ecology and coastal

esources, using the mangrove community orest as a learning

aboratory. Young community members have joined adult villagers

n the planting programme and the orest thinning experiment.

The villagers have also constructed a walkway in the mangrove

or educational purposes. The success and prole o Pred Nai was

ecognized when, in July 2003, the Asia-Pacic Economic CommunityAPEC) sponsored a group o school children rom various countries

o attend an environmental camp and carry out eldwork at the

villages mangrove orest site.

POLICY IMPACTS

The successul example o Pred Nais attempts to manage their orests

has received substantial attention at the national and international

evels, lending substantive support to calls or the devolution o

orest management to the community level in Thailand and other

Asian nations. Proponents o joint orestry management schemes

or community-based orestry have pointed to Pred Nais economicand ecological impacts as proo that the involvement o local

people in natural resource management can have conservation and

development benets.

Devolution o orest management in Thailand

Recognition o Pred Nai dates back to 2002, when the project won

an award rom Thailands Royal Forest Department. As a prominent

example o successul cooperation between the countrys national

orest authority and a local community, the project was well-placed

o act as a fagship or sweeping orest policy reorm. Legislative

upport or local orest management eorts has been debated

or several decades in Thailand; the Thai Constitution stipulates

hat local communities have the right to participate in natural

esource management, and in practice this has been recognized

ince the 1970s. Supporting this is the Decentralization Act o

988, which enables local government units to acilitate local

peoples engagement in natural resource management, allowing or

assistance in developing management plans, accessing resources,

and networking. By 1989, an estimated 8,000 community orestry

ites existed in Thailand; today there are approximately 10,000 such

ites.

Obstacles still exist to ull community orestry, how

predominantly rom a coalition o academics and environment

who have argued or minimal human activity in Thailands prote

areas, apart rom recreation. Thailands Royal Forest Departm

a part o the Ministry o Natural Resources and Environmen

responsible or all orests not in protected areas, has long suppo

community orestry, and has a sub-department that supp

communities such as Pred Nai in legalizing sites. In con

the Ministrys National Park, Wildlie, and Plant Conserva

Department, responsible or protected-area orests, has la

worked to prevent community orestry in protected areas, opera

under the exclusionary National Park law.

Debates on community orestry have raged in Thailands legisl

since 1991. In March 2000, a community orestry bill was subm

to the Thai Parliament with 52,698 signatures. Ater a parliame

commission was set up to examine the bill, however,

dissolution o Parliament three months later halted the proce

media campaign was successul in changing the compositio

parliamentary committees, arguing or more inclusiveness, and

a new government was elected, a new commission was created

third o its members were peoples representatives. This comminalized the drated bill, which was then approved by the lo

house o Parliament. The bills ocus was changed dramatically b

Senates upper house, however. The critical part o the bill dea

with devolved orestry management Article 18, which stated

people settled in national parks, wildlie sanctuaries and waters

prior to the date the orests were declared protected could con

to manage and make sustainable use o orest products

deleted by the Senate. There were various reasons or this. S

senators cited concerns that i villagers received rights to ma

the orest, they would convert the ertile orest to grow cash c

others elt that outsiders might abuse the bill by encroachin

protected orest and then claiming the right to manage it.

The Community Forest Bill was eventually passed in November

by Thailands National Legislative Assembly. While there have

problems with its implementation, and there is still no recogn

or community orests that overlap with protected areas ae

between one and two million local people who depend on

resources rom these orest areas this bill nonetheless bui

many o the most successul aspects o the Pred Nai initiative.

National-level eorts to promote local management o

resources continue to fourish thanks to the eorts o a va

o actors, including the Royal Forest Department, NGOs suc

The Center or People and Forests (RECOFTC), based in Bang

and Thailands emerging community orestry networks. Tnetworks, such as the Community Coastal Resource Managem

Network in Trat Province, have proven to be an important ve

or sharing lessons learned and practical experience or settin

and managing sites. They also give supporters a stronger voi

advocate or legislative reorms. Networks typically include a r

o members, rom the Tambon (sub-district administrative

and district levels through to the Community Forestry Assem

which operates nationally. As o 2010, meanwhile, the Royal Fo

Department had ormally recognized and registered around 7

community orests, all outside o protected areas, and it is act

seeking to register more.

8


9/11

9

Sustainability and Replication

SUSTAINABILITYhe steady growth o project activities in Pred Nai since the mid-1980s

s testament to its resilience and broad-based support rom local

eople and national agencies, while the substantial management

apacity that has been developed through the Pred Nai Mangrove

Conservation and Development Group ensures that the initiative is

well-equipped to sustain its impact over time.

he initiative has operated at the local level since its inception,

while also strengthening relationships with government and non-

overnmental partners. Reliance on these partners has decreased

ver time, however. In the early days o community action, PredNai villagers typically contacted local government authorities or

ssistance; nowadays, when problems arise within the community

he group is able to initiate local solutions. New ventures such as

eveloping ecotourism acilities are being discussed at the village

evel in conjunction with partner organizations.

REPLICATION

red Nais high prole has won it support rom within Thailand

nd the international donor community or its community-based

esponse to the loss o orests. This has led to the identication o the

roject as a model or community-based resilience in the ace o the

rowing threats o climate change. Mangrove reorestation providesn attractive option or both mitigation and adaptation: regenerating

oastal orests that sequester carbon rom the atmosphere, and are

hereore eligible or pilot REDD+ schemes; and creating a barrier

gainst extreme fooding events such as tsunamis.

n 2011, this role or Pred Nai was recognized by the creation o a

limate change learning exchange network or coastal communities.

ECOFTC and the Norwegian Agency or Development Cooperation

Norad) launched the rst phase o the Coastal Resource Management

hrough Community-based Learning Centers project, which will

earmark USD 150,000 to train communities in six sub-districts

project is part o a larger USD 5,650,000 million Mangroves o

Future regional tsunami initiative, supported by Norway, Swe

Thailand, and other donors.

The Community-based Learning Centers component will

in restoring some 5,150 hectares o mangrove orest along

coastline, which will serve as a greenbelt, carbon sink, and an inc

source rom seaood. This represents a wide-scale expansion o

Pred Nai model to neighbouring communities, and builds on

ty workshops conducted by RECOFTC with coastal commun

between 2009 and 2011 addressing the local impacts o cli

change.

The launch o this programme on 29-30 April 2011 was attende

representatives rom the Norwegian and Swedish governmen

well as rom RECOFTC, and included a speech rom the Preside

the Pred Nai Mangrove Conservation and Development Grou

the lessons the group has learned rom more than two decad

community-based resource management.

Two other innovative pilots encouraged under the programm

the adoption o a low-carbon liestyle in one community and

leveraging o the unique Pred Nai Community Mangrove F

Management Fund, which could act as a prototype or a u

village climate change und.

PARTNERS

The work o Pred Nai Mangrove Conservation and Develop

Group has incorporated innovative partnerships and a wide r

o participants. Local users o the mangroves area have been

central participants in this. Following the initial end o log

concessions, the groups central committee was required to bec

more inclusive and democratic, incorporating the views o all t

within Pred Nai who relied on the mangrove orest resources.


10/11

1010

artnerships also needed to be established with other villages

who wished to use the resources. In 2003, the Community Coastal

esource Management Network was created to enable dialogues

with several partner villages to ensure broad support or sustainable

arvesting o the coastal orests. This body meets in dierent villages

n a rotating basis, and has served as the basis or the Community-

ased Learning Centers project unded by RECOFTC.

illagers have gained experience in working collaboratively withutsiders such as shery experts and oresters. Relationships

with other institutions such as government orestry and shery

epartments, police patrols and politicians have also been important

or helping the group to overcome unding or technical challenges

o implementation o projects. The provincial governor became an

active supporter o Pred Nais initiative and their network ate

visited the project. Religious institutions have also been impor

partners or securing grassroots support.

Pred Nai has benetted rom the support o The Center or Pe

and Forests (RECOFTC) since 1998. This regional NGO has condu

some 50 workshops to help villagers handle resource confict

climate change impacts in recent years. Much o this innova

work is supported by the Norwegian Agency or DevelopmCooperation (Norad), the Swedish International Developm

Cooperation Agency (Sida), and the Royal Thai Government w

as core donors, have provided nancial support or RECOFTCs g

in community orestry in Asia and the Pacic.


11/11

Click the thumbnails below to read more case studies like this:

Equator Initiative

Environment and Energy GroupUnited Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

304 East 45th Street, 6th Floor

New York, NY 10017

Tel: +1 646 781-4023

www.equatorinitiative.org

The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the UNs global development network, advocating or change and

necting countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help people build a better lie.

The Equator Initiative brings together the United Nations, governments, civil society, businesses and grassroots organizati

o recognize and advance local sustainable development solutions or people, nature and resilient communities.

2012 by Equator Initiative

All rights reserved

URTHER REFERENCE

Ecoagriculture Snapshot http://www.ecoagriculture.org/documents/les/doc_67.pd

Lessons Learned rom the Equator Initiative: Community-based Management by Pred Nai Community Forestry Group in

Mangroves o Southeast Thailand http://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/equatorknowledge/publications/sen

prednaicommunityorestry.pd

Kaewmahanin, J., Sukwong, S., and Fisher, R.J. Case Study 1. Pred Nai Community Forest, Trad Province, Thailand, in Fisher, R.J., Magin

S., Jackson, W.J., Barrow, E., and Jeanrenaud, S. 2005. Poverty and Conservation: Landscapes, People and Power. IUCN, Gland, Switzerla

and Cambridge, UK. pp. 61-71. http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/FR-LL-002.pd
http://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/com_winners/casestudy/case_1348150795.pdfhttp://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/com_winners/casestudy/case_1348160821.pdfhttp://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/com_winners/casestudy/case_1348165708.pdfhttp://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/com_winners/casestudy/case_1348150159.pdf

case studies undp: pred nai mangrove conservation and development group, thailand

Documents