Technology Trends in GIS—Cartographyo Main o Technology Trends

in GIS About Cartography at ESRI

o Representations o o Editing and

Finishing Tools o Geoprocessing

Tools o Usability Tools o Generalization o Enterprise

Workflows o Publishing Tools

ESRI's vision for cartography and map production is to enable you to perform complex database-driven workflow processes within the same ArcGIS software environment that includes

o A single software environment from data capture to cartographic finishing

o A central enterprise database

o Support for multiple cartographic representations for multiple products

o Intuitive and interactive map editing tools

o A high-quality map production system

Our goal is to allow you to successfully create maps that present geographic data in a clear, precise, and efficient manner. To do this, we have created specialized tools to automate as many standard cartographic processes as possible.Learn more about cartography at ESRI.

o Cartographic Representations

o Cartographic Editing and Finishing Tools o Cartographic Geoprocessing Tools

Showcase

o Vision for Cartography—Paul Hardy, Cartography Product Manager, ESRI

Listen or download: MP3 [1:24 | 3.33-MB]

o Managing Cartography—Clint Brown, Director of Software Products, ESRI

View demo: Windows Media [11:47 | 27:81-MB]

Literatureo ESRI

Cartography: Capabilities and Trends—White Paper, June 2004[PDF 1.90-MB | 16 pages]

o Putting the "Art" Back into Cartography—ArcNews, Winter 2005/06

o Usability Tools for Cartographers o Generalization o Enterprise Workflows o Cartographic Publishing Tools

Technology Trends in GIS—Cartographyo Main o Technology Trends

in GIS About Cartography at ESRI

o Representations o Editing and

Finishing Tools o Geoprocessing

Tools o Usability Tools o Generalization o Enterprise

Workflows o Publishing Tools

Cartographic RepresentationsCartographic representations have been designed especially for cartographers who need to manage how and where features will be symbolized and depicted on a map or multiple maps that are derived from a common database. With representations, you can produce

o Multiple map products from a single master database

o Scale-based map products

o Map series products Rendering Geographic FeaturesCartographic representations allow you to store and render additional information with the geographic features on a map. For each feature class, you can define multiple representation rules, overrides, and exceptional ways that symbols will be rendered to enhance the presentation of the maps you produce.

Showcase

oConverting Symbology to a Representation

View demo: Flash

oCreating Representation Renderers

View demo: Flash

This image was rendered with the swipe tool in ArcMap to show geographic features rendered as simple features (bottom) and as cartographic representations (top).

o Converting Symbology to a RepresentationView demo: Flash

Two fields are appended to the feature class table that allow you to store the following visualization characteristics. Using a combination of these effects allows cartographers to use their skills to produce a wide variety of thematic maps. You can specify as many representations as needed for each feature class.

o Representations rules define the symbol layers and geometric effects used to render map features.

o Adjusting line pattern endings View demo: Flash

o Creating a complex symbol View demo: Flash

o Geometric effects can be applied to a representation rule that dynamically alters the shape of features before they are drawn. This lets you modify the way a single symbol layer will appear or any combination of layers will be rendered.

o Using polygon properties View demo: Flash

o Using line features View demo: Flash o Overrides store exceptions to the

representation rules. o Based on feature-level symbology View

demo: Flash o Based on shape View demo: Flash

o Free representations allow you to create an inline copy of a representation that will fully override all the properties of a representation rule for a feature including its geometry.

o Fine tuning symbol rendering View demo: Flash

Representation Pipeline

Alternatively, you can derive values from lookup tables or other source data to populate the representation rule properties. Cartographic geoprocessing tools can be used to dynamically control geometric effects on the representation layer. Cartographic representation editing tools can be used interactively or explicitly to modify symbology, geometry, or both. In the following two thematic maps, representation management is used to symbolize layers that create two cartographic products from the same master database.

Tourist map showing detailed feature layers.

Topographic map showing detailed feature layers.

Cartographic Editing and Finishing ToolsHands-on tools are required for cartographic finishing. Representation and override functionality allows you the freedom to refine the visualization of any feature while storing the information in the central database. Additional interactive tools can be used to manipulate and modify the graphic elements that enhance the communication of the map.

o Working with Cartographic Representations

o Graphics and Effects Toolbars Working with Cartographic RepresentationsAny symbolized feature layer can be converted to a cartographic representation. Representations store additional information about symbol properties in the geodatabase and allow modification on a feature-by-feature basis while preserving topological integrity. You can adjust patterns to fit the geometry and vary the shape and positioning to fit the particular map scale.Representation rules that define how the feature geometry will be rendered are specified for each component of each symbol layer. For example, you can manipulate complex highway symbols by offsetting all layers of a line symbol or by setting patterns for individual layers, and so forth. You can control how different layers interact with other symbol layers as they are rendered by using levels and masking. More typical graphics options are used to specify parameters to

o Become invisible, visible. o Clear overrides. o Convert to free representation. o Select and lasso. o Modify vertex, Bezier curves, and control points. o Warp, stretch, move parallel. o Erase, mask. o Rotate, orient. o Resize, move, offset.

Showcase

o Using Representation Rules to Add Clarity

View demo: Flash

Line ExamplesThe following five stages of symbolization for a road feature illustrate a workflow scenario using representations, overrides, and free representation.

o Stage 1 shows the rendered linear feature in red.

o Stage 2 shows the linear feature rendered with a default dash symbol. The red circles point out the line segments where the pattern did not clearly define the line bends and joins.

o Stage 3 shows the automatic representation rule that renders a half dash at line intersections.

o Stage 4 shows the use of a representation override to further specify that a half dash also be used at line bends. The pattern is adjusted to the geometry to meet the representation rules.

o Stage 5 shows the last iteration where the cartographer has specified a free representation to change the color of part of the line segment.

Marker ExamplesThe following steps illustrate a workflow scenario to make updates to a marker symbol and store them with the feature representation rules.

o Create a representation override for a selected marker symbol.o Use the marker editor to change the color and shape, and

specify any additional parameters.

o View the building features on the map with the angles rotated according to their attribute values.

Fill ExamplesPolygon fill symbols can be composed of solid fills, markers, lines, and more. A common cartographic need is to rotate, scale, and align the marker symbol of an orchard or swamp to match the rows, pattern, or orientation of the real-world feature.

o You can specify the marker placement effect as random and set the size and rotation angle.

o View the symbolized swamp feature on the map.o

Graphics and Effects ToolbarsIn addition to the standard drawing and layout tools, more graphics and effects tools are needed to help cartographers with interactive map editing and detailed finishing tasks within the mapping environment. Mapmakers need the ability to easily manipulate feature layers with keyboard shortcuts and see into the depths of their active map layers using layer tools such as transparency and swipe.Graphics tools

o Group, ungroup o Front and back ordering o Alignment options o Distribute options

o Rotate, flip options o Customize

o Import tool from another application Effects tools

o Contrast o Brightness o Transparency o Swipe layer

Cartographic Geoprocessing ToolsGeoprocessing tools allow you to take advantage of the full power of GIS for database-centered workflows including cartographic data processing, multiscale data editing, updates, and sophisticated data modeling.Representation Management

With automated database-driven tools to manage cartographic representations, you can

o Add or drop a feature representation. o Assign representation rules to features using SQL. o Make a feature layer from representation. o Select, remove, and update overrides.

Graphic Quality

Conflict detection tools are used to calculate and highlight where symbolized features on a map overlap with each other so you can visualize where more cartographic editing may be needed. The environment is controlled by setting tolerance allowances. Masking Tools

A variety of masking effects are required to draw outlines and halos around features and feature annotation. Other masks are applied at the layer level to render complex symbols for features such as stacked highways, intersections, bridges, and tunnels. Rounded or squared masked caps are rendered at the end of line features such as cul-de-sacs. Batch ToolsThe efficiency and quality of production cartography is supported by many workflow tools.

o Model building with grouping and enhanced looping functionality o Support for Python scripts and AMLs o Command line support for any executable o ArcToolbox integration

Symbolization Refinement

A set of symbolization refinement tools avails another dimension of cartographic editing in which specialized parameters and conditions are needed to

o Align and orient markers to line segments. o Create and specify overpass masks, margins, and wing ticks. o Create and specify underpass masks, margins, and wing ticks. o Calculate geodesic angles to the defined coordinate system. o Calculate the line cap type for double-line symbols. o Calculate the main angle of a polygon. o Set representation control points by angles and store as an

override. Usability Tools for CartographersTo promote a more intuitive and efficient workflow environment, cartographers need familiar mouse and keyboard shortcuts for common graphics tools, menu picks, and general functionality. Similar to desktop graphics packages, properties are specified interactively or explicitly by easily accessing common dialog menus. Frequently used tools allow you toNavigate Map and Data Layers

o Navigate the map with the mouse wheel to zoom, pan, and center.

o Navigate the map from a table window. o Use shortcut keys to zoom, pan, and center. o Zoom to selected elements. o Find and zoom to coordinate locations on the map. o Modify the full extent view of any data frame. o Find and manage places using the ESRI Online Place Finder Web

Service. o Create new features and immediately enter attributes.

Customize Functionality o Override any existing tool functionality. o Add customized tools to any toolbar. o Specify or customize scale formatting and units.

Productivity Optimization o Get quicker access to attribute dialog boxes from right-click

menus. o Measure lines and areas to return the Cartesian or geodesic

distance. o Use standard Microsoft Windows shortcut keys in both Layout

and Data views. o Right-click and rename folder connections in ArcCatalog. o Drag and drop ArcCatalog coordinate systems for easier access

from dialog boxes.

o View metadata for any layer in ArcMap without opening ArcCatalog.

o Find data quickly by recognizable file icons. GeneralizationGeneralization tools allow cartographers to alter geographic feature placement and visualization parameters. Generalization is used when you need to derive small-scale maps from large-scale data. Large-scale maps cover a small physical area, whereas small-scale maps cover a larger physical area. Small-scale maps are usually rendered with less detail, and this process is known as generalization.Generalization requires geoprocessing algorithms and problem solving, which are performed at the topology level before feature symbolization. Tools that can be applied to the most common generalization tasks are currently underway for the following:

o Simplify polygon.Removes small fluctuations and extraneous bends while preserving the essential feature shape

o Simplify building.Removes or simplifies building footprint boundaries while preserving the essential shape and size

o Aggregate polygon.Combines disjoint and adjacent polygons into new area features based on a specified tolerance distance

o Collapse dual lines to centerlines.Derives centerlines, or single lines, from dual-line features, such as road casings, based on a width tolerance

o Simplify line.Now includes an automatic tolerance reduction to prevent geometric errors while removing small fluctuations and extraneous bends

Using these tools with the ModelBuilder will allow an automated environment for the cartographer.

Enterprise WorkflowsAn enterprise cartographic map production system provides a well-designed database for the creation of multiple products at multiple scales. ArcGIS data models and workflow processes support this environment.The enterprise geodatabase is referred to as a digital landscape model (DLM). It supports geoprocessing, generalization, and scenarios for automating tedious modeling tasks that are performed on the feature geometry. It preserves the digital model of the real world.Enterprise (DLM) Model

The derived product database is referred to as the digital cartographic model (DCM). It allows you to adapt the visualization of the real world to fit the purpose of the map product you are creating. Its rich framework is designed to optimize and facilitate production workflows. Landscape Models, Cartographic Models, and Products

Cartographic Publishing ToolsMap ProductionWork is currently underway to enhance and optimize map publishing tools and applications by taking advantage of many of the new database-centric workflows.New customized tools will offer more dynamic functionality and expedite common workflow tasks.High-volume map production will include

o Expression capability to dynamic text o Dynamic surround elements for U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)

and National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) map products o Dynamically driven symbols from geology tables to create

legends based on map page content o Coordinate system managers for central meridians, standard

parallels, and state plane o Automatic inheritance for page-to-page map series generation o Index automation o Developer samples

The solutions mapping applications designed to produce aeronautical and nautical charts and defense and mapping agency products will see many benefits for large-scale map production systems. Examples include

o Cartographic representations that will enhance the visualization of complex symbols

o Dynamic surround elements o Expanded table support and usability such as navigating and

selecting features o Toggling table fields on and off o Editing table format and appearance o Support for direct-read of Microsoft Excel files that will allow

better management of complex symbol specifications Desktop Publishing

In conjunction with the improvements to the ArcGIS geodatabase and mapping environments, you will see the following benefits for desktop publishing.

o Data will be packaged into a file geodatabase, which allows a larger capacity than the previous personal geodatabase.

o Viewers will employ many of the new mapping toolbars and usability tools including go to x,y; enhanced find; 3D navigational tools; and a measure tool. In addition, there is a full-screen mode, markup tools, and support for ArcWeb Services.