THE ARTICLE

1. Fill in the blanks with articles wherever necessarya) 1. During their holidays they went on … cruise on … Black Sea and …

Mediterranean. 2. They made calls at ports, in … Turkey, … Greece, and … Italy. 3.Then they made … trip to … Moldavia and … Transylvania. 4. In … Cluj they put upat … Transilvania Hotel. 5. In … lobby of … hotel there was a newsstand were allkinds of … newspapers were on … sale. 6. In … Cluj they met … very lovely Englishfamily … Browns who were spending their holidays visiting … Romania. 7. They alsomade … trip to … Carpathians. 8. … Danube is … large river in … Europe. 9. It risesin … Germany, crosses … Austria, … Hungary, … Bulgaria, … Romania , and it thenflows into … Black Sea. 10. … English as spoken by … English is somewhat differentfrom that spoken by … Americans. 11. … Bucharest is … capital of … Romania.

b) 1. … iron is … hard metal. 2. … ink is used for writing. 3. … wheat is … cereal. 4. …ink in my inkpot is blue. 5. Strike … iron while it is hot. 6. In … winter … waterfreezes into … ice. 7. He was … first to break … ice. 8. … coin is made of … silver.9. … speech is … silver but silence is … gold.

c) 1. He goes to … bed very late at … night. 2. … bed is in … bedroom. 3. … goodswere taken to … market. 4. We are in … market for … synthetic fibres and yarns. 5.… ship left … harbour. 6. They were in … town. 7. We went for … walk outside …town. 8. … children often take … walk after … school. 9. Opposite … school there is… library.

d) 1. We have … breakfast at 7 o’clock. 2. … lunch costs me 20 cents. 3. … supper is in… basket. 4. We are allowed … hour for … dinner.

e) 1. In … spring … trees burst into … blossom. 2. If … winter comes can … spring befar behind? 3. One swallow does not make … summer. 4. … autumn is … season of… ripe fruit and … grain crops.

f) 1. … owl sleeps by … day. 2. We have … lunch at … noon. 3. They set out at …midnight. 4. In … morning you must hurry otherwise you may be late for … school. 5.… night was setting in. 6. He studied … night after … night.

g) 1. Who is at … fault? 2. … goods are stowed on … deck. 3. You can reach … placeby … bus. 4. Put all these on … paper. 5. … wares are loaded on … board.

2. Fill in the blanks with definite or indefinite articlesa) 1. He sold … apples by … pound. 2. They rent … house by … year. 3. … eggs are

bought by … dozen. 4. They are paid by … day. 5. … cloth is sold by … yard.

b) 1. … poor live in squalid houses. 2. … sick must get medical attendance. 3. … richseldom care for … needy. 4. … unemployed received unemployment benefits.

c) 1. Who was … first to arrive? 2. George was … last who came in … time for …beginning of … lecture. 3. … others were late and did not attend it. 4. … dog is …useful animal. 5. … third chapter of … novel is … most interesting. 6. He is …younger of … two. 7. Do you play … violin? 8. … whale is … mammal. 9. … earthmoves round … sun.

d) 1. He is … teacher while his wife is … economist. 2. My brother is … engineer. 3. Iopened … door and saw … stranger. 4. There is … book on … table. 5. He became …turner.

e) 1. What … nice present they gave you! 2. What … idea! 3. What … interesting bookhe wrote! 4. He showed me such … amusing magazine. 5. This is … rather surprisingresult. 6. … rather unexpected answer has been received. 7. They have quite … nicehouse. 8. She is not so good … student as you. 9. Many … man would be glad tohave such … opportunity.

f) 1. They are of … age. 2. You can see it at … glance. 3. … stitch in time saves nine.

3. Translate into English the following sentences using phrases given at the end of theexercise, paying attention to the use of indefinite articles

1. Ca răsplată pentru silinţa lor studenţii foarte buni pleacă în tabere şi excursii. 2.Tabloul se vede mai bine de la distanţă. 3. Vorbeşte tare ca să te pot auzi. 4. El estetotdeauna grăbit. 5. Copii au început să-l îndrăgească pe vărul lor. 6. Nu face atâta cazde fleacuri. 7. E păcat să-ţi iroseşti timpul cu astfel de chestiuni. 8. În vederea realizăriiacestui plan au fost alocate sume importante. 9. În medie sunt 20 de studenţi într-ogrupă. 10. Am avut prilejul să văd multe peisaje frumoase în cursul excursiei.

to have an opportunity; at a distance; as a reward; in a loud voice; to be in a hurry; totake a fancy to; to make a fuss; it’s a pity; with a view to; on an average.

4. Translate into English using the phrases given at the end of the exercise paying attentionto the use of definite articles

1. Deocamdată nu putem da un răspuns definitiv la scrisoarea clientului. 2. Ei vor reuşiîn cele din urmă să obţină rezultatul dorit. 3. Trebuie să le răspundeţi cel mai târziu pânăla 1 octombrie. 4. În Marea Britanie circulaţia se face pe stânga şi nu pe dreapta. 5. Pede o parte va trebui să acordăm o atenţie sporită gramaticii iar pe de altă parte foneticii.6. Dimineaţa luăm micul dejun la ora 7. 7. Ei vor petrece câteva săptămâni la ţară. 8. Peansamblu rezultatele obţinute sunt mai bune. 9. La drept vorbind el are dreptate. 10. Însituaţia dată nu putem accepta comanda. 11. Această metodă a trecut proba timpului.

for the time being; in the long run; at the latest; to the left (right) side of the road; onthe one hand; on the other hand; on the whole; in the morning; in the country; on thewhole; to tell the truth; under the circumstances; to stand the test.

5. Place the definite article in each sentence in the right place1. I have read article in today’s newspaper. 2. All guests left early. 3. I have read both ofbooks you mentioned. 4. Quite best thing for you is to study medicine. 5. Half bottle wasempty. 6. We paid double value. 7. Whole garden was in bloom.

6. Place the indefinite article in each sentence in the right place1. He has worked there for whole week. 2. Such beautiful tree should be protected. 3. Itwas too difficult task to be performed in short time. 4. I bought half basket of nuts. 5. Wehave read quite number of plays by Shaw. 6. What beautiful performance. 7. Such storm isvery seldom met in those areas.

7. Answer the following questions paying attention to the use of articles1. Where does the Danube rise? 2. What countries does it cross? 3. What sea does it flowinto? 4. What important tributaries has the Danube in our country? 5. What foreignlanguages did you learn in high school? 6. What is the capital of Holland? 7. What rangeof mountains crosses our country? 8. Mention some mountain peaks in our country.

8. Make sentences according to the model using the following phrases: by car, by mail, bytrain, by phone, by plane, by bus, by motor vessel, by boat, by steamer, by radio.Model: I sent the letter by air mail.

9. Make up sentences with one of the nouns given below used as part of a nominal predicate.Mind the use of the indefinite articleModel: I am a teacher…Physician, composer, bricklayer, research worker, student, driver, turner, economist,accountant, engineer.

10. Make up sentences with the words or phrases from the list given below, minding the use ofthe definite article.Model: He is in the classroom…At the blackboard, at the map, at the door, at the window, by the fireplace, near the desk,at the university, to break the ice, to take the trouble, to tell the time.

11. Turn into the singular. Mind the use of articles1. Horses are useful animals. 2. Sparrows are birds. 3. Empty bags cannot stand upright. 4.Blind men will not thank you for looking-glasses. 5. Warm evenings may be followed bycold mornings.

PASSIVE VOICE

1. Transform the following sentences using passive constructions. (In the following cases,the direct object of the active clause becomes a subject in the passive one). Omit the by-phrase when appropriate:

1. They must finish the work today. 2. He has found your bag. 3. I will invite myfriends to a party. 4. Someone has found the missing child. 5. We asked Jane toplay the piano for us. 6. A specialist will repair my radio-set. 7. His coworkersmust do something for him. 8. His parents have brought up the child very badly.9. Nobody has made any mistakes. 10. People play football all over the world. 11.My friend bought a beautiful art album. 12. She asked me to join her on the trip.13. I read newspapers every day. 14. You must iron this dress tonight. 15. Thenoise frightened me. 16. Somebody will meet the visitors at the station. 17. Theysaw me while crossing the street. 18. We will pick flowers in the forest tomorrow.19. My sister eats too many cakes. 20. This child reads a lot of books. 21. Theyfinally reached an agreement.

2. Rewrite these sentences using the passive voice: (In the following cases, transitive verbsare used which admit of two passive constructions):

1. The doctor prescribed some pills to the patient. 2. They gave me a nice present.3. The policeman showed us the way. 4. I lent him two of my books. 5. I teachthem English. 6. The jury awarded the Romanian film director the Great Prize. 7.The guide showed the museum to the tourists. 8. They will give me a reward. 9.My friend doesn’t always tell me the truth. 10. The teacher asked me a difficultquestion.

3. Turn into passive the following sentences with verb + preposition / adverbcombinations:

1. They didn’t look after the children properly. 2. Fog held up the trains. 3. Wecalled for the doctor. 4. Her story didn’t take them in. 5. Burglars broke into thehouse. 6. In this office, they insist on punctuality. 7. They took down the poster. 8.He hasn’t slept in his bed. 9. Every one looked up to him. 10. Someone will callfor the parcel later. 11. You must hand in the report by Monday. 12. Don’t speakuntil someone speaks to you.

4. Turn the following questions into the passive:1. Has no one ever made it clear how one operated the machine? 2. What shouldone do in such a case? 3. Has someone made all the necessary arrangements? 4.Does someone clean all the rooms regularly? 5. How can we bring about thedesired result? 6. Will someone tell him the details? 7. Has someone mended thatchair yet? 8. Haven’t they told you to be here at 6 o’clock? 9. Did the noisefrighten you? 10. Shall I write the letter in ink? 11. Has anybody ever taught youhow to behave?

5. Rewrite the sentences in the active voice. Provide subjects where necessary:1. No reason was given for his odd behaviour. 2. This play will be forgotten in afew years’ time. 3. These books mustn’t be taken away. 4. English is spoken allover the world. 5. This painting is admired by all the visitors of the museum. 6.This house has been built out of stone and cement. 7. A reception was held in hishonour. 8. The student will be told where to sit. 9. In some countries, women stillhaven’t been granted the same rights as men. 10. I was recommended a very gooddoctor. 11. I was told the truth about what had happened. 12. The climber wasfinally discovered by the rescue party. 13. My work would have been finishedlong ago if I hadn’t been interrupted by my colleagues. 14. I was told that ameeting would be held the next day. 15. He was shocked by the terrible sight ofthe accident. 16. The question was fully debated during the symposium. 17. Thenew washing machines were turned out at the rate of fifty a day. 18. He hatesbeing made fun of. 19. His request was turned down. 20. I was given tounderstand that my services would be called on if needed.

6. Answer the questions using a passive construction in a complete sentence:1. What might a man be recommended if he is overworked? 2. What should a sickman be given? 3. What must a customs officer be shown before one is permittedto enter a foreign country? 4. What opportunity would you like to be offered? 5.What do you most enjoy being taught in the faculty? 6. What do you prefer beinggiven as a birthday present? 7. How do you like to be spoken to? 8. What wouldyou most dislike being told? 9. What subjects do you like being asked to talkabout?

7. Translate into English:1. Generaţii de studenţi sunt pregătiţi în institutele de învăţământ superior dinRomânia. 2. Urmează să se introducă treptat limita de viteză. 3. Nu se permitefumatul în această sală. 4. În acest hotel se vorbesc limbi străine. 5. Ni s-a cerut săarătăm biletele. 6. Se raportează că a avut loc un accident pe şosea. 7. Ni s-au spuslucruri foarte interesante la conferinţă. 8. Ţi se va spune ce trebuie să faci. 9.Toate ziarele au comentat evenimentul. 10. Cursul profesorului a fost ascultat cuatenţie de către toţi studenţii. 11. Această informaţie trebuie tratată confidenţial.12. Decolarea avionului a fost întârziată din cauza ceţii. 13. Mărfurile vă vor fitrimise cât mai curând posibil. 14. Ar trebui să I se spună că modul lui de a secomporta deranjează pe cei din jur. 15. Când a ajuns acasă, şi-a dat seama că I sefurase portofelul. 16. Sensurile cuvintelor noi trebuie căutate în dicţionar. 17.Acest timbru nu a fost bine lipit pe plic. 18. Ni se vor da instrucţiuni detaliate înprivinţa referatului. 19. A trebuit ca podul să fie închis pentru reparaţii. 20. Nu s-aauzit nimic de el de când a plecat la Constanţa. 21. America a fost descoperită lasfârşitul secolului XV. 22. Se construiesc multe blocuri noi în cartierul nostru. 23.Nu sunt obişnuit să fiu tratat în felul acesta. 24. Nu se poate ca secretul să fi fostcunoscut.

MODAL VERBS

1. Rewrite these sentences using must:1. He is probably older than he looks. 2. It is probably very pleasant to live in amountain resort. 3. This is probably the best Romanian film of the year . 4.Considering its being in great demand, it is probably a very good product.5. Heprobably came home very early. 6. She is probably a very good doctor. 7. Somany people are speaking about it that it is probably a very good book. 8. Itprobably took a long time to make this translation. 9. He probably thinks I amwrong. 10. You probably left your umbrella in the shop.

2. Rewrite these sentences using may:1. Don’t wait; it is possible for her to be very late. 2. I have bought his latest book;perhaps it is a good one. 3. Take your umbrella; perhaps it will rain . 4. It ispossible that I come home early. 5. She didn’t speak to you because, I think, sheis angry with you. 6. A good knowledge of English is likely to help you a lot inyour career. 7. It is possible that he was right but I don’t think so. 8. Perhaps hehas done the exercise correctly but I doubt it. 9. Perhaps she has returned the bookto you and you have lent it to someone else.. 10. It is possible that someone stolethe missing object. 11. Perhaps she was out when you rang.

3. Fill in the blanks with can or can’t:1. Man … travel through space now. 2. He … reach the moon and walk there. 3.He … even drive on its surface. 4. But one still … breathe without extra oxygenand you certainly … stay there very long. 5. When we … fly there as easily as wefly to other countries of the earth, holidays will be very different.

4. Fill in the blanks, using could and couldn’t:I had a terrible dream last night. I … open the door because it was locked.Althought I tried to shout, I … . I … hear people laughing outside, but although Ibanged on the door, they … hear me. Through the smoke I … see a window, butwhen I tried to reach it I … move. I … feel myself getting hottter and hotter and I… breathe. Suddenly I woke up. No wonder I was hot and … breathe. My cat wassitting on top of my face

5. Give two negative answers to each of the following questions. Explain the difference:1. Must I go now?. 2. Need I come very early tomorrow?. 3. Must he write acomposition for tomorrow’s class? 4. Must he take this medicine twice a day?. 5.Must I type this text? 6. Need I explain everything to you? 7. Must I be in by teno’clock? 8.Need you take such things in earnest? 9. Need you always lie like that?10. Need he stay at the office until 6 o’clock today?

6. Use must not or need not to fill the spaces in the following sentences:1. Visitors … walk on the grass. 2. You … take an umbrella. 3. You … return thebooks earlier than 2 weeks. 4. You … drive fast; there is a speed limit here. 5.You … water the flowers; it will rain soon. 6. We … leave so early; we can take a

taxi up to the station. 7. You … smoke in this room. 8. You … talk to othercandidates during the exam. 9. We … miss this train. The next one is only dueafter five hours. 10. One … travel on a bus without a ticket. 11. One … buy aticket for a slow train in advance. 12. You … think the others to be less intelligentthan yourself. 13. You … take this medicine, it will do you harm.

7. Fill in the blanks with must, mustn’t or needn’t:“It’s as easy as boiling an egg” But boiling an egg is difficult. The egg … comestraight from the refrigerator because it will be too cold. And it … be fresh. Itcertainly … be cracked. Some people say the water … be boiling but others say it… be cold. You … put the egg into the water gently to stop it cracking. You …time it carefully although you …have a stopwatch and you … watch it the wholetime. Enjoy your egg!

8. Fill in the blanks with should or would:1. You … not go to bed so late at night. 2. … you help me solve this problem? 3. I… hurry up in order not to miss the train. 4. You … invite John to the party, too.5. When I was a child, my mother … read me stories. 6. My grandmother … sitfor hours watching TV. 7. … you be so kind and pass me the salt, please? 8. You… have told me the truth from the very beginning. 9. He always makes mistakesbecause he … never take my advice. 10. You … not eat so many sweets if youdon’t want to be fat. 11. You … not expect everybody to obey you. 12. John lookspale; he … take a week’s holiday.

9. Fill in the blanks with shall or will:1. He … read for hours on end. 2. … you sit down, please? 3. This … be John’shouse. 4. You … do this whether you like it or not. 5. If you win the contest, you… have a nice present. 6. Go to sleep, I promise you … not be disturbed. 7. He …often come to play chess with my brother. 8. She … write an article for thisperiodical every week. 9. This letter is full of mistakes; you … re-type it. 10. Healways does what he. … 11. This radio … not work. 12. You … stop making thisnoise right away. 13. … you correct my translation, please? 14 … you tell me thetruth for once?

10. Turn the following sentences into the future, using the model verb substitutes:1. He can swim very well. 2. I must go soon. 3. You may leave earlier today. 4.She can lend you that book. 5. The child may have another cake. 6. You may notsmoke here. 7. I can translate ten pages a day. 8. He may not come in wearingdirty boots. 9. Can you help me? 10. I must look up the words in the dictionary.11. Jane can type very quickly. 12. She can play the piano well. 13. I must sendher a birthday card. 14. We must speak to him about it. 15. I must learn English.16. You may not speak to your mother like that. 17. He must study this subjectseriously. 18. She can read and write at the age of five. 19. Everybody mayborrow books from this library. 20. You must not wait long.

11. Turn the sentences from exercise (10) into the past tense, using modal verb substituteswere necessary

12. Give the following sentences a past meaning using the perfect infinitive:

1. John must be ill. 2. It can’t be too late. 3. It might rain. 4. He must be delayed atthe office. 5. You might write to me more often. 6. You should visit your sickfriend in hospital. 7. He ought to tell me the truth. 8. You might change your mindabout that. 9. He may be at home. 10. He should go to the lectures every day. 11.It can’t be easy to learn Chinese. 12. You can’t be very pleased with this piece ofnews. 13. You might pay more attention to your work. 14. You needn’t do this.15. You can’t see a bear in this part of the country. 16. I can’t be very pleasedwhen receiving such news. 17. I needn’t buy milk; there is plenty in the fridge 18.He must be in the garden at this time of the day. 19. It must be difficult to climbthis mountain. 20. You shouldn’t go to bed so late, that’s why you are alwaystired.

13. Insert “didn’t need to” or “needn’t have”, according to the meaning:1. I. … (answer) the questions, which was very convenient. 2. I … (answer) thequestions, which would have saved me a lot of trouble 3. I … (buy) a new map ofLondon as my friend lent me one. 4. You … (say) anything about it as I knew thetruth anyway. 5. You … (lend) him so many books; he will never read them all. 6.We … (wait) too long; he was back soon. 7. I … (see) him for that; I wrote him aletter. 8.You … (wake) me so early today, it is Sunday. 9. You … (wait) for me, Icould have found the way by myself.. 10. The student … (write) such a longcomposition because the teacher won’t have time to read it all.

14. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences by using must, can’t or needn’t with theperfect infinitive:

1. It … (rain) here; the road is dry. 2. I haven’t got my bag with me; I … (leave) iton the bus. 3. The child … (leave) home; I locked the door and took the key withme. 4. You … (see) Ann yesterday. She is in the mountains. 5. You … (lend) himso many books; he will never read them all. 6. John … (do) such a shing; he is anice boy. 7. I didn’t hear the phone; I … (be) in the garden. 8. He … (swim)across the Danube; he is a very poor swimmer. 9. You … (lend) him yourtext/book. He has one of his own. 10. You … (call) for the doctor. I am all rightnow. 11. He … (be) at home, the light was on in his room. 12. It … (take) you along time to knit the dress. 13. You … (be) stung by a bee. 14. It … (be) too latewhen you arrived home because I wasn’t asleep yet.

15. Make polite requests with will or would to get the following answers, as in the givenexample:

Wife: Get me a drink of water, will you, dear?Husband: Certainly. Would you prefer it iced?

1. Customer: … ?Shop/assistant: Certainly, sir. Which brand of cigarettes do you prefer?

2. Policeman: … ?Driver: Yes, of course, I will show you my driving-licence.

3. Mother: … ?Son: Of course. Shall I fetch you the red pen or the blue one?

4. Teacher: … ?

Student: Do you want to see my grammar exercise or my composition?5. Girl: … ?

Friend: Of course I can lend you any of my books.

16. Make up a dialogue between a shop/assistant and customer intending to buy a pair ofshoes, inserting all the modal verb suiting the context.

17. Translate into English:1. Toţi studenţii pot şi trebuie să facă această lucrare. 2. Va trebui să mă ajuţi maimult astăzi. 3. Sunt sigur că vei putea găsi timp să faci aceasta. 4. Mi-a spus mamacă pot să întârzii după ora 10. Mi s-a permis să dau referatul mâine în loc deastăzi. 6. Ştiam să cânt la pian când eram copil. 7. Nu ştiu să înot. 8. Ai putea să-mi telefonezi mai des. 9. Ai fi putut să-mi scrii când ai fost în Anglia. 10. Artrebui ca toţi copiii să facă treburi în casă. 11. Ar fi trebuit să citesc bibliografiapentru acest seminar. 12. Toată lumea va fi prezentă la şedinţă. 13. Va trebui săplec peste o jumătate de oră. 14. Nu trebuie să-ţi cari singură valizele în gară, poţisă iei un cărucior. 15. Trebuie să-mi schimb pantofii când intru în casă pentru căsunt plini de noroi. 16. E nevoie să urcăm până la Cota 1400 pe jos? Nu, putemlua autobuzul sau telefericul. 17. Nu a fost nevoie să-i telefonez Ioanei pentru căurma să vină la mine peste o jumătate de oră. 18. Nu era nevoie să-mi faci cafea,am băut deja două astăzi. 19. Nu era nevoie să spui mulţumesc când ai aflat oraexactă la numărul 958, întrucât informaţia era înregistrată pe bandă. 20. Nu sepoate să fi plouat aici. Şoseaua e uscată. 21. Nu te mai lăuda; orice student ar fiputut face această lucrare. 22. Nu se poate ca profesorul să fi fost mulţumit cuacest răspuns. 23. Probabil că eram la facultate când m-ai căutat. 24. Când eramelev, obişnuiam să citesc câte o carte pe zi. 25. Am cerut să vorbesc cu directorul,dar acesta nu a vrut să vină la telefon. Ar fi trebuit să insist. 26. Niciodată nu vreisă mă asculţi. De aceea intri în încurcături. 27. Du-te să vezi filmul; s-ar putea să-ţi placă. 28. Nu se poate ca Shakespeare să fi scris această piesă, întrucâtevenimentele menţionate aici s-au petrecut după moartea lui. 29. De ce ai vorbitatât de tare? S-ar fi putut să te audă cineva. 30. Îţi promit că vei avea cartea mâine.31. Nu se poate să fi găsit uşa deschisă. O încuiasem chiar eu.

THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

1. Change the verbs in the subordinate clause into the Subjunctive Mood, by using theverb“TO WISH” in the main clause, according to the models: (Make all the necessarychanges):

A. Model: a) I don’t think he is in town at present.b) I wish he were in town at present.

1. I regret you don’t take this into account. 2 It is a pity he is always so busy. 3.They live near a park. 4. He is sorry I don’t take his offer seriously. 5. I can’t getthe book you told me about. 6. It is a pity she does not speak English. 7. I regretthe students don’t study more.

B. Model: a) My sister did not know that her friend was coming.b) My sister wished she had known that her friend was coming.

1. We regret that he did not drive very carefully. 2 He says that it is a pity we didnot book for that performance. 3. I regret Mr. X did not sign the contract. 4. He issorry Georgiana didn’t accept her friend’s advice. 5. We all regret he failed in hisexamination. 6. It is a pity he mentioned that story. 7. Our colleague is sorry thathe was not free yesterday morning.

2. Comment on the use of “ would + infinitive” in object clauses after the verb “TO WISH1. I wish he would take some exercise. 2. We wish she wouldn’t complain sooften. 3. I wish you would get up early. 4. I certainly wish you would do it! 5. Hewishes they would understant him better.6. Mother wishes her son would learn toswim. 7. We wish they would keep quiet. 8. The teacher wishes the student wouldread the excerpt aloud. 9. I wish they would notice our improvement.

3. Put the verbs in brackets in the right form: present subjunctive, perfect subjunctive orwould + infinitive:

1. We had a very good time at the party and I wish you (to be) with us. 2. I wish(to listen) more carefully to your teacher. 4. I wished she (to post) the letter forme. 5. He wishes his mother (to be) there now to help him. 6.Doesn’t your teacherwish you (to improve) your pronunciation? 7. I didn’t like the film yesterday and Iwish I (not to stay) up to the end. 8. Mary wished she (not to be ill) during theholiday. 9. Don’t your friends wish you (to go) on the trip with them? 10. Thechildren wished they (to be allowed) to swim in the lake. 11. I wish you (to pay)more attention to your spelling in the future.

4. Complete the following sentences using “I’d rather you” and the Subjunctive Mood of theverbs given below. Use each verb only once. (We use this structure when we prefersomeone else to do / not to do something) stay; not turn on; come; not tell; phone.

1. “Shall I come and pay you a visit tomorrow?” … today, because I am busytomorrow”.

2. “Of course you could go if you want to, but … a bit longer”.3. “I could phone to your parents if you wish, but … them”.4. “I think this is a secret, so, please, … anybody”.5. “I’ve got a bad head ache, … the radio if you don’t mind?”

5. Translate the following sentences into English using the set phrases: had better; hadrather; would rather; would better; would sooner:

1. Ai face bine să-i vorbeşti în loc de a păstra tăcerea într-o asemenea situaţie. 2.Aş prefera să nu plec în excursie decât să te las singură acasă. 3. Ai vrea să nuajung la timp la spectacol? 4. Fratele tău ar prefera să-l însoţeşti în călătoria sa. 5.Fiul său ar prefera să se joace decât să înveţe. 6. Ar face mai bine să înceteze cuzgomotul. 7. Aş prefera să petrecem acest sfârşit de săptămână la munte. 8. Deşieşti bolnav ar fi mai bine să deschizi fereastra şi să aeriseşti camera decât să stai înaer închis. 9. Aş prefera să vii cu mine la Londra pentru discuţii cu partenerulnostru.

6. Apply the use of the Subjunctive Mood in the following sentences for the verbs in brackets:1. It is necessary that he (to be) told his colleagues’ opinion. 2. Isn’t it time you(to stop) playing? 3. It is proper that you (to make up your mind) whether youcome or stay. 4. It is possible that he (to turn over) a new leaf in his life. 5. It ishigh time that you (to have) grown up. 6. It is wrong that he (not to know) thesespelling rules. 7. It is right that you (to begin) preparing for your autumn exams.8. It is essential that you (to have) a heart to heart talk. 9. In the rush of things itwas a pity that he (to have forgotten) to thank her for her kindnes.

7. Put the verbs in brackets in their correct form paying attention to the presence of “as if” /“as though” / “than if” / “rather than” / “even if” / “even though” / “whoever”:

1. The student speaks English as if he (to be) a real Englishman. 2. Mother used totreat her daughter as though she (to be) a little girl. 3. With us he feels muchhappier than if (to stay) at his house. 4. I should like to hear some good musicrather then (to listen) to this talk. 5. It looks as though nobody (to know) the truth.6. We should go and visit him even if it (to rain). 7. She was fond of the little girlas though she (to be) her own sister. 8. Even though (to come) earlier, he wouldhave missed her. 9. Whoever he (to be) the president was not at the office toanyone. 10. In their house he felt as he (to be) one of their family.

8. Complete the following pairs of sentences supplying suitable conditions to the if-clauses:Work in teams.

1. She would soon set matters right if she …2. She would have soon set matters right if she …1. You would like them if you …2. You would have liked them if you …1. I should be obliged to you if you …2. I should have been obliged to you if you …1. She would see to everything if she …2. She would have seen to everything if she …1. George would post the letter if you …2. George would have posted the letter if you …1. I am sure he would do it if you …2. I am sure he would have done it if you …

9. Translate into English paying attention to the use of the Subjunctive Mood. (PresentSubjunctive or Perfect Subjunctive):

1. Ce bine ar fi să putem încheia contractul în curând. 2. Ce bine ar fi fost să fivenit reprezentantul firmei ieri la discuţii! 3. Mi-aş dori să fiu în locul tău, directorexecutiv al firmei. 4. Oricum ar fi vremea, eu tot plec la negocieri. 5. Orice s-arîntâmpla, nu mă răzgândesc în privinţa acestei clauze. 6. Prietena mea şi-ar fi doritsă fie economistă. 7. Mă întoiesc că ar fi la serviciu la această oră. 8. Dacă acestlucru este adevărat, e un om deştept. 9. Să vină cineva aici să ne explice situaţia!10. Este de dorit ca membrii acestui club să participe regulat la dscuţii. 11. Nuvoiam s-o las să plece ca să nu se rătăcească pe drum. 12.Îi era teamă să nu oprindă furtuna. 13. Ai face mai bine s-o însoţeşti. 14. Se uita mereu spre uşă, ca şicând ar fi aşteptat să vină cineva. 15. Este timpul să plecăm la gară. 16. Dacă aşgăsi un loc la fereastră, călătoria ar fi o adevărată plăcere. 17. Chiar dacă ar fi aşacum spui tu, situaţia tot nu ar fi uşoară.

10. Replace the Subjunctive used in the sentences given below by the Subjunctive Equivalentmay (might) + Infinitive:

1. Long be she happy! 2. We are afraid that she miss the bus at this time. 3. I hopethey arrive to-night. 4. He closed the shutters so that the light did not come in. 5.However hard it rain, we shall have to leave. 6. She lookd as if she cried. 7. It waspossible they were at home. 8. I hoped my family were right. 9. Whatever thecause be, you have no right to be angry with them. 10. It was likely he had comein time. 11. I wish you stayed with us for ever. 12. They sent all the documents byair mail so that they were received before the arrival of the shipping.

11. Replace the Subjunctive used in the sentences given below by the Subjunctive Equivalentshould + Infinitive:

1. Don’t speak like that lest he be angry. 2. We dare not move for fear the childwake up. 3. Being ill I suggested they go on the trip without me. 4. The companysent orders that the cheques be paid. 5. It is natural that the peoples want to live inpeace. 6. It is impossible that the plane arrive in time under such circumstances. 7.There is no reason why they speak like that. 8. I shall speak my mind even thoughthey were angry with me. 9. However hard the work be, he will never give up. 10.It is desirable you make up your mind.

12. Finish the following sentences using a Subjunctive or a Subjunctive Equivalent:1. It is necessary that they … 2. It was likely that … 3. Why is it so important thatshe …? 4. Isn’t it strange that he …? 5. It is possible that the students … 6. Wesuggest that … 7. Tomorrow we shall start early lest … 8. The students gave theirpapers to the teacher so that he … 9. I prefer travelling by car however tiring thejourney … 10. She would understand the situation if she…

13. Choose one of the two Subjunctive Equivalents in brackets:1. Send a cable so that they (may//should) know about your arrival tomorrow. 2. Isuggest that the students (may/should) try this new method. 3. It is possible that he(may/should) go at this hour. 4. However much we (may/should) admire hisactivity, we can’t overlook such a mistake. 5. I am putting down my suggestionsso that they (may/should) act accordingly. 6. This is a short note lest I

(may/should) forget about the date. 7. We all are glad that you (may/should) bethere. 8. It’s probable that this team (may/should) win the competition. 9. Nobodycould understand why he (might/should) behave like that. 10. Mother wished thather son (might/should) get a high mark. 11. She was looking as if somethingunexpected (might/should) happen. 12. It was out of question that she(might/should) be able to walk there, in her poor condition.

14. Use the Subjunctive Mood or a Subjunctive Equivalent for the Infinitives in brackets:1. I suggest that the text (to be translated) first into Romanian. 2. We doubt if thefootball team (to be) here by now. 3. It is necessary that the question (to besettled) immediately. 4. He insisted that the request (to be) accepted. 5. A noticewas posted that all books (to be returned) to the university library by October 1. 6.Long (to, live) he! 7. It is very annoying that you (to forget) to bring my thingsback. 8. John wishes he (to be) an economist. 9. He feared lest he (to be)misunderstood in his actions. 10. Suppose he (to come) and (to inquire) into thematter! 11. It is time you (to make up) your mind whether you are going tobecome an engineer or an economist. 12. In case of illness, it is more importantthat you (to be told) the truth, rather than (to be kept) in ignorance. 13. It was verycurious that you (to take) that view. 14. All happiness (to attend) you! 15. If you(to go to the theatre) last night, I am sure you would have enjoyed the play. 16. Itis difficult to say why (to refuse) to join us on this trip. 17. We hope that she (torecover) soon. 18. He knew the place as if he (to be born) there. 19. One of you(to go) and (to fetch) some chalk. 20. She is in a hurry so that she (to catch) thelast bus tonight.

15. Translate into English using the Subjunctive Mood or a Subjunctive Equivalent:1. Colegii cer ca liniştea să fie menţinută în timpul lucrului. 2. S-a propus să seaplice un nou procedeu tehnic. 3. Să trăiţi mulţi ani! 4. Se temea să nu facă vreogreşeală de ortografie. 5. Fie cum doreşti! 6. Este neobişnuit ca vremea să fie atâtde rece în octombrie. 7. Aş fi dorit ca el să nu fi fost atât de neglijent în realizareaacestui raport. 8. Ai face mai bine să încerci să-i vorbeşti personal. 9. Oricât dedificil ar fi textul, mă voi strădui să-l traduc. 10 Unul dintre voi să citeascăreferatul. 11. Este posibil ca prietenii tăi să fie încă acolo aşteptându-te. 12. Regretca tu să spui aşa ceva. 13. Aş dori să stai jos. 14. De-aş şti măcar cum să rezolvsituaţia!

16. Change the following sentences using “if only”; work in pairs. Comment upon themeaning of the respective sentences.

Ex: I wish I had a car (I do not have a car) If only I had a car.

1. I wish she were not so bad to me. 2. She wishes she could play the piano. 3. Wewished we knew Mary’s address. 4. I wish you would be quiet as I’m trying to domy homework. 5. He wishes you would stop complaining. 6. We wish hewouldn’t leave his paper lying all over the desks. 7. I wish I’d visited the museumyesterday. 8. He feels sick; he wishes he hadn’t walk in rain so long. 9. We wishyou had explain the situation to us.

THE GERUND

1. Translate into Romanian pointing out the gerunds in each sentence and show theirfunction:a) Avoid making mistakes in your composition. 2. He admitted having done wrong. 3.

She delayed answering my complaint. 4. He denied knowing anything about the planof his friends. 5. This room needs dusting. 6. Their house wants repairing. 7. Hefinished reading the novel.

b) He was fined for crossing when the red light was on. 2. Owing to his starting late hecouldn’t be in time for the flight for which he had booked a seat. 3. He didn’t write hisexamination paper because of his being late.

c) On arriving they called us up. 2. After having received your letter we’ll be able to lookinto the matter. 3. Think before speaking.

d) He succeeded in convincing us he was right. 2. We insisted on going thereimmediately. 3. I relied on receiving a correct answer. 4. I look forward to hearingfrom you soon. 5. I thought of replying at once. 6. I prevented them from doing such athing.

e) She was angry at his laughing at her. 2. I was fond of reading fiction. 3. I wassurprised at hearing such news. 4. What is worth doing is worth doing well.

f) There was no hope of succeeding in our attempt. 2. “The Importance of BeingEarnest” is a play by Oscar Wilde. 3. You’ll have your chance of saying what youthink. 4. There was a possibility of getting better results.

2. Translate into English using gerunds wherever possible:1. Citirea cărţilor de beletristică este un lucru plăcut şi interesant. 2. Este util săciteşti cărţi noi. 3. A citi cărţi este o ocupaţie utilă. 4. Intenţiona să plece maidevreme. 5. Încetă să mai citească. 6. A reuşit să găsească soluţia problemei. 7.Îmi place să călătoresc. 8. Ploaia l-a împiedicat să ajungă la timp. 9. Nu avea nicio obiecţie ca el să mai rămână câteva zile. 10. Nu avea intenţia de a te jigni. 11.Cu toate că era tânăr, cunoştea meseria sa foarte bine. 12. Datorită faptului că aiplecat mai devreme, ai prins trenul. 13. Problema a fost dată spre a fi rezolvată.14. Şi-au petrecut ziua certându-se. 15. Te supără dacă fumez aici? 16. N-amnimic împotrivă ca el să lucreze în această cameră. 17. Îmi place să citesc seara.

3. Translate into English, using set phrases such as:It is no use; it is no good; it is worth (while), can’t help; can’t stand (can’t bear):1. Nu are rost să plângi după laptele vărsat. 2. Această carte merită să fie citită. 3.Nu are rost să cumperi aceşti pantofi, căci nu sunt măsura ta. 4. Nu mă pot abţinesă râd când îl aud cum se făleşte. 5. Merită osteneala să te duci să vezi aceastăexpoziţie. 6. Nu poate să suporte să se râdă de el.

4. Complete the following sentences using gerunds:Model: a) I stopped …

I stopped talking.1. I postponed … 2. He hates …3. They suggested … 4. Would you mind…

5. Excuse … 6. We deferred …Model: b) He expressed his disappointment at …

He expressed his disappointment at having been cheated.1. I’m in the habit of … 2. What’s your reason for … 3. He showed surprise at … 4. Ihad the pleasure of … 5. Fancy the idea of … 6. A friend put him in the way of … 7.His habit of …Model: c) He was accused of …

He was accused of having broken the laws.1. I’m engaged in … 2. She objected to … 3. We have devoted our attention to … 4.They have succeeded in … 5. He felt like … 6. He complained of … 7. Thank youfor … 8. They aimed at … 9. They abstained from … 10. In the classroom, I refrainfrom …Model: d) I’m proud of …

I’m proud of having such good results in my examinations.1. They were afraid of … 2. I’m capable of … 3. We are fond of … 4. They weretired of …

4. Translate into English usinga) the “Genitive with the Gerund” construction:1. Îmi place că el spune asta. 2. Nu am nimic împotrivă ca ea să fumeze aici. 3. Eiîi displăcea ca el să fumeze ţigări din foi. 4. El apreciază foarte mult participareaMariei la discuţie. 5. Contez pe faptul că mă va ajuta să rezolvăm chestiunea.

b) the “Accusative with the Gerund”1. Ea apreciază (faptul) că ei colaborează în aceste probleme dificile. 2. Te superidacă iau cu împrumut aceste cărţi? 3. Ploaia a împiedicat plecarea mea. 4. M-amgândit ca el să meargă neîntârziat acolo.

6. Replace the subordinate clauses by gerunds:1. I insist that he should help us in the present circumstances. 2. I remember that Ihave read this book. 3. He admitted that he had made a mistake. 4. He objectedthat we should leave so soon. 5. We are keen that you should come and see us. 6. Iprefer that you should make up your mind at once. 7. I decided that I should replyat once.

VERBAL CONSTRUCTIONS

1. Combine two sentences into one, using the “Accusative with the Infinitive”:Model: I saw him. 2. He left the room.

I saw him leave the room.1. a) I hear him. b) He speaks in the next room.2. a) I watched them. b) They played football.3. a) We saw them. b) They danced in the hall.4. a) I helped my friend. b) He solved some exercises in mathematics.5. a) I expected you. b) You came by car.6. a) I noticed the sea. b) It grew rough.

2. Use the for + Infinitive construction according to the model:Model: The task is quite easy. He can perform it.

The task is quite easy for him to perform.1. They shouted. They asked us to stop.2. This a new bag. You can wear it with your blue dress.3. We are sorry. You have to leave so soon.4. Here is an armchair. You may sit down in it.5. I bought a book. You can read it during the holidays.6. Thursday is a good day. George leaves on Thursday.

3. Substitute the verb paying attention to the use of the “Accusative with Infinitive”construction: Mind the use of long or short infinitives:

Model: I saw him work hard.noticed I noticed him work hard.watched I watched him work hard.expected I expected him to work hard.made I made him work hard.wish I wish him to work hard.1. He wished us to come again.

madeexpectedsawheardwatchedliked

2. I dislike them to quarrel about it.madeheardexpectedhatedwishedletwanted

3. She made me leave the room.wished

sawexpectedletinvitedwantedheard

4. I mean you to do it.expectletshall seeshall watchheardmadeforbadewishedadvise

4. Translate into English using the “Accusative with the Infinitive” construction:1. Vreau ca tu să faci asta. 2. Declară că noi nu putem rezolva această problemă.3. Mă faci să râd. 4. Vrei să mă ajuţi să duc acest bagaj la gară? 5. A admis căştirea e adevărată. 6. Voia să-i împrumut o sumă de bani. 7. Ce te-a făcut săîntârzii? 8. M-au invitat să vin mâine la ei. 9. L-am văzut căzând. 10. L-am auzitcântând.

5. Change the following into “Nominative with the Infinitive” constructions:Model: I expect him to come early.

He is expected to come early.1. It happened that he is leaving.2. I know him to be a good student.3. He sees that we are coming.4. We hear that he is singing.5. I noticed that he was learning hard.6. It proved that the boy was very good at foreign languages.7. It is sure that he will arrive in time.8. It is likely that they’ll be here at noon.9. It is said that the bankers of today descend from the goldsmiths.

6. Translate into English using “Nominative with the Infinitive” constructions:1. Se crede că ei sunt vinovaţi pentru cele întâmplate. 2. Se ştie că el este cel maibun din toţi. 3. Se aşteaptă ca noi să obţinem rezultate foarte bune. 4. S-aîntâmplat ca noi să putem să-i ajutăm. 5. Părea că are vreo 30 de ani. 6. S-adovedit că avea dreptate. 7. Li s-a cerut să plece. 8. S-a crezut că vor reuşi. 9. Seanunţă că vremea este favorabilă. 10. A fost auzit repetând aceste cuvinte de maimulte ori. 11. Au fost văzuţi plecând dimineaţa.

7. Change the following according to the model, to obtain an absolute participialconstruction:

a) He learned very much.He got tired. Learning very much, he got tired.

b) He had lost his pencil. Having lost his pencil, he had to buy a new one. He had to buy a new one.1. She had finished her book. She went to the library to borrow a new one. 2. Theyhave received the letter. They wrote an answer. 3. They got an inquiry. They sent theoffer. 4. They did not obtain an order. They drew up a follow-up letter. 5. He drovevery fast. He arrived in time. 6. He heard a noise. He rushed to the place from wherethe noise came. 7. We expect them. So we stayed home the whole day. 8. We saw thechild. We were very glad.

8. Translate the following sentences into Romanian and point out the participialconstructions:

1. They could hear him reading aloud in the adjoining room. 2. We saw themleaving the house. 3. We watched them preparing the cookies. 4. I found himsleeping. 5. I got my hair cut. 6. I had my shoes mended. 7. I felt the raindropspouring down along my face. 8. They were seen running away. 9. She was heardcrying. 10. They were left quarrelling. 11. We were kept waiting.

9. Translate into English using the construction “Accusative with the Participle”:1. L-am văzut fumând când se pregătea să intre în sala de examen. 2. L-am auzitcântând ieri dimineaţa. 3. L-am găsit citind un roman interesant. 4. M-a urmărittraversând strada pe culoarea roşie a semaforului şi m-a amendat. 5. Simţealacrimile umplându-i ochii la gândul nereuşitei. 6. Trebuie să-mi dau hainele lacurăţat. 7. Trebuie să mă tund. 8. Nu ne face să aşteptăm aşa de mult. 9. Am auzitlângă mine pe cineva ţipând.

THE ADVERB

1. Choose the correct form from those given in brackets:- (near, nearly) 1. They … resemble each other.

2. The book is … at hand.3. She … fainted.

- (hard, hardly) 1. I could … understand what he was saying.2. He tried … and finally found the right solution.

- (short, shortly) 1. They will .. return from their holidays.2. Our supplies ran …3. The chairman cut … the proceedings.

- (direct, directly) 1. The bus goes there …2. Go to him … and tell him about it.3. Come in …

- (late, lately) 1. I think he’ll be …2. Have spoken to him …?

- (right, rightly) 1. Turn to the … and then go straight on.2. He went … to the end of the street.3. You have acted …4. It serves him …

2. Make sentences with adverbs of manner:Model: He is a good student.

He learns well.1. He is a careful reader of English books. 2. The rooms have poor furniture. 3.She is a fast typist. 4. He spoke in a loud voice. 5. He gave us correct answers. 6.They sent a prompt reply to our letter. 7. His answer was clear and concise. Thecorrespondent must use a courteous tone in his letters. 9. His greeting wasrespectful.

3. Add an adverb of time to each of the following sentences (either an adverb of indefinitetime or frequency or an adverb of definite time):

Examples:- He is reading a novel. - He is reading a novel now.- He wrote a reply to the letter. - He wrote a reply to the letter yesterday.- He has asked some questions. - He has often/seldom asked some questions.- He had arrived. - He had arrived before.

1. It is cold. 2. They have run fast. 3. I went to the theatre and saw an interestingperformance. 4. They will attend the lectures. 5. We had opened the window. 6.Mary plays the piano. 7. She has performed a well known tune. 8. She will spendher holidays at the seaside. 9. We spent our holidays in a mountain resort. 10.Have you been to the Danube Delta?

4. Find the right place for the adverbs in the following sentences:1. I have not answered her letter (yet). 2. They have failed in the exams. (seldom).3. Have you been to theatre performances (often)? 4. We have met there (never).5. You have received a prompt reply from them (usually). 6. They have found

someone suitable (already). 7. George is late for school (never). 8. Mr.Smithtravels to London by car (always). 9. John Brown goes shopping (every week).10. He bought a new car (last month). 11. He called on us (two days ago). 12. Hehad left the office (an hour before).

5. Use the following adverbs in different degrees of comparison in sentences of your own:-well, fast, high, easily, far, little, slowly.Example:- hard - He works harder than you.

- He works as hard as you.- He does not work as hard as you.- He works the hardest of you all.

6. Put the adverbs in the right place:a) 1. Father talked to her (kindly). 2. He speaks English (fluently). 3. He watched

the children play (silently). 4. They wrote the homework given by the teacher(carefully). 5. I know English (very well). 6. He liked our house (very much). 7. Iagree to the terms of the contract (fully). 8. It is cold (too). 9. We have anythingto say on this (scarcely).

b) 1. He is due to arrive (early, tomorrow). 2. He will come (here, next week). 3.They arrived (there, yesterday evening). 4. He left Bucharest (at night, late). 5.She will work (gladly, tomorrow, there). 6. They return (home, always,willingly).

7. Use still, yet or already:1. Are you … here? 2. He has … left home, but he hasn’t arrived at my office …3. He is … there. 4. They haven’t answered … 5. We haven’t received the adviceof dispatch …, but we hope the goods are … on their way to us.

8. Translate into English:1. Am mers şi mai departe şi am acceptat ideea lui. 2. Am mers mai departe decâttine în excursia de săptămâna trecută. 3. El ştie mai puţin decât tine, iar fratele luiştie cel mai puţin dintre voi toţi şi trebuie să lucreze sârguincios ca să poată să seprezinte la examen. 4. Ne plăcea tot mai puţin felul în care îşi îndeplineaobligaţiile sale. 5. Cu cât mergem mai iute, cu atât vom ajunge mai departe. 6. Încele din urmă el găsi soluţia cea mai bună. 7. Cel mai târziu mâine vom expediamarfa comandată de clienţii noştri. 8. Mi-ai dat mai puţin de lucru ca de obicei.

9. Add enough to the following sentences:1. He is tall to reach where the things are. 2. I have money to pay the bill. 3. He isold to decide for himself. 4. It is cold to make a fire inside. 5. They have time tothink it over.

10. Replace each group of underlined words by an adverb given at the end of the exercise:1. Although unwilling to do it, he had to be rude in his answer. 2. Certain naturalsubstances can be obtained by artificial means. 3. He was known to have workedwith unremitting effort. 4. He had always worked with care and thoroughness. 5.They were waiting for the answer with anxious fear. 6. His point of view seemedcorrect but from the opposite point of view he was wrong.

- apprehensibely, conversely, conscientiously, sythetically, reluctantly, tirelessly.

11. Translate into English, paying attention to the different ways in which the Romanianadverb “mai” is expressed in English:

1. Ce ţi-a mai spus? 2. Mai dă-mi o cană de ceai. 3. Cel mai bun lucru e săaştepţi. 4. Mai niciodată nu m-a crezut pe mine. 5. Acest răspuns e şi maiprost. 6. Mai stăm câteva minute.

12. Translate, using some compound adverbs from the list given below.1. În zilele noastre ştiinţa a realizat progrese enorme. 2. A găsit metodele prin caresă obţină rezultatul dorit. 3. A semnat şi prin aceasta a confirmat primireacoletului. 4. Părţile contractante vor fi denumite mai jos în acest documentvânzătorul şi cumpărătorul. 5. Care sunt metalele din care se fac bijuteriile? 6.Orice acord la care se va ajunge de acum încolo trebuie să fie conform cuînţelegerile anterioare.

- hereafter, hereinafter, nowadays, thereby, whereby, whereof.

13. Replace the underlined adverbial phrases by simple adverbs and make any necessarychanges:

1. At last he won the prize. 2. In the long run he proved he was right. 3. Little bylittle he persuaded us to support him. 4. He lives a long way off. 5. They parted forgood. 6. At that time the things were not clear. 7. You are wrong, to a large extent.8. From time to time we paid them a visit. 9. I lived in this place some years ago.10. He has been absent in recent times, on account of his illness.

THE PREPOSITION

1. Fill in the blanks with beside and besides:1. Don’t put the books … the others; you won’t recognize yours. 2. Mycomposition is short … yours. 3. … speaking English he also speaks French. 4. Itis too late to go out for a walk now; … it might begin to rain. 5. He was …himself with anger. 6. Don’t you like to sit … me? 7. I have some other goodpaintings … this. 8. All … me were frightened by the accident. 9. No one wentwith him … me. 10. His honesty is …. the question.

2. Fill in the blanks with the most suitable of the four phrases:1. I won’t be able to come; I have too much work … (in hand, at hand, out of hand,

by hand).2. I agree … but there are some other things to be taken into account (up to a point,

on the point, beside the point, in point).3. Work was … when we left (in full, in full swing, to the full, full-length).4. They are working … to get everything ready by the evening (to time, against time,

with time, by time).5. The chairman’s speech was clear and … (in point, to the point, up to a point, on

the point).6. I get angry with him … but not very seriously (to time, at times, in time, by the

time).7. May I talk to you … of the meeting? (in the end, at the end, to the end, on the end).8. He doesn’t agree to it now but … he will see I am right (with the time, by time, in

time, at times).9. The name and address should be written (to the full, full-length, in full, full-time).10. She fainted and was lying … on the floor (to the full, full-length, in full, full-time).11. There are some exellent restaurants close … (in hand, to hand, by hand, out of

hand).12. I asked her so many times to lend me the book that … she did so, (at the end, in

the end, by the end, on the end).

3. Ask questions using the words on the left-hand side and answer them using the verbalphrases on the right:

Model: What do you do on Sundays?I go to the cinema.

on Sundays, on Saturday evenings, to stay at home, to go to the cinema,on week-days, on hot days in summer, to watch TV, to go swimming, to goon holidays, on cold days in winter skiing, to go to the mountains, to go toon the 15th of September, on wet days. the seaside, to go to school, to go to

one’s job.

4. Fill in the blanks with in, at or on:1. I wrote a letter to my brother … Friday evening. 2. I was born … the 11th ofJanuary. 3. There are a lot of cars and buses… the street … the afternoon. 4. She

comes back from her job … half past four. 5. Every Saturday evening there is aninteresting film … TV. 6. Will you be … home … seven-thirty? 7. I called onAnn, but she was out … that time. 8. School begins … September, more precisely… the 15th of september. 9. He is going to finish his homework … half an hour.10. I always go to the seaside … summer. 11. I am leaving for Bucharest … 8.o’clock … the morning. 12. He is here … business. 13. If you don’t want to missthe train you will have to arrive … the station … a quarter of an hour. 14. Don’tlaugh … his mistakes; you could have made them as well.

5. Translate into Romanian, paying attention to the word “by”, in the following sentences:1. She was walking by the side of her friend. 2. I have understood the problembetter by reading the text twice. 3. Do you go to your office by bus? 4. What is thetime by your watch? 5. A friend of mine has walked by. 6. By doing nothing welearn to do ill. (proverb). 7. I haven’t ever met her; I know her only by sight. 8. Dogo and see this performance by all means. 9. He doesn’t like travelling by train; healways travels by plane. 10. They ought to have arrived here by this time. 11.Don’t stay by the window; you may catch a cold. 12. They sell cloth by the yard.13. I have translated everything by myself.

6. Translate into Romanian paying attention to the preposition “for”1. He did not come for fear of being scolded. 2. He was silent for a while. 3.Walking is good for your health. 4. What are you doing that for when there are somany people waiting for you? 5. He has got grand ideas for this only child. 6. Forthe first time in his life he failed in an examination. 7. Whom do you take me for?8. The lift has becn out of order for a few days.9. He is leaving for Bucharesttomorrow. 10. He has retired now but he worked twently-five years for a foreigntrade company.

7. Fill in the blanks with “between” or “among”:1. You may come … six and seven. 2. They distributed the theatre tickets …themselves. 3. Let’s discuss it … you and me. 4. You are the only one … themwhom I trust. 5. Their house lies … the library and the University. 6. The Danubeflows slowly …its banks. 7. When he came back he told us a lot of interestingstories about his life … the Indians. 8. … ourselves I can tell you the truth aboutthis. 9. Is there anybody … us who wants to help him with it? 10. There was alittle hut … the trees which we finally reached. 11. It is quite difficult to tell thedifference in meaning … these two words. 12. Everybody considers him to be thebest … our students.

8. Fill in the blanks with behind, in front of, through, opposite, next to, near, towards, within,inside, outside, and translate into Romanian:

1. An English house, however modest, has a small garden … it. 2. Who lives inthe house … yours? 3. The woman sitting … me asked him when the train wasdue to arrive in Bucharest. 4. The best student was congratulated … all hisfellows. 5. Who is the person coming … us? 6. Many travellers went … therestaurant, when the rain started, others remained … 7. I promise to give the bookback to you … a week. 8. The ship was slowly moving … blocks of ice. 9. Thereis a cinema … my home, so I go to the pictures every week. 10. He parked his car… mine. 11. We had been walking … the forest for an hour when we arrived at aclearing. 12. The monument they were looking for was somewhere … that area.13. She shouldn’t have said it … my back. 14. His attitude … her wasinconceivable.

9. Supply the suitable prepositions in the following sentences:1. What do you know … Ann? She has been absent … school … a few days. 2.You are accusing me … not telling the truth. I am not accustomed … suchrudeness. 3. His remarks were so ridiculous, that everybody laughed … them. 4.You have to apologize … being late. 5. The manager agrees … me … his report;he will also agree … its being published … a paper. 6. Mother is angry … me; shegot angry hearing the results … my exams. 7. The children got soon tired …painting. 8. He will never admit … being wrong. 9. Vegetarians live …vegetables, fruit and nuts. 10. They complained … the delay in delivery, but not… the person who caused it. 11. I had nothing to do but help him to get …trouble. 12. Ann knocked … the door and the next moment she realized her friendwas surprised … seeing her. 13. They tried their utmost aiming …getting the bestresults. 14. Fog prevented them … seeing anything. 15. They translated the text… English and it was not easy at all. 16. She was angry about their being late; shehad been waiting … them for an hour. 17. You can rely … them, they will neverlet you down. 18. It all depends … their agreement to signing the contract. 19.They congratulated him … being awarded the prize. 20. We are looking forward… hearing … you soon. 21. Send … the doctor, she’s got a high fever. 22. Theyhave been married … ten years, that is … 1985.

10. Fill in the blanks with the prepositions required before the nouns:1. We go to school … week-days, but not … Sundays and … holidays. 2. Wealways listen to the radio or watch TV … the evening. 3. I don’t like driving …winter as it is too much snow. 4. Nobody likes to be … debt. 5. You have to arrivethere … time; I am …a hurry and can’t wait for you. 6. … one way or another hewill have to solve the matter. 7. It was a fine day and we went home … sunset. 8.There is … doubt that facts don’t favour him. 9. They told us they would go onthe trip but they changed their minds … the spot. 10. He repeated the conversationhe had heard word … word. 11. We met him … accident. 12. Something isburning; I think a house is … fire. 13. Their country was … war then; fortunatelyit is … peace now. 14. Is the tea … your taste or shall I bring some more sugar?

11. Make up sentences using the phrases given below:- on account of, by means of, with a view to, in the event of, in case of, on behalfof, on duty, in conclusion, with regard to, on the whole, at any rate, with regard to,from time to time, at once, beyond doubt.

12. Make up as many sentences as possible, from the following:It is hot hereThey liveThey haven’t seen meJoan was asleepThe railway runsThe dress is madeI’m always busyI have no influenceWe got a lot of thingsI took a seatKeep

foratinthroughbyonofoff

a low pricea green plaina long timethe other side of the roadhimsilkthe grassthat timeMondaysthe windowsummer

13. Make up sentences using the phrases given below:- to be at sea, to sit at a table, to be surprised at, to participate in, to write of smth,to write on smth, to be married to smb, to marry smb, to agree with smb, to agreeto smth, to agree on smth, to rely (on) upon smh (smth), to talk of (about) anevent, to talk to (with) a person.

14. Translate into English:1. Victor a venit la Bucureşti cu treburi. 2. El lucrează la această invenţie de anide zile. 3. Ei pleacă la mare cu maşina. 4. Vom sta la munte o săptămână. 5. Ţi-am luat ieri stiloul din greşeală. 6. Ion este foarte bun la limba engleză. 7. Zahărulse vinde la kilogram. 8. Ei au plecat din cameră fără să spună un cuvânt. 9. Elenal-a văzut pe soţul ei pe peron când a coborât din tren. 10. Va fi greu de trecut printoată mulţimea aceea. 11. Te rog să mă prezinţi prietenului tău. 12. El mi-arăspuns imediat la scrisoare.

15. Make up sentences using the phrases given below:- on condition that, on a large (small) scale, on credit, on sale, on consideration, indebt, in ink (pencil), to be interested in, to set in motion, from first to last, frombad to worse, to be at a loss, to put a law into force, out of order, piece by piece.

16. Translate into English:1. La ce te gândeşti? 2. La ce serveşte acest obiect? 3. Ce cauţi? 4. Cu ce scrii? 5.Pentru ce îi scrii? 6. Cu cine vii? 7. Cu cine vorbeşti? 8. Cui îi scrii? 9. De ce râzi?10. De cine râzi? 11. De ce nu zâmbeşti? 12. La ce te uiţi? 13. De unde vine? 14.Despre ce ai citit? 15. De cine se tem ei? 16. La cine ţipă? 17. Cu ce vor călători?18. La ce oră vor veni? 19. În ce ţară a plecat? 20. Despre ce este acest raport?

17. Fill in the blanks with since or for:1. John has been a hard-working student … his failure in the examination. 2. Ihave been here … three days, that is … Monday. 3. We haven’t seen you … ages.Where have you been? 4. He’s been absent from school … last week. 5. You arealways late, this time I’ve been waiting for you … half an hour. 6. I’ve had muchwork to do … my arrival. 7. They have been living in Bucharest … five yearsnow. 8. You are ill and it is better to stay in bed … a few days. 9. It has beensnowing … a few days, more exactly … Tuesday. 10. Can’t you come and staywith us … a week?

18. Translate into English, paying attention to the translation of the Romanian preposition“cu”.

1. Deşi de obicei sunt de acord cu tine, de data aceasta nu sunt de acord cu părereata. 2. Uneori nu te văd cu lunile; eşti atât de ocupat? 3. Este greu la început, dar cutimpul te obişnuieşti cu această muncă. 4. Ieri m-am întâlnit cu un vechi prieten.5. Profesorul ne cere să scriem temele cu cerneală, nu cu creionul. 6. Aceastăfirmă face comerţ cu instalaţii de foraj. 7. Este prea departe ca să merg la Cluj cumaşina, voi merge cu avionul. 8. Ea este întotdeauna îmbrăcată cu bun gust. 9.Poţi trece examenul cu condiţia să munceşti serios. 10. Mi-au povestit întâmplareacuvânt cu cuvânt.

19. Translate into English, paying attention to the translation of the Romanian preposition“la”:

1. Îmi aniversez ziua de naştere la 11 ianuarie. 2. Mă bucur că mi-ai telefonat,tocmai mă gândeam la tine. 3. Când pleci la mare? 4. Cât de des mergi la teatru?5. Le-am făcut o vizită la amiază, în timpul unei pauze. 6. Ar fi bine să mergi laculcare, pari foarte obosită. 7. La sosirea acasă, Mary a descuiat uşa. 8. Eilucrează la această invenţie de câţiva ani. 9. Ai sosit la timp ca să-mi dai o mânăde ajutor. 10. S-a făcut roşu la faţă când profesorul i-a făcut observaţie. 11. Dacăvrei să ajungi la Muzeul de Artă, mergi drept înainte şi apoi o iei la dreapta. 12.La început n-am înţeles textul, dar la a doua citire totul a devenit foarte clar. 13.Mi-aş cumpăra rochia, dar nu am destui bani la mine. 14. Acest elev nu vine laşcoală pentru că este la spital. 15. Treci pe la băcănie şi cumpără un kg. de orez, terog.

20. Fill in the blanks with the suitable preposition:a) “Doctor” she said loudly, bouncing … the room, “I want you to say frankly

what’s wrong … me”.He surveyed her … head … foot. “Madam”, he said … length, “I’ve just three thingsto tell you”.“First, your weight wants reducing … nearly fifty pounds”.“Second, your beauty would be improved if you used about one tenth as much rougeand lipstick”.“And third”, I’m an artist – the doctor lives … the next floor”.b) “I don’t like these photos … all”, he said, “I look like an ape”.The photographer, famous … his wit, as well as … his art, favoured him … a glance… lofty disdain:“You shoud have thought … that when you had them taken”, was his reply as heturned back … work.

21. Translate into English, paying attention to the translation of the Romanian preposition“din”:

1. Nu ne-am întâlnit din mai. Ai fost plecat din ţară? 2. Din ce este făcută mobilaaceasta? Dintr-un lemn special din America de Sud. 3. Avionul a plecat din Parisla ora 14,00 şi a ajuns la Bucureşti peste două ore. 4. Din ceea ce-mi spui înţelegcă nu ţi-a plăcut spectacolul. 5. Unul din prietenii mei mi-a propus să facem oexcursie împreună. 6. L-am întâlnit din întâmplare. 7. Tocmai ieşeam din casăcând mi-a telefonat. 8. Cel mai frumos oraş din ţară este oraşul meu natal. 9. Dincuriozitate, aş vrea să văd filmul asupra căruia s-a comentat atât. 10. Îmi pare rău,dar ţi-am luat cartea din greşeală.

22. Translate into English, using the prepositions for, at, to:1. John este bolnav de două săptămâni. 2. Biblioteca se deschide la ora 8dimineaţa. 3. Noi deseori acuzăm pe alţii pentru propriile noastre greşeli. 4. Ia-o lastânga şi în câteva minute eşti la poştă. 5. Trenul ajunge în gară cu întârziere decinci minute. 6. Sunt acasă de la prânz, aşa că te aştept la orice oră vrei să vii. 7.Mergi la munte cel puţin o săptămână; sunt sigură că este bine pentru sănătatea ta.8. Nu m-a surprins întârzierea ta pentru că niciodată nu eşti punctual. 9. Sper că-ţiface plăcere să ţi-l prezint pe prietenul meu. 10. Mâine plec la Londra, unde voista o săptămână. 11. Spune-mi pe scurt despre ce este vorba, mă grăbesc să ajungla birou. 12. Aşteptăm cu nerăbdare răspunsul dv. 13. Ştii sigur cât a plătit pentrubluza pe care a cumpărat-o ieri?

23. Insert the suitable preposition:a) Teacher: Your composition … “Our cat” is the same … your brother’s.

Pupil: Oh, yes! It’s the same cat.b) Pupils … a school had to write a story.

“Let’s think you are managers … big factories. Write … your day” said theteacher.When the leasson was over, one … the pupils did not give his notebook … theteacher.“What has happened … you?” asked the teacher.“I am waiting … my secretary”, answered the boy.

c) … a train there was a well-known writer. When the conductor came … thetickets, the writer could not find his ticket.“All right”, said the conductor, “I shall come … an hour”. But when he came, thewriter could not find the ticket again.“All right”, said the conductor, “I know you, as I’ve read your books. They arethe most interesting books I have read … my life. I am sure you have the ticketyou are looking…“But I must find the ticket, I have forgotten where I am going …”.

THE CONJUNCTION

1. Fill in the blanks with the missing conjunctions: but, so, as, and, where, since, not only …but, as if, as:

1. You are not … energetic … you used to be. 2. The flowers were picked …arranged by Helen. 3. My grandfather was taken to the hospital … he died. 4. Hehasn’t written him any letter … he left. 5. I am not sure I will be able to come, …I’ll do my best to be there. 6. Everything is settled, … whatever you say will makeno difference. 7. … does she play well, … she is a good composer, too. 8. Iremember very well … we first met. 9. Be a good boy … tell me what happened.10. We can’t pay a visit to him … we don’t know where he lives. 11. You aretelling the story … everything happened to you. 12. He is intelligent … not asquick as his brother.

2. Insert the appropriate conjunctions:1. It was late, … everybody felt very well. 2. … she was speaking on the phone, Iwas reading. 3. Here is the key to my room, … you may borrow any of my books… I am absent. 4. I did not read the book to the end … it was not interesting. 5.You can’t eat your cake … have it (proverb). 6. She had enough money … shebought the book. 7. He looks … he were ill. 8. I arrived … I heard of it. 9. I amnot going now … it is raining. 10. The day was dark … rainy. 11. Let us go to theseaside … the mountains. 12. I left early … I might catch the train.

3. Insert the correlative conjunctions: either … or, neither … nor, not only … but also, both… and:

1. He spoke … in favour … against it. 2. I couldn’t find an answer to my question… in the lecture … in the book. 3. … Helen … John are students. 4. You can have… red … white wine, whichever you prefer. 5. He is … clever … hard working.6. When we reached home she was … hungry … thirsty. 7. The lesson is … long… dificult. 8. On my summer holidays I will go … to the seaside … to themountains. 9. … was he late at school … he dad left his copybook at home, too.10. Can you … write … speak English?

4. Join the two sentences using the suitable conjuctions:1. He’s ready. I’m ready. 2. He smiled. He refused. 3. Shall we meet again at six?Shall we meet at seven? 4. They can speak French. They can understand French.5. Did she give him a ring? Did she write him a note? 6. It’s on the floor. It’s nearthe window. 7. I know Jim. I don’t know Paul. 8. It is cold outside. It is sunny. 9.Maybe seven people came. Maybe eight came. 10. He is poor. He is happy.

5. Supply if or whether in the following sentences:1. I wonder … they will come in time. 2. I would accept his offer … I were you.3. We shall go out … the rain stops. 4. The teacher asked the pupils … theyunderstood his explanation. 5. He wanted to know … she was going to invite him

to her birthday party. 6. He would have told you … your brother had ring you up.7. We have to ask them … they agree to our decision. 8. The match will bepostponed … the weather is unfavourable. 9. She wonders … he will pass theexamination. 10. He will pass the examination … he works hard.

6. Fill in the blanks with the right conjuction:1. Early to bed … early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy … wise. 2. Actionsspeak louder … words. 3. Prevention is better … cure. 4. Think today … speaktomorrow. 5. Hear twice … you speak once. 6. Better late … never. 7. Strike theiron … it is hot. 8. … you make your bed, … you must lie on it. 9. An emptyvessel gives a greater sound … a full barrel.

7. Translate into English, paying attention to the use of conjuctions:1. Atât fratele meu cât şi prietenul lui au plecat în excursie. 2. Shelley n-a fostnumai poet, ci şi revoluţionar. 3. Nu-ţi poţi cumpăra cartea dacă nu ai bani la tine.4. Dacă nu te-ai fi grăbit, n-ai fi prins trenul. 5. Nu ai voie să te duci la cinema,dacă nu ţi-ai făcut temele. 6. Mă interesează atât muzica cât şi pictura. 7. Nu-miplace să călătoresc nici cu trenul, nici cu maşina. 8. Dacă nu pleci acum, veiîntârzia din nou. 9. Nimeni nu cunoştea adevărul, aşa cum îl ştiam eu. 10. Trebuiesă stai în pat până te însănătoşeşti. 11. Niciodată nu plec dimineaţa până nu iaumicul dejun. 12. Fie John, fie Jane trebuia să rezolve această problemă. 13.Întrucât suntem obosiţi, ne vom opri aici. 14. El a răspuns ca şi cum nu ştia regulaaceasta.

8. Fill in the blanks with suitable conjuctions:A man was knocked down by a taxi cab in the street. He was taken to hospital.His wife was standing by his bed … said to the doctor:“I think … he is very ill”.“I am afraid … he is dead”, said the doctor.Hearing this, the man moved his head … said:“I am not dead, I am still alive”.“Be quiet” said the wife, “the doctor knows better … you”.

SOME PROBLEMS OF SYNTAX

I. INVERSION

1. Paraphrase these sentences using the following negative restrictive adverbs:- no sooner … than; hardly (scarcely) … when; only after … - …; not only … butalso; only when … - …; never; seldon; in vain.Models: No sooner, had we reached the hotel than it began pouring.

Scarcely hat I turned round the corner when I bumped into an old friendof mine.Hardly had I reached the station when the train started.Only after I returned home did I notice how soaked my shoes were.Only when I opened the window could I hear the song of the birds.

1. I read only a few pages of the novel and the end was clear to me. 2. He left thehouse and forgot all about the shopping list. 3. He entered the office andimmediately the phone rang. 4. I have never seen anything like the landing on themoon. 5. We got home when it began to rain. 6. There had never been such a rainyday. 7. The mountains had never seemed so near to his house. 8. He promised tohelp us and placed all his textbooks at our disposal. 9. He had got up when thedog entered the room. 10. He made many blunders before he realized that heshould have given more consideration to his friend’s advice.

2. Finish these sentences using the given phrases:1. Hardly … when … 2. All the sooner … 3. Never again … 4. Not only thosepresent but … 5. No sooner … than … 6. So quickly … 7. Not only … but also …8. Neither for my sake nor for your sake … 9. Little did … 10. Only then …

3. Put the negative or restrictive adverbs at the head of the sentences:1. I had scarcely time to turn off the light. 2. We kenw little about that giftedpainter. 3. I had hardly typed the letter when the manager asked for it. 4. She hadno sooner opened the window than a gust of wind scattered my papers on thefloor. 5. All her efforts to persuade them were in vain. 6. They were no soonerunder shelter than it began to rain. 7. I learned the happy news only upon herarrival. 8. He had scarcely entered the room when he saw the beautiful roses onhis desk. 9 I pointed out in vain that it was useles to leave so early.

II. AGREEMENT BETWEEN SUBJECT AND PREDICATE

1. Use the correct form of the infinitive in brackets:(Note: a/ Most compound subjects joined by and are plural and take plural verbs; b/

singular subjects joined by or or nor are singular and take singular verbs; c/ whentwo subjects, one of which is singular and the other is plural, are joined by or ornor, the verb agrees with the nearer word):1. John and George (to tease) my brother about being too shy. 2. Either my sisteror my friend (to accompany) my little brother to doctor. 3. Neither the magazinenor the yearbook (to belong) to me. 4. Every Sunday it’s either Tom or his sisterthat (to dust) the room. 5. Neither Tom nor Mary (to turn off) the TV set. 6. Danand Vlad (to be) reliable friends. 7. Either John or his wife (to be) entertain theguests. 9. His warmest admirer and severest critic (to be) his eldest brother. 10. Ifthey both or he alone (to wish) to eat apple pie I will bake one.

2. Choose the correct form of the verbs in brackets:1. Nobody in my team (has, have) ever dreamt of such a success. 2. Everyone inmy office (help, helps) the new clerk. 3. (Does, do) either of you know anythingabout her latest book? 4. Everybody (was, were) congratulating him. 5. Neitherthe doctor nor the nurse (is, are) here on Sunday. 6. None of them (likes, like)onion soup. 7. (Is, are) anyone interested in taking up this subject? 8. Each of us(do, does) (one’s) best to learn business correspondence. 9. Neither of thebookshops (is, are) open on Saturday afternoon. 10. Somebody (is, are) getting onmy nerves.

3. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form:1. Phonetics (to improve) our pronunciation. 2. In the course of this fortnight ascore of similar folders (to be) forwarded to our business partner. 3. The Straits ofDover (to be) not far from the French coast. 4. Measles (to be) catching diseasemostly frequent with infants. 5. Mechanics (to seem) to be the only branch ofphysics he likes best. 6. Semantics (to be) a branch of philology concerned withthe meanings of words. 7. Statistics of educational improvements in this country(to show) the impact of learning on the masses. 8. Economics (to be) of an utmostimportance in modern society. 9. Physics (to comprise) a group of sciencesdealing with matter and energy. 10. My family (to be) early risers. 11. Theaudience (to cheer) the singer. 12. Here (to be) the latest news. 13. The luggage(to be + Present Perfect) sent already. 14. … the scissors belong to you?

4. Translate into English:1. Veştile sunt foarte bune. 2. Cleştele este pe masa din bucătărie 3. Familia meanu pleacă la munte anul acesta, pentru că fratele meu mai mare dă examen deadmitere la facultate. 4. Echipa de dansuri a facultăţii noastre s-a situat pe primulloc la concurs. 5. Schimbul de după amiază începe lucrul la ora 14. 6. Grupanoastră pregăteşte un recital de poezie. 7. Informaţiile lui sunt totdeauna utilepentru organizarea unor reuşite excursii prin ţară. 8. Sfaturile părinţilor sedovedesc deosebit de valoroase. 9. Grupul de străini care ne-a vizitat ţara este

foarte impresionat de frumuseţea peisajului românesc. 10. Majoritateaeconomiştilor ştiu două limbi străine. 11. Asociaţia studenţilor se interesează derezultatele fiecărui student în parte.

III. THE OBJECT

1. Change the position of the direct object:Model: Grandmother read the story to the children.

Grandmother read the children the story.1. We offered a birthday present to our sister. 2. He gave the book to me. 3. Didhe return the books to the librarian? 4. Dan threw the ball to his friend. 5. Theygave the vacuumcleaner to the young couple. 6. The old man wrote a letter to hissister. 7. We sent a birthday card to John. 8. She handed the newspaper to theperson sitting near him. 9. John sent some flowers to his wife. 10. The guideshowed the new districts to the tourists. 11. I gave the tickets to my aunt. 12. Heshowed the prize to his friends. 13. Did Mary lend his sister the book? 14. Theysent the circular to all their partners. 15. The student gave the professor the rightanswer. 16. John told me the whole truth yesterday.

2. Use the following verbs both with direct and indirect object:- to buy, to give, to hand, to lend, to mail, to offer, to own, to pay, to read, to sell,to send, to show, to teach, to throw, to write, to tell.

3. Insert the preposition “to” where necessary:1. Dictate … him this inquiry for goods. 2. The officer showed … the tourists theway to the Village Museum. 3. We must show … the old great consideration. 4.They offered … me some interesting books. 5. Can you lend … me your bike? 6.The secretary handed the requested files … the manager. 7. They showed theirlatest product … the client. 8. They sent him … the next stand. 9. Give thesescrew-drivers … the foreman. 10. … which of these two men did you give thebook? 11. I gave the manuscript … the secretary and not … the typist. 12. Sendthe registered letters … the post-office. 13. He can prove this … everybody anymoment. 14. They sent … ker a basket of beautiful carnations. 15. Describe … usall the particulars of the car. 16. Explain … him how to use it. 17. He did notsuggest … them that they should send the order within three days. 18. Sheintroduced her friend … her parents.

IV. THE RELATIVE CLAUSE

1. Complete the following defining relative clauses using a relative pronoun wherenecessary:

1. The man … is sitting at that desk is our new manager. 2. This is the boy …photo was awarded the gold medal. 3. I asked the secretary … you rang upyesterday to send us all the details about the new product. 4. The actress …usually plays that part is ill. 5. The fruit … you bought yesterday were very fresh.6. The book … you want is out of print. 7. Have some of the cakes … my mothermade this morning! 8. What’s the name of the boy … has just left? 9. Is that man… you lent the money to? 10. The picture … they are looking at was painted by afamous artist. 11. The girl … you see in front of the garden is John’s sister. 12.The men … waved to us was my cousin.

2. Insert the appropriate relative pronouns in the following non-defining relative clauses:1. My aunt … went to Braşov two days ago, arrives back tonight. 2. The client …called on us yesterday has left for Paris. 3. The London plane … is due at six, islate today. 4. Your friend … name I can never remember, rang just now. 5. Myfriend Tom, to … I wrote a letter yesterday, is coming back next week. 6. Thephone from Jassy … ought to be here at 11 a.m., will be two hours late. 7. Myradio-set, … has been out of order for weeks, is now mended. 8. Your brother … Ihappened to meet yesterday, has became a handsome boy. 9. Chess … is a veryold game, is difficult to play.

3. Combine the following sentences by means of relative clauses:1. Here is the girl; you met her yesterday. 2. Mr. Ionescu has just moved in. Helives next door to us. 3. Bring me the book. I left it on the table, the table standsagainst the wall. 4. Don’t miss the show. So much has been written about it. 5. Isthat John’s flower garden? You pointed it out to me yesterday. 6. Last week Ivisited the town. The great poet used to live there. 7. I met your sister yesterday.You introduced me to her last week. 8. The matter has been settled. You weretalking about it last night. 9. The contract was concluded. It is very important forboth firms. 10. The order was put in hand. They insisted so much about it.

4. Translate into English:1. Nu am găsit dosarul pe care-l căutam ieri. 2. Sonata pe care ai ascultat-o estecompusă de marele nostru compozitor George Enescu. 3. Vasul de porţelan careeste aşezat în faţa acestor cărţi este creaţia artiştilor din Sighişoara. 4. Rochia pecare am cumpărat-o ieri îmi place foarte mult. 5. Acesta este noul cartier desprecare Maria mi-a vorbit cu atâta entuziasm. 6. Produsele româneşti expuse la TIBs-au bucurat de aprecierea unanimă a participanţilor. 7. Filmul românesc pe care l-ai văzut ieri a fost premiat la un festival internaţional. 8. Cartea pe care ţi-am dat-oo am de la fratele meu. 9. Studentul pe care ţi l-am arătat este cel mai bunmatematician din grupa noastră. 10. Bilanţul pe care l-am încheiat ieri oglindeşterealizările întreprinderii noastre.

V. THE ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

1. Point out the adverbial clauses of manner, comparison, degree, result and concession andtranslate them into Romanian:

1. You should speak Spanish as he does. 2. You read as if you were an artist. 3.That problem is much more difficult than you thought. 4. The sooner you send theorder, the sooner you will get the goods. 5. He was speaking very quietly so that itwas difficult to hear what he said. 6. This painting is not so (as) cheap as youthink. 7. The boy ran so fast that his friend could not catch him. 8. Would you beso kind as to ring him up? 9. He explained it as clearly as he could. 10. Theweather was wet and cold for a month, as it often can be in his village in earlyspring. 11. He always treated us as if we were his grandchildren. 12. Though hetried hard, he was not successful. 13. No matter whether you like it or not, I shallbuy that little painting. 14. For all that he seems so bad-tempered, I still think he

had a very kind nature. 15. Though no swimmer, little John splashed abouthappily in the sea. 16. I enjoyed that journey though we travelled slowly, though itwas cold, though it rained cats and dogs.

2. Supply adverbial clauses of time, manner, cause, comparison, concession or an attributiveclause introduced by as:

1. … I must work hard. 2. … I have a great many extra business letters to type. 3.… they are still there. 4. …, he bid as farewell. 5. …, please ring up the manager.6. To man a canoe you must have such an oar … 7. … he gave it to his youngerbrother. 8. That problem was not such a difficult one … 9. I like poetry almost asmuch … 10. … we have to leave very early. 11. … as to please everyone. 12. Ishall help you … 13. I worked as hard …

3. Complete the following sentences supplying adverbial clauses of:a) place1. Begin to read where … 2. We saw her where … 3. Put it back where … 4. Iwill not forget to take it with me wherever … 5. I will go where …b) time1. I shall not leave before … 2. What are you going to do after … 3. Ring me upas soon as … 4. Don’t speak after … 5. I’ll wash up the dishes while … 6. Let meknow when … 7. You can stay as long as … 8. Wait till (until) … 9. You’ll findthe way all right once … 10. After … he left the room. 11. I saw him as … 12.She hasn’t been there since …c) cause1. As … it is easy to find his house. 2. Since … I’ll do my best to send it in duetime. 3. I can’t agree to it because … 4. As … I think I can deliver the whole lot.5. We must leave now for … 6. Since … let’s have a look at it first. 7. As …you’d better lead the way. 8. I can’t go because …d) result1. The book is not mine, so … 2. I was so happy that … 3. You speak so fast that… 4. It was so cold that … 5. It is so interesting that … 6. The product was sogood that…e) comparison or manner1. John speaks English as … 2. The more you read, the more … 3. He did it aswell as … 4. It is not so new as … 5. The longer we walked the more … 6. Themore… the better. 7. The weather was not so cold as … 8. She looked veryexcited as if … 9. They knew the place as though … 10. You look younger than…f) concession1. Although … we shall leave early. 2. Even though … I should not have boughtit. 3. No matter how … we shall do our best to solve it. 4. I shall not do it though… 5. We shall try to join the team too although … 6. Tired as … he went onentertaining his guests. 7. Though … they went by car.

VI. WORD ORDER

1. Rearrange the following words in order to form correct sentences:1. You when him see did? 2. Books read does English he? 3. Exercises must allthe students do. 4. Door at somebody the was there. 5. Break the for bell ringing isthe. 6. Fir.tree the was there an house old near. 7. So I tall very is and my ambrother. 8. Coat here your is! 9. Here bus our goes! 10. Yet has not he left. 11. Theletter he has sent already. 12. He soup this cook spoilt. 13. They very much still itlike. 14. Film interesting an such I seen never have. 15. Basket-ball you are youplay the taller the better. 16. I read the letter my brother to. 17. Nearly missed theythe train. 18. I agree quite you with. 19. He knows him hardly. 20. Even try didn’tyou. 21. The film I enjoyed yesterday. 22. She news listened to I carefully. 23.Well the girl the piano played. 24. Games played yesterday in their room thechildren quitly. 25. Quietly the door he opened. 26. Immediately he left. 27. A treein the corner of the garden he planted. 28. Before lunch the letter in his officequickly he typed. 30. This morning a book I from the library borrowed. 31. We athouse stay on Sundays. 32. There a lot of people are in the public gardens. 33. Thelittle boy an apple this morning ate greedily in the kitchen. 34. Draws shebeautifully. 35. Music like I very much. 36. A new school built they in our villagelast year. 37. The match at four o’clock ended. 38. She a better from brother herweek last received. 39. Lately your sister I seen haven’t. 40. Material this of madesilk will be use of. 41. Was held the conference last year in Bucharest.

THE NOUN

1. State the simple and compound nouns in the list below:country; classroom, conference; blackboard; laboratory; doorway; afternoon;newcomer; lecture; weekend; day flight; sister-in-law; highway; freedom; friendship;department; passer-by; welcome; faculty; merry-go-round; forget-me-not; flower;threshold; sunshine; agency; wireless; butterfly; windmill; looker-on; record draw-back; statesman; cars; penknife.

2. State how the nouns below are formed: (convertion; contraction; abbreviation; affixation;deflexion)

Romanian; driver; the Pacific; UNO; outlaw; song; expectation; native; the present; failure;car; loss; white; translator; pen; HP; suggestion; the Mediterranean; bus; building; theancients; the moderns; writing; captain; enlargement; gvt; guidance; the poor; the rich; exam;Dr; strength; ad; self-administration; vac; superstructure; breadth; co-partner.

3. Form sentences according to the model, choosing the appropriate noun in column two:e.g. A Romanian is a native of Romania.Frenchman EnglandItalian FinlandEnglishman JapanGreek ItalyFinn ChinaSpaniard EgyptBelgian PolandDane GreecePole FrancePortuguese BelgiumSwede DenmarkChinese SpainEgyptian SwedenJapanese Portugal

4. Make up sentences according to the model, choosing the appropriate noun in column two:e.g. The language spoken by the people of England is English

Romania IndianDenmark BulgarianFrance ChineseGermany TurkishHolland PortugueseNorway FrenchPoland GermanPortugal RomanianBulgaria DanishTurkey DutchIndia NorwegianChina Polish

5. Attach the appropriate prefixes (b) to the following nouns (a)a) father; offer; management; structure; president; print; title; neutron; arrangement;

postulation; shore; mobility; action, summer; intervention; realism; suppositon;rector; afforestation; seller.

b) self-; mis-; dis-; in-; pre-; under-; counter; vice-; anti-; im-; neo-; re-; co-; super-;sub-; fore-; non-; pro-; mid-; ex-.

6. Attach the appropriate suffixes (b) to the following words (a)a) write; debt; pay; engine; percent; utter; prefer; tend; examine; free; child; host;

real; book; English; improve; great; friend; depart; leaf.b) – ee; -ance; -ation; -ess; -man; -ship; -or; -age; -ency; -hood; -let; -ness; -ure; -er;

-cer; -ence; -dom; -ism; -ment.

7. Transform the underlined prepositional phrases into juxtaposed nounse.g. a hostel for students a student hostel

a course for the summera collector of stampsa camp for childrena teacher of foreign languagesa shelf for booka table for writinga singer of pop musican enthusiast for sportsa sattelite of the earth

8. Form nouns with the following roots:man; read; kind; drive; broad; long; young; free; high; active; boy; useful; possible;act; girl; warm; fellow; good; secretary; author.

9. Answer these questions by changing the verbs into derived nouns. (Make all the othernecessary changes as in the model)e.g. Do you prefer spring or autumn? I have no preference for either.

1. Can you suggest a way out of this trouble?2. Does he intend to tell her the truth?3. Can you describe him the rules of the game?4. Can they achieve such a goal?5. Have you informed them about the trip?6. Can you examine all these students today?7. Can he guide the group to the forest?

10. Give the abstract nouns of:partner; child; to fail; clean; noise; humid; to discover; proud; to know; long; toexpend; craftsman; to register; illiterate; friend; to lose; to deliver; supreme; toperform; apprentice.

11. Change the underlined nouns into the plural. Make the other necessary changes1. The price or this item has gone down. 2. We like the cloth you produce. 3. OurEnglish teacher is very young. 4. What a beautiful bush grows at your entrance door!5. A judge is always impartial. 6. The blackboard is not clean. 7. Let’s hurry; the busis in the station! 8. There is a shortage in one box. 9. The Danube flows on theterritory of our country. 10. My life has changed in the last years. 11. This new factoryproduces modern equipment. 12. This class was very interesting. 13. The conference isheld on Monday. 14. The roof of that house is damaged. 16. The goods are left on thewharf. 17. We had lunch together. 18. This is not a toy! 19. This library is well-supplied. 20. I shall go along this path.

12. Write the plural of the following nouns according to the models (A) and/or (B) arrangingthem on two colums:

potato; photo; soprano; tomato; solo; echo; Negro; casino; hero; concerto; mosquito;volcano; motto; studio; salvo; portfolio; grotto.(A) cargo cargoes (B) piano pianos

13. Make up sentences with the nouns given below according to the model:She knows that the plural of crisis is crises.basis; phenomenon; erratum; hippopotamus; formula; bureau; series; analysis;

bacterium; datum; oasis; minimum; thesis; stadium; species; criterion; genius; addendum;memorandum; gymnasium; sanatorium.

14. Give the singular of the following nouns:children; allies; brethren; shelves; mice; buses; women; men; flies; dashes; geese; feet;

lunches; cups; teeth; mouths; countries; oxen; classes; loaves; dice; gulfs; wharves.

15. Turn the following sentences into the plural making all the necessary changes:1. As a student you should wait for your teacher in the classroom. 2. I am looking atthe blackboard in front of me. 3. The white butterfly is dangerous for the cabbagecrop. 4. My school mate is a brilliant person. 5. This goods train must arrive in time. 6.The passerby has stopped in front of the beautifully dressed shopwindow. 7. Hersister-in-law is a pleasant woman. 8. My daughter enjoys looking at a merry-go-round.9. A forget-me-not is a blue, delicate flower. 10. There is a finger post at the corner ofthis street. 11. This sportsman has been awarded a gold medal. 12. I think that I havelost at least one penknife in my life. 13. His fellow-traveller had a good knowledge ofthe event. 14. She prefers being examined by a woman doctor. 15. This shoolmaster isa person of broad experience. 16. They hoped that there was at least one on-looker. 17.That person in front of the shopwindow seems interested in our grods.

16. Translate the following sentences into Romanian paying attention to the differentmeanings of the plural form

1. I like her paintings because of their light colours.2. They have been waiting for the two presidents with colours flying.3. His opinion was that the compasses were out of order.

4. He received a pair of compasses as a birthday present.5. The Bank of England preserved many of its old customs.6. You have to pay customs duties for these items.7. In that case the damages were very serious.8. As the company was insured it received important damages.9. Don’t be so impressed because of some stage effects!10. The personal effects are duty free.11. The Letters of Credit should arrive in time.12. He is a famous man of letters.13. I have been waiting for you for more than 10 minutes.14. One of us should write down the minutes of our meeting.15. They started from good premises.16. We shall meet on the premises of our company.17. His life covered three quarters of the century.18. I think that I shall shift my quarters.19. We have received the receipts in good time.20. Their company obtained important receipts for its sales.21. The gross returns are very important this year.22. During the first two terms of the year they met several times for discussing.23. You should not try to reckon your happiness in terms of wordly success.

17. A. Give the Romanian translation of the plural form of the following nouns payingattention to their possible double meaning

commodity; facility; glass; manner; number; pain; work; scale; spectacle; ground. B. Practice the two possible meanings of the plural form of the above mentioned nouns,using them in pair sentences of your own.

18. Chose one of the two plural forms given in brackets:1. Some time ago their companies employed a significant number of (staffs; staves);2. One of the (staffs; staves) I bought yesterday was broken. 3. We should replace theold (dies; dice). 4. The (dies; dice) are cast. 5. Now we have to draw up the (indexes;indices) for these books. 6. In this exercise there are some mistakes regarding the(indexes; indices). 7. In the forehead and the eye the (index; indices) of the mind doeslie. 8. For many years he lived in different social (mediums; media). 9. Nowadays weenjoy a multitude of mass (mediums; media). 10. The salesman showed us various(clothes; cloths) to choose from for our dresses. 11. The (clothes; cloths) she wears arealways very smart.

19. Translate into English:1. Iată o veste care te-ar putea interesa. 2. Aceste veşti au fost o surpriză pentru el. 3.Care este sfatul tău în această situaţie? 4. Sfaturile bune trebuie transmise mai departe.5. În cameră nu erau prea multe mobile. 6. Cred că această mobilă este de calitatebună. 7. Informaţiile nu sunt exacte. 8. Informaţia sosită la timp este utilă. 9.Cunoştinţele de gramatică ne sunt foarte folositoare. 10. Toate bagajele mele au rămaspe peron. 11. Acest bagaj este foarte greu. 12. Care sunt ultimele ştiri primite laredacţie? 13. Banii sunt depuşi la bancă. 14. Scrisorile de afaceri bine întocmite sunt ocerinţă a comerţului modern. 15. Diferitele firme ce funcţionează sub acest nume suntaproape falimentare.

20. Use the verb in brackets in the singular or plural form (present tense) as required by thesubject

1. Our faculty foot-ball team (to play) in your town today. 2. My family (to be) on atrip in the mountains. 3. The government of this country (to agree) to take thenecessary steps in the problems under discussion. 4. When the audience (to be) in thehall the performance begins. 5. Our group (to be) always the first in foreign languages.6. The crowd (to gather) in front of the theatre door. 7. After more than 50 yearsmankind (not to forget) the horrors or WW II. 8. The crow (to be) on board “TheMures”. 9. The Parliament (to be) summoned in session. 10. People (to like) going ontrips in summer time. 11. The cattle (to enter) the farm-yard in the evening. 12. Myfolk (to live) in the country.

21. Choose the correct form of the verb out of the two given in brackets:1. I can see the trout that (move / moves) among the stones. 2. Poultry (is / are)grown on this farm. 3. The sheep (was / were) spread all over the field. 4. Mathematics(is / are) a very useful science. 5. The pack of cards (was / were) lying all aroundthem. 6. Their class (is/ are) the best in the school. 7. (Is / are) there any fish in thisriver? 8. The foot and the horse of a country (was / were) important in thedevelopment of historical events. 9. The means of locomotion (was / were) old. 10. Ahuge iron works (is / are) coming into being in our town. 12. The theatre had a corpsof ballet which (was / were) famous. 13. No thanks (is / are) needed.

22. Arrange the following nouns on 4 columns:A: nouns which have a plural – mentioned here in the singular (give the plural form);B: noun which have no plural – mentioned here in the singularC: nouns which have no singular – mentioned here in the pluralD: nouns with a different meaning in the singular – mentioned here in the plural.

e.g. A B C D day-days health politics peoples

book; damages; fruits; comfort; customs; cheque; cattle; auspices; payee; aircraft;economics; fishes; quiz; epoch; headquarters; merchandise; thanks; steels; income; story;scales; wools; produce; wages; proof; cybernetics; sands; progress; wharf; rubbers; spectacles;half; strength; greens; zero; happiness; ashes; costs; music; contents; peace.

23. Translate into Romaniana bunch of flowers; a stack of wood; a crowd of people; a series of events; a chain ofmountains; a lump of sugar; a slice of bread; a piece of meat; a cake of soap; an itemof news; a spell of fine weather; a flight of steps; a fleet of ships; a team of workers.

24. Translate into English paying attention to the agreement between subject and predicate1. Comitetul consta din 15 persoane. 2. Comitetul a ajuns la un punct de vederecomun. 3. Această lucrare se adresează unui public larg. 4. Publicul este rugat să nufumeze în sala de spectacol. 5. Corpul didactic era foarte numeros în universitatea lor.6. Este de aşteptat ca întregul corp didactic să aibă o înaltă calificare. 7. Progresele eila matematică sunt cu totul remarcabile. 8. Simţeam cum puterile mă părăseau. 9.Tunetele şi fulgerele brăzdau cerul. 10. Un fulger ne-a luminat calea. 11. Etica sepreocupă de principiile moralei. 11. Etica sa este fără cusur. 12. Acustica studiazăsunetele.13. Acustica acestei săli nu lasă nimic de dorit. 14. Studenţii se plimbau înparc câte unul sau câte doi. 15. Marfa aceasta vine din Grecia.

25. Arrange the underlined nouns in the following sentences on four columns correspondingto their gender:

Model:1) Masculine 2) Feminine 3) Common 4) Neuter man woman cousin book

1. This student has got only high marks. 2. Boys and girls often walk together in thepark. 3. My friend often writes letters to his father and mother, to his brothers andsisters and even to all his other relations. 4. I think that the author of this novel cannotbe old. 5. What a charming actress! 6. Of the two characters in “The Citadel”, thedoctor and his wife, I prefer the latter. 7. I didn’t know that his parents were so old! 8.This bird must be either a goose or a gander. 9. Although “Vanity Fair” is “a novelwithout a hero”, some people consider Becky as its heroine. 10. Beginning with the15th of September this year, her son will be a pupil. 11. “Pride and Prejudice” is afamous novel which you should read. 12. We shall never forget our colleagues andteachers!

26. Give the feminine corresponding to the following nouns of the masculine gender:a) boy; son; father; brother; uncle; husband; man; lad; tutor; bachelor; bull; dog;

drone; stallion;b) actor; ambassador; author; doctor; heir; lion; master; negro; poet; proprietor;

steward; tiger; waiter;c) administrator; director; hero; chauffeur; prosecutor;d) grandson; male patient; airman; chairman; cock pheasant; he-bear; clerk.

27. Give the corresponding words denoting the masculine gender for the following nouns inthe feminine:

mayoress; protectress; shepherdess; empress; benefactress; aviatrix; executrix;undergraduette; usherette; czarina; bride; lady; niece; madam; witch; widow; ewe; dow;barmaid; saleswoman; hen sparrow.

28. In the texts below insert the appropriate pronouns (he, she, it, his, her, its) for thecorresponding gender of the nouns:

1. “The sun come up upon the left.Out of the sea came (-)And (-) shone bright, and on the rightWent down into the sea “

(Coleridge)2. “When sunset came we stopped in the valley waiting for the moon to rise. At ten

(-) came up beautiful and serene as ever. Suddenly we felt that a lion came nearer:(-) dreadful roar made us shudder with anger. We all knew that only about aquarter of a mile out lay a boat, with (-) sails half down”.

(Hemingway)3. The brave little insect never remained there; (-) came out in search of (-) friends.

(John Lubbock).4. Great Britain is an island; (-) capital is London.5. Romania has considerably developed (-) trade.6. The Danube crosses the territory of our countruy; (-) springs in Germany and

flows into the Black Sea.7. The storm unleashed in the evening; (-) prevented us from leaving the house.8. Our friendship is a very strong feeling; (-) will last as long as we live.9. The Carpathians are mountains of a medium height; however (-) peaks are covered

with snow even in summer.

29. Translate into English1. România şi-a trimis reprezentantul său la conferinţa regională. 2. Dacă întrebi peoricine de pe stradă acesta îţi va arăta unde locuieşte medicul de familie. 3. Soarele seroteşte în jurul axei sale odată la 25 de zile. 4. Această cântăreaţă este o artistă deprima clasă. 5. Vânzătoarele din acest magazin sunt foarte politicoase. 6. În generalconducătoarele auto sunt foarte atente. 7. Profesoara este foate iubită de elevii săi. 8.Maşina şi vaporul sunt “ea” pentru şofer şi marinar. 9. Cămila este de neînlocuit înlungile călătorii prin deşert, pentru marea sa putere de adaptare. 10. Publicul, plin deentuziasm şi-l exprima fără rezerve, aplaudând acea interpretare unică.

30. Use the Synthetic Genitive, instead of the Propositional Genitive whenever possible:1. The task of a student is to learn. 2. The song of the birds was heard up the hill. 3.The young man took no notice of the advice of his father. 4. Clothes are made in theworkshop of a tailor. 5. I shall never forget the green of the grass in my garden. 6. Webuy cigarettes at the shop of a tobacconist, vegetables – at the shop of a greengrocer,meat – at the shop of a butcher, bread – at the shop of a baker. 7. I have to mention thehighly satisfactory activity of these students in the language laboratory. 8. The coverof this book has a pleasant blue colour. 9. The landscape of Romania is reallyimpressive in some regions. 10. The newspaper of today has a lot of interesting news.11. We skated on the frozen surface of the river. 12. They fought for the defence oftheir liberty and independence in many wars. 13. We had to stop after a journey of oneday. 14. The life-boats of the ship were launched for a drill. 15. The offices of thecompany are on the 2nd floor. 16. We can’t solve the problems of the world. 17. Youshall observe the rules of this Club.

31. Turn the Synthetic Genitive in the sentences below into the plural, wherever possible1. I don’t remember this child’s name. 2. Entering the room I saw that the boy’s bookswere spread all over the table. 3. A month’s holiday is what he mostly desires. 4. Thiswaitress’ smile is quite pleasant. 5. Today’s journey was very confortable. 6. Hisfather’s job is interesting. 7. That man’s seat is no longer vacant. 8. Charles’ familyleft the town for a short trip. 9. The teacher’s remark should be taken into account. 10.A week’s holiday will be really pleasant.

32. Justify the use of the Synthetic Genitive in the following sentences:1. “We had a marvellous two hours’ walk along the sea coast. 2. A summer’s day inDevon is quite special with all its unusual softness. 3. A window blazed like a jewel inthe sun’s last rays between the poplar trees”. (Galsworthy). 4. We wandered to thePine Forest / That skirts the ocean’s foam (Shelley). 5. Our country’s geography mustbe well known by the students. 6. A twenty yards’ distance separates our houses. 7. Idon’t think that this parcel is more than a pound’s weight. 8. This book is two pounds’worth. 9. We have seen Shakespeare’s plays “Love’s Labour’s Lost” and “TheWinter’s Tale”. 10. Yesterday’s mail brought me the long expected letter. 11. Thevessel’s crew were on the deck. 12. I shall spend this week-and at the Smiths’. 13. Thecommission is interested in Africa’s problems. 14. He had a hair’s breadth escape. 15.Who else’s proposal shall we consider now? 16. London’s traffic is heavy at peekhours. 17. We are interested in nobody’s problems.

33. A. Look up the following Synthetic Genitives and translate them into Romanian:- at one’s fingers’ end - a bird’s eye view- out of harm’s way - a needle’s eye- her heart’s desire - a pin’s head- at a stone’s throw - the journey’s end- at one’s wit’s end - at swords’ point

B. Use them in sentences of your own

34. Explain the difference in meaning between the two forms of Genitive:1. This film is a description of Dickens.2. The short excerpt is a description of Dickens’.1. This painting is a portrait of Sargent.2. This masterpiece is a portrait of Sargent’s.1. Cezar Petrescu wrote a novel of Eminescu.2. “Cezara” is a novel of Eminescu’s.1. He told us the story of Hemingway.2. I read a story of Hemingway’s.

35. Replace the following Prepositional Genitives by a compound nounModel: a writer of prose a prose writerThe cover of the book; the equipment of a farm; the meaning of the letter; the pocket

of the trousers; the waves of the ocean; the bank of the river; the coast of the sea; the level ofthe water; the satellite of the earth.

36. Choose the form which is recommended out of the two forms given below:1. She is my brother’s friend’s wife.2. She is the wife of my brother’s friend.1. Kate’s parents’ visit pleased us very much.2. The visit of Kate’s parents pleased us very much.1. In the light of the moon we could see the big house in front of us.2. In the moon’s light we could see the big house in front of us.1. The house’s front door was unlocked.2. The front door of the house was unlocked.1. We went in the sound’s direction.2. We went in the direction of the sound.

37. Study the following sentences paying attention to the different uses of the Genitive case(The Saxon Genitive or the Prepositional Genitive). Explain the structures.

1. The students’ return interrupted our conversation. 2. The smoke or a wood-firewent up in the air. 3. The students’ hostel is comfortable and cosy. 4. They werewelcomed with a feeling of joy. 5. Several of the students got very good results. 6. Inthe city of Bucharest there are a lot of parks and gardens. 7. All of his books havebeautiful bindings. 8. I’ll be back in a few minutes’ time. 9. This is the well-knownAmerican composer George Gershwin’s chief work “Porgy and Bess”. 10. I havefound in your library one of Lewis, Smith and Wilson’s works. 11. Receive thispresent, with Mary’s and Jane’s compliments! 12. Everybody expected the jury’sverdict. 13. He went into a shop and bought a pound’s worth of chocolates. 14. I methim after two months’ absence from his job. 15. Last week I saw the play “A

Midsummer Night’s Dream”. 16. She was reading the day before’s paper. 17. We areoften astonished in front of Nature’s many wonders. 18. The ship’s mast was brokenby the storm. 19. We were walking along one of London’s parks. 20. The courage ofyoung people is wellknown. 21. This man is the father of the child I am going toexamine tomorrow. 22. The language of the “Sports Bulletin” reporter is often obscureto the layman. 23. The achievements of a modern democratic state speak forthemselves.

38. Translate into English:1. Notele acestui student au fost foarte mari pe acest semestru. 2. Invitaţii copiilor austat până seara târziu. 3. Nepotul soţiei fiului lui Ion ne-a făcut o vizită în ianuarie. 4.Fiul profesorului meu de matematică este în acelaşi an cu mine. 5. Camera lui Mihai şia lui George este la etajul doi. 6. Ziarul de azi scrie despre dezbaterile din cadrulONU. 7. Tutungeria este la prima staţie. 8. Clima Angliei este destul de ploioasă. 9.După câteva zile de drum am ajuns în oraşul natal. 10. Cabana cea mai apropiată estela o depărtare de 3 km. 11. Luna ianuarie este cea mai friguroasă lună a anului. 12. Petoţi ne încântă veşmintele policrome ale toamnei. 13. El este un prieten al unchiuluimeu George.

39. Fill in the blanks with the prepositions “to”, “for”, “of”, “from”, as required by aPrepositional Dative

1. Give my best regards … your friend. 2. I snatched the handkerchief … George’shand to wave at the newcomers. 3. I inquired … Dan what the subject for debate at theseminar was. 4. I have bought a present … my mother. 5. This is an activity thatrequires great precision … the workers. 6. He got a sum of money equivalent … thequality of his work. 7. What did you ask … the students? 8. I’ve got a ticket … mybest friend. 9. What is your attitude … art? 10. The child begged pardon … hisparents. 11. Mary called a taxi … her daughter.

40. Change the following sentences using the “for” Prepositional Dative:Model: He brought Mary some flowers.

He brought some flowers for Mary1. I buy my daughter interesting books. 2. The teacher is choosing his students a newtext. 3. We found our parents good seats in the train. 4. The student got her friend aticket for the show. 5. I booked my sister a roon at the hotel. 6. The whole groupbought their colleague a bottle of wine in celebration of his birthday. 7. We have madethe guests a warm reception. 8. Cut this little girl a slice of bread! 9. We must orderthat company some new equipment.

41. Translate into English using the two forms of the Dative – with or without preposition –wherever possible.

1. I-am făcut lui George o aluzie în sensul celor discutate. 2. Au fost de acord cupropunerea noastră. 3. Am cerut un autograf de la autorul romanului nou lansat. 4.Profesorul explică studenţilor cuvintele noi. 5. I-am oferit lui Dan prilejul de a neînsoţi în excursie. 6. I-am servit pe invitaţi cu prăjiturile făcute de mine. 7. Profesoruldictează studenţilor un text necunoscut. 8. El a permis studenţilor folosireadicţionarului. 9. Intenţionez să o prezint părinţilor mei pe cea mai bună prietenă a mea.10. Preşedintele a înmânat diplome şi premii câştigătorilor concursului. 11. Supunempropunerea aprobării adunării generale.

42. Choose the right preposition in the brackets:A. 1. Read the letter (to/for) your father because his glasses are broken. 2. I have to

repeat the questions (to/for) my students as they could not hear them because ofthe noise outside. 3. My sister cooks some dinner (to/for) her son. 4. He left someflowers (to/for) his mother on the table. 5. Speak (to/for) the audience now! 6. Wehave to get plane tickets (to/for) our guests from abroad.

B. 1. Do you prefer going (by/with) car or (by/on) foot? 2. We use to write our letters(in/with) ink not (in/with) pencil. 3. I prefer my cardigan made (by/with) machine.4. We must open this tin (by/with) a tin-opener. 5. They have listened to the news(on/at) the radio. 6. This dress is made (of/from) silk.

43. Choose the corect form out of the two given in brackets.1. Mary is the student with black (hair/hairs) who lives in our mansion. 2. Did youhave a good (travel/journey) from London? 3. Don’t forget to buy (a bread/somebread) when coming back home. 4. I’d like to take some notes, have you got (apaper/some paper)? 5. There (is/are) a lot of (traffic/traffics) in the city at the peakhours. 6. He is trying hard to find a (work/job) at present, but, I’m afraid, there(isn’t/aren’t) much (work/works) availabe. 7. (Is/are) good(accommodation/accommodations) easy to find in your town? 8. I’ve got a problemand I need some (advice/advices). 9. I like the (furniture/furnitures) in your room. 10.Some (information/informations) you can give us, about the hotels in London (is/are)useful. 11. My (luggage/luggages) (is/are) on the platform. 12. The (news/new) (is/are)depressing.

THE ADJECTIVE

1. Change the adjectives below into their antonyms with the help of the following prefixes:up-, in-, (il-, im-, ir), non-, dis-, mis-

able, academic, accurate, active, capable, changeable, competent, competitive,connected, consistent, dependent, developed, economical, efficient, employed,expensive, experienced, fair, formal, honest, interested, logical, official, pleasant,productive, profitable, qualified, resolute, satisfied, similar, skilled, understood,willing, welcome.

2. Complete the sentences using the adjective related to the noun or verb given in brackets:1. Productivity can be defined as the ratio of (value) output to input. 2. To ensure high(organisation) productivity, creativity and innovation should permeate every job. 3.(Increase) productivity has a (benefit) impact on (economy) stability and on the (life)standard. 4. From an (individual) point of view, increased productivity is bothpsychologically and financially (reward). 5. (Skill) responsible management and(height) productivity are inseparable. 6. A manager, in addition to being technically(qualify), must be a (respect), people-oriented leader, (skill) in the techniques of(behaviour) science and sound business practice. 7. (Aid) by the rapid spread of(industry) robots, the (manufacture) industry has steadily become more effective andmore (product). 8. Early to bed and early to rise makes you (health), (wealth) andwise.

3. Fill in the blanks distinguishing between: live – lively – alive – living1. We have … debates during our seminars. 2. Our farm has had a record increase in… stock and in wheat crops. 3. This is a … broadcast, not a recording. 4. He thinkshimself the greatest man … 5. Increassed productivity leads to higher … standards.

economic – economical1. Productivity growth is the … linchpin of the 1980’s.2. Electrical heating is no longer…

historic – historical1. Our president’s latest speech was a … event for our company.2. The group of tourists were shown the most important … monuments.

last – latest – latter1. During our first Systems seminar of … Monday, we talked about the …developments in computer science. 2. Your … record is excellent; we hope it won’t beyour … 3. There were two suggestions for the weekend: seeing a film or going on atrip; of course we preferred the … to the former. 4. Our teacher told us that the … halfof the course would be much more interesting.

credible – creditable1. Yours is a … attempt and we will support it.2. Her story is hardly …

human – humane1. Artificial intelligence will never replace the … brain. 2. Be … and people will loveand respect you!

4. Use compound adjectives in the following sentences and make the necessary changes:Model: Those devices saved labour becomes: Those were labour-saving devices.1. These new machines save brain work. 2. These tools process data. 3. Odobleja’swork was neglected for a long time. 4. The rules of logic are built in the computersystem. 5. COBOL is a computer language which is oriented towards business. 6.Many schools were keen to acquire software to handle information, like packages toprocess wards. 7. General learning programmes assisted by computers were alsoattracting a great deal of attention. 8. These students are brainy, but they work hard,too. 9. My sister is 20 years old, she has hazel eyes, auburn hair, a fair complexion,her small features are cleanly cut … you won’t fail to recognize her. 10. We need moreeffective methods of production in relationship to costs – there’s too much waste.

5. Choose the right indefinite adjective from the ones in the brackets. Sometimes both areright.

1. (Many, a large numer of) strikes are caused by bad management. 2. Is there(much, a great deal of) unemployment in Romania? 3. There are hardly (any, no)mistakes in the paper. 4. We went to only (one, other) party in (some, several)months, but we enjoyed (every, each) minute of it. 5. Is there (any, some) commonthread linking statistics and accounting? 6. They expected us to come with (much,many) solutions, but we could think of (none, any). 7. Our teacher gave us (much, alot of) advice from the beginning. 8. I’ve got (few, a few) English books onmanagement and I can lend you (some, any). – Thank you, but I can’t read (no, any)books in English since I know (no, any) English at all. 9. (Both, either) my roommates have won scholarships. 10. (Both, either) buses stop in front of the A.S.E., soyou may take (any, either) bus.

6. Fill the blanks with the right quantitative adjective, according to the meaning.1. There are … words that I don’t know and there is … grammer problem that I

haven’t studied. 2. Have you got so … spare time? I thought you are snowed up inwork. 3. Very … ideas get farther than the inventor. 4. Have you seen … good filmsrecently? – Yes, quite … 5. Will you have … tea? No, thank you, I’ve drunk … cupssince morning. 6. Ther is too … flour left for the cake; will you go and buy some? 7.We can do without … things, but we can’t do without water. 8. They think … moneyis the source of happiness. 9. Quite … of employees have gone on strike. 10. There arefar … weapons in the world.

7. Rewrite each sentence beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same. Usecomparatives:

1. Dan is not as fast as Will. Will is … 2. I have an older sister, Mary. Mary is …3. Silver is less valuable than gold. Gold is … 4. This is the earliest train. There aren’tany… 5. That’s the best price we can quote. We can’t quote a…; there is no … 6.Bravo! You’ve worked less chaotically than before. Bravo! Your work is … 7. Do youagree that a Ford is safer, more economical and more comfortable than any other car?Do you agree that no other car is …? 8. If you run a lor, you’ll get fitter. The more…9. The e-mail seems to be the cheapest, the fastest and most reliable means ofcommunication at present. There doesn’t seem to be a … Any other means ofcommunication is … 10. This story is by far the funniest most interesting at all. I’venever heard a … All the other stories I’ve heard are…

8. Fill in the blanks with the right degree of comparison of the adjectives in the margin:a. The teacher asks the pupils about the effects of heat and cold.“Heat makes things … and cold makes things … “ says Dan.“Quite right”, says the teacher. “Can you give an example?” longIn the summer, when it’s hot the days are … but in winter, when it’s shortcold, the days are …”, answers Dan. bigb. What is the … word in English? small“Smiles. It is a mile between its first and last letter.c. “Which word becomes … when you add a syllable to it?”“Short”.

9. Use the adjectives in brackets in the right form of comparison, paying attention to theirregular forms:

1. She is (ill) than we thought; she fell ill on Wednesday and she was (ill) on Friday,when she was taken to hospital. 2. (Late) but not (little), there comes the maths exam.3. Jim is a (little) boy; he is my (young) brother, much (young) than I am; actually Iam (old) brother, 15 years (old) than Jin, so I’m suppose to look after our (little) ones.4. We worked on our project with no (little) single-mindedness than skill. 5. This is(good) book I have read for a long time. 6. They provided us with (far) information asagreed. 7. My (good) friend’s (late) novel was a (good) seller and it won’t be his(late) one. 8. The (late) half of May was (rainy) than the first. 9. Mine is the (far)house fron the ASE and Paul’s is the (near). 10. Upon (far) consideration theydecided to answer the latter without delay. 11. You’d better get off at the (near) stopand ask where the (near) pharmacy is.

10. Use the double comparative of the adjectives in brackets for the Romanian “din ce în cemai”:

1. Your English is getting (good). 2. It’s becoming (important) to rely on our ownexperts. 3. We were so tired, that the top of the mountains seemed to be getting (far).4. As buses are becoming (fast) we are growing (idle). 5. The idea of spending thesummer at the seaside sounds (appealing). 6. (Great) attention is being paid tocomputer-assisted learning. 7. The students are growing (loud) and the noise(unbearable). 8. Computer modelling seems to be (exciting), (challenging). 9. It’sbecoming (plain) that we are growing (involved) in it.

11. Use the adjectives in brackets in the comparative form for the Romanian “cu cât … cuatât”:

1. The (hard) the task, the (great) the satisfaction. 2. The (funny) the stories, the(merry) we are. 3. The (little) time you spare for learning, the (little) satisfactory yourstudies and the (bad) result you’ll get. 4. The (fertile) the land, the (little) the amountof fertilizer given to it. 5. The (eager) the student, the (pertinent) the questions heasks. 6. The (high) the manufacturing costs, the (high) the selling price. 7. The (big) abusiness is, the (competitive) it is likely to be. 8. The (long) I have to wait for theresults, the (impatient) I become.

12. Translate into Romanian paying attention to the use of adjectives:1. Teacher: I wish you paid a little attention to my subject.

Student: Well, I do. I pay as little attention to it as possible.2. Student: I don’t think I deserve a zero.

Teacher: Neither do I, but it’s the lowest mark I am allowed to give.3. English Poet: The poets of today put plenty of fire into their verses.

Critic: The trouble with most of them is that they do not put enough of theirverses into fire.4. Father: Think of the future, my boy.

Son: I can’t. It’s my best girl’s birthday and I’ve got to think of the present.5. An Epitaph: Owen More

Gone away Owin’ more Than we could pay.

13. The excepts below, taken from authentic presentations, are good examples of “machine –gunning” (emphasizing a point through the enumeration and repetition of comparatives ofsuperiority). Unfortunately they have been mixed up, so you will have to match the two parts1-7 and a-g in order to make meaningful sentences. Then translate them into Romanian.

1. In terms of performance we’re

2. The home computer industry is likelyto be even

3. The Middle Eastern market is probably

4. The new cabriolet is

5. As a company, we’re quite simply

6. Our new sales manager seems to be

7. The future of tourism in Romania hasnever looked

a. faster, sleeker, smoother, classier, racier,roomier and better–looking thananything else on the market

b. more competitive, more creative, moreresponsive, non customer–conscious andmore market–driven than any of ourcompetitors.

c. more motivated, more productive, moreprofitable, more efficient, more quality –conscious and generally more successfulthan ever.

d. Bigger, better, freer, fairer, more liberaland more lucrative than any othermarket.

e. More technology – driven, more cost –conscious, more price–sensitive, morerisk–laden, more overcrowded and morevolatile that it is today.

f. better, brighter, more promising, moreencouraging, more successful and moreprofitable then anyone would havethought possible a few years ago.

g. younger, smarter, more efficient, moreexperienced, better-qualified and morecustomer–orientated than the previousone.

14. Match the types of adjectives in column A with the right adjective (s) in column B. Thefirst one is done for you: 1 – l, r.

A. Type B. Adjective1. taste, smell, etc

2. origin, place

3. material

4. size, length

5. colour

6. purpose, use

7. opinion, attitude, quality

8. age

9. emotion, personality

10. shape, width

11. past participle

a. silkb. bluec. walkingd. intustinge. dining – roomf. knittedg. youngh. Scottishi. roundj. nicek. largel. sweetm. stainless steeln. full-lengtho. Chinesep. excitingq. narrowr. scenteds. expensivet. inquisitive

15. Study the order of the adjectives in the following examples and complete the table belowwith the missing types (see ex.14) in the order which appears to be most common; then fill ineach column with the right adjectives from the examples. Add more adjectives in time.N.B.1. (subjective) opinion/attitude; adjectives usually come before all others2. “First”, “last” usually come before numbers.3. Avoid using more than three adjectives together.Some examples have been done for you. (see table).1. a pretty blue wollen scarf 8. the most recent custom-made Swiss wrist watch2. a beautiful rectangular wooden table 9. the three-month money market rate3. a magnificent handwoven Persian rug 10. a brilliant second-year student4. a large smelly half-eaten lump of cheese 11. new hooded sweat-style jackets5. an excellent mature scottish whisky 12. fantastic brand-new menswear – inspired office suits6. fabulous round mother-of-pearl beads 13. my best long cream-coloured velvet evening-dress7. old brown Spanish leather boots

ORDER OF ADJECTIVES BEFORE NOUNSFACT / DESCRIPTION

QUALIFIERS CLASSIFYINGQUALITY,SUBJEC-TIVEOPINIONATTITUDE

SIZE

… … SMELLTASTE Etc

EMOTION,PERSO-

NA-LITY

…ORIGIN

…USEPUR-POSE

NOUN

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101. pretty2. .3. .4. .5. .6. fabulous7. .8. .9. .

10. .11. .12. .13. .

… … …

round

... .. Blue .. Woollen

Mother-of-pearl

.. Scarf

beads

16. Unscramble the following sentences, putting the adjectives in their right order (see ex.15,Table). Note that the first and last words are in their right place.

1. There was magnificent castle a mediaeval stone on the hill. 2. She carrying wasshopping her striped bag canvas vegetables of a heavy on full arm. 3. She remarkablywas a handsome young to introduced executive. 4. He wearing a jazzy smart businessgray was with suit waistcoat. 5. They were a snazzy one-year old driving Ford. 6.We’ve an exotic extremly oriental bought just carpet. 7. I a red received fragrantgorgeous rose. 8. We’re attractive looking for an blue-and-white flower pot. 9. Thelatest museum of the marble acquisition little Roman brownish this is statue. 10. Theythe American prefer hard-sell aggressive strategy.

17. Adjective – special cases IThere are some adjectives that change the meaning of the sentence if they come before

or after the noun.Study the pairs of sentences below and match the adjectives underlined with the

corresponding synonym or explanation from the list following the exercise. The first one isdone for you:

1. a. Jane is a very responsible person; you can rely on her to finish every asignmentin due time.

b. The person responsible for the damage of goods in transit will be indicted.2. a. The concerned parents took their child to the doctor. b. The parents concerned have made an appointment with the headmaster.3. a. That was a long and involved explanation. b. Luckily, non of the people involved in the accident suffered any injuries.4. a. The present members of the Board are all in favour of a major change in the

Sales Policy. b. All the members present at the meeting voted for the flexitime scheme.5. a. In this particular instance, I’m afraid you are wrong. b. Our english teacher is most particular about the way we communicate.6. a. You always have a ready answer, b. but are you ready with the business plan?7. a. Why are you always late? b. We are here today to honour the memory of the late C.E.O.8. a. As Chairman of the Board, he made an outstanding contribution to the success of

the cmpany. b. There are five bills outstanding.9. a. The person you’re looking for is in the shop directly opposite. b. They went off in the opposite direction.10. a. Snowdon’s a proper mountain, not a hill

b. After a long walk through the foothills we reached the base of the mountainproper.

across from; facing … = 9areal, genuine =reliable, trustworthy =liable/accountable for; in control of =complicated =connected / having to do with =current =unpaid =actually at / attending the meeting =the central / main part of smth =

worried, anxious =remarkable =demanding, stringent =quick, spontaneous =this, but no other =prepared, waiting =not punctual =dead =to whom this applies =contrasting with each other, contrary =

18. Attributive adjective position - Special cases II

Fill in the blanks with the adjectives listed on the right; they may fit more than once.Note that some subclasses of adjectives can be used only before the noun.

e.g. – intensifying (pure, mere, total etc)- restrictive (the only, the very etc)- former, present, old, little etc.

and others only after the nounse.g. – past participles

a. The … reason for abandoning the project was a … financialone.

b. The … chairman concluded an agreement to set up a …venture with a German company.

c. The … issues … at the conference were very pertinent.d. Let’s return to the … point … during our meeting.e. The goods … last week have been sent by air.f. A … feature of the new line is its appeal to the youth market.g. Both the president … and … the secretary … have had a press

conference.h. All security cards … from this office must be countersignedi. It’s the … solution all the people … agreed on …

1. former2. joint3. raised4. discussed5. last6. elect7. issued8. involved9. maps10. main11. present12. ordered13. general14. pure15. present16. only17. previous

19. Attributive and predicative positionUse the following adjectives in pattern a (attributive) or pattern p (predicative),

bearing in mind that some adjectives can be used only attributively (see exercise 18) andothers only predicatively, such as:

- asleep;- afraid, ajar;- well, ill etc.

Model: 1. (a) floating A (a) leaf (p) afloat The ship’s still (p)

Model: 2. (a) true A (a) scientistA scientist is …

3. very The … studentThe student is …

4. asleep They are fast … sleeping The … partners do not participate in the day-to-day management.5. utter … destruction

The destruction is …6. plain The … truth.

The truth is …7. mere He is a … child.

The child is …8. elder My … brother is two years older than me.

My brother is …9. hard He is a … worker

The worker is …10. alive It’s a … concert. living There seems to be no one …

live There are no … beings in this area.

11. ill She fell … and died. sick Doctors look after the … people.12. open They left the door …

ajar The … door looked inviting.13. afraid He is a … man, he is

frightened … of everyone.14. awake They’re wide …

The … people.

20. Adjective modification with adverbsA. Use the modifying adverbs from the box to intensify the meaning of the adjectives in

the following conversations.1. A. It was a good yearB. How good?A. … good. As good as we could expect; sales were …high.2. A. There was a small fall in output in the first quarters of the year.B. How small?A. … small – only about 5 per cent.3. A. The exhibition was successfulB. How successful?A. … successful; we met very many prospective customers.

Highabsolutelycompletely

totallyfully

entirelyextremely

highlyveryfairly

reasonablyquite

moderatelyslightlya little

B. Rewrite the following descriptions of trends using nouns and adjectives (modifiedby intensifying adverbs):

1. “In March the shares fell extremely dramatically” becomes:In March there was a extremely dramatic fall in shares.

2. In April they recovered slightly.……

3. In June they collapsed sharply.……

4. In July they fell considerably.…….

5. In August they recovered fairly steadily.……

6. In September and October they continued to improve moderately slowly.…..

21. Position of noun modifiers and adjectivesWhich is correct? Choose the right phrase.

1. - the booming car European industry or- the booming European car industry

2. - the world’s biggest and most prestigious look fair or- the world’s look biggest and most prestigious fair.

3. - a concrete cooperation proposal or- a cooperation concrete proposal

4. - the business modern scene or- the modern business scene

5. - a company interesting profile or- an interesting company profile.

22. Scale and limit adjectivesStudy the scale below, contouring ‘hot’ and ‘cold’ words:Limit words BOILING, SCALDING +++

hot ++warm +

Scale words tepid –cool - -cold - - -

Limit words FREEZING, GLACIAL -------a) Now, study the following lists of adjectives and build a scale similar to the one

above:1. affluent, broke, prosperous, penniless, well-to-do, rolling-in-money. Low paid,

living from hand to mouth, comfortably off, in line straits, in the red, bankrupt.2. big, broad, gigantic, extensive, immense, little, tiny, roomy, spacious, minute, vast,

wide, tremendous, large, small.b) Build your own scale lists.

23. Modifying adverbs with scale and limit adjectivesCorrect the following sentences where necessary; remember that NOT all modifiers go

with both scale and limit words.1. John is an absolutely clever pupil.2. You should wash pure wool in altogether tepid water.3. You were utterly right, the play was utterly marvelous.4. You are quite right, the task is quite impossible.5. Although this exercise seems very impossible, I’m sure it is terribly useful. I’m

absolutely pleased with the progress I’ve made.6. He was nearly amazed at his daughter’s progress.

24. Choose an emphasizing adjective from the box below to fill the gaps in the followingpostcards:

absolute fascinating sheerblissful majestic specialcomplete marvelous spectacularentire outright terrificexcellent perfect trueexceptional positive utterexuberant real

pure1. Dear Mary,We’re having a … holiday here at Swansea – it’s … bliss and we can finally have a …rest. We’ve spent the … week on this … beach!

Love,Mihaela.

2. Dear Mary,What a … holiday! And only because of Mihaela! She’s ruined what could have beena … holiday! She’s an … love; she talks and talks, even to … strangers! And she tells… lies.Wish you were here instead,

Love,Ioana.

3. Dear Auntie,It was … delight to read your … letter and hear that you are much better after youroperation. I gather it was a … success, although the hospital food was …! Please comeround any time you feel up to it. It’ll be … to see you again.

Take care,Anna.

25. Adjectives or adverbs?Correct the sentences if necessary.1. She smiled friendly and he laughed silly.2. Martin seems happy but Tracy looks lonely.3. They grew angrily when they saw the disaster.4. I’m taking the early flight to Paris so I can arrive early at the office.5. He is a very bad worker, and he has been working too hardly lately.6. So far this year’s energy costs have stayed fairly constant.7. We feel very confident about our move into the U.S. market.8. The contract we have negotiated sounds quite securely.9. Our new policy of energy conservation has proved very economical.10. The Directors grew anxious when the results were released.11. I don’t want to sound over-optimistic, but I am certain that we have an all-time

winner with our new product.

26. Complementation of predicative adjectives IFill in the blanks with the right preposition.1. The Finance Manager is answerable … the Finance Director.2. I’m due … a rise soon.3. We are confident … success and pleased … her promotion.4. I’m expert … handling difficult customers.5. We’re satisfied … the quarterly results.6. We are all impatient … delay.7. She’s always been interested … fiscal policy.8. I am indebted … my colleagues … all their help.9. Tom is rather eager … success.10. Students today are different … students ten years ago.

27. Complementation of predicative adjectives IIMatch the two halves of following sentences so that they make sense:(there may be several combinations)

1. You don’t look happy2. I’m pleased3. I’m glad4. He’s such a difficult person5. We’re anxious6. It was nice7. She made it clear8. It is important9. It’s worth10. It’s surprising

a. to see meb. for her to get a scholarshipc. that she should get a scholarshipd. that you were able to camee. that she distrusted all of usf. to see you hereg. for us to move fasth. that we seem to agreei. to understandj. that we shouldk. going to London if you have the timel. how John can’t keep deadlinesm. seeing you.

28. Translate into English paying attention to the use of adjectives:1. Mulţumesc din suflet. Aţi fost deosebit de amabilă.2. Cine a fost prima femeie care a cucerit Everestul?3. Următorul la cuvânt este dl. Smith.4. Proiectul a fost sortit eşecului de la bun început, fiind costisitor, prost gândit şi

presupunând un mare consum de timp şi energie.5. Când am promis că vom realiza un nou program pentru e-mail ne-am asumat o

sarcină mult prea dificilă.6. Calculatorul urmăreşte orbeşte programul de instrucţiuni conceput de creierul

uman, care este mult mai complex decât cel electronic.7. Dacă vreţi să ajungeţi la cel mai apropiat magazin universal, coborâţi la prima

staţie; este chiar prima clădire de lângă piaţă.8. Mai aveţi şi alte veşti pentru noi?9. Fratele meu mai mare, care este cu 5 ani mai mare decât mine, este director de

întreprindere.10. Cel mai mic lucru pe care-l pot face pentru tine este să-ţi împrumut manualul meu

până data viitoare.11. Ultimul aspect al problemei este mai puţin important decât celelalte, aşa că îl poţi

omite.12. Balanţa comercială nu este acelaşi lucru cu balanţa de plăţi.13. La New York, chiria nu este atât de mare ca la Londra.14. Cu cât firma este mai mare, cu atât este mai competitivă şi mai puternică.15. Am observat că, în ultimul timp, studenţii sunt din ce în ce mai bine pregătiţi şi

mai hotărâţi să se angajeze cât mai repede.

THE PRONOUN

1. Give the correct forms of the personal pronouns in brackets:a) “Would you, please, lend (I) 10.000 lei until tomorrow?”

“What do (you) need the money for?”“(I)’ve found the course-books our teacher told (we) to buy and (I)’ve left mymoney at home”.“Here (you) are. But don’t forget to give (it) back to (I) tomorrow”.“Of course (I) won’t. Thank (you) very much”.

b) “Who is (it)?”“(It)’s only (we)”.“Who’s (we)?”“(I) and my friend, George”.

c) “Was (it) (she) Mary was telling (they) about?”“(I) think so”.“What do (you) think (she) told (they)?”“Search (I)”.

2. Choose the right personal pronoun (if both are possible sometimes, is there a difference instyle or meaning?)

a) 1. To my mind she is much more industrious than (I, me). 2. They all attended themanagement course except (she, her). 3. It was (he, him) they were talking about.4. It is my brother who goes in for economics, not (I, me). 5. She is much better inmaths than (we, us). 6. Was it (she, her) who knocked at the door? 7. We saw herat the concert; at least we thought it was (she, her). 8. It is (they, them) who are theexperts.

b) A flea and a fly in a flueWere imprisoned, so what could (they, them) do?Said the flea: “Let (we, us) fly”.Said the fly: “Let (we, us) flee”.So (they, them) flew through a flaw in the flue”.

3. Choose the right relative-interrogative pronoun from the ones in brackets:a) 1. The student (who, which) is standing over there is my room-mate. 2. We must

order the items (who, which) are out of stock. 3. I liked the book (that, which) yougave me for my birthday. 4. My best friend (what, whom) I haven’t seen for yearsis an economist now. 5. Bucharest the town in (that, which) I was born is thecapital city of Romania. 6. Forests (whose, of which) area covers about 26% of ourland, must be protected. 7. All (which, that) glitters is not gold. 8. Is this thestudent (who, that) you so highly praized?

b) 1. (What which) have they told you about it? 2. (What, which) of these lessons mustbe learned for the exam? 3. (Who, whom) did you hide from? 4. (Whose, which)was the paper that was awarded the first prize? 5. (Who, whose) are the bestresults? 6. (Who, whom) were you talking to when they called you? 7. We don’tknow (which, what) is their opinion. 8. (What, which) do you call this in English?

4. Omit the relative pronoun wherever possible, making the necessary changes:1. The town which we are going to visit today is a very old one. 2. The clerkabout whom you are inquiring went on holiday yesterday. 3. They are not the kindof people to whom I like talking. 4. The definition which you gave to “jointventures” is the right one. 5. The business that he runs is very profitable. 6. Theyread all the meanings in the dictionary and finally found that which they wanted.7. What happened then was recorded in the documents of the time. 8. The prizewas awarded to the student who came out top in the professional competition. 9.“All is well that ends well” is a proverb that is worth remembering.

5. Choose the proper possessive adjective or pronoun from the alternatives in brackets:1. Of course, this is (my, mine) book, but where is (your, yours)? 2. (Our, ours)

is the only faculty which trains stock exchange brokers. 3. The complimentaryclose of a business letter reads: “(Your, yours) faithfully”. 4. Best wishes to youand (your, yours) from me and (my, mine). 5. I know (her, hers) favourite subjectis Trade, but what’s (their, theirs)? 6. I see (your, yours) point, let me tell you(my, mine). 7. (Our, ours) stock situation is not as bad as (their, theirs). 8. Anassociate of (our, ours) has acquired 20% of (our, ours) shares. 9. Is this book(her, hers) or his? 10. Let’s summon some students of (your, yours) group andsome of (my, mine) and give a helping hand with the cleaning of the hostel.

6. Fill in the blanks with the indefinite pronouns some, any, none (or their compounds):1. Have you got any letters for me? Yes, there are …… 2. I found all the coursebooks I need in the library so I shan’t buy …… 3. ……wants to speak to you onthe phone, Dan. 4.There’s …… I’d like to discuss with you. 5. Would you like…… milk? No, thank you, won’t have …… 6. Have you any objection to mycontinuing the studies? No, I have …… 7. Could you lend me some money?Sorry, I haven’t got …… 8. Don’t let …… disturb us while we are learning. Iassure you that …… will disturb you. 9. …… of these books are in English, but…… are in German.

7. Answer the following questions using NO-compounds. (Remember: “neither” of two):1. How many exercises have you done today? 2. How much did this suit cost? 3.Who did you meet yesterday? 4. Which of these two courses have you attended?5. What are you doing next week-end? 6. How many classes did you miss lastweek? 7. Where did you go last night? 8. Which foot did you hurt? 9. Who missedmy point? 10. Which of you two missed my point? 11. Which of these filmshaven’t you seen yet? 12. What have you been doing lately? Where have youbeen? 13. How much of what he said could you understand? 14. Which of thesetwo sentences gave you trouble to translate?

8. Fill in the blanks with the indefinite pronouns or adjectives: one(s), other(s), the other(s),another (one):

1. We understood nothing and looked from …… to …… 2. I don’t like this frock;please, show me …… 3. These shoes are too tight, could I try …… pair? 4. Some

people like milk, …… like tea in the morning. 5. This group is as good as …… 6.These classes are as interesting as …… 7. We study in this reading room, ……prefer …… 8. When we saw him last, he was carrying a suitcase in …... hand anda bag in …… 9. …… should always go for a walk after dinner. 10. One alwaysprides oneself on ……’s achievements. 11. We stayed in the hostel, … went out.12. Only two guests arrived in time; …… were late. 13. Do you like this tie? Yes,and I want …… like that. 14. These gloves look worn out; I’ll need some ……

9. Translate into English using ONE both as pronoun and as adjective:1. Îi vezi pe cei doi profesori? Unul predă cursul de economie mondială şi celălaltpe cel de contabilitate. 2. Trebuie să-ţi faci datoria. 3. Nu se ştie niciodată. 4.Prietenul meu mi-a făcut cunoştinţă cu un oarecare Marian, prieten bun de-al lui.5. Care este persoana care se ocupă de relaţiile cu publicul? 6. Se cuvine ca fiecaresă-şi susţină punctul de vedere. 7. Mi-am cumpărat un alt curs, deoarece l-ampierdut pe cel cumpărat ieri. 8. Nu-mi place această rochie; daţi-mi-o, vă rog, pecea roşie de acolo. 9. Era un oraş cu totul diferit faţă de cel ce-l părăsisem cudouăzeci de ani în urmă. 10. Unul dintre colegi a făcut lista cu cei ce participă lacercul de relaţii economice internaţionale.

10. Translate into Romanian and say which of the pronouns are reflexive and which areemphatic:

1. I wash myself every morning. 2. I myself wash up after lunch. 3. One cannot doeverything by oneself. 4. What’s wrong? You don’t seem to be yourself today. 5.I’m not feeling quite myself, indeed; I cut myself badly yesterday, you see. 6. Welearn to restrain ourselves as we grow older and wiser. 7. Did you enjoyyourselves in the students’ camp? 8. I myself gave him the document. 9. Is thisshirt yours? Yes, I’ve made it myself. 10. The accountants themselves took themoney to the bank last night.

11. Choose the right pronoun – reflexive or personal. (If both are possible, is there a changeof meaning or a risk of confusion?):

1. We bought (him, himself) a CD for his birthday. 2. He bought (him, himself) aCD-player. 3. I hope you understand this is a secret between (us, ourselves). 4.She dressed (her, herself) and went to the faculty. 5. Children, behave (you,yourselves)! 6. Our tutor invited the group monitor and (me, myself) to visit thelaboratories. 7. Before choosing our research topic we’d like to discuss thingswith (them, themselves). 8. They are not as keen and ambitious as (we are,ourselves). 9. She repeated the definition to (her, herself). 10. The umbrellaopened and shut (it, itself). 11. One can see for (one, oneself) the vast scale onwhich automation is being carried out. 12. I took it upon (me, myself) to convenethe meeting. 13. She knew that her friend was preferred to (her, herself). 14. Theyasked me to look after (me, myself).

12. Choose the right pronoun(s) and translate into Romanian:a) 1. Using the final demand model and the input-output table (one, it) is possibleto obtain gross output levels. 2. (What, Which) will life be like in the year 2000?

(One, it) will be as bad or as good as (we, ourselves) are willing to make it; (we,ourselves, one, oneself) create the world (that, which) we want to have. 3. (Allthat, everything which) you’ve just said sounds interesting, but (some of us,several of us) may find (it, that) difficult to grasp.b) 1. (Everybody) thinks of changing humanity and nobody thinks of changing(himself, oneself). 2. I find TV very educational – when (somebody, anybody)turns it on I go into (another, other) room and read a book. 3. There was an oldmaid (who, that) drove (every, each) shoe clerk crazy: she never bought (nothing,anything) – she just liked the sight of a man on his knees before (her, herself). 4.“(What, which) shall we drink?” “(Whatever, Whichever) you please, only let (it,that) be champagne!” 5. “I hope you washed your hands before coming to lunchwith (us, ourselves)”. “I hadn’t time to wash them (both, all), mum, but I’ll keep(another, the other) in my pocket!”

13. Translate into Romanian and point out the pronouns:a) 1. Knowledge without practice is nothing. 2. That comes of a cat will eat mice.3. He that travels far, knows much. 4. Learn wisdom by the follies of others. 5.Listen at the keyhole and you’ll hear news of yourself. 6. Great trees are good fornothing but shade. 7. Nothing is so necessary for travellers as languages. 8. Hethat brings good news, knocks hard. 10. If you run after two hares you will catchneither.b) 1. Teacher: “I did not eat, you did not eat, he did not eat. Bill, repeat what Ihave said”.Bill, “No one has eaten”.2. Teacher: “Your paper on Manufacturing Industry” is the same as your desk-mate’s.Student: “Oh, yes. It’s the same industry”.3. For every evil under the sun,There is a remedy, or there is none.If there be one, try and find it.If there be none, never mind it.4. Riddles: No need for brush.

No need for broom.It’s used a lotTo clean the room (Vacuum cleaner)

5. Formed long ago, yet made today,I’m most employed while others sleep;What none would like to give away,Yet no one likes to keep. (Bed)

14. Translate into English paying attention to the use of pronouns:a) – Trebuie să duc înapoi la bibliotecă aceste două cursuri, deoarece nici unul nu-mi foloseşte şi trebuie să împrumut altele.- Atunci vin şi eu cu tine. Ştii, nu am împrumutat încă nimic de la bibliotecă şi osă te rog să mă înveţi cum să procedez. – Poate ai nevoie chiar de unul din acestedouă cursuri. – Într-adevăr, ambele sunt pe lista mea. Ce noroc!

b) 1. Ce ştiţi despre fluviul Dunărea? – Este unul dintre cele mai mari fluvii dinEuropa. – Prin ce ţări trece şi prin câte capitale? 2. Cine-i acolo? – Eu. – Care eu?– Un foarte bun prieten de-al tău. Ghici cine-i? - Nu pot. Mă dau bătut. 3. – Caredintre voi îmi poate spune ceva despre robotroni? – Oricine, bine-nţeles; unii amşi citit mult. 4. – Ştie cineva cum se poate intra pe Internet? – Da, fiecare dintrenoi ştie. 5. – Ce carte este cea de acolo? – Este dicţionarul de management care aapărut anul trecut şi în care găseşti tot ce te interesează. 6. Cine sunt cei pe care mii-ai recomandat? – Sunt Dan şi Paul, prietenii mei care au câştigat două burse destudiu acordate de AIESEC, amândoi vor pleca în Anglia pentru un an: primul laUniversitatea Lancaster şi celălalt la Plymouth. 7. Al cui este acest curs? – Almeu, mulţumesc. 8. – Cu cine ai vorbit char acum? – Cu prietenul meu pe care nu-l mai văzusem de mulţi ani. – Cel a cărui soră este economistă la noi? – Chiar el.9. – Mai vrei nişte prăjituri? – Nu, mulţumesc, am mâncat destul. – Atunci nu maidoreşti puţin ceai? – Nu, nu mai vreau nimic, mulţumesc. 10. Cine a spus: “Îi poţipăcăli pe toţi oamenii pentru câtva timp, şi-i poţi păcăli pe unii tot timpul, dar nu-ipoţi păcăli pe toţi oamenii tot timpul” a avut mare dreptate.

15. Translate the following sentences into English paying attention to the different uses of ’it’and ‘there’:

1. – Ce este lângă computer?- E un scanner, iar alături e un fax.2. Este timpul să învăţăm să ne folosim de Internet.3. Crezi că este destul timp ca să terminăm de rescris traducerea înainte de

încheierea orei?4. Este timpul să servim ceaiul.5. Este timp şi de servit ceaiul dacă vă grăbiţi.6. Câţi ani sunt de când ai terminat facultatea? – Trei ani, dar îmi pare mai mult.7. Cât este până la poştă?– Cam 600 m. Este clădirea aceea mai înaltă, de pe dreapta.8. – Sunt deja 40 min. de când urcăm; cât crezi că mai este până în vârf?

- Mai sunt vreo 20 min; mai avem de urcat cam un kilometru, dar nu este un urcuşprea greu.

9. Există un loc şi un timp pentru toate.10. Ştiu un loc unde se serveşte o pizza grozavă.11. La tine mă refeream.12. Este de ajuns pentru toată lumea, vă rog să aşteptaţi la rând.13. Mi-e de ajuns.14. Este de ajuns că mi-ai spus mie.15. Nu este nimic de făcut, decât să luăm lucrurile aşa cum sunt.16. Nu are nici o legătură cu tine sau cu mine.17. Bătea vântul când am plecat; era un vânt rece.18. Este cineva acolo? – Nu-i nimeni.19. Cine-i? – Eu, Ioana.20. Este uşor să te rătăceşti în Veneţia, nu-i aşa?21. Sunt trei km. până acolo.22. Mai sunt trei km. până acolo, nu-i aşa?23. Copernic este cel ce a descoperit că pământul se învârteşte în jurul axei sale.24. Înţeleg că nu sunteţi de acord cu propunerea mea.25. Are importanţă cine vorbeşte primul?26. După cum se ştie, este cam o jumătate de secol de când s-au folosit primele

computere.27. Dacă nu cer prea mult, având în vedere că mi-aţi permis să-mi fac lucrarea la

calculatorul d-voastră, aş putea s-o şi scot pe imprimantă?28. Acolo unde se înalţă blocul acela turn era odată o biserică de lemn.

THE NUMERAL

1. Read aloud the following: 1) numbers, 2) years, 3) dates, 4) room numbers, 5) telephonenumbers:1) 31 79 314 918 253 5325 897239.28787.529

2) 1907 1914 1918 1944 1965 1985

3) January 11th 1945 February 18th 1972 March 29th 1930 January 3rd 1936 March 8th 1985

4) 107 513 829 1003

5) 610.49.18 221.29.13 611.39.53 649.44.27 777.36.28 777.36.77

2. Turn the following cardinal numerals into ordinal ones and use them in sentences of yourown:

- 2, 3, 9, 11, 12, 19, 22, 100, 181

3. Translate the following sentences into Romanian and state what kind of numerals are used:1. I shook my head as for the twentieth time since my arrival he held out hislottery tickets to me. (S.Maugham). 2. Four of the five shook their heads, but ourman spoke. (S.Maugham). 3. It will not cause a delay of more than five minutes.(S.Maugham). 4. That perhaps at first sight may appear not very momentous.(J.Swift),. 5. He was then past his prime being twenty-eight years and threequarters old. (J.Swift). 6. Ask my G.P. and he will tell you that half his job issympathizing with people. That is ten times as difficult as treating them.(R.Gordon). 7. A few dozen young men had an afernoon intellectual chat with theexaminers. (R.Gordon)., 8. In a couple of years the Government is going to sendme on a pension. (R.Gordon). 9. Give twice and thrice and twenty times theirmoney. / And get your souls again. (W.B.Yeats).

4. State the type of the following numerals:the first, five-eights, nine-fortieths, 3.25, 0.35, couple, brace, dozen, gross, single,triple (treble) for times, a hundred times, every ten days, by twos, two by two,several, (a) few, a lot of, a number (of).

5. Translate into English:1. W. Shakespeare s-a născut la 23 aprilie 1564 la Stratford-upon-Avon, un orăşella 92 de mile de Londra, fiind al treilea copil al lui John Shakespeare. 2. A fostdecorat de trei ori pentru meritele sale deosebite. 3. Pentru că pasiunea lui estevânătoarea şi-a cumpărat o pereche de câini de vânătoare. 4. Studenţii au intrat însala de examen unul câte unul. 5. Sute de oameni aşteptau cu nerăbdare rezultatulacestui meci de football, foarte important pentru campionatul mondial. 6. Avemseminar de limba engleză de două ori pe săptămână. 7. O treime din locuitoriioraşului nostru a vizitat Muzeul de Artă.

PAST TIME PRESENTPAST PERFECT

(had + Past Participle)by 10 o’clock yesterday

PAST (when?)(-ed)

yesterday; last…;in 1987;… ago

PRESENT PERFECT(have + Past Participle)a) Sometime betweenpast and present (withpresent consequences)b) unfinished actions

I HAD WRITTEN a letterby ten o’clock yesterdaybefore I went to school- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -I told them I-HAD WRITTEN a letter(by 10 o’clock) the previousday-had never written… already- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -If I had written it yesterdaythey would have received it.

I WROTE a letter lastnight

I haven’t received anyreply since I wrote theletter- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -I told him I wrote lettersevery day.- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

If I wrote it now, it couldstill get it in the mail.

…ever?I’VE just WRITTEN already a letter seldom often always sometimes never not………… yet. today………… this morning recentlyShe has known me fortwo years / since 1985.I’ll play chess when I’vedone my homework.

TEMPORARY ACTIONS IN

by 10 o’clock yesterday+ FOR, SINCE

This time yesterday …in the period of timebetween past and present

+ FOR, SINCEI HAD BEEN WRITINGa letter for two hours.- by ten o’clock yesterday- when the telephone rang.- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -I told them I had beenwriting the letter for twohours.

I WAS WRITING aletter- when the tell rang….- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -I told him I was writinga letter at that moment.

I’VE BEEN WRITING aletter..- for two hours- since 5 o’clock.- since I returned home.

PAST PERFECTCONTINUOUS

PAST CONTINUOUS PRESENT PERFECTCONTINUOUS

TIME FUTURE TIMEPRESENT(3rd sg: (e)s)

every day; usually

FUTURE PERFECT(Will + Perfect Infinitive)by 10 o’clock tomorrow

FUTUREa) (Will + Infinitive)

b) be going to…tomorrow

I WRITE letters onSundaysWhen does the plane land?(schedule future)When I write that lettertomorrow I’ll let themknow about your success.(future time clauses)- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

If I write that lettertomorrow, will you post it?

I’ll HAVE WRITTEN aletter.- by ten o’clock tomorrow- before I go to school

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -FUTURE PERFECT

IN THE PASTHe said he would havewriten a letter- by 10 o’clock the mextday.- before I went to school.

I’LL WRITE a letter nextweek.I’m going to write a letter. (near future; plans)

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -FUTURE IN THE PAST

He said he would write aletter the next day

PROGRESS

Now By 10 o’clock tomorrow+ FOR, SINCE

This time tomorrow

I’M WRITING a letter- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

I’m writing a lettertonight. (arrangements,plans for future)

I’LL HAVE BEENWRITING a letter fortwo hours.- by ten o’clock tomorrow- when the bell rings

I’LL BE WRITING aletter tonight- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Polite questions:How long will you bestaying?

PRESENTCONTINUOUS

FUTURE PERFECTCONTINUOUS

FUTURECONTINUOUS

THE TENSES OF THE INDICATIVE MOOD

1. Look at sentences A – H below. Decide which sentence concerns:1. permanent states, actions and situations2. current projects3. regular events, routines and frequency4. programmes and time tables5. facts, general truths6. actions in progress now7. temporary situations8. changes and developments.

What tense is used in each?

A. Our company produces computer software for business applications.B. Would you like to hold? Ms. Mellow is speaking on the other line.C. The sales people arrive at about 8.00 and we open at 8.30D. Miss Deal is ill, so I’m dealing with all the correspondence.E. The British Ariways flight to Manchester departs at 20:00 and arrives at 23:30.F. The papers on the disk belong to our teacher.G. It is currently developing a new auditing department and negotiating with the Council for

more office space.H. Stockbrokers deal in stocks and shares.

2. Complete the information about 3M’s business activities with the verbs in the box, in theright form; some may be used more than once:

be, involve, see, have, range, put, give, export, spend, account, depend, bolster

3M …1… the epitome of all that is best in corporate America. To stay on top, thecompany …2… its virtues to Europe… Its 60.000 products …3… from medical imagingequipment to Scotch tape. It …4… more than 6% of its total sales on R&D. 3M ….5… itsfuture as lying increasingly outside the U.S. Europe …6… for some 30% of its worldwidesales and one quarter of its employees. That …7… 3M among the 300 largest companies inEurope. Although 3M …8… only 150 Americans working for the company outside the US,the language of EMATS is English. A vast data-base …9… employees instant access tocompany experts. Technical forums …10… this process increasing the chances of cross-fertilisation. Group “Talks with Desi” (n.b. Mr. Desimone) …11… the chairman directly inthis process. Its future …12… on how well the company has learnt to addpt to change.

3. Talk about your daily programme and student life using the prompts below and yourinventiveness:

Model 1:Prompt: live / hostel?Student 1: Do you live at the hostel?Student 2: Yes, I do. / No, I don’tModel 2:Prompt: Where / usually learn?Student 1: Where do you usually learn?Student 2: I usually learn in the reading room.Prompts: What time / get up as a rule?

- always walk to the faculty?How / do/ get to school as a rule?- have classes every morning?Which subject(s) of study / like best?When / do/ homework?- usually participate in professional competitions / scientific workshops?When / begin/ summer vacation?Where / usually go on holiday?

4. Complete the dialogue using the verbs in brackets:x. Where …(come) from?y.I …(come) from China.x. …(you / live) in Beijing?y. No, I …(not), I live in Shanghai.x. What … (you / do)?y. I’m an accountant . I …(work) for Coca-Cola.x. … (you / travel) a lot?y. No, … (I / not) at least not very often.

5. Look at Exercise 4 again and ask and answer questions about “Y” in the 3rd person: e.g. Where does”Y”come from?

6. Open the brackets and put the verbs in either simple present or present continuous.Note that verbs describing perception, states, beliefs, or which make a declaration

are never, or rarely, used in the continuous aspect.1. We (think) of opening another office in Bucharest shortly. We (think) this willhelp us to improve our performance in Romania.2. Our records (show) that you (owe) us £ 1,000.3. CIF (mean) that insurance is included in the quotation.4. The consignment (measure) 2’ x 1’ x 15’ and (weigh) 50 kilos.5. Our marketing people (try) to find a brand name that (sound) natural andsophisticated.6. I (taste) our new instant coffee and I (be) very pleased: it (taste) better than theolder one.7. Ms. Brown (not seem) to be in the office.8. I (not / know) what time I’ll be with you, it (depend) on the traffic.

9. I (agree) that payment terms should be changed; I (suggest) a 2.5% reduction.10. We (confirm) that we (spend) some weeks studying the German market.11. What trends (you notice) in this sales chart?12. It (seems) that stative verbs are not normally used in the progressive.

7. Complete this news item with suitable verbs from the margin. It concerns the present time.

treathelpapproachpipebelievekeeptalkallowgivelikeperkputcallgiveplay

DANCING YEAST British gardeners ……… to their plants, so why shouldn’t some Japanesebakers ……… music for their bread? Shikishima Banking Co., in Nagoya,……… that classical music ……… to “dance” and ……… up the taste ofits white bread. The bakery ……… its dough in a freezer, then ……… inBeethoven for three days to give the yeast a dash of verve. It ……… thebread Pasco Adagio because, says Yukichi Minowa, Shikishima’s salesmanager, the yeast ……… slow, adagio-type music. “It ……… the breadmore body and a sweeter taste,” he ….…… Sake brewers are joining the fad. Ohara Shuzo brewery, in Fukushumaprefecture, ……… its fermenting Kura Shikku (Classic) sake to Mozarttwice a day “Music ……… the microorganisms in yeast from dying,” saysFumiko Ohara of the brewery. What next? Will Frank Sinatra wander thevineyards of Bordeaux, singing his great hits as the harvest ………? Itshould be a very good year.

8. Look back at Exercise 7 and ask a few questions about the text.e.g. – How do British gardeners treat their plants? Or

Who(m) do British gardeners talk to?

9. A. Think about the way of life of people in Romania: how life is organize; education,customs, etc.

Make generalisations about the groups below using verbs in the Simple Present andthe generalising phrases from the box whenever appropiate:

Example: Children go to school at the age of seven.

Many people… In general …Most families … Generally speaking …Children … On the whole …The rich … As a rule …The poor … … usually …The famous … … generally …Young people … … never …Old people …Most women …(Most) students …You may add other categories.

9. B. Then use these ideas to ask your foreign colleagues about their way of life.Example: What do students usually do at weekends?

9. C.1. Write five generalisations about the inhabitants of five different countries. Do notname the country and do not write about your own nationality.

9. C.2. Now exchange lists with your partner, then with the entire class; try to guess whichnationalities they have written about. Discuss how true these generalisations are.

10. Choose the correct form, simple or continuous, to give meaning to the dialogue below:John: Mike, what……………………………….

(do you do / are you doing)Mike: I (read / am reading) a report on stress. According to this, life becomes / is

becoming) too stressful for some people. Scientists (just develop / are justdeveloping) a test to see what kind of personality responds to certain situationsinvolving stress.Speaking of stress, you know that man Woods (is moving / moves) to advertising.

John: Yes, what about him?Mike: Well, he (is going / goes) to hospital for a check up tomorrow. Apparently he never

(leaves / is leaving) the office before ten o’clock every night. I hope we (don’t get /aren’t getting) like that! I (work / am working) hard myself, but I certainly (know /am knowing) when to stop.

John: I can’t agree less, you know: “All work and no play (makes / is making) Jack a dullboy”.

11. A colleague of your sister’s keeps telephoning her, but she doesn’t want to speak to him,so she asked you to “save” her each time he rings.

Use the verbs in brackets in the right form of the present tense, simple or continuous:1. Sorry I can’t hear very well, Jean …(use) the hairdryer. Just a moment. She …

(say) “Coud you call back later?”2. I’m sorry, but she can’t come to the phone. She (paint) … her nails.3. I’m sorry, but you’ve just missed her. She …(go) to a Business English course on

Friday evenings.4. I’m sorry, but she isn’t back yet. She … (usually come) home at about 10

o’clock.5. Yes, she’s back, but she … (have) a bath. Hm. I know she had a shower earlier.

She … (always have) a shower before she … (go) out and a bath before she…(go) to bed. She … (say) it … (help) her to sleep.

6. She … (be) still in the bathroom, I’m afraid, I think I can hear music, so Isuppose she … (listen) to cassettes.

7. I’m terribly sory, but she’s probably asleep by now. Yes, you’re right it’s stillearly, but she … (get up) at seven o’clock so she always … (go) to bed beforeeleven. Shall I ask her to call you tomorrow?

12. Put the verbs in brackets in the present tense, simple or continuous, according tomeaning:

a) “This house”, said the real estate salesman, (have) both its good points and its badpoints. To show you I (be) honest, I’m going to tell you about both. Thedisadvantages (be) that there (be) a chemical plant one block south and astaughterhouse a block north.”“What (be) the advantages?” inquired the prospective buyer.“The advantage (be) that you (can) always tell which way the wind (blow).

b) “I’ve invented a computer that’s almost human.”“You (mean) it (think)?”“No. But whenever it (make) a mistake it (can) put the blame on another computer”.c) Two cangaroos were talking to each other and one said, “I (hope) it (not rain)today, I just (hate) it when the children (play) inside.

13. Talk about present actions (general, in progress and which started in the past, using theprompts):

Model: A. Do you learn every day?B. Yes, I do.A. Are you learning (now)? or What are you doing (now)?B. Yes, I am, or I’m learning at maths.A. How long have you been learning at maths?B. Oh, for two mouns, since I came back to the motel.

Prompts:1. Watch television.2. Live at the motel.3. a) work on a report; b) in the laboratory.4. Study for the exams.5. Play basketball.6. Listen to music.7. Write letters.8. Think a) you have a gift for languages; b) of your future profession.9. See films10. Know a) him; b) statistics.(Note that verbs to think [meaning: a crede], to see, to know, do not take thecontinuous).

14. Join the sentences with “since” or “for” plus a time expression to show that the presentaction started in the past and has been going on for some time now:

1. Economic needs and priorities have always changed. They are still changing.2. When expert systems were developed, software grew more mature, but its

maturity is a long way off.3. I first met Laura in September 1994, when we both came to ASE and we made

friends at once; we decided to share everything together and we’ve kept ourword.

4. As a manager, I have to work quite long hours; I am used to it now. It was moredifficult at first, when I got this job.

5. Understanding needs, finding solutions: this is how Alcatel constantly opens newpaths to progress in each country where it operates. This has always been itsmission.

6. I am working at the computer and I am in a hurry to finish since I started earlymorning.

7. She is busy e-mailing my report at the moment; I asked her to do it a couple ofminutes ago.

15. Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect or the present perfect continuous tense.In some cases both could be used.

1. We (walk) ten miles. 2. How long you (walk)? 3. We (walk) for three hours. 4.What you (do)? We (develop) a new computer system. 5. How many errors you(pick out)? We (pick out) ten errors. 6. I (test) every computer in this centre andI don’t like any of them. 7. Since when he (sleep)? 8. He (sleep) since teno’clock. It’s time he woke up. 9. What a lovely smell ! Mary (make) apple pie.10. The students (work) very well this term. 11. I only (hear) from him twicesince he went away. 12. I (hear) from her regularly. She is a very goodcorrespondent. 13. I (work) for him for ten years and he never once (say) ‘Goodmorning’ to me. 14. He (teach) in this school for five years. 15. I (teach)hundreds of students but I never (meet) such a brilliant class as this. 16. Why you(be) so long in the garage? The tyres were flat. I (pump) them up. 17. I (pump)up three tyres. Would you like to do the fourth?

16. Fill in the blanks with suitable verbs in the right tense: present perfect or present, simpleor continuous:

1. I’ve been working on this essay since I returned from school, but I still ………and tomorrow’s the deadline! What ……… I ……… to do?

2. We ……… this daft soap since lunchtime! ……… you ……… bored with it? I……… to switch over to another channel, if you ………

3. Dan’s really excited about winning that scholarship at Harward. He ……… never……… at a University abroad, although he ……… several times for scholarshipat universities outside Romania.

4. Why ……… for a little while? You ……… a break since we started work.5. I ……… with my aunt in Toronto. I ……… there before, but she ……… there

for ten years now, so she can show me around.6. Please understand that we ……… to spend any more money on clothes, because

we ……… as much as we can until we ……… on holiday.

17. Read this letter first, then complete it with suitable verbs according to context. Usepresent perfect or present, simple or continuous.

Dear Dana,We (1) ……… are having a marvellous time here, in Scotland’s historic

capital. Although we intended to spend only three days sightseeing in Edinburgh and a bitbeyond, we (2) ……… our minds and (3) ……… to stay an entire week, because we (4)……… ourselves so much and (5) ……… that there’s a lot more worth seeing and doing herethan we thought at first.

We (6) ……… already the Edinburgh Castle, magnificent on its volcanic rock, andthis morning we (7) ……… down the cobbled Royal Mile, which (8) ……… something toattract us at every step we (9) ……… We (10) ……… St.Giles’ Cathedral and (11) ……… inquite a few woollens, cashmere and tartan shops. You know I (12) ……… always ……… tohave a kilt so I (13) ……… just ……… one: whenever I (14) ……… it, I’ll feel I (15)……… back here, in this fascinating place.

I’m writing this while we (16) ……… for a cup of tea and oatcakes before we (17)……… our tour of the Old Town. We (18) ……… no proper lunch today, as we (19) ………to see the country’s finest royal place, Holyroodhouse.

Fortunately, the weather (20) ……… very good so far. People (21) ……… it can bevery cold and it often (22) ……… for days! As this is the first time I (23) ……… to Scotland,I (24) ……… I’m just lucky.

Love, Maria

18. A. Compare the use of the present tense and the present perfect tense for the Romanian“prezent”, then do exercise:

Examples USES TENSESI. ACTION VERBS

1. Folosim poşta electronică în fiecare zi. We use the e-mail everyday

general habitual actions in thepresent;routine

SimplePresent

2. ……………..in clipa de faţă. We are using the e-mail at the moment

actions in progress now;temporary situations

PresentContinuous

3. ……………….…a. din anul 1994. ………………..….. b. de câţiva ani. We ‘ve been using the e-mail a. since 1994. b. for several years now

present actions in progresswhich started in the past

PresentPerfectContinuous

II.STATIVE VERBS1. Avem / Deţinem acţiuni la ConnexG.S.M.We have / own / hold shares in Connex

general states, situations inthe present

SimplePresent

2. ……………………………….acum. We have / own / hold shares in ConnexG.S.M. now.

current, temporary states,situations

SimplePresent

3. ………………….…..a. din ianuarie.…………………………….b. de câteva luni.We have had / owned / held shares inConnex G.S.M. a. since January b. for several months

now

present states, situations inprogress which began in thepast

PresentPerfectSimple

18. B. Translate into English, using present or present perfect simple or continuous for theRomanian “prezent”, as appropriate (see 18. A.):

1. Ne facem bagajele; le facem de azi dimineaţă, dar încă n-am terminat.2. Aceasta este casa în care locuiesc; locuiesc aici din copilărie.3. Ce cauţi? Stiloul. – L-ai căutat peste tot? De când îl cauţi? Mereu îl pierzi!4. Ninge tare; ninge de cinci ore aşa că n-am ieşit din casă toată ziua şi nici nu mai

putem ieşi.5. Ce faci? N-a răspuns fratele tău? De cât timp încerci să iei legătura cu el?6. - Citeşti cărţi englezeşti în original?

- Da, citesc în engleză de la 14 ani.- Ce citeşti acum?

7. Unchiul meu e scriitor. De doi ani scrie un roman, dar nu l-a terminat încă. Acume în grădină şi scrie.

8. – Cât a scris până acum, ştii?- E pe terminate; nu mai are decât puţin din ultimul capitol.

9. – De când ştii că John are un post de conducere? – De când îl văd îmbrăcat încostum în fiecare zi.

10. Firma noastră înregistrează frumoase profituri de când s-a schimbat întreagaconducere.

19.A. Compare the use of the past tense and the present perfect tense, common aspect, forthe Romanian “perfect compus”, then do 19.B.

Past Tense Present Perfect1. When did you see him?I saw him then / at 5 o’clock / an hour ago

Când l-ai văzut? L-am văzut atunci / la ora 5 / acum o oră

Have you (ever) seen him?I have seen him(I’ve) already often seldom sometimes always never not………yet.L-ai văzut (vreodată)?L-am văzut (deja, adesea, rareori, uneori,mereu).Nu l-am văzut niciodată.Nu l-am văzut încă.

2. I saw him just nowL-am văzut chiar acum

I’ve just seen him.Tocmai l-am văzut.

3. I saw him yesterday / Last week / Long ago.L-am văzut ieri / săptămâna trecută / demult.

I’ve seen him today/ This week/ LatelyL-am văzut astăzi / săptămâna aceasta / decurând.

4. I last saw him in 1980Ultima oară l-am văzut în 1980.

I haven’t seen him since then / since 1980Nu l-am (mai) văzut de atunci / din 1980.

19. B. Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect tense or the simple past tense and fillthe blanks by repeating the auxiliary used in the question:

1. Have you wound the clock? Yes, I …. I (wind) it last night.2. Has he repaired the fridge? No, he … He only (repair) part of it so far.3. Have you done your homework? Yes, we (do) it all. We (do) it yesterday.4. Have you found the note-books? No, I …5. Has Mary bought the coffee-machine? Yes, she … She (buy) some two days ago.6. Have you been here before? No, I …

20. Change the present tense into the past tense or the present perfect, according to theadverbs given in brackets and translate into Romanian (see ex. 19.A.):

1. We live in Bucharest (always, last year).2. Do you often have guests? (ever, when …?).3. I don’t miss any classes (never; when I was a student).4. He listens to music every day (today, yesterday).5. She works at the airport (last year; recently).6. Does she make cookies? (ever, two days ago).7. They call on her every week (last week, this week).8. He does his homework every afternoon (never; a while ago).

21. Use either the simple past tense or the present perfect tense in short conversationsaccording to this model:

Have you (ever) seen that film?Yes, I have.When did you see it?I saw it last week / yesterday / a month ago / in 1992.

Prompts: Been to London; met her before; worked on a farm; spoken to a film star; typed aletter; invented anything; had guests; made cookies; listened to music; turned on theTV; completed your degree project, introduced him to them; missed any classes;caught a cold; had a sore throat; lived at the hotel.

22. Two friends are talking together a few days before a party they are going to give. They aretelling one another what they have done, when they did it, and what they haven’t done yet,like that:

Jane: What about the invitations?Maria: a) I’ve already done them! I wrote them yesterday. Or

b) I haven’t done them yet.Write similar answers to the following sentences using present perfect and / or simple past,according to the time marker in brackets:

Jane: Are Dan and Paul coming to the party?Maria: I don’t know. (ask … yet).Jane: What about Barbara and Peter?Maria: (invite … already / last week).Jane: What are we going to drink at the party?Maria: I don’t know (decide … yet).Jane: That cake smells good anyway.Maria: (make … just).Jane: We must buy some ham or cheese.Maria: (buy … already / in the morning).Jane: But, the room’s untidy.Maria: (tidy up … yet).Jane: What about the music, then? Have you a cassette-recorder, or something?Maria: (have a stereo-system for two months / buy … two months ago).Jane: We can play my records too. How many people are coming?Maria: I don’t know (send invitations … yet).Jane: Let’s go and post them now.

23. Notice how you can ask questions with “How long …” both for past and present time.e.g. 1) X: I lived in Braşov for a time

You: Oh? How long did you live there?e.g. 2) X: I live in Bucharest.

You: Oh? How long have lived / been living there?Now you do it:1. We lived in Bran at first, you know.2. We live in Braşov, like you.3. He studied English at school.4. He’s learning French and Spanish.5. I first worked as a receptionist.

6. I’m working for a small cosmetics company.7. She’s looking for another job.8. She was unemployed for a while.9. Yes, we watched television last night.10. Shh! We’ve watching a very interesting programme.

24. Put the verb into the correct form – present perfect or past simple (see also ex. 19.A.).a) A. You have a lovely dress!

When … (you / buy) it? B.Come on! You (see) me in it before; I (have) it for two years now.b) A. Dear me! Somebody (spill) coffee on my carpet!

B. Well, it (be / not) me! I (not / do).c) A. Is your brother at home?

B. No, I’m afraid he … (go) out.A. When exactly … (he / go) out?B. You … (just / miss) him; it isn’t more than three minutes since he / leave).

d) A. How long … (you / live) in Bucharest?B. Two years.A. And where … (you / live) before that!A. In Braşov, my hometown.

e) A. Where is Mike?B. Don’t you know? He … (break) his right leg.A. Really? How … (that / happen) ?B. He … (slip) on a banana skin.

f) A. Who … (be) Albert Einstain? B. He (be) the scientist who (develop) the theory of relativity.

25. Ask questions in the simple past tense or present perfect (simple or continuous), using theprompts below each of them:

1. It’s snowing How long / snow? How long ago / start / snow? When / start / snow?2. I’m learning Japanese How long / learn? How long ago / start / learn? When / start / learn?3. We know Mary and John quite well How long / know? How long ago / first / meet? When / first / meet?4. I’ve got a camera How long / have? How long ago / buy? When / buy?5. This jacket is so old! Got to get a new one. How long / have? How long ago / get? When / buy?

6. It took me a long time to become a good doctor, and there are still many things Idon’t know

How long / take? How long / learn? When / start / learn?1. We used to live in Braşov; That was before I went to University, but I’ll never get

used to Bucharest! How long / live in Braşov? How long ago / move from Braşov? How long / live in Bucharest? When / come to Bucharest?8. I’ve been working here doing the same thing long enough. Time for a change in

my live Since when / work here? How long / do the same thing? How long ago / start /work? How long / feel / time for a change? When / get bored with this job?

26. Are the underlined parts of sentence right R or wrong W? Correct the wrong ones:1. I’ve lost my glasses, I can’t find them anywhere…R…2. When have you lost them? …W...: When DID you LOSE3. Where have you been last Sunday? ….4. I’m looking for Jane. Have you seen her? ….5. I’m starving! I’ve learnt all day and haven’t had time to eat anything. ….6. Did you see “Gone with the Wind”? …..7. When did you see it?8. Mr.Dombey has worked in a bank for 10 years; then he was made redundant and

decided to start his own business. …………….9. Ms. Wilkins is a teacher; She has been a teacher for 20 years, more precisely,

since she has left her job at the bank…………………10. When I got home last night, I was so tired, I went straight to bed………11. I just got home and didn’t have time to check my answering machine…...

27. Use the time markers given in brackets instead of the one underlined. Make the necessarychanges in the tense of the predicate:

1. The plane from London got here at noon yesterday (every morning; everymorning since May). 2. Miss. Blake started work at seven o’clock this morning(every day; every day since she got this job). 3. Mr.Whatt went out to lunch at oneo’clock yesterday (usually; just). 4. We are living in the country now (until 1996;since 1976). 5. I know all about it at last (for years; days ago). 6. John doesn’t oftencome to see us nowadays (never; last year). 7. What are you smiling at now? (just;just now). 8. They always keep us waiting (since he got promoted; last night). 9. It israining now (just; yesterday; for two hours). 10. He was preparing for theexamination last month (today; for the last fortnight; never). 11. I am working on aninvention now (usually; for a long time; last year). 12. Jane helped us last Sunday(tonight; often; last week). 13. I bought a lot of books last month (today; lately;every time I get my pay).14. The students next door frequently practise singing (forthree hours yesterday; every afternoon since we moved here). 15. We play tennisonce a week (every day last year; never; since we joined the club).

28. Use the bracketed verb in the correct tense: present, past, or present perfect simple orcontinuous:

1. “What part of Romania you (come) from?” “Timişoara; but I (live) in Ploieştijust now”. 2. “How long it (be) since you (not be) in your native town?” “I(not see) it since I (graduate) from the University”. 3. “What he (say)? I (nothear) properly”. I think he (explain) that the train from Braşov (run) tenminutes late”. 4. Science (begin) to dominate our lives. 5. “You (listen) everto pops?” “Not very often. I prefer classical music”. 6. He (not have) aholiday for two years because he (be) too busy. 7. “What her brother (do) for aliving?” “Oh, he (be) a businessman. He (run) his own business” “It (do)well?” “Yes, they (get) more and more business deals every year”. 8. Sinceyou (give) me our number I (phone) you four times and (not find) you athome. 9. We (live) here for the last ten years, and just (decide) to move. 10.The whole place rapidly (become) a huge tourist resort. 11. “What you (do)?”“I (write) a letter now”. “I (see) you writing two hours ago, too”. “Yes, I(write) letters for some hours now”. 12. “You (begin) to read up for yourexams yet?” “Yes, I … I (start) just now”. 13. I (go) to Spain five years ago.Since then I (not speak) Spanish, and I (forget) nearly all I (learn) there. 14.“You (read) The Bell?” “Yes, I … I (borrow) the book last week and just(finish) it”. 15. Fog (not cover) England the whole time, as some people(think).

29. Open the brackets using the present perfect or the past tense.A. Lucy: Hello, Phil. Sorry I am late. You (be) here long?

Phil: No, I just (arrive). I (get) here 5 minutes ago.Lucy: How are you?Phil:Well, I (have) an awful morning at the faculty.

I don’t know what’s wrong with me, but (not be) able to study properly for a fewdays now.

Lucy: You (have) many classes this morning?Phil: Yes, I (have), and I (fall) asleep during the first hour, then I (not answer)

properly at Statistics and we (have) a test at General Economics, too.Lucy: Luckily it’s your favourite subject!Phil: Right. But today I (make) a mess of the test.Lucy: I think it’s the weather. It (rain) so much these last few days. I (have) a

headache since yesterday morning. Perhaps a film may do us good.Phil: What about going to a disco. We (not be) to one for ages.Lucy: I’d love it. I can wear the gown I just (buy).Phil: That’s good news. When you (buy) it?Lucy: I (buy) it an hour ago.

B. Dan and Paul are on their way to the faculty. They just (catch) this bus.Dan: Good mornig, Paul. You almost (miss) the bus.Paul: I (oversleep). I really (have) to hurry.Dan: You (look) tired. What (do)?Paul: I (go) to a party last night. We (dance) for a couple of hours.Dan: I not (be) to a party for ages. I (learn) too much lately. You (dance) all night?

Paul: Of course not. I also (sit) and (watch) TV. Some people (play) cards, too.Dan: I never (play) cards. You (have)?Paul: No, I (not have) always (find) it boring. By the way, You (know) Peter?Dan: I (meet) him, but I really (not know) him.Paul: He (be) a lot of fun at a party. He always (have) a funny story to tell. Last night

he (tell) us Irish jokes. I never (laugh) so hard in my life. You (hear) of the Irishwoman who (try) to iron her curtains?

Dan: No, I (not have).Paul: She (fall) out of the window … or How you (make) an Irishman laugh on a

Monday morning?Dan: I know it. Tell him a joke on Friday evening. Ha-ha! But let me tell you the one

about the Scotsman who (be) late in paying his bills.Paul: Typical! What he (do)?Dan: He (receive) the following note: “Your account (be) on our books for over a

year, just want to remind you. We (now, carry) you longer than your mother(do)”.

Paul: Oh, no! We (just, miss) our stop! Now we are going to be late to class!Dan: But we (have) a good laugh!

C. Here is another Irish joke told by Peter last night, choose the right form of thepredicate.

An Irishman (was planning to spend / planned) his holiday travelling throughGermany, so he (was deciding to / decided) learn a little German.

He (went / was going) to a language school and (wanted to / was wanting) pay thefel when the secretary (said / was saying).

“Did you ever learn” / “Have you ever learnt another language?“No, I (haven’t / didn’t) the Irishman (answered / was answering).“Then you (must / had to) know that German may seem very difficult at first, but

after about lesson 7 it is much easier”, said the secretary. Hearing that theIrishman (paid / has paid) his fee and (arranged / has arranged) to start nextday at lesson 8. No one (can be / was able to be) as logical as an Irishman!

30. Complete the following anecdote with the suitable verb form from the list on the right.Some words may be used more times (as shown):

A student __________to sell his dog to one of this colleagues. “This ______a talking dog”, he ______. “And I _____it away for fivedollars.” His colleague ________, “Who ______you ______ you _____ with thistalking dog stuff? I ________ never ____ a dog that can talk! “Suddenly the dog________ up with tears in his eyes. “Please buy me, sir”, he _________.“You _______not___ how cruel this man can be! He never _________me a meal, never ________ me , never __________ me for a walk”And I used to be the richest trick dog in America. I _________ beforekings; I _________in the Army and________decorated the times!”“Wow, he _________!” the student. “Why _______you ________to sellhim for just five dollars?” “Because, “_________ the seller”, I_________find of all his lies!”

wantbe x 3say x 3kidgetseetakelookknowtalkbuyperformpleadgiveselltrythinkbatheexclaim

31. Translate into English:1. Tocmai am terminat cursul de calculatoare. 2. Ne-am distrat de minune. 3. Arătamai bine când l-am văzut la conferinţa internaţională. 4. Irlandezul a plătit taxapentru cursul de germană şi a aranjat să înceapă a doua zi de la lecţia 8. 5. Aiîntârziat vreodată la ore? Da. Când ai întârziat? Când am dormit mai mult, deoarecenu am auzit deşteptătorul. 6. Te-a ajutat Dan vreodată să faci cumpărăturile? Da.Când te-a ajutat ultima oară? De fapt m-a ajutat doar odată, când a vrut să-şicumpere costum şi pantofi. 7. L-ai auzit vreodată pe Peter spunând anecdote? Nu,nu l-am auzit niciodată. Trebuie să-l auzi. Eu l-am auzit aseară, la balul bobocilor şiam râs ca niciodată în viaţă. 8. De cât timp lucrezi la proiectul de diplomă? Lucrezla el de câteva luni, din decembrie trecut. 9. Prietena noastră este răcită rău şi noisuntem îngrijorate. Când a răcit? Când am fost în excursie. De atunci o doare în gâtşi are temperatură. 10. Aştepţi de mult? Nu, abia am sosit. De fapt am ajuns aiciacum 10 minute şi în timp ce te aşteptam, am citit ziarul.

32.A. Turn the following present routines and events into the past by substituting the pasttime expressions given in the box for the present time ones wherever applicable:

Yesterday (morning / afternoon), last week / month, etc, a year / month / weekago, a long time ago, in 1995, just now.

1. I eat at least ten apples every day, though I’m not a vegetarian.2. We play tennis every Saturday afternoon.3. I work for an insurance company.4. We usually stay at Youth hostels when we go on holiday.5. He needs a new pair of shoes every month.6. We want to buy a car today.7. We often have just coffee and toast for breakfast.8. The students are free every Sunday.9. She buys a new dress every week.10. He goes shopping only at weekends.

32.B. Put the verbs in brackets into the simple past tense, then make the sentences bothnegative and interrogative like this:

Mary (buy) a dress yesterdaya) Mary bought a dress yesterday.b) Mary (did not/ didn’t) buy a dress yesterday.c) Did Mary buy a dress yesterday?Now you do it.1. This dress (fit) her last year.2. I (see) a lovely skirt in the shop-window last week.3. We (find) a lot of good books two weeks ago.4. They (watch) television last night.5. Gabriel (buy) a record four months ago.6. We (enjoy) our lunch yesterday.7. Mary (choose) a fancy silk for a minute ago.8. Ann (look) for a pair of skis last Friday.9. I (take) size 30 in shoes when I was a child.10. My watch (stop) a while ago.

33. Put the verbs in brackets in the simple past tense, then retell the anecdotes.A. Did you hear about the cheerful truck-driver who (pull up) at a roadside café inthe middle of the night for a dinner stop? Halfway through his dinner, three wild-looking motorcyclists (roar up) bearded, leather-jacketed, filthy with swastikasadorning their chests and helmets.For no reason at all they (select) the truck driver as a target. One (pour) pepper overhis head, another (steal) his apple pie, the third (upset) his cup of coffee. The truckdriver never (say) a word – just (arise), (pay) his bill and (go) out.“That trucker sure ain’t much of a fighter (sneer) one of the bullies. The girl behindthe counter, peering out into the night, (add); “He doesn’t seem to be much of a drivereither. He just (run) his truck right over three motorcycles!”.

B. Striking a bargainJust occasionally, the seller does come out of a clever business deal on top – as in thisexample of a man who (sell) an idea to a manufacturing company.The particular beauty of this deal lies in the fact that the idea (be) not one which he(can) put into practice himself.He simply (approach) a leading match company and (offer) to tell them how theycould save thousands of pounds by means of one change to their manufacturingproducts. The change (will) cost absolutely nothing to carry out – but he (want) asubstantial percentage of the savings in return for the idea.Not surprisingly, the match company (be) more than a little suspicious, and (turn) himdown. After all, if this idea (be) so obvious to an outsider, surely they (can) work itout for themselves.They duly (go) through the whole factory with a fine tooth-comb – but (find) nothing.By this time, they were so intrigued by the man’s offer that they (go) back to him and(agree) that if he (save) them money, he could have the cut he (want).“Just put one striking surface on each matchbox instead of two” he (advise) them“You’ll cut the money you spend on abrasives by 50%.They (do) – and they (do). And over the next few years, the man who (sell) them theidea (make) a small fortune.

C. All stitched upIn the unstable and unpredictable world of popular music, there have been manyastonishing business deals (both good and bad) – but perhaps the greatest of them all(occur) in 1955.In that year, RCA Records (pay) Sam Phillips, the owner of a Memphis recordingcompany called Sun Records, the sum of $ 35,00 for the exclusive contract he (have)with an unconventional young singer with a grossly exaggerate action.Phillips (be) happy with the deal at the time. After all, it (seam) like a lot of moneyand, in any case, the young man only (wander) into his studio one day to cut a recordon specially as a present for his mother.But RCA (know) what they were doing. In the years that (follow), Elvis Presley (go)on to sell over a billion records – and is still selling today.

34. Talk about past actions and situations using the prompts:Model:Prompt: ask your colleague when he was born.Student1: When were you born?Student2: I was born in july 18, 1969.Prompts: Ask your colleague:1. Where he was born.2. Where he lived as a child.3. What schools he attended and where.4. How he decided to study economics.5. If he had a job before becoming a student.6. When he had his entrance exam.7. How long he studied for it.8. If he liked his last summer vacation better than all the others before it and why.

35. Talk with your friend about your lives now and in the past. Complete the table withthe information you receive:

Topic Life now Life as a childWhat / do at the weekend?What / do in the morning?What / do in the evening?Where / go on holiday?What sports / play?What TV programmes / like?What newspapers / books /magazines / read?What food / like?

36. Answer the following questions to show the difference between momentary actions andactions in progress in the past.

Model:When did it happen? (while I walk).It happened while I was walking.

(momentary) (action in progress)1. When did the lights go out? (just as I / leave).2. When did you leave the faculty yesterday? (while it / rain).3. When did the computer break down? (while the programmer / run it).4. When did you come it? (just as they / feed data into the computer).5. When did you hear someone moving in the next room. (while I / work out a

problem).

I (usually) do theshopping and ….

I used to play with myfriends and …….

What do you do at theweekend?

What did you do whenyou were a child?

37. Change the predicates from simple past to past continuous. Add appropiate time markersor explanatory clauses to account for the change:

e.g. I studied my English lesson last night.Becomes: I was studying my English leason 1) when Dan arrived. Or

2) this time last night.1. I went shopping yesterday. 2. Did you walk home from the faculty last night?3. It didn’t rain yesterday morning. 4. He watched his favourite TV programmelast night. 5. Paul wrote several letters the day before yesterday. 6. I got off thebus at the faculty. 7. Did you dance and tell jokes last weekend? 8. My friend didnot drive at high speed last Sunday. 9. My students worked on a project lastautumn. 10. We ran up five flights of stairs to our classroom.

38. Open the brackets using past tense simple or continuous, as appropiate:Dan: What you (do) yesterday afternoon when I (phone) you?Anna: What time you (phone) me?Dan: About 5.Anna: You (dial) the right number?Dan: Of course I (do). I (try) again and again. The line (be) busy. I (think) there (be)something wrong with your telephone. At last I (give) up.Anna: Oh, now I remember. I (leave) the receiver off the hook. I (write) letters and I(not want) to be disturbed. So, you see, I (work) hard while you (waste) your timetelephoning.Dan: But you (write) letters.Anna: That’s right. Isn’t that hard work?

39. Complete the following sentences to express an action in progress in the past:1. She confessed that she …2. I was trying to find the keys when/while….3. He took up working when we (still)…4. I didn’t leave the house as it …5. She arrived when he …6. I fell down while I …7. I was watching TV while she …8. We didn’t agree with her because she …

40. Use the verbs in brackets in the right past tense, to tell the story:Yesterday morning was another of those mad mornings. The alarm clock (not wakeup) me at 6:30. When my roommate (wake up) me at last, the sun (shine) and theradio (announce) 8:00. I (go to be) late for class again! While I (have) breakfast I(throw) all my books and copybooks into the bag. Just as I (leave) I (see) the buscoming. As I (run) as quickly as I could to the bus-stop, I (run) into an elderly womanand nearly (knock) her over. I (apologize) and (start) running again. I (get) to thebus-stop just as the bus (leave). As I (get on), I (slip) on a banana skin and (fall) onmy back and (break) a leg. So, while my groupmates (have) classes I (be) driven tohospital.

41. Translate into English using past tense simple and continuous as appropriate.1. Prietenul meu se întorcea din excursie când l-am întâlnit. 2. Ieri la ora asta învăţamla engleză. 3. Ploua când aţi pornit-o la drum? 4. Nu conduceam maşina în mare vitezăcând am dat peste cea din faţă. 5. Te uitai la televizor aseară la ora 8? 6. În timp ceurcam pe munte ploua, dar când am ajuns în vârf era soare. 7. Chiar în clipa în careieşeam din cămin am văzut autobuzul venind. 8. În timp ce fugeam spre staţia deautobuz, am dat peste o persoană mai în vârstă şi mi-am cerut scuze. 9. Când am ajunsla facultate, tocmai suna de intrare. 10. Cu ce te ocupai anul trecut pe vremea aceasta?11. Când lucra la planul de afaceri se tot plângea că nu are datele exacte cu privire laconcurenţă. 12. La secţia Relaţii Externe, mă întâlneam cu o mulţime de oameni depeste tot, dar nu ajungeam să cunosc pe nimeni cu adevărat.

42. Answer the questions about the following pairs of sentences:1. In which sentence did Mary not see John?a) Mary left when John arrived.b) Mary had left when John arrived.2. In which sentence is it certain that Margot is studying economics at the time ofspeaking?a) We knew Margot was studying economics.b) We knew Margot had studied economics.3. In which sentence has Mike behaved wisely only on one particular occasion?a) We all thought that Mike was wise.b) We all thought that Mike had been wise.4. In which sentence did they miss the beginning of the film?a) By the time we got to the cinema, the film had already started.b) Hardly had we got to the cinema when the film started.Bring arguments in support of your answer.

43. In each pair below, pick the sentence referring to a past action in progress for a longerperiod of time. Underline the verb forms and the time markers that prove your point:

1. a) We were playing tennis when the rain started.b) We had been playing tennis for 1 hour when the rain started.

2. a) This time yesterday Jane was watching TV.b) By this time yesterday Jane had been watching TV for a couple of hours.

3. a)When I arrived, they were all waiting for me.b) When I arrived, they had all been waiting for me for a long time, so they wererather angred.

4. a) It was very noisy next door, as our neighbours were having a party.b) It was very noisy next door, as our neighbours had been having a party since theygot home.

5. a) Where were they living at that time?b) They’d been living in a caravan for several months, actually since the big fire that

(had) destroyed the entire village, remember?

44. Name the tenses underlined in the following sentences:1. I’d phoned my friend, Elaine, from the airport before the plane took off.2. I’d always wanted to go to Athens and now my dream was coming true.3. I sipped a gin and tonic, pushed my seat back and snoozed until I heard a

voice……..4. We’d been flying for about two hours when we met an airpocket.5. I still haven’t worked out how I slept through all that.Now match the tenses underlined above with the definitions given below:This tense is used to describe a past event or situation that:a. occurred before another past event / situationb. Happened at an indefinite time and is relevant to the presentc. Happened at a specified time in the pastd. Continued over a period of time in the past, starting before another past momente. Was in progress at a certain time in the past

45. Put the verbs in brackets into Simple Past, Past Continuous, Simple Past Perfect or PastPerfect Continuous depending on whether the past actions are simultaneous or one ofthem had happened or had begun before the respective past time:

1. While we (stay) in London the dome of St.Paul’s (repair). It (repair) stillwhen I (return) to London a year later. 2. Although the sun (shine) and (fall)kindly upon them and the scene (be) really very pretty, they (not be able to)feel at ease until they (get) home. 3. By the time they (arrive) it (rain) hard.4Before the sun (set) down the already (come) to a little inn; the landlord(show) them into a large room where a cheerful fire (burn). 5. I hardly (go) outwhen it (start) raining, so I (open) up the umbrella while I (cross) the street tocatch the bus which (wait) there and a car nearly (knock) me down. 6. Maryhardly (go) to bed when the telephone (ring); she (talk) on the phone whenthere (be) a knock at the door. 7. When eleven o’clock (come) and he still (notget) home, I (begin) to wonder if he (have) an accident. 8. When we finally(return) to Bucharest we (travel) twenty thousand miles. 9. Why you(interrupt) me just now? I (have) quite an interesting conversation with myold friend, Jake. 10. They (say) they (can not) help thinking that they (see) thatface somewhere before. 11. After he (see) that film, he (tell) all his friends thathe never (see) a better one. 12. I no sooner (arrive) at the station than I (see)Jill waiting for me. She (wear) a white dress and (look) very pretty. As soon asshe (see) me she (wave) her hand and (shout) something, but I (can not) hearwhat she (say) because everybody (make) a terrible noise. 13. After he (enter)the room he (fling) open all the windows. 14. We (call) on our friend yesterdayand (find) that he (be) out for some hours. 15. While he (make) a speech, themanager suddenly (feel) faint and (pour) himself a glass of water.

46. Translate the two stories into English, using all the past tenses:A. După ce am aflat că voi putea pleca la mare, am venit acasă şi mi-am făcut bagajul,

dar, deoarece eram tare grăbită, nu am mai verificat dacă mi-am luat toate celenecesare. Când am ajuns în staţie, tocmai plecase autobuzul. Până când a veniturmătorul, m-am hotărât să caut un taxi. Nici n-am ajuns bine la gară, că a şi pornittrenul. Oricât am fugit eu după el, tot nu l-am prins. Abia m-am întors tristă acasă, căm-a sunat la telefon prietena mea să mă roage să mergem împreună la ştrand. Mi-am

zis că, dacă nu-i marea, e bun şi ştrandul. Dar în timp ce-mi căutam costumul de baieîn valiză, mi-am dat seama că uitasem de el când mi-am făcut bagajul pentru mare.Dacă prindeam trenul, ajungeam la mare fără costum de baie!Morala: graba strică treaba!

B. (Here you may have to use emphatic inversion): Niciodată nu visasem eu să-mi apară în cale un asemenea noroc: nu numai căbunicul îmi lăsase prin testament toată averea lui, dar, în acelaşi timp, niciodată nu maiavusesem atâta noroc în afaceri.De acum înainte, nu va mai trebui să-mi fac griji pentru viitor! Nu voi mai fi nevoit săîmprumut bani de la prieteni şi, cu atât mai puţin, nu voi mai depinde de bunul plac alrudelor bogate! Dimpotrivă, nu va mai fi niciodată, dar absolut niciodată, cazul sădepind de nimeni din punct de vedere financiar. Rareori îmi mai păruse totul atât deminunat! De unde să ştiu, însă, că în curând norocul avea să mă părăsească? Abia am câştigat averea (came into money) că au şi scăzut acţiunile la bursă foartemult. Nici nu am apucat să mă bucur de bogăţie, că am recăzut în starea de sărăciedinainte. Niciodată în viaţă nu mă mai simţisem atât de nenorocit! În zadar am aşteptatca acţiunile să-şi recapete valoarea anterioară. Dar după mulţi ani de muncă grea mi-am dat seama că banii nu aduc fericirea şi, întorcându-mă cu gândul la acel episod dinviaţa mea, nu mi-aş mai dori să fiu bogat vreodată. … Doar dacă …

47. Match the following utterances (1-7) with the corresponding functions (a-f) of the SimpleFuture.

1. I’ll answer the door.2. Shall I give you a lift?3. Unless you pass the test, you won’t get the scholarship.4. There’ll probably be another exam and I expect you’ll sit for it.5. Honestly, I’ll never be late again.6. By the way, will you please make a spech at our “Appreciation Day”?7. I like this printer; I’ll offer you £ 200 for it.

a. predictionb. promisec. invitation, polite requestd. offer of helpe. instant decision, spontaneous reactionf. First Conditional.

48. Choose the right form of the verbs in brackets. There may be two right answerssometimes. Explain your choice(s). You may have to make some changes:

1. finish ’ll be exhaustedWhen you have finished your project, you ’ll have been exhausted

’ll finish are exhausted

2. What our world will be likeis going to be like in the year 2000?

3. I shan’t have ’ll se’m not going to have peace of mind until I see the doctor

have seen

‘ve passed4. By this time next week I hopefully ‘ll pass all my exams.

‘ll have passed

5. Look at the lovely blue sky: it isn’t raining today.isn’t going to rain

’ve graduated,6. When I graduate, I start my own business.

’ll graduate, ’ll start

are going7. All the members of this department ’ll be going to their wedding anniversary

will gonext Saturday.

’ll have finished are going to celebrate8. We ’ll finish our exams by Friday and we ’ll celebrate over

finish ’ll be celebratingthe entire weekend.

leaves9. Our train is leaving at 11:15 you know! We have to hurry!

will leave will have to

will do10. What you will be going this time next year?

are going to do

’ll support ’ll need11. I promise I ’m going to support you whenever you need me.

’ll be supporting ’ll be needing

’ll ask12. If there (’ll be / is) no objection, we are asking the committee to approve

are going to askthe proposal.

phases out13. Over the next five years the government will phase out income taxes.

will be phasing out

49. Put the verbs between brackets into present or future, indefinite or perfect:1. We’ll go out when the weather (get) warmer. 2. I’ll begin the lesson as soon as Jack(stop) talking. 3. His father will not lend him any more money until he (learn) not towaste it. 4. See that it is clean before you (touch) it. 5. As soon as you (buy) the bookI’ll borrow it from you. 6. The radio (be) fixed by the time you get back. 7. You (notforget) to lock up before you go out, will you? 8. As soon as the ship (reach) port, itscargo will be unloaded. 9. I (do) a lot of work by the time she wakes up. 10. Don’tcount your chickens before they (be) hatched.

50. Use future or present, simple, perfect, or continuous:1. We (go) to the nountains for our next holiday. Roy (be pleased) to see us again. 2.“When you (be) twenty-one” “In June, and I (have) a wonderful twenty-first birthdayparty. There (be) champagne, caviare and dancing. We (have) the time out life!”. 3.Hugh is very good at his work; he (earn) a high salary when he (be) thirty. 4. I (think)of you every day while you (be) away. 5. I hope you (feel) better when I next (see)you. 6. Mr. Timms has applied for a job in Indonesia. This time next year he (teach)English there if he (get) the job. 7. We (have) a long journey tomorrow; We (drive)all day. 8. I still (go) my homework when my room-mate (come) home from thefaculty. 9. This time tomorrow I (bathe) in the sea if the water (be) warm enough. 10.Mary (fly) to Cluj tomorrow. She (send) her family a telegram as soon as she (arrive).11. By the end of the month the new factory (commission). 12. I (read) the paperwhile I (have) lunch. 13. How much he (save) by the end of this year?. 14. By 1999John (write) a lot of novels. 15. I just (begin) reading one of his novels. It (be) a verylong book and I (have) only time to read some pages a day. I (not think) I (be able to)finish it by Sunday, or by the time he (ask) it back from me.

51. Look through this extract from the conversation between a Young Entrepreneur (YE) anda Small Business Adviser (SBA).

Part 1Fill the gaps (a-h) with appropriate words and phrases from the box below to expressplans, intentions and wishes:

plan intend mean think want

wish be going to be looking to set out to

SBA: How much money (a) … you… to borrow?YE: I (b)… of a sum around USD 5,000.SBA: What (c) …you… to do with this money?YE: I (d) … to start a small catering business and to buy new seasonal inventory.SBA: What type of loan(e) … you … to take out?YE: I(f) … of a short-term lean; three months, I suppose.SBA: Fine.(g) … you … to pledge any security in support of your application?YE: Yes, I (h) … of your accepting the line on the equipment I’m planning to buy.

Part 2Use the verbs in brackets in the appropriate form to express future conditions.SBA: This is a possibility. On the other hand, if you open a business start-up account with our

bank, there’ll be more advantages for you.YE: Could you be more specific, please?SBA: Well, if you open a start-up account, there (be) a preferential rate of interest, below our

normale rate.YE: It sounds great!SBA: If you (be) aware of all these factors and (understand) their workings, you’ll certainly

avoid the pitfalls awaiting those who are less cautious. Above all, remember the goldenrule: “Plan carefully, right from the start; any other time is too late”.

Ye: I know there’s a risk in everything. But, if you (not take) risks, there (be) no gain.SBA: Right you are. And our bank believes in small entrepreneurs like you with enterprising

spirit and realistic business plans.YE: Thank you.SBA: OK then, if you (bring) the modified business plan by Tuesday this week, I (get) the

forms prepared and sent to you with our confimation letter by Monday.

52. Translate into English, paying attention to the verb forms used to express future time:A.

1. Îţi voi telefona imediat ce voi ajunge la Londra.2. Când vei sosi, mă vei găsi lucrând la raport.3. Vom aştepta aici până se va întoarce Paul. El se va întoarce seara târziu.4. Dacă Dan o să mă invite, probabil că o să mă duc la petrecere.5. Nu ştiu dacă voi pleca săptămâna viitoare, sau dacă o să mai stau o

săptămână în Bucureşti.6. Anul viitor pe vremea aceasta vom locui într-un apartament nou. Ne mutăm

în ianuarie.7. E prea devreme. Prietenii noştri vor fi încă la masă când vom ajunge acolo.8. Când va absolvi Adrian facultatea, va fi studiat aici patru ani.9. Peste o lună se vor împlini 10 ani de când lucrez în această fabrică.10. Cât voi trăi nu voi uita anii de studenţie.

B.Dacă i-aţi întreba azi pe oameni de ce folosesc telefonul pentru a comunica cu

prietenii lor, ori de ce deschid televizorul ca să se distreze sau să afle ştiri, s-ar uita lavoi ca şi cum aţi fi nebuni. Nu considerăm telefonul, televizorul sau automobilul cafiind ceva neobişnuit. Acestea au devenit o parte atât de integrantă a vieţii, încât nu maisunt remarcate sau comentate.

În acelaşi fel, în zece ani, majoritatea americanilor şi a multor altora de pe tot globulnu vor mai remarca Web-ul. Va fi un simplu reflex să operezi Web-ul pentru ştiri,educaţie, divertisment şi comunicare, exact aşa cum astăzi este atât de firesc să ridicireceptorul ca să vorbeşti cu cineva ori că comanzi ceva dintr-un catalog.

Există un interes extraordinar pentru Web. Cu toate acestea, este încă la începuturi.Tehnologia şi viteza de răspuns sunt pe cale de a face un salt important. Aceasta va faceca oamenii să considere Web-ul ca parte din viaţa lor cotidiană.

În cele din urmă, toate cărţile de vizită ale oamenilor de afaceri vor specifica o adresăpentru e-mail. Fiecare avocat, fiecare doctor şi fiecare firmă – mare sau mică – vor ficonectaţi.

Unde o să găsim timpul pentru Web? De fapt, în unele cazuri, oamenii vor economisitimp, pentru că Web-ul va face ca orice acţiune să fie mai eficientă ca în trecut. Cum arfi, de exemplu, să obţii informaţii despre o achiziţie importantă. Aceasta se poate foarteuşor afla pe Web, încă de astăzi.

În alte cazuri, oamenii vor folosi timpul petrecut acum citind ziarul sau uitându-se latelevizor pentru a găsi informaţii sau divertisment pe ecranul computerului. Acest lucruva deveni evident în 1998. Americanii, mai ales cei tineri, vor sta mai puţin timp în faţatelevizorului decât în faţa computerului.

În viitor, vom putea nu numai să batem pe tastatură, ci şi să introducem verbal încomputer cereri de informaţii, iar dacă ne va interesa viteza unor chip-uri, răspunsulcare ne va parveni se va referi la computere, şi nu la cips-uri de cartofi.

Web-ul va fi în 2008 tot atât de obişnuit ca şi automobilul. Poate chiar mai curând.(Supliment Capital, 18 dec.1997)

Final tense review

53. Match these utterances to numbers on the time flowchart below taking into account onlythe predicates underlined. Give reasons for your choice.

a. Our order LZ-456 hasn’t arrived yet.b.1. We were meeting the Japanese delegation on Monday, but there was a change ofplans and they had to go to Switerland first;b.2. so we‘re seeing them on Wednesday instead.c. Have you seen the revised contract?d. I’m afraid I can’t see you next week because I’ll be attending a training course.e. Did you go to Italy last year?f. After you’ve worked with us for six months, we’ll renegotiate your pay.g. After I’d worked with them for a year, I decided to ask for a promotion.h. We’ve been doing business with them for many years now.i. Business is good.j. When his car broke down, he was driving to Geneva for a conference.k. When his car broke down, he had been driving for two hours.l. I live in Bucharest.m. I also lived in Bradford for three years long ago.n.1. By the time we graduate do you thinkn.2. we’ll have learnt everything we need to know about international trade?o. They said they’d spend the weekend in London.p. Did you ask them what hotel they’d booked in?r. I didn’t know you wanted to meet them.

Time flowchart

4

1THE PRESENT

5seen fromthe present

seen fromthe past

6

2THE PAST

7 8 9

3THE FUTURE

10 11seen fromthe past

seen fromthe present

seen fromthe future

seen fromthe past

seen fromthe

present

seenfrom the

future

(adapted from Discover English, by Rod Bolitho and Brian Tomlinson, Heinemann 1995)

54. Use the verbs in brackets in the right tense:1. The tourists arrived at London Airport early on Monday morning. They (leave)

Bucharest on Sunday night. They (spend) a fortnight in Romania and (see) all thesights. After they (show) their passports to the official and (pass) through thecustoms they (get) on the bus and (go) to the terminal.

2. I saw Mr.Green yesterday, driving my old car. I (sell) it to him three monthsbefore and he (pay) me half the price. But he still (owe) me 125. When I (see)him in my car, I (tell) myself that I (do) a foolish thing, selling it to a man likeMr.Green.

3. I left home one morning at eight o’clock, (jump) on a bus, and (sit) down. Theconductor (ask) for the fare. I (put) my hand in my pocket for the money, but it(be) empty. I (forget) my money. I (leave) it on the table in the living-room. I(have) to get off the bus and go home again. I (be) half an hour late at the officethat morning. I never (be) late before.

4. Lilly will fly back to Rome next July after she (take) a degree in Economics at theAcademy of Economic Studies in Bucharest. Her parents (meet) her at the airport.She (not see) them for four years. They (feel) very proud of her when she (tell)them that she (pass) all her examinations with high marks. She (be) happy to behome again, for sometimes she (feel) lonely in Bucharest, away from her familyand friends, although she (make) lots of friends in Romania.

5. An American tourist was boasting to a Kerryman about the fact that the Americansjust (put) a man on the moon: “That (be) nothing” (say) the Kerryman, “we (have)plans to land a man on the Sun”.

“That (be) crazy”, (say) the American, “he (burn) before he (get) within a millionmiles of the sun”: “We (think) of that, too”; (say) the Kerryman, “we (send) him a night.

55. This is a description of Jane. Read it carefully. Then write the correct forms of theverbs in brackets.

e.g.: Jane (be) a newspaper reporter.You write: is1. Jane (be) born in Watford.2. In other words she (come) from Watford.3. For the past two years she (have) a job with a newspaper there.4. From 1968 to 1991 she (go) to Manchester University.5. Ever since she (leave) university she has wanted a job in television.6. So now she (think) of giving up his job with the newspaper.7. In fact, at this very moment she (have) an interview with a television director.8. The director (need) a young television reporter.9. The interview (start) half an hour ago.10. In other words she and Jim (talk) for half an hour.

56. Complete each sentence with the right verbal form selected from the four alternativesgiven below it.

1. This is the first time that we …… the Tower of London.a. visited c. are visitingb. have visited d. visit2. We …… here since Monday.a. are c. shall beb. had been d. have been3. I’ll wait here until you …… your work.a. will finish c. will have finishedb. have finished d. finish4. As soon as the book is published, I …… it.a. will buy c. will have boughtb. have bought d. buy5. By next october I …… the piano for one year.a. have learnt c. will learnb. have been learning d. will have been learning6. Mike, you’re back again at last! We …… you for ages!a. didn’t see c. haven’t been seeingb. haven’t seen d. can’t see7. Would you please give him this note the moment he ……a. arrives c. will have arrivedb. has arrived d. will arrive8. It was the second time she …… in love that year.a. fell c. had fallenb. was falling d. had been falling9. I …… a wonderful dream when the alarm clock …… off at 7 o’clock in the

morning.a. had, went c. was having, wentb. was having, had gone d. had dreamt, went10. We …… softball for a few minutes when I …… and …… my ankle.a. had been playing, tripped, twisted c. had played, tripped, twistedb. were playing, tripped, twisted d. had been playing, had tripped, had

twisted

57. Read this letter of application and underline the right form of the predicates in brackets;make any other necessary changes:

Dear Sir,I (look for / am looking for) currently work in York and (wonder / was wondering)whether you might have any vacancies.I (enclose / am enclosing) my CV. I would like to point out that I (have / have had)considerable experience as a Social Organiser in several well-known hotels and (can /will be able to) give you the names of referees if you should require them.I (am / am being) available for an interview during the coming month.In the hope that you (will consider / will be concidering) my application favourably, I(look/have been looking) forward to hearing from you.Yours faithfully,

58. You would like a job with the London Import-Export Co. Ltd. in London for a year or two.Write asking if they can offer you a post. Use these notes and deal with each in a separatesentence. Pay particular attention to the use of tense forms.

1. name – when and where born2. education – different schools – how long3. present job – what is it – how long4. English – past five years – better and better5. but important – come to England – practise – everything – learned6. other languages – French and Italian – hope-useful7. consider – come – England – ever since school8. not necessary – same job in English firm – English (language) important9. friend suggested London Import-Export Co.Ltd. – worked there two years10. application form, please

59. You are going to interview people who have applied for the vacancies advertised by yourcompany, or students applying for scholarships abroad.Work in pairs to prepare questions so that you can fill in this form:

Personal data:- name- birth- permanent address- current address

Education:- postgraduate- higher education- high school

Qualifications:

Languages:

Work experience:

Family

Interests, hobbies

Reasons for applying

Expectations from the job / scholarship

Hopes and intentions for the future

Others

You may start your questions with the following words.What …?When …?Where …?How …?How long did you…?How long have you …?How many …?Why …?

Do you …?Have you…?

Model:When / Where were you born?

60. Translate the following, paying attention to the rendering of the Romanian “prezent” intoEnglish (see Time and Tense Chart and ex.18A)

1. – Ce faci duminică?- Mă gândesc să plec puţin la munte. Deşi îmi place alpinismul, în ultimul timp

sunt atât de ocupat că reuşesc cu greu să ies din Bucureşti.- Dacă am timp, vin şi eu cu tine, vrei?

2. Ce fac în Sala de Consiliu colegii noştri?- Discută un nou proiect; îl discută de peste patru ore, cred că sunt pe terminate.

3. – Ieri am aflat că dna Popa predă ştiinţele comunicării.- Nu ştiam că este profesoară.- A, este profesoară din 1990, de când a absolvit facultatea.

4. Imediat ce termini de lucrat la calculator, te rog să-mi spui că am şi eu nevoie deel.

5. Michael mi-a spus că nu poate veni cu noi; o aşteaptă pe Diana şi este puţinîngrijorat, deoarece o aşteaptă de o oră, iar ea nu obişnuieşte să întârzie.

6. – De când ştii limba chineză?- N-aş putea spune că o ştiu, abia o învăţ de câteva săptămâni.

7. – Crezi că are loc şedinţa Consiliului de Administraţie sau iar se amână?- O amână într-una, din păcate.

8. Cine nu ştie că apa fierbe la 1000C şi îngheaţă la 00C?

61. Translate the following, paying attention to the rendering of the Romanian perfectcompus into English (see ex. 19. A).

1. a. Aţi încercat în ultimul timp să vorbiţi numai englezeşte?b. Da, aseară, dar a fost foarte greu.

2. a. Am avut mult de lucru astăzi.b. Am avut mult de lucru ieri.

3. a. Am exersat trei ore în dimineaţa aceasta.b. Am exersat trei ore aseară.

4. a. Maria a fost în România cu mulţi ani în urmă;b. Maria a fost în România de mai multe ori.

5. a. Până acum Maria a fost o studentă bună;b. Maria a fost o studentă bună anul trecut.

6. a. S-au uitat seară de seară la televizor săptămâna trecută;b. S-au uitat la televizor seară de seară zilele acestea.

7. a. Tocmai ne-am întors din excursie;b. Tocmai acum ne-am întors din excursie.

8. a. Cât timp ai locuit aici?b. Cât timp ai locuit acolo înainte de a veni să stai cu noi?

9. a. L-ai ascultat pe Menuhin cântând când a fost în România?b. L-ai ascultat vreodată pe Menuhin?

10. a. Aţi fost vreodată la British Museum?b. Da, am fost anul trecut, când am fost la Londra.

62. Translate the following, paying attention to the rendering of the Romanian “imperfect”into English:

1. Dan citea o carte când am intrat noi în cameră.2. Dan citea mult în vacanţă.3. Dan citea multe poveşti când era mic. Acum citeşte doar romane istorice.4. Dan citea o carte, apoi i-o povestea surorii mai mici.5. Dan era acasă de la ora 4. Citea de o oră când i-am telefonat.6. Dacă vremea era urâtă, Dan citea o carte, dacă era frumos, mergea la plimbare.7. Nu citea cartea, dacă nu o găsea interesantă.

8. Când profesorul ne-a spus să ne oprim din scris, mai lucram încă la ultimaproblemă; lucram la ea de vreo 20 de minute.

9. – Ce făceai luna trecută pe vremea asta?- Învăţam pentru examene.

10. Sandra era ocupată cu împachetatul pentru că urma să plece la mare a doua zi.Dacă nu se grăbea să plece atunci, o duceam eu cu maşina peste o săptămână, cânderam şi eu liberă.

11. Nu crezi că era mai bine să te fi dus la interviu? Poate primeai postul.12. Era timpul să se fi încheiat prima etapă a privatizării.

63. Translate the following letters into English:A. Domnilor,

Conform comenzii noastre nr.L/345, am primit ieri de la d-voastră un lot de 100 mese,comandate din catalogul d-voastră de vară nr.154.

Dar, la despachetarea mărfii, am constatat că ni s-au trimis 100 mese mari din lemn demahon, în loc de 100 mese mici din lemn de pin, aşa cum cerusem noi.

Având în vedere faptul că avem deja comenzi ferme pentru comanda respectivă şi cămajoritatea clienţilor noştri locuiesc în apartamente mici şi au un venit mediu, este puţinprobabil că vom găsi aici piaţă de desfacere pentru mobilier voluminos, la preţuri mult maimari.

V-am ruga, aşadar, să expediaţi urgent lotul de 100 mese mici din lemn de pin şi săridicaţi marfa livrată greşit.

Aşteptăm cu interes răspunsul d-voastră, cu întoarcerea poştei.Cu stimă,

………………….

B. Stimate domnule Maiden,Vă scriu referitor la comanda dumneavoastră nr. CV 1154/d pe care ne-aţi trimis-o în

urmă cu 4 săptămâni. În acel moment am considerat că vom putea termina comanda înainte dedata livrării, 18 iunie, dar în această perioadă am aflat că principalul nostru furnizor de crom adat faliment.

Aceasta înseamnă că trebuie să găsim alt furnizor care să poată îndeplini toatecontractele pe care trebuie să le încheiem. După cum vă puteţi da seama, aceasta necesitătimp, dar suntem încrezători că vom reuşi să obţinem toate materialele, şi să livrăm mărfurilecătre clienţii noştrii, până la mijlocul lunii viitoare.

Toate articolele comandate au fost asamblate şi necesită doar să fie finisate.Regretăm această situaţie neplăcută asupra căreia nu am avut nici un control şi ne

cerem scuze pentru problemele cauzate. Este de înţeles dacă doriţi să anulaţi comanda, daraccentuăm că vom putea onora livrarea până luna viitoare şi am aprecia dacă aţi rămânealături de noi până atunci.

Vă rog să ne transmiteţi decizia dumneavoastră cât mai curând posibil. Vă mulţumimpentru înţelegere.

Cu stimă,D. PantonDirector executiv

64. Translate these exerpts from newspaper articles using all the tenses of the IndicativeMood.

A. Fenomenul deja a început. Pentru alegeri, în Statele Unite, oamenii acceseazăInternetul ca să vadă rezultatele imediat. Misiunea Pathfinder spre Marte şi problemeleivite pe staţia spaţială Mir au atras milioane de oameni pe Web pentru a afla mai multedetalii de ultimă oră decât puteau afla din oricare altă sursă. O astfel de schimbare ţineadesea de generaţii. În vreme ce oamenii în vârstă trebuie să înveţe ceva nou în afaraexperienţei lor de zi cu zi, puştii care cresc cu o nouă tehnologie o iau drept firească.În mod special, campusurile universitare oferă ingredientele pentru a crea masa criticăpentru o cultură pregătită pentru Web. În Statele unite există azi peste 22 de milioane de adulţi care folosesc Web-ul, dintrecare cam jumătate accesează Internetul cel puţin o dată pe zi. Între timp, varietateaactivităţilor de pe Web creşte cu o viteză uimitoare. Aproape că nu există domeniupentru care să nu găsim materiale interesante pe Web. Multe dintre aceste site-uri suntaccesate cu o frecvenţă extraordinară. Vrei să cumperi un căţel? Să vinzi o acţiune?Sau să comanzi un automobil? Foloseşte Internetul! Un mare avantaj al Web-ului este că ne permite să transferăm informaţii de pe hârtiepe reţea. Mai multe state din SUA folosesc serios Web-ul. Poţi solicita diferite permisesau licenţe comerciale. Unele state afişează liste cu locuri de muncă, nu doar dincadrul instituţiilor de stat, ci din orice sector din statul respectiv. Cu timpul, cred, toatedatele publicate de guverne şi toate documentele pe hârtie vor fi transferate peInternet. Comerţul electronic se dezvoltă şi el, de la o lună la alta. Este greu de făcut oestimare, pentru că o mare parte a comerţului electronic implică clienţi şi furnizoriexistenţi, care doar transferă tranzacţiile de pe hârtie pe Web. Acesta nu este nimicnou. Microsoft, de exemplu, a achiziţionat PC-uri de milioane de dolari, ce folosescreţeaua electronică în loc de documente de hârtie. Nu a fost o schimbare fundamentală,ci doar o îmbunătăţire a eficienţei unui proces deja existent.

B. Presa, ca de obicei, va da o interpretare greşită. În primii ani ai deceniului, presaamericană a prevestit aproape cu isterie triumful Japoniei asupra firmelor americane,tocmai în perioada în care pieţele din Tokio cunoşteau falimente catastrofale. Înurmătorii trei ani s-au publicat editoriale în care funcţionarilor corporaţiilor li sereproşa brutalitatea faţă de muncitori, reducerea dimensiunii firmelor şi trecerea înşomaj a unor angajaţi. Rezultatul nu a fost conform previziunilor, dezastruos, ci aînsemnat cea mai bună piaţă a forţei de muncă din istoria recentă. Acum, atenţie!Aceiaşi autori preamăresc epoca unei “noi paradigme” în 1998 şi în anii următori.Vechile adevăruri economice sunt înlocuite cu o nouă lume, tot mai prosperă şipermanent stabilită. Aţi fost avertizaţi.

C. Acesta va fi anul în care ţările occidentale îşi vor încerca puterile pentru a aduce nuprea recentele democraţii est-europene la un punct de plecare. Pentru a depista aceastătendinţă, uitaţi-vă la noul pas vioi al diplomaţilor occidentali în oraşe ca Praga şiVarşovia. A trecut multă vreme – şapte ani sau mai bine – de când se simt atât deimportanţi. În primul război rece, ambasadele lor din Europa de Est erau locuri captivante carefăceau fărâme regulile comuniste prin strângerea de informaţii secrete, ajutorul acordatdizidenţilor şi planuri puse la cale împotriva celor răi. După schimbare, s-a aşternutliniştea. Acum însă, diplomaţii lucrează din nou până noaptea târziu, având o sarcină diferită,dar nu mai puţin solicitantă: aducerea guvernelor din Europa postcomunistă la nivelulstandardelor occidentale.

(Supliment Capital, 18 Decembrie, 1997)

SEQUENCE OF TENSES

1. Use the verbs in the main sentence in The Past Tense. Make all the necessary changes:1. The captain says that every passenger will abandon the ship.2. She anticipates that the waiter will pour the wine on her dress.3. Father informs the guests that he will make coffee for everyone.4. The employers announce the journalists that they have already settled the dispute.5. The children answer that they have seen the cat stealing the meat.6. The porter says that he has just heard a strange noise.7. He is sure that he will sell all the merchandise by the end of the week.8. Joan says that her friend has been complaining about the traffic.9. Jane says that she hesitates to phone the police.10. I answer him I will be there in time.11. I know he is a very good driver.12. I understand that the teacher confused your name with mine.13. The farmers say that the frost has destroyed the buds.14. He understands that I have been waiting for him too long.15. The hospital officials consider that the disease will spread.16. The weatherman considers that more snow is on the way.17. It is sure that the employer will introduce a new salary scale.18. I answer him I will be there in time.19. He says that he has already spent his money.20. I think that I will chop up the meat before frying it.21. He imagines that the viewers will be watching his painting in silent admiration.22. He states that he is responsible for all the crisis.23. She is sure that she will have typed the novel by that day.24. I remember I have been able to dive that time.25. He is sure he has already given my books back.26. They do not allow anybody inside as the show began 15 minutes ago.27. The employees answer that they have been working for 6 months in that company.28. It is clear they will do their best to finish the work in time.29. He is angry as he has been waiting for her in the rain too long.30. Our manager is sure that the strike will have stopped by midday.31. She says she will be working for her test paper this time tomorrow.32. She declares that she will be waiting for him up to the end of her life.33. I think I have found out everything about her plans.34. Grandma believes that the little boy is playing in the garden.35. I know doctor Jespersen is a great practitioner.36. She claims she has been ringing home, but the telephone is probably out of order.37. I can see that she has quickly got accustomed to this new way of life.38. The designer says that these styles can be adapted to suit individual tastes.39. He thinks the weather is going to change for the better.40. She replies that she has just bought her new dress.41. She admits that she has been typing all day long.

2. Use the correct tense instead of the Infinitive in brackets1. The dealer claimed that there (be) an acute shortage of goods.2. He was angry that the police (refuse) to act without more evidence.3. The court declared that the trial (be adjourn) until the following week.4. The newspapers stated that the scientists (advance) a new theory to explain this

strange phenomenon.5. The president declared that the tax increases (affect) us all.6. The manager said that (be advertise) for a new secretary.7. He was sure that he never (get) his money back.8. The manager asked me what the next item on the agenda (be).9. She said that she (not answer) the phone as she (take a bath) at that moment.10. When I got back home, all my family (watch) TV.11. I (lie) in bed thinking about getting up when the telephone rang.12. Half way to school, Andrew turned round and (go) back because he (forget) to turn

the gas off.13. We all knew she (have) a hard life, but she always (smile)14. While I (talk) on the phone the children started fighting and (break) the window in

their bedroom.15. We didn’t know that you (be) friends.16. The whole family suddenly noticed that the little boy (miss).17. We didn’t believe that you (succeed) in selling the merchandise.18. I heard that the manager (be) rather alarmed that you (plan) to leave the company.19. I asked him what his intentions (be).20. He explained me that he (be) sorry he (not telephone) us yet.21. I heard with amazement that he (intend) to reconsider his opinion.22. The technician asked me how long the TV set (be) out of order.23. He denied that they (enjoy) themselves by looking at old photographs for 2 hours.24. The Prime Minister announced that he (resign).25. He told me that it (annoy) him when people (forget) to say thank you.26. I realized that I (have) it in my pocket all along.27. We were told that we (spend) our entire allocation for this year.28. The doctor said that the diet (allow) grandma one glass of wine a day.29. We all noticed that he (hint) to certain developments in his speech and we asked

him what he really (mean).30. We were sure that he (ignore) that bathing (be prohibited) there.31. It was already known that tobacco (be taxed) in most countries along with alcohol.32. We all knew that she always (love) gardening.33. She (leave) already when I phoned her.34. I’m afraid that the job (become) more and difficult for him.35. I asked him who (be) that pretty girl he (speak to) last night?36. It was amazing that they (not phone) and they (not write) either for such a long

time.37. He was not the only one who (need) help.38. They didn’t believe that I (call) before they (do).39. I couldn’t imagine you (be) friends!40. Grandma complained that the two children (keep quarreling) all day long.

3. Replace the Infinitive in brackets by the correct tense. Pay attention to the exceptions tothe rules of the sequence of tenses.

1. They all knew that atomic energy used in science (change) the world.2. The doctor told me that the only cure for stress (consist) in learning to relax.3. I was warned that she (be) a vengeful person.4. They could never understand that only the law of supply and demand as well as

competition (govern) the free-enterprise system.5. They found out that in almost all countries the railway system (be run) by the state.6. When he retired he (work) for forty five years.7. When I got home I felt better. My mother (cook) all day and (warm the house).8. By the time I was forty, I (teach) for 15 years.9. When I came back into the office, the post already (arrive).10. When you visit me next month, I almost (finish) my military service.11. We already (have) lunch by the time you arrived.12. The baby had no sooner eaten the cake then he felt sick.13. My brother said that, according to the law he (join) the army next September.14. I asked him when he (have) our car serviced.15. When I phoned Tim he (not finish) his homework.16. By the time we got to the theatre, the play already (begin).17. The doctor didn’t leave until the nurse (arrive).18. Mrs. Smith left the supermarket after she (buy) everything she (need).19. I had just entered the house and the telephone (ring).20. The passengers had fastened their seat belts before the plane (take off).21. Until I promissed him to teach him to ride his bicycle, the child (not want) to eat up

his lunch.22. When we entered the house we realized that the radio (be on) all day long.23. It happened that I (know) him.24. It was known that water (boil) at 1000C.25. I had already begun reading the book when he (come).26. I thought that old people (hate) living in a city.27. I can’t help (wonder) where he has disappeared.28. Everyone knows that he (hate) sleeping with the windows closed.29. I was sorry I (not remember) to bring the newspaper.30. Mother was satisfied that her son (help) the old man to put his luggage in the car.

4. Translate into English:1. Mama se întrebă dacă fiul ei se simte chiar atât de rău sau doar se preface că este

bolnav.2. Copilul l-a întrebat dacă a încercat vreodată să scrie cu mâna stângă.3. Sarah a dorit să ştie dacă fratele ei a ajuns cu bine în America.4. Angajaţii se întrebau cui se vor plânge despre veniturile lor mici.5. Mama m-a întrebat dacă mi-am terminat lecţiile.6. Prietenii l-au întrebat dacă îi plăcea noua slujbă.7. Aşteptăm cu nerăbdare să se întoarcă.8. Bunicul mi-a spus că îi place să petreacă sărbătorile cu nepoţii.9. Tata era atât de cufundat în lectura ziarului încât nu m-a auzit intrând în casă.10. Copiii au spus că nu au auzit când mama i-a chemat în casă.11. Îmi amintesc că i-am promis să-i scriu în fiecare zi.

12. Antrenorul, cât şi medicul ne-au spus că e bine ca Tim să înveţe să înoate cât maidevreme.

13. Tata s-a lăsat de fumat când s-a îmbolnăvit.14. Îmi pare rău că am uitat să-i dau banii.15. Copii nu l-au plăcut pe profesor deşi acesta se străduia din răsputeri.

5. Choose the correct form from among the two given in brackets.1. He told me that his sister (has been married; had been married) three times.2. When I met her she (has been working; had been working) for a year or two.3. We lived in Bucharest until I (was; have been) sixteen.4. The newspaper announced that they (discover; had discovered) a new fuel.5. He said to his friend that Romania (changed, had changed) a lot since he first (had

come; came) here.6. She insisted on ringing the bell but there (was, has been) no answer.7. We anticipated that demand (was, had been) likely to increase.8. He was anxious for his family who (traveled, were travelling) abroad.9. He said that I (will find; would find) him there at any hour of the day.10. I noticed that he (left; was leaving) without speaking to anyone else.11. He promised to be here at four o’clock but (didn’t turn up; would not turn up) until

six.12. The teacher specifies that what she (has said; was saying) applies only to some of us.13. His opinion was that one (can’t; couldn’t) fully appreciate foreign literature when

translated.14. The coach told me that the club (was made; had made, made) an approach to a local

business firm for sponsorship.15. It is a sign of progress that cable TV (has been; is) around for some time now.16. He was angry he (was aroused; had been aroused) from his nap by the doorbell.17. It seemed he (felt, was feeling) ashamed of having done so little work.18. The old woman was ashamed she (fell; had fallen) asleep during the sermon.19. It is a historical fact the USA (has assimilated; assimilated; is assimilating) people

from many different countries.20. I noticed that the men (were assisting, have assisted) the police in their inquiries.21. He declared that he (has never associated; had never associated) himself with political

extremism.22. She declared she (attempts; would attempt) to beat the world record.23. He was afraid his new play (has attracted; would attract) o good deal of criticism24. The weatherman claimed that it (has been; it was one) of the coldest autumns in years.25. He complained that instead of making progress, his work (seems; seemed) to have

come to a halt.26. At the end of the year, the general manager declared that despite some failures our

firm (has had; had had) quite a good year on balance.27. At the beginning of the negotiation the members of the committee were sure that they

(will reach; reached; would reach) an agreement.28. The Prime Minister stated that the Government’s main aim … for the following year

(will be; is; would be) to beat the inflation.29. Mother said to her little doughter that such language (does not become; wouldn’t

become; didn’t become) an educated child.30. They said that they (would have accomplished; would accomplish) their work by the

end of the week.

31. The boys made believe that they (were; would be) astronauts.32. She confessed that she (had; has) no relatives besides an aged aunt.33. She said she (was, would be) sorry, but her eyes betrayed her secret delight.34. The Prime Minister declared that reducing the gap between the rich and the poor (is;

was; would be) the main challenge facing the present government.35. He told me that he (will see; see; would see) Mary in a few days’ time.36. One of these days he will realize what a fool he (has been; he will be).

1. Traduceţi în limba engleză:… Urmare lărgirii negoţului s-a trecut de la sistemul simplist al trocului la folosireaanumitor mărfuri ca măsură a valorii, ca un echivalent general pentru restul produselor.Drept instrumente pentru efectuarea plăţilor au fost folosite de-a lungul timpului diferiteproduse ca vite, cereale, blănuri şi unele obiecte cu valoare simbolică recunoscută, depildă pietrele deosebite sau scoici, ajungându-se la o utilizare generalizată a metalelorcare vor începe mai apoi să fie bătute ca monede.

Tăbliţele de lut găsite stau mărturie că mai înainte încă de legiferarea lăsată deHamurabi, templele din Babilon aveau o activitate ce poate fi asemuită în unele privinţecu aceea a instituţiilor bancare moderne. Aşezămintele închinate zeilor acumulaseră maribogăţii imobiliare ori mobiliare, aveau pământuri, cirezi, ateliere, unelte, sclavi, depozitede cereale, stocuri de lingouri de metale preţioase. Aceste avuţii nu conteneau să fiesporite atât prin munca sclavilor cât şi prin împrumuturi cu dobânzi mari.

Radu Negrea – Banii şi Puterea

7. Choose the appropriate verb and fill in the blanks in the correct form: The past century 1… one in which mankind 2… great pride. The world was ofenormous ferocity and the cruelty and ignorance 3… in more regional skirmishessometimes 4… us to question whether humanity 5… anything of value in the past 5,000years. But perhaps that is a harsh judgement on a century that 6… remarkable progress inscience and technology and 7… the vision, or the illusion, of a superior quality of life fora greater number of people. Vision or illusion 8… on the way in which men and womenof perception and imagination 9… and use the ideas, tools and techniques now availableto them for the greater good of all. The conditions 10… to make great strides forward inthe perenial battle against ignorance and prejudice. But for this to happen the next century11… the learning century, 100 years of the realizing of innate human potential. Analternative scenario, in which the powerful new technologies 12… to control us, or areused by the few to control the many 13… are acceptable option

Start, depend, exist, tempt, not be, bring, understand, display, learn, create, not be, mustbe, scare.

IF CLAUSES

If clause1. Replace the Infinitives in brackets by the correct tense. Give several variants whore

possible:1. We (play) basketball in the school yard if we (have) a longer break2. If the weather (be) fine, we (leave) to the seaside.3. If he (wake) up early in the morning he (can) catch the train.4. I (speak) to him if I (see) him.5. If I (win) the contest, it (be) a dream come true.6. If he (have) his own car, he (drive) to his office every morning.7. If she (not drop) her studies, she (get) a scholarship in Cambridge.8. I (have to) dust off my French if we (move) to Paris.9. If I (arrive) at the hospital at 8 o’clock, I (go) on duty at 9.10. I (speak) to him if I (know) him better.11. She (not learn) 5 languages if she (not have) a gift for languages.12. If the bus (arrive) earlier we (not catch) it.13. I (speak) to him about that if I (see) him.14. What he (do) if he (be) you?15. Nobody (blame) you if you (not support) him.16. If (there be) a staircase at either end of the corridor, the house (be used) by two

separate families.17. If you (not run) you (be) late.18. If foreign aid (dry up), the situation (be desperate).19. If you (not tell) me the truth, I (punish) you.20. If there (be) any problem, I (contact) you.

2. Finish the following sentences:1. If no new evidences emerge during the enquiry, ….2. If they didn’t keep that animal in cage, …3. If he had not been encouraged by his parents, …4. If you had not been engaged to decorate the house, …5. The children wouldn’t enjoy themselves so much playing in the water if …6. He wouldn’t have got the job if …7. If many people were concerned about the pollution of the environment …8. If the fire-escape had not been at the back of the building …9. If the police establishes where he was at that time …10. If she goes to the cinema …11. They wouldn’t have been able to evolve such a theory after many years of research

if …12. If they were not patient, …13. If they had these repairs, holidays and other expenses reduced …14. He would have extended his visit if …

15. If the burgler hadn’t turned the corner and found himself face to face with apoliceman, …

16. If you fail the next examination, …17. If you need my help, …18. If anyone calls, …

3. Replace the Infinitive in brackets by the correct tense:1. If you work hard you (come out) top.2. She will get the First Prize if she (answer) all the questions.3. If I find him at home the problem (be settled).4. If he (be) ill he would have called for a doctor.5. If he (come) back she will bring you up, for sure.6. If the book (have) a large print, grandma would be able to read it.7. If she (find out) the news she will be happy.8. If they (be) elected, they would reform the economy.9. If you (not see) it you wouldn’t believe the increase of navigation through the

canal.10. She (answer) the letter if she knew their address.11. I (come) to see you at once, if you have no objection.12. If he didn’t come to see her, how (can) he know his mother (be) ill?13. If you had know him better, you (understand) him.14. I would have bought it if I (have) the money.15. What would you have done if you (be) in my place?16. If you had take your medicine regularly you (recover) sooner.17. We wouldn’t submit the case to your attention if it (not be) a special one.18. Money laundry wouldn’t be possible if the legal framework (be) more severe.19. If we divided the work between us we (finish) it earlier.20. She wouldn’t have felt betrayed if she (know) the truth.21. If you (not change) your behavior, you wouldn’t have been accepted here.22. If she (be) really quite human, she wouldn’t have understood and forgiven.23. If the product (not be) so successful, its name wouldn’t have become a household

word.24. He would have become more interested if he (read) the second part of the story

too.25. You would have gained a lot if you (watch) her working.26. No new business would have flourished if the economic climate (not change).

4. Rephrase the following sentences using unless or provided (that)1. If you do not come, it will be no fun.2. They will receive the good news in due time if you post the letter today.3. The manager will never receive you if you do not ask for an appointment before.4. She would understand if you only explained it to her.5. If we didn’t have enough money, we should not be able to manage.6. You will feel better if you give up smoking.7. I wouldn’t have attended the ceremony if I was not invited to.8. I will speak to Mary again but only if she apologizes.9. Children will be not admitted if they are not accompanied.10. He will begin to eat again if he feels better.

11. The new champion will not keep himself fit if he doesn’t run 5 miles a day at least.12. He wouldn’t betray our expectations if he gave us the money back.13. Tom would have received the permission of his father if he had just good markes

in the final exams.14. Nobody will believe his claim to be innocent if the police does not establish his

responsibility.15. He will not be granted another loan if he doesn’t clear the previous one.16. She will speak to us for sure if she is in a good mood.17. You may leave the table if you have finished your dinner.18. We shall have fun in the trip if we have good weather.19. He would have never broken his engagement if he had been told the truth.20. They will agree to take part into the contest if they get better pay.21. He wouldn’t have complained to me if he hadn’t been so desperate.

5. Complete the following sentences:1. If I were you …2. If you came later …3. If you understood the situation in due time …4. If I knew how to handle the problem …5. If only you could imagine him riding a bicycle …6. If he took into consideration the tenor of the bill of exchange …7. If grandma felt well …8. She wouldn’t have finished her work if she …9. There wouldn’t be so many illegal immigrants if …10. What would be your opinion if I …11. If you poured the wine carefully …12. He would be out of hospital now if he …13. She wouldn’t pretend illness as an excuse if …14. They wouldn’t try to prove the truth if …

6. React to the following statement using “if only” and write your own sentences:1. I do not see my parents very often.2. He can’t swim.3. If you called for a doctor earlier, we shouldn’t have to call for an ambulance.4. He worries too much.5. She won’t stop gossiping!6. If the plane had taken off in time, it ought to have been here by now.7. Flood water covered the fields.8. Their argument has developed into a bitter quarrel.9. She leads a double life!

7. Match these utterance (1-14) with their functions (A-C) grouped in three categories ofconditional or hypothetical meaning.

1. Were you to change your mind, we’d be glad to reopen negotiations.2. If I had your address, I’d have sent you a postcard.3. If people didn’t drive so fast, there wouldn’t be so many fatal accidents.4. There might never have been an accident if the road had been dry.

5. If we don’t leave now, we’ll miss the train.6. If you came to London, you’d probably be able to met your former colleagues.7. If I were you, I wouldn’t waste my time.8. Unless they offer you a unit price of £ 13.00, I’d advise you not to accept.9. You’ll be given the job provided the interview goes well.10. Had you asked us, we’d certainly have reconsidered our prices.11. Please, contact us in case you have any queries.12. They can’t win the contract unless they make a better offer.13. Were I to win a fortune on the lottery, I’d stop working and I’d start enjoying life

for a change!14. Suppose you were in my position, what would you do?IF – clauses type 1A. utterances express developments which are most likely to take place (now or in the

future) if a condition is fulfilled; they speculate about possible conditions and theirprobable consequences;

IF – clauses type 2B. utterances express improbable or impossible situation developments as they

depend on conditions which are more unlikely to be fulfilled.IF – clauses type 3C. utterances express unreal or imaginary situations in the past; they speculate about

past impossibilities.

The first two have been done for you!Conditional Function Utterance No.

A (Type 1) 5B. (Type 2) 6C. (Type 3)

8. Read this conversation between a secretary and her boss and put the verbs in brackets intheir right form:Miss C.: I (like) to see you about something personal.Mr.B.: Well, come in, Miss C. You (care) to sit down?Miss C: Thank you, you see, I (go) to get married next month and…Mr. B.: Get married! Congratulations!Miss C: Thank you, but I’m afraid it means that I (ought to) give in my notice. I (like) toleave at the end of the month.Mr.B.: Realy? I (be) very sorry to hear that. I wish you (be able) to go on working here.Miss C.: I (stay) if Bill, that’s my fiancé, weren’t a Canadian.Mr.B.: What’s that got to do with it?Miss C.: Well, Bill often (say) he’d earn far more if he (be) back in Canada.Mr.B.: Oh, I see. What he (do) for a living, by the way?Miss C: He (be) a chartered accountant.Mr.B.: But chartered accountants (be) well paid here. How much he (earn) then, if I mayask?Miss C: £ 60 a week.Mr.B: Well, that (be) very poor for a C.A. You (ought to) tell him he’d get far more if he(come) and (work) for us.Miss C. Well … er … you see …Mr.B.: I mean I’m sure if I (be) a young C.A. and if my salary (be) that low, I’d want togo to Canada, too. Where does he work, by the way?

Miss C.: Er … as a matter of fact, he works here, in your company, Mr.B. He’s in theFinance Department!

9. Complete sentence b so that it means exactly the same as sentence a.1. a. We got in from work late, that’s why we didn’t come to your party.

b. If we …, we’d …2. a. Provided that you leave a forwarding address, we’ll be able to contact you.

b. Unless you …, we shan’t …3. a. Unless you save some money, you’ll never be able to start a business.

b. Provided …4. a. He forgot to put his watch on, that’s why he was late for the job interview.

b. Had …, he wouldn’t …5. a. Of course the businesses have been doing better lately: the country is wealthier thanuntil ten year ago!

b. The businesses wouldn’t be …6. a. The buyer isn’t entitled to a refund because he hasn’t returned the good within 10days.

b. If the buyer had …, he’d …7. a. In the event of loss, you’ll have to get a certificate from the police.

b. Should any loss …8. a. They don’t pay their workers well, so they can’t attract good workers.

b. If they …, they’d be able to …9. a. We didn’t renew to contract because they refused to accept our proposals.

b. We would …10. a. We’ll survive, but first we’ll have to invest in new plant.

b. We’ll … on condition that…

10. Imagine that you and a friend were talking about past and present impossibilities,speculating about the future, such as:Your friend: Can this be a real diamond? It costs only 1.You: I don’t think so. If it were a real diamond, it would cost much more than that.

1. Are those people really English? They speak with an Italian accent.2. Do you think that man really has a lot of money? His clothes are so shabby.3. Does that French student really want to learn English? He talks French all the time.4. Is this meat really fresh? It has a strange smell.5. Has she really learned typing? Look how many mistakes she’s making and how

slowly she’s typing!6. Do you think we’ll make it on time to the exam? Shall we take the tube or just

walk to the faculty?7. “Did you have a good time on your back-to-nature holiday?”

“Fun? It rained every day, it was very cold and windy…”8. “Why didn’t you return sooner, then?”

“Because, to crown it all, when we wanted to leave after two miserable days, thecar broke down! We looked for a mechanic, but there wasn’t any around”.

9. “Why didn’t you phone a garage?”“There was just one telephone in that godforsaken place and it didn’t work!”

10. I need some more information about their advertising services. Do you think Ishould phone them?”

11. Mixed ConditionalsA. Use your imagination to finish the following sentences with present results:e.g. If we hadn’t brought a map with us, we’d still be looking for the chalet.1. If I’d won the lottery yesterday, …2. If we’d saved all our money for the last few years, …3. If I hadn’t had such a good education, …4. If you had taken my advice last year, …5. Had the customer refused to accept the goods, …

B. Here are some facts, speculate about them as in the example given at exercise A.1. Jack passed all his exams in winter, so he is taking a long vacation in June. If …2. The supplier failed to deliver on time, so a penalty clause will be applied. If …3. Since they didn’t take their lawyer’s advice, they are in a very tight spot now.

Provided …4. Our company has made little profit, so it will have to reduce the final dividend,

which will greatly displease our shareholders. On condition …5. You don’t know Harry at all, otherwise you wouldn’t have talked like that about

him.If …

12. Make the following more polite by adding a politeness marker such as will/would orcan/could and making some minor changes if necessary:

1. Phone me if you need more information on the titles listed in the catalogue….2. If you deliver the goods on time, we’ll place our next order immediately…..3. If you drive me to the station, I can catch the 8:30 train….4. If you should see Mike, give him this message….5. If they called round tomorrow, we could discuss the final draft then….6. We would appreciate it if you sent us your summer catalogue by DHL….7. We would be very grateful if you collected the wrong goods as soon as possible….8. We’d be willing to give you a 10% discount if you paid in sterling….9. We want to buy 1,000 computers from you if you give us your best terms ….10. If you fill in this form, we’ll have your luggage sent up to your room…..

13. Make comments or give advice to one of your friends based on the following situations.Use either IF I WERE YOU or IF I HAD BEEN YOU, as appropriate:

Your friend:1. bought an expensive new suit which fell to pieces after three days.2. is thinking of climbing Mount Everest alone.3. wants to drive across the Sahara desert in midsummer.4. is on holiday and has spent too much money in nightclubs; now he can’t afford to

pay his hotel bill.5. ate some oysters in the Millosa Restaurant, which is not very clean. He is now ill

and you are visiting him.6. would like to buy a car which you have also seen; you think that it would be a

waste of money even for 200,000,000 lei.7. paid 400,000,000 for the car despite your advice-it broke down ten minutes after

he had bought it.

8. was stopped by the police for driving too fast through the middle of Bucharest.9. arrived from the country one weekend expecting to be able to stay with you; he

hadn’t sent a letter and you had gone away.10. is thinking of learning Latin; you think French or Spanish would be more useful.

14. Use your imagination and knowledge of the world to make up chain stories with at least 2conditional clauses in them, based on the following situations:

A. Imagine what (would / could / might) (not) happen if …B. Imagine what (could / might) (not) have happened if …C. Decide what you (would / could / might / ought to) if …D. Decide what you (would / could / might) have done if …

1. You have won 1.000.000 at lottery.2. Your parents have bought you a car.3. You turn the corner and came face to face with an old colleague whom you haven’t

seen for ages.4. You are looking for funding for your new small business venture. The Bank will give

you a very advantageous start-up loan if you put in a fourth of the necessary money.You have only a tenth of it, but you also have a very rich uncle.

5. You are looking for a house to buy. You find a beautiful one, quite cheap, but peoplesay it’s haunted.

6. At a formal party, a friend introduces you to some guests, she says many things aboutyou which aren’t quite true, but sound very impressive.

7. You are negotiating a very important new contract for your company. Your foreigncounterpart makes it clear to you that he will expect you to give him a handsome“bride” if you want your company to be selected.

8. Your friend / partner / husband / wife keeps a diary that no one is allowed to see. It isalways kept under lock and key, but one day you see it on the table.

9. The police are about to take your car away because it was parked illegally. One of thepolicemen seems to hint that he would let you off if you gave him a bribe of 100,000lei.

10. You are in a hotel lobby. You see an elderly lady carrying two heavy bags approachthe door. You open the door for her and she gives you a tip, evidently mistaking youfor the hotel doorman.

11. Your deskmate and good friend is cheating at the maths exam. You’ve seen her oncebefore doing it.

12. Your guest begins telling you a joke you’ve heard before.13. Your boss praizes you for an excellent idea and gives you a pay rise; however, it isn’t

your idea.14. You see a boy finding a wallet in the street and putting it stealthy in his pocket.15. Once you saw a fight in the street, there was no one around and you fled.16. During the last elections, one of the candidates was speaking on TV about his / her

childhood. As you’d been at the same school, you realized that that he was telling lotsof lies, but kept quiet.

17. Yesterday evening you went to your favorite restaurant and had sea food. After thatyou were very sick and you thought it was food poisoning, so you decided to sue therestaurant.

18. Three years ago you were made redundant; you spent all your unemployment benefiton a car as you intended to make your living as a taxi-driver, but the car was stolenafter 1 month.

15. Two managers are discussing for and against investing in more capital equipment. Hereare their reasons:

For AgainstMore equipment

More goods

Lower price

Bigger sales

More profit

Greater dividends

Happier shareholders

More equipment

Bigger premises

Higher overheads

Cash flow problems

Production difficulties

Delay in delivery

Complaints from customers

Write down (or role-play) their discussion using conditionals. You may come withmore arguments.

16. Your friend has been offered a job with a large tourist company specialized in ruraltourism. He has his own small business in Bucharest. He is 32 yours old his wife teachespart-time at the American School; his son is going to school in autumn.

He has made a comparative chart to show you the advantages of working for thetourist company your role is to point out the benefits of his present position. Bring at least sixarguments each.

Example:Friend: If I took this job, I (‘d would (n’t) / could (n’t) / might (n’t) / would (n’t)) be

able to / have to ….You: (Yes, but) if you didn’t, …

Present job Rural tourism1. Salary 5.000.000 lei / month 17.000.000 lei / month2. Job responsibilitya. – (number of staff) …b. – (budgeted turnover) …

640,000,000 lei

24500,000,000 lei

3. Pension --- 70% company30% employee

4. Private health insurance No Yes5. Prospects Fair Excellent6. Holidays 5 weeks / year 4 weeks / year7. Transport 5 minutes (walk) 30 minutes (tube + bus)8. Cost of living X lei X lei + 5%

17. Translate into English:1. Am gândit un gând. Dar gândul pe care l-am gândit nu era gândul pe care am

crezut că îl gândesc. Dacă gândul pe care am crezut că îl gândesc ar fi fost gândulpe care l-am gândit, nu m-aş fi gândit atât de mult.

2. Heinrich Heine: Dacă romanii ar fi fost obligaţi să înveţe latina, n-ar mai fi avutniciodată timp să cucerească lumea.

3. Byron: Ce bine ar fi să-şi explice explicaţia, dar ştiu dacă ar explica-o ne-arîncurca şi mai rău.

4. Profesorul: Te-aş ruga să scrii mai clar.Billy: Dacă aş scrie mai clar aţi începe să-mi corectaţi greşelile şi mi-aşi scădeanota.

5. Călătorind prin Anglia cu mulţi ani în urmă o americancă intră într-uncompartiment de fumători unde se află un englez care fuma pipă. Dacă văzu căenglezul nu se opreşte din fumat americanca începu să tuşească în aşa fel încât să-Idea englezului de înţeles, că o deranjează fumul. În cele din urmă, văzând căenglezul nu o bagă de loc în seamă şi nu-şi stinge pipa, americanca îi zise:“Dacă ai fi “gentleman” nu ai mai fuma când este şi o doamnă în compartiment”.“Dacă ai fi o doamnă adevărată, i-o întoarse englezul, nu ai sta într-uncompartiment pentru fumători”.Supărată, americanca îi răspunse: “Dacă ai fi soţul meu, ţi-aş da otravă”.Englezul o privi o clipă şi apoi îi zise: “Dacă aş fi soţul tău, chiar aş lua otrava”.

6. Profesorul: Dacă ar trebui să pregătiţi cina pentru şase persoane şi aţi avea doar 5cartofi, cum i-aţi împărţi în mod egal între cei şase?Saddie: I-aş face pireu.

7. Lui Einstein i se puse următoarea întrebare: “Cum aţi proceda dacă vi s-ar da 15minute în care să rezolvaţi o problemă de care ar depinde întreaga dumneavoastrăviaţă?”Einstein răspunse: “Dacă aş avea 15 minute pentru rezolvarea acestei probleme, 10minute le-aş petrece gândindu-mă la ea, în 4 minute aş rezolva-o şi într-un minutaş pune-o pe hârtie”.

8. Blaise Pascal a spus: “Dacă toţi oamenii ar şti ce spune unul despre celălalt, n-armai exista nici măcar patru prieteni pe lume”.- Dar cine a spus că, dacă n-ar fi fost Blaise Pascal, omul nu ar fi o trestie

gânditoare?!9. Profesorul: “Şi acum d-le Jones, presupunând că ai fi chemat să îngrijeşti un

pacient care a înghiţit o monedă, ce metodă ai folosi?”Tânărul student în medicină: “Aş trimite după un preot, domnule. Ăştia scot banulde la oricine”.

10. În atelierul unui artist, o vizitatoare se entuziasma în faţa unei picturi: “Ce talentoriginal” exclamă ea, “tare-aş dori să pot lua aceste culori magnifice cu mine”.“Vi se va împlini dorinţa”, zise pictorul, “v-aţi aşezat chiar pe paleta mea”.

11. - Şi-ar fi cheltuit averea într-un an, dacă n-ar fi fost soţia lui.- Şi ea cum l-a împiedicat?- I-a cheltuit-o singură.

12. Dac-ar fi după mine, aş interzice folosirea lui “dacă”. Prea se face caz de el:“DACĂ am avea mai mulţi bani…, DACĂ aş avea o slujbă mai bună…, DACĂam avea o maşină ca cea a vecinului nostru din America…, DACĂ ne-am puteapermite să mergem în Grecia la vară…, DACĂ ai fi mai atent…, DACĂ mi-arsurâde norocul…, DACĂ ai câştiga la loterie …, DACĂ, dacă, dacă! Dacăoamenii n-ar mai visa n-am mai avea nevoie de DACĂ!

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

1. Change the following sentences from direct into indirect speech:a) 1. What day is it? (I asked)

2. Who is that woman in black? (I asked my fiancée)3. It is still snowing. (The weather report I was reading said).4. The repairs will cost 1 ml. $ (The investor told me).5. Is your sister coming to see us this weekend? (I asked).6. He won’t pass his exams. (I bet Jane 10$ yesterday that).7. Don’t work yourself to death! (my sister advised me).8. The judge will decide the case tomorrow (Jane rang and told me).9. I’m not coming with you … and that is final! (Mary declared).

10. I intend to spend my declining years in the country-side (grandma said).11. Deeds are better than words when people need help. (She said)12. The causes of your disease are deep-seated. (The doctor said).13. It is hard to define what has changed between us (I told my husband).14. I defy you to prove I have cheated. (I told him).15. He considers that the end of the article must be deleted. (I asked the editor why)16. I admired his delicate handling of the situation as he was conducting the

negotiations (I confessed her).17. Does this new aircraft make tremendous demands on the pilot? (The specialists

asked)18. I depend on the train being on time. (he admitted).19. The machine will not sell well because of the poor design (the retailer said).20. We shall have to design a new curriculum for the third year (the newly elected dean

said)21. That was a clever little gadget (They thought)22. Try to keep clear of trouble! (The lawyer instructed his client).23. I wish I knew what they were really driving at! (She admitted).24. Our new product has edged all its competitors out of the market (The General

Manager declared).25. The conference will bring about greater international cooperation (The Prime-

Minister considered).b) He asked:

1. Where did you find this ugly dress?2. When do you prefer to go shopping?3. What is the shortest way to the Post Office?4. What have you read lately?5. How long will it take me to reach your place?6. Didn’t you know that their discussion turned into a bitter quarrel?7. Where are you going to spend your week-end?8. How many dishes have you cooked today?9. Why did you refuse to go into details about this plan?10. Shall I direct the letter to his business address, or to his home address?

11. Is the meeting on Tuesday or on Wednesday?12. Should I tell that to the police?13. How can I get the dirt off the walls?14. Shall I count on what Peter says? I know he is a liar!15. How much money do you usually spend weekly?16. For how long has the weather been so cold?17. Where shall I be staying to night?18. Which airport does the plane leave from?

c) He said:1. His future has not been determined yet but he may study medicine.2. I detest people complaining.3. There has been a further devaluation of the dollar.4. A lot will depend on how she responds to the challenge.5. They’ve rejected our proposal, so it’s back to the drawing-board.6. The music festival is a new enterprise which we hope will become an annual

event.7. He runs for faster than his brother.8. His paintings were deliberately flat, it was a part of his style.9. I cannot forgive myself for not seeing my mother before I left.10. Some dancing would ginger up the party.11. Given goodwill on both sides I am sure we can reach agreement.12. She disappeared and was never heard of again.