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Rdl phrhs`ty hc r`vlr fjrr`lrs jib tdl

aukunjt`vl `kplb`klit th tdl

k`mrjt`hi hc Jtnjit`a Qjnkhi `i tdl

Chynl V`vlr Ajtadklit.

Ajrhnyi L. Fryal

Quplrv`shrs_rhc. Ahn`i JbjksBr. _jbby Fhynji

Ql tlkflr 6?:6

7/28/2019 Carolyn Bryce: "The porosity of river barriers and the cumulative impediment to the migration of Atlantic Salmon i

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Qtjtlklit hc Ahpyr`mdt

Rdl ahitlit hc tdl @F@Q wlfs`tl*(`ianub`im, fut iht n`k`tlb th jnn tlxt jib jrtwhrg tdlrl`i)

`s prhtlatlb fy ahpyr`mdt. Rdl ahpyr`mdt `s hwilb fy @F@Q hr `s htdlrw`sl n`alislb crhk j

td`rb pjrty chr usl fy tdl pjrtilrs.

Phu kjy v`lw hr bhwinhjb jiy ahitlit hc tdl Q`tl chr pr`vjtl purphsls, fut yhu jrl ihtplrk`ttlb, w`tdhut hur plrk`ss`hi, th5

sthrl tdl Q`tl, hr jiy ahitlit hc tdl Q`tl, chr jiy htdlr purphsl7

pr`it ahp`ls hc tdl Q`tl, hr jiy ahitlit hc tdl Q`tl, chr jiy htdlr purphsl7 rlprhbual, ahpy hr trjisk`t tdl Q`tl, hr jiy ahitlit hc tdl Q`tl, `i jiy wjy, chr

jiy htdlr purphsl hr `i jiy htdlr klb`uk.

Jnn htdlr r`mdts wd`ad jrl iht spla`c`ajnny mrjitlb jrl rlslrvlb.

@F@Q kjgls jvj`njfnl hi `ts s`tls kjtlr`jns mlilrjtlb chr @F@Q fy jajblk`a whrg jt tdl\i`vlrs`ty hc Mnjsmhw jib jt Zulli's \i`vlrs`ty Flncjst, `itlr jn`j.

Lxtrjats kust iht fl quhtlb w`tdhut lxpn`a`t plrk`ss`hi. _lrk`ss`hi kjy fl shumdt fy

us`im tdl ahitjat chrk www.nhumds-jmliay.hrm/`f`s/ahitjat/

*Q`tl - www.nhumds-jmliay.hrm/@F@Q

7/28/2019 Carolyn Bryce: "The porosity of river barriers and the cumulative impediment to the migration of Atlantic Salmon i

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```

Ihi-tladi`ajn Qukkjry

RDL _HVHQ@RP HC V@SLV FJVV@LVQ JIB RDL A\K\NJR@SL @K_LB@KLIR

RH RDL K@MVJR@HI HC JRNJIR@A QJNKHI @I RDL CHPNL V@SLV

AJRADKLIR

FJAGMVH\IB

D`sthr`ajnny, r`vlrs djvl flli sufelat th khb`c`ajt`hi jib ut`n`sjt`hi chr tdl flilc`t hc sha`lty,

w`tdhut rlmjrb th tdl nhajn, rlm`hijn jib nhim-tlrk ahislqulials th tdl lahsystlk. V`vlrs

djvl flli khb`c`lb chr j rjiml hc rljshis wd`ad `ianubl, fut `s iht rlstr`atlb th,

adjiiln`zjt`hi chr sd`pp`im7 ahistruat`hi hc bjks chr dybrhphwlr hr wjtlr rltlit`hi7 wjtlr

jfstrjat`hi jib jnsh th rlkhvl wjstl prhbuats. Rdlsl khb`c`ajt`his djvl rlsuntlb `i

iuklrhus skjnn jrt`c`a`jn r`vlr`il fjrr`lrs jarhss r`vlr ajtadklits jib djvl tdl phtlit`jn th

b`srupt c`sd k`mrjt`his.

Rdl n`cl-d`sthry hc jijbrhkhus Jtnjit`a sjnkhi `s rlnjt`vlny pnjst`a jib tdl t`kl spn`t

fltwlli crlsdwjtlr jib sjntwjtlr djf`tjts vjr`ls w`td tdl `ib`v`bujn jib tdl liv`rhiklitjn

ahib`t`his hc ljad n`cl-stjml. Jctlr j plr`hb hc t`kl `i tdl kjr`il jib lstujry liv`rhiklit,

tdl r`vlr`il k`mrjt`hi chnnhws j b`st`iat pjttlri kjbl up hc twh th tdrll pdjsls. Rdl c`rst

pdjsl `ivhnvls j stljby prhmrlss`hi upstrljk wd`ad jntlrijtls fltwlli t`kls hc sw`kk`im

jib plr`hbs hc rlst. Chnnhw`im td`s, khvlklits jrl kjbl `i fhtd upstrljk jib bhwistrljk

b`rlat`his th sljrad chr j phs`t`hi th fl dlnb iljr tdl spjwi`im mrhuibs wd`ad ahianubls `i

tdl c`ijn dhnb`im pdjsl. Js tdl spjwi`im plr`hb jpprhjadls, `ib`v`bujns nljvl tdl`r dhnb`im

phhns jib prhmrlss up th tdl spjwi`im mrhuibs. ]`td rlmjrb th tdl`r jijbrhkhus ijturl jib

lxtlis`vl usl hc r`vlrs, Jtnjit`a sjnkhi jrl pjrt`aunjrny slis`t`vl th jntlrjt`his `i tdl ijturjn

cnhw hc r`vlrs typ`ajnny jssha`jtlb w`td bjk ahistruat`hi jib dybrhphwlr stjt`his.

@i rlalit yljrs `t djs flahkl jppjrlit tdjt j vjst iukflr hc skjnn jitdrhphmli`a struaturlskjy jnsh slr`husny n`k`t hr fnhag tdl khvlklits hc c`sd. Js tdlrl `s j d`md iukflr hc

7/28/2019 Carolyn Bryce: "The porosity of river barriers and the cumulative impediment to the migration of Atlantic Salmon i

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`v

fjrr`lrs jarhss tdl \i`tlb G`imbhk tdjt w`nn illb th fl jsslsslb `i ahkpn`jial th tdl

rlqu`rlklits hc tdl ]jtlr Crjklwhrg B`rlat`vl, j stjibjrb`slb tladi`qul wd`ad jnnhws rjp`b

jib ahst lcclat`vl jsslssklits jt j ijt`hijn sajnl illblb th fl blvlnhplb. Qahtnjib jib

Ihrtdlri @rlnjib Chruk chr Liv`rhiklitjn Vlsljrad (QI@CCLV) blvlnhplb j ahjrsl-

rlshnut`hi rjp`b jsslssklit thhn th prhv`bl tdl liv`rhiklitjn fhb`ls hc tdl \i`tlb G`imbhk

j stjibjrb`slb kltdhbhnhmy tdjt jnnhws chr tdl plrkljf`n`ty hc j fjrr`lr th fl qu`agny jib

lcc`a`litny jsslsslb. Rdl jsslssklit thhn wjs uslb th lvjnujtl tdl plrkljf`n`ty hc chur

fjrr`lrs hi j skjnn tr`futjry hc tdl Ajkhwli V`vlr, jib j khbln wjs ahistruatlb th kljsurl

dhw fjrr`lr plrkljf`n`ty adjimls uiblr b`cclrlit cnhw ahib`t`his (fltwlli :0=< jib 6?::).

\s`im tdl bjtj mjtdlrlb crhk tdl khbln, tdl iukflr hc bjys tdjt j tdlhrlt`ajn Jtnjit`a

sjnkhi `s blnjylb uiblr ljad fjrr`lr jib tdl thtjn aukunjt`vl blnjy lxplr`lialb bur`im `ts

spjwi`im k`mrjt`hi ljad yljr wjs ajnaunjtlb.

Rdl phrhs`ty sahrls ajnaunjtlb chr jnn chur fjrr`lrs whunb summlst tdjt uiblr tdl cnhw

ahib`t`his hc tdl jsslssklit, ljad struaturl wjs j ahkpnltl fjrr`lr th tdl khvlklit hc jt

nljst hil spla`ls mu`nb, spla`c`ajnny Jtnjit`a sjnkhi jib Aypr`i`bs. Hc tdl rlkj`i`im spla`ls

mu`nbs, tdlrl wlrl ih fjrr`lrs tdjt b`b iht `kplbl upstrljk khvlklit th jt nljst j prhphrt`hi

hc tdl phpunjt`hi.

Rdl thtjn iukflr hc bjys tdjt tdl tdlhrlt`ajn Jtnjit`a sjnkhi wjs blnjylb fy fjrr`lrs `i tdl

G`nnyanhmdlr Furi rjimlb fltwlli 1 jib 41 bjys.

Vlc`i`im tdl khbln w`td `iarljslb rlshnut`hi hc kljsurlklits jib tdl ahnnlat`hi hc vlnha`ty

jib blptd ahib`t`his jt cnhw lxtrlkls whunb `iarljsl tdl jaaurjay hc tdl khbln. @t whunb

jnsh fl d`mdny jbvjitjmlhus th hftj`i prlslial/jfslial hr jfuibjial bjtj jfhvl tdl slt hc

fjrr`lrs jsslsslb th prhv`bl curtdlr `ib`ajt`hi hc tdl jaaurjay hc tdl phrhs`ty rlsunts. ]dlrl

phss`fnl d`sthr`ajn c`sd bjtj, flchrl tdl `istjnnjt`hi hc tdl fjrr`lrs sdhunb jnsh fl hftj`ilb.

Rd`s whunb jnnhw j b`rlat ahuit hc tdl rlbuat`hi `i sjnkhi rlturi`im th tdl`r spjwi`im

mrhuibs jfhvl j fjrr`lr, hr qujit`cy tdl nhss `i sjnkhi prhbuat`hi rlnjtlb th k`mrjt`hi

fjrr`lrs.

Rdl rlkhvjn hc hfstruat`im fjrr`lrs `s bllklb js tdl khst lcclat`vl kltdhb hc `iarljs`im c`sd

prhbuat`hi. Js tdl G`nnyanhmdlr Furi `s j skjnn tr`futjry `t `s uin`glny tdjt sufstjit`jn

cuib`im whunb fl b`rlatlb thwjrbs tdl rlkhvjn hr k`t`mjt`hi hc tdl fjrr`lrs, dhwlvlr `t `s

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v

prhphslb tdjt s`kpnl khb`c`ajt`his th fjrr`lrs J6 jib J1 whunb `iarljsl pjssjml. Rdl

`istjnnjt`hi hc fjccnls `s j ahkkhi kltdhb th b`ss`pjtl d`md wjtlr vlnha`t`ls jib `iarljsl tdl

wjtlr blptd tdrhumd aunvlrts.

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v`

Rdl phrhs`ty hc r`vlr fjrr`lrs jib tdl

aukunjt`vl `kplb`klit th tdl k`mrjt`hi hc

Jtnjit`a Qjnkhi `i tdl Chynl V`vlr

Ajtadklit.

_`aturl ahurtlsy hc tdl Nhumds Jmliay.

Ajrhnyi Lnj`il Fryal

?=?

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v``

JFQRVJAR

Qkjnn jrt`c`a`jn r`vlr`il fjrr`lrs jrl iuklrhus jarhss r`vlr ajtadklits jib djvl tdl phtlit`jn

th b`srupt c`sd k`mrjt`his. Vlalitny, j ahjrsl-rlshnut`hi nlvln jsslssklit thhn wjs blvlnhplb

th prhv`bl tdl liv`rhiklitjn fhb`ls hc tdl \i`tlb G`imbhk w`td j kljis hc anjss`cy`im r`vlr

ajtadklits `i tlrks hc c`sd khvlklit th kllt tdl hfelat`vls slt fy tdl ]jtlr Crjklwhrg

B`rlat`vl. Rdl ahursl-rlshnut`hi rjp`b jsslssklit5 nlvln J jsslssklit wjs uslb th blc`il

tdl phrhs`ty hc chur struaturls hi j skjnn tr`futjry `i tdl Chynl systlk, Ihrtdlri @rlnjib th

tdl khvlklit hc chur c`sd spla`ls mu`nbs. Rdl rlsunts `ib`ajtlb tdjt jnn chur fjrr`lrs prlslitlb

j adjnnliml th tdl khvlklit hc jnn chur spla`ls mu`nbs. J phrhs`ty sahrl hc ?.? chr ljad

fjrr`lr `ib`ajtlb tdjt tdl upstrljk khvlklit hc jbunt Jtnjit`a sjnkhi wjs ahkpnltlny

hfstruatlb dhwlvlr js wjtlr blptd wjs tdl n`k`t`im cjathr `t wjs ahianublb tdjt plrkljf`n`ty

wjs n`glny th adjiml uiblr cnuatujt`im r`vlr cnhws. J khrl `i-blptd hc `ivlst`mjt`hi hc fjrr`lr

phrhs`ty th tdl upstrljk Jtnjit`a sjnkhi spjwi`im k`mrjt`hi wjs ahibuatlb fy khblnn`im

tdl dybrjun`a ahib`t`his hvlr ljad fjrr`lr jib jss`mi`im tdl jpprhpr`jtl phrhs`ty sahrl. Rdl

rlnjt`hisd`p fltwlli r`vlr wjtlr cnhw (rlahrblb jt j mjum`im stjt`hi hi tdl kj`i r`vlr stlk)

jib kljsurlklits hc wjtlr blptd jib wjtlr vlnha`ty hc ljad fjrr`lr wjs blc`ilb w`td n`iljr

rlmrlss`hi jijnysls jib `iahrphrjtlb `ith tdl khbln. Bj`ny r`vlr cnhw bjtj rlahrblb fltwlli

Hathflr jib Ejiujry chr ljad yljr fjag th :0=< wjs `iahrphrjtlb `ith tdl khbln th ajnaunjtl

bj`ny phrhs`ty sahrls hc ljad fjrr`lr jib tdl aukunjt`vl `kplb`klit tdjt tdl chur fjrr`lrs

arljtl th tdl spjwi`im k`mrjt`hi ljad yljr. Ljad fjrr`lr chrklb fhtd j tlkphrjn jib pjrt`jn

fjrr`lr th tdl spjwi`im phpunjt`hi hc Jtnjit`a sjnkhi. Blnjys hc up th 3? bjys wlrl rlahrblb

flnhw tdl fr`bml chht`im. Rdl aukunjt`vl blnjy arljtlb fy tdl chur fjrr`lrs rjimlb fltwlli 1

th 41 bjys. Jntdhumd `t wjs iht phss`fnl th `blit`cy hil fjrr`lr wd`ad wjs khst jt cjunt, js

tdl phrhs`ty hc j fjrr`lr wjs blpliblit hi r`vlr cnhw, `ts `kphrtjit th ihtl tdjt td`s stuby djs

sdhwi r`vlr fjrr`lrs djv`im j b`rlat lcclat hi c`sd spjwi`im k`mrjt`his jib suaalss.

7/28/2019 Carolyn Bryce: "The porosity of river barriers and the cumulative impediment to the migration of Atlantic Salmon i

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v```

AHIRLIRQ

: @IRVHB\AR@HI :

6 KLRDHBHNHMP

6.: - Qtuby Jrlj jib Fjrr`lr Blsar`pt`his

6.6 - Nlvln J jsslssklit

6.1 - Blvlnhpklit hc Fjrr`lr _hrhs`ty Khbln

6.2 - Djf`tjt Qurvlys

6.< - Jbb`t`hijn @ichrkjt`hi

::

::

:6

:=

:4

:0

1 VLQ\NRQ

1.: - Nlvln J jsslssklit _hrhs`ty Qahrls

1.6 - N`iljr Vlmrlss`hi Jijnysls

1.1 - Jsslssklit hc Aukunjt`vl Blnjy

1.2 - Djf`tjt Qurvlys

6?

6?

66

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`x

N@QR HC RJFNLQ

6.: - _hrhs`ty sahrls jib tdl ahrrlsphib`im blsar`pt`his chr ljad sahrl m`vli th

fjrr`lrs jsslsslb us`im j Nlvln J jsslssklit blvlnhplb. Blsar`pt`his

prhv`blb fy QI@CCLV (6?:?j).

:3

6.6 - Kljsurlklits hc tdl pdys`ajn jttr`futls hc ljad fjrr`lr rlahrblb hi tdl

6:/?3/:6 chr fjrr`lr J: jib hi tdl 62/?3/:6 chr fjrr`lrs J6, J1 jib J2.

- Rrjisvlrsjn slat`hi - J slat`hi hc tdl struaturl `i qulst`hi wdlrl tdl

dybrjun`a cnhw ahib`t`his, vlnha`ty jib blptd, jrl ahis`stlit jarhss `ts w`btd.

- Qnhpl - @s tdl plralitjml hc tdl snhpl crhk tdl inlt th tdl hutnlt hc tdl

struaturl. Qnhpl % ; Dybrjun`a Dljb/Lcclat`vl Nlimtd x :??.

- Slrt`ajn Dybrjun`a Dljb - Slrt`ajn b`stjial crhk thp hc wjtlr hi hutnlt th tdl

thp hc tdl wjtlr nlvln `i tdl phhn.

:3

1.: - Rdl c`ijn phrhs`ty sahrls hc ljad fjrr`lr hi tdl G`nnyanhmdlr Furi chr ljad

spla`ls/n`cl-stjml jsslsslb us`im tdl nlvln J jsslssklit.6:

1.6 - Rdl hutput crhk tdl n iljr rlmrlss`hi jijnysls fltwlli blptd jib r`vlr cnhw

chr ljad trjislat ph`it (:-

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x

1.::

-

Rdl c`rst bjtl wdlrl tdl phrhs`ty sahrl jad`lvlb `s !?.1, tdl iukflr hc bjys

blnjylb, tdl rjiml hc phrhs`ty sahrls jad`lvlb chr ljad yljr jib tdl plralit

hc v`jfnl bjys hc pjssjml crhk Hat-Eji chr tdl yljrs :0=

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x`

N@QR HC C@M\VLQ

6.: - _hs`t`hi hc tdl fjrr`lrs jib slk`-qujit`tjt`vl lnlatrhc`sd`im s`tls hi tdlG`nnyanhmdlr Furi. V`vlr cnhw `s ihrtd th shutd.

:1

6.6 - Rdl phs`t`hi hc tdl c`vl trjislat ph`its wdlrl ljad blptd jib vlnha tykljsurlklit wjs tjgli jarhss ljad hc tdl `inlt, k`bph`it jib hutnlt trjislats.B`jmrjk tjgli crhk ]CB ::: (6j) - Rdl ahursl rlshnut`hi rjp`b-jsslssklitkltdhbhnhmy th jsslss hfstjanls th c`sd k`mrjt`hi5 C`lnb kjiujn nlvln Jjsslssklit (QI@CCLV, 6?:?j).

:2

1.: - N`iljr rlmrlss`hi jijnysls hc cnhw vlrsus nhm(blptd +?.

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:

: @IRVHB\AR@HI

D`sthr`ajnny, r`vlrs djvl flli sufelat th khb`c`ajt`hi jib ut`n`sjt`hi chr tdl flilc`t hc sha`lty,

w`tdhut rlmjrb th tdl nhajn, rlm`hijn jib nhim-tlrk ahislqulials th tdl lahsystlk (Cry`rs &KaIjf, i.b7 Ihrr`s lt jn, 6??=). V`vlrs djvl flli khb`c`lb chr j rjiml hc rljshis wd`ad

`ianubl, fut `s iht rlstr`atlb th, adjiiln`zjt`hi chr sd`pp`im (K`nn`kji & Kl`-l, :00

7/28/2019 Carolyn Bryce: "The porosity of river barriers and the cumulative impediment to the migration of Atlantic Salmon i

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6

lxallb`im tdl 6

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1

kunt`-slj w`itlr (KQ]) sjnkhi (Dlibry & Arjmm-D`il, 6??1). Rdl t`k`im hc tdl r`vlr litry

b`cclrs w`td`i jib fltwlli phpunjt`his (Rdhrstjb lt jn, 6??4) w`td r`vlr litry haaurr`im jnn

yljr rhuib th tdl r`vlrs hc tdl \i`tlb G`imbhk, @rlnjib jib shkl r`vlrs `i Blikjrg

(Gnlkltsli lt jn, 6??17 Ehisshi & Ehisshi, 6?::). Dhwlvlr `i Ihrwjy, @alnjib, jib Ajijbj

spjwi`im jbunts typ`ajnny stjrt litlr`im r`vlrs fltwlli Kjy jib Hathflr (Gnlkltsli lt jn,

6??17 Rdhrstjb lt jn, 6??47 Htlrh lt jn, 6?::) w`td litry flm`ii`im js ljrny js Clfrujry th tdl

r`vlrs hc Fr`ttjiy, Crjial (Chitlilnnl lt jn, :04?). @i Ihrtdlri @rlnjib, litry th tdl kjehr

r`vlrs hc tdl Chynl systlk rjimls crhk Euil th Jumust dhwlvlr `ib`v`bujns djvl jnsh flli

rlahrblb th litlr js njtl js Blalkflr (Fhynji, 6??2). @ib`v`bujns rlturi th tdl`r ijtjn r`vlrs

w`td `iarlb`fnl prla`s`hi (Djrbli Ehils, :0347 Qtjsgh lt jn, :0=17 Jjs lt jn, 6?::) w`td

rlahrbs hc spjwilrs lvli rlturi`im th tdl sjkl r`vlr strltad haaup`lb bur`im tdl`r euvli`nl

iurslry stjmls. Dhwlvlr j skjnn prhphrt`hi (:-

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2

k`mrjt`hi rjimls fltwlli

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6k) ahianublb tdjt jppjrlitny b`cc`aunt fjrr`lrs wlrl pjsslb w`td

rlnjt`vl ljsl, wd`nl tdhsl ahis`blrlb th fl pjssjfnl hfstruat`im tdl khvlklit hc j iukflr

hc spla`ls. Hv`b`h & _d`n`ppjrt (6??6) chuib tdjt struaturls w`td j dybrjun`a dljb js skjnn js

?.2

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4

Furchrb lt jn, 6??0). C`sdx`im `s j shctwjrl prhmrjkkl tdjt wjs blvlnhplb th prlb`at pjssjml

suaalss tdrhumd j aunvlrt, fy ahkpjr`im khblnnlb dybrjun`a ahib`t`his hc j aunvlrt th tdl

sw`kk`im jib nljp`im ajpjf`n`t`ls hc j iukflr hc c`sd spla`ls (Curi`ss lt jn, 6???7 Ajdhhi lt

jn, 6??=). Dhwlvlr tdlrl djs flli n`k`tlb vjn`bjt`hi hc C`sdx`im `i tdl c`lnb jib td`s

jpprhjad jnsh rlqu`rls bltj`nlb dybrjun`a kljsurlklits chr lvlry aunvlrt tdjt w`sdls th fl

jsslsslb (Glkp lt jn, 6??47 Kl`xnlr lt jn, 6??0). Jbhpt`im j s`k`njr jpprhjad, Ahcckji

(6??

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0

phtlit`jn chr dljv`ny khb`c`lb wjtlrs fy 6?:

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:?

`kplb`klit kjy fl tlkphrjn jib fnhag tdl khvlklit jarhss tdl fjrr`lr chr j prhphrt`hi hc

tdl t`kl. _jrt`jn fjrr`lrs, jrl tdhsl tdjt fnhag j prhphrt`hi hc tdl phpunjt`hi, typ`ajnny wljglr

sw`kklrs, `ib`v`bujns w`td skjnnlr fhb`ls s`zls jib spla`c`a n`cl-stjmls (Glkp lt jn, 6??4).

Jbb`t`hijnny, pjssjml kjy pjrt`jnny fl rlstr`atlb th alrtj`i spla`ls, fhby s`zls hr n`cl-stjmls

chr j prhphrt`hi hc tdl t`kl chrk`im j tlkphrjn-pjrt`jn fjrr`lr (Glkp lt jn, 6??4). Aunvlrts

jrl jnsh vlry mhhb lxjkpnls hc pjrt`jn/tlkphrjn fjrr`lrs js tdly jrl gihwi th rlstr`at

khvlklit th wljg sw`kklrs bur`im t`kls hc nhw jib d`md r`vlr cnhws (Glkp lt jn, 6??4). @i

ljad ajsl, tdl typl hc fjrr`lr jib tdl blmrll hc tdl n`k`tjt`hi rlsunts `i j blnjy flnhw j fjrr`lr

th j prhphrt`hi hc tdl phpunjt`hi. @t `s `kphrtjit th kjijmlklit tdjt js kuad `ichrkjt`hi `s

kjbl jvj`njfnl hi tdl `kpjat hc fjrr`lrs jib tdl kjmi`tubl hc tdl blnjy aji fl qujit`c`lb,

lspla`jnny `c prln`k`ijry jsslssklits jrl th fl uslb `i tdl pr`hr`t`sjt`hi hc fjrr`lr k`t`mjt`hi

hr rlkhvjn whrgs.

@i ahkpn`jial th tdl rlqu`rlklits hc tdl ]CB, tdl Nhumds Jmliay jrl aurrlitny `i tdl

prhalss hc arljt`im j M@Q (mlhmrjpd`a `ichrkjt`hi systlk) fjslb `ivlithry hc r`vlr fjrr`lrs

th j`b `i tdl anjss`c`ajt`hi hc tdl Chynl ajtadklits. \s`im tdl ahjrsl-rlshnut`hi rjp`b

jsslssklit blvlnhplb fy QI@CCLV, tdl Nhumds Jmliay jrl jsslss`im tdl `kpjat hc tdlsl

fjrr`lrs hi tdl khvlklit hc slvlrjn spla`ls hc c`sd jib js suad tdl sjkl prhalburl w`nn fl

uslb th prhv`bl j ahislrvjt`vl lst`kjtl hc tdl plrkljf`n`ty hc chur skjnn fjrr`lrs hi j

tr`futjry th tdl Ajkhwli V`vlr. Dhwlvlr th tlst `c tdl plrkljf`n`ty hc tdlsl chur fjrr`lr w`nn

adjiml uiblr b`cclrlit cnhw ahib`t`his, j khbln w`nn fl blvlnhplb tdjt w`nn jnnhw s`kpnl

blptd jib vlnha`ty kljsurlklits rlahrblb jt ljad fjrr`lr th fl ahrrlnjtlb w`td d`sthr`a r`vlr

cnhw rlahrbs js th khbln tdl pjssjf`n`ty hc ljad fjrr`lr th Jtnjit`a sjnkhi bur`im tdl

spjwi`im k`mrjt`hi plr`hb crhk :0=< th 6?::. \s`im tdl bjtj mjtdlrlb crhk tdl khbln, tdl

iukflr hc bjys tdjt j tdlhrlt`ajn Jtnjit`a sjnkhi `s blnjylb uiblr ljad fjrr`lr jib tdl thtjn

aukunjt`vl blnjy lxplr`lialb bur`im `ts spjwi`im k`mrjt`hi ljad yljr w`nn fl ajnaunjtlb.

Rdl `kpjat hc tdl aukunjt`vl blnjy th tdl k`mrjt`hi hc Jtnjit`a sjnkhi arljtlb fy tdl chur

fjrr`lrs w`nn fl b`sausslb jnhim w`td tdl `kphrtjial hc ahibuat`im jbb`t`hijn plrkljf`n`ty

jsslssklits `c tdl pjssjf`n`ty hc j fjrr`lr `s prlbhk`ijtlny rlnjtlb th dybrjun`a ahib`t`his.

C`ijnny tdl v`jf`n`ty hc us`im r`vlr cnhw th khbln tdl plrkljf`n`ty hc j fjrr`lr w`nn fl

b`sausslb.

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6 KLRDHBHNHMP

6.: Qtuby Jrlj jib Fjrr`lr Blsar`pt`his

V`vlr struaturls wd`ad wlrl `blit`c`lb js phtlit`jn fjrr`lrs `i tdl G`nnyanhmdlr Furi wlrl

jsslsslb chr tdl`r `kpjat tdl spjwi`im k`mrjt`hi hc Jtnjit`a sjnkhi. Js pjrt hc td`s

jsslssklit, tdl plrkljf`n`ty hc fjrr`lrs th b`cclrlit spla`ls mu`nbs, tdl blnjy ajuslb fy ljad

fjrr`lr th Jtnjit`a sjnkhi jib tdl `kpn`ajt`his th euvli`nl sjnkhi prhbuat`hi jrl rlv`lwlb.

Rdl G`nnyanhmdlr furi `s j skjnn tr`futjry th tdl V`vlr Ajkhwli `i Ahuity Ryrhil, Ihrtdlri

@rlnjib (I`vli lt jn, 6?:?). Rdl G`nnyanhmdlr Furi `s jpprhx`kjtlny 1.:4

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J1 `s :3k. Fjrr`lr J1 `s :.?3gk upstrljk hc tdl tr`futjry ahicnulial (c`murl 6.:).

Rdl chrtd jib c`ijn fjrr`lr (J2) hi tdl G`nnyanhmdlr tr`futjry `s nhajtlb :.64gk upstrljk hc

tdl tr`futjry ahicnulial jt

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(QI@CCLV, 6?:?j).

C`murl 6.: - _hs`t`hi hc tdl fjrr`lrs jib slk`-qujit`tjt`vl lnlatrhc`sd`im s`tls hi tdl G`nnyanhmdlr Furi.

V`vlr cnhw `s Ihrtd th Qhutd.

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Rdl prhalburl `s kjbl up hc slvli slat`his ljad w`td tdl`r hwi suf-b`v`s`his, dhwlvlr hiny

tdl slat`his wd`ad jrl jppn`ajfnl th tdl stuby jrl blsar`flb. Chr ljad fjrr`lr, fjs`a bltj`ns

rlnjt`im th tdl nhajt`hi hc tdl struaturl, jaalss`f`n`ty, ahkphilit kjtlr`jns, b`klis`his hc

ljad struaturl, tdl cnhw adjrjatlr`st`as jib tdl iukflr hc trjisvlrsjn slat`his wjs rlahrblb.

Qlat`hi tdrll hc tdl nlvln J jsslssklit `ivhnvlb rlahrb`im tdl wjtlr blptd jib tdl vlnha`ty

jarhss ljad fjrr`lr trjislat. Chr fjrr`lrs J:, J6 jib J1, c`vl wjtlr blptd jib vlnha`ty

kljsurlklits wlrl rlahrblb jarhss tdl w`btd hc tdl `inlt, k`bph`it jib hutnlt trjislats

chnnhw`im tdl blsar`pt`hi `i c`murl 6.6. Dhwlvlr, fjrr`lr J2 b`spnjylb sufstjit`jn

dltlrhmlil`ty crhk tdl `inlt th tdl hutnlt jib `t wjs bllklb jpprhpr`jtl th rlahrb twh

jbb`t`hijn slts hc c`vl trjislat blptd jib vlnha`ty kljsurlklits, th kjgl j thtjn hc c`vl slts

trjislat kljsurlklits.

C`murl 6.6 - Rdl phs`t`hi hc tdl c`vl trjislat ph`its wdlrl ljad blptd jib vlnha`ty kljsurlklit wjstjgli jarhss ljad hc tdl `inlt, k`bph`it jib hutnlt trjislats. B`jmrjk tjgli crhk ]CB ::: (6j) - Rdlahursl rlshnut`hi rjp`b-jsslssklit kltdhbhnhmy th jsslss hfstjanls th c`sd k`mrjt`hi5 C`lnb kjiujnnlvln J jsslssklit (QI@CCLV, 6?:?j).

_hrhs`ty sahrls chr ljad hc tdl c`vl trjislat ph`its wlrl ajnaunjtlb fy ahkpjr`im tdl wjtlrblptd jib vlnha`ty kljsurlb jmj`ist tdl sw`kk`im ajpjf`n`t`ls jib blptd rlqu`rlklits hc

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:6.?k/s hvlr

trjislat :, phrhs`ty sahrl whunb fl :.? fut `c tdl blptd (jt tdl sjkl ph`it) wjs >?.?=k,

wd`ad lqujtls th j phrhs`ty sahrl hc ?.?, tdl hvlrjnn sahrl chr trjislat : whunb fl ?.?, js

blptd wjs cjathr n`k`t`im pjssjml. Ljad phrhs`ty sahrl (?.?-:) lqujtls th j vlnha`ty jib blptd

rjiml spla`c`a th ljad spla`ls mu`nb jsslsslb jib aji fl rlv`lwlb `i tdl nlvln J jsslssklit

kjiujn (QI@CCLV, 6?:?j). Rdl phrhs`ty sahrls rjiml crhk ?.?, wd`ad lqujtls th j

ahkpnltlny `kpjssjfnl fjrr`lr th j sahrl hc :.?, wd`ad `ib`ajtls crll pjssjml jib ih

hfstruat`hi dhwlvlr cunn blsar`pt`his jib lxjkpnls jrl prhv`blb chr ljad phrhs`ty sahrl `i

tjfnl 6.:.Hial ljad hc tdl c`vl trjislat ph`its djb flli sahrlb chr ljad trjislat, tdl d`mdlstphrhs`ty sahrl jad`lvlb chr jiy hc tdl trjislat ph`its wjs tjgli js tdl upstrljk phrhs`ty

sahrl chr ljad trjislat. Rd`s prhbualb tdrll upstrljk phrhs`ty sahrls chr fjrr`lrs J:, J6 jib

J1 jib c`vl upstrljk phrhs`ty sahrls chr fjrr`lr J2. Crhk tdl phrhs`ty sahrls ajnaunjtlb chr

ljad trjislat, tdl khst n`k`t`im sahrl crhk jiy hc tdl trjislats wjs tjgli js tdl hvlrjnn

phrhs`ty sahrl chr ljad fjrr`lr chr slat`hi tdrll hc tdl jsslssklit. _hrhs`ty sahrls tdus

rlprlslit j ahislrvjt`vl kljsurlklit hc fjrr`lr pjssjf`n`ty.

Dhwlvlr, tdl c`ijn phrhs`ty sahrl jss`milb th ljad fjrr`lr chr ljad spla`ls mu`nb jnsh tjgls

`ith jaahuit pdys`ajn jttr`futls wd`ad kjy n`k`t hr prlvlit pjssjml. Rdlsl kljsurlklits

wlrl rlahrblb js pjrt hc slat`hi chur hc tdl jsslssklit `i wd`ad shkl hc tdl rlnlvjit

kljsurlklits jrl b`spnjylb `i tjfnl 6.6. Rdl typl hc rlahrbs tjgli b`cclrlb `i jaahrbjial th

wdltdlr j fjrr`lr prlslits w`td j vlrt`ajn brhp, snhpl hr stlps.

Ljad pdys`ajn jttr`futl wjs tdli sahrlb chr `ts n`k`tjt`hi th khvlklit us`im jpprhpr`jtl

pjssjf`n`ty jsslssklit mu`bjial tjfnls chr ljad spla`ls mu`nb prhv`blb `i tdl nlvln J

jsslssklit kjiujn (QI@CCLV, 6?:?j). Js w`td slat`hi tdrll, tdl khst n`k`t`im sahrl

rlahrblb chr jiy hc tdl pdys`ajn jttr`futls chr ljad fjrr`lr wjs tjgli js tdl hvlrjnn sahrl chr

slat`hi chur. \s`im fhtd hc tdl sahrls ajnaunjtlb crhk slat`his tdrll jib chur, tdl khst

n`k`t`im sahrl crhk l`tdlr slat`hi wjs uslb th prhbual tdl c`ijn phrhs`ty sahrl chr j fjrr`lr

chr ljad spla`ls jib n`cl-stjml. Dhwlvlr, js tdlrl wlrl ih pdys`ajn jttr`futls chr jiy hc tdl

fjrr`lrs wd`ad n`k`tlb pjssjml th Jtnjit`a sjnkhi hr jbunt trhut, tdl phrhs`ty sahrls

ajnaunjtlb crhk slat`hi tdrll bltlrk`ilb tdl hvlrjnn sahrl (`.l wjtlr blptd jib vlnha`ty wlrl

pr`kjry n`k`t`im cjathrs).

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Rjfnl 6.: - _hrhs`ty sahrls jib tdl ahrrlsphib`im blsar`pt`his chr ljad sahrl m`vli th fjrr`lrsjsslsslb us`im j Nlvln J jsslssklit. Blsar`pt`his prhv`blb fy QI@CCLV (6?:?j).

_hrhs`ty

QahrlBlsar`pt`hi

?.? @kpjssjfnl, ahkpnltlhfstjanlthc`sdkhvlklit`ctdjttdltjrmltspla`ls/n`cl-stjml, hrspla`lsmu`nbajiihtpjsstdlhfstjanl.

?.1

Jpjrt`jnd`md`kpjathfstjanl`sjss`milb`ctdlhfstjanlrlprlslitsj

s`mi`c`ajit`kplb`klitthtdltjrmltspla`ls/n`cl-stjml, hrspla`lsmu`nb, fut

shklhctdlphpunjt`hi(l.m. > hil-td`rb) w`nnpjsslvlitujnny7 hrtdlhfstjanl

`s`kpjssjfnlchrjs`mi`c`ajitprhphrt`hihctdlt`kl(9twh-td`rbs).

?.3

Jpjrt`jnnhw`kpjathfstjanl`sjss`milb`ctdjttdlhfstjanlrlprlslitsj

s`mi`c`ajit`kplb`klitthtdltjrmltspla`ls/n`cl-stjmls, hrspla`lsmu`nb, fut

khsthctdlphpunjt`hi(l.m. 9twh-td`rbs) w`nnpjsslvlitujnny7 hrtdlhfstjanl

`s`kpjssjfnlchrjs`mi`c`ajitprhphrt`hihctdlt`kl(l.m. > hil-td`rb).

Aunvlrtsrlprlslitmhhblxjkpnlshcpjrt`jnhfstjanls`ctdly`kplblc`sd

bur`implr`hbshcd`mdhrnhwcnhw.

:.?

Ihhfstjanl, pjssjfnl`ctdjttdlhfstjanlbhlsihtrlprlslitjs`mi`c`ajit

`kplb`klitthtdltjrmltspla`ls/n`cl-stjml, hrspla`lsmu`nb, jibtdlkjehr`ty

hctdlphpunjt`hisdhunbfljfnlthpjssbur`imtdlkjehr`tyhctdlplr`hbhc

k`mrjt`hi(khvlklit). Rd`sbhlsihtkljitdjttdlhfstjanlphslsihahsts`i

tlrkshcblnjy, l.m. `iarljslblilrmlt`as, hrtdjtjnnc`sdw`nnfljfnlthpjss.

Rjfnl 6.6 - Kljsurlklits hc tdl pdys`ajn jttr`futls hc ljad fjrr`lr rlahrblb hi tdl 6:/?3/:6 chr

fjrr`lr J: jib hi tdl 62/?3/:6 chr fjrr`lrs J6, J1 jib J2.

-Rrjisvlrsjn slat`hi - J slat`hi hc tdl struaturl `i qulst`hi wdlrl tdl dybrjun`a cnhw ahib`t`his,vlnha`ty jib blptd, jrl ahis`stlit jarhss `ts w`btd.

-Slrt`ajn Dybrjun`a Dljb - Slrt`ajn b`stjial crhk thp hc wjtlr hi hutnlt th tdl thp hc tdl wjtlr nlvln `i

tdl phhn.

Fjrr`lr

Q`tl @BRypl hc

Fjrr`lr

Iukflr hc

trjisvlrsjn

slat`his

Rrjisvlrsjn

slat`hi

blsar`pt`his

Rhtjn

wlttlb

w`btd jt

fjrr`lr

arlst (k)

Mrjb`lit

(%)

Lcclat`vl

nlimtd

(k)

Slrt`ajn

Dybrjun`a

dljb (k)

Rhtjn

Dybrjun`a

dljb

(`inlt-

hutnlt, k)

J: Fr`bmlChht`im :

Slrt`ajn

Brhp/Qnhpl

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pr`ia`pnls jppn`lb `i tdl nlvln J jsslssklit th ajnaunjtl bj`ny phrhs`ty sahrls crhk Hathflr th

Ejiujry, tdl spjwi`im k`mrjt`hi plr`hb w`td`i tdl Chynl systlk, chr tdl yljrs :0=< th 6?::

chr ljad fjrr`lr.

Rdl wjtlr blptd jib vlnha`ty wjs kljsurlb hvlr j rjiml hc cnhw ahib`t`his jt ljad fjrr`lr

us`im tdl sjkl prhalburl uslb bur`im slat`hi tdrll hc tdl nlvln J jsslssklit. Crhk 66/?3/:6

th tdl 6

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`blit`c`ajt`hi hc tdl c`rst bjtl jt wd`ad j phrhs`ty sahrl hc ?.1 hr jfhvl wjs jad`lvlb fy ljad

fjrr`lr. Crhk td`s, tdl iukflr hc bjys tdjt j tdlhrlt`ajn sjnkhi (ji `ib`v`bujn wd`ad `s

ajpjfnl hc pjss`im j fjrr`lr js shhi js `t jrr`vls flnhw `t, jssuk`im tdl phrhs`ty hc tdl fjrr`lr

`s ?.1 hr jfhvl) wjs blnjylb flnhw ljad fjrr`lr ahunb fl ajnaunjtlb chr ljad k`mrjt`hi chr

jiy yljr crhk :0=< th 6?::.

@iahrphrjtlb `ith tdl khbln wjs tdl jpprhx`kjtl t`kl tjgli chr j sjnkhi th trjvln th tdl ilxt

fjrr`lr upstrljk. J k`mrjt`hi spllb hc 6.?gk plr bjy wjs adhsli jctlr rlv`lw`im k`mrjt`hi

spllbs hc tdl spjwi`im k`mrjt`hi rlahrblb js pjrt hc rjb`h tlnlkltry stub`ls (Dlmmflrmlt lt

jn, :0037 Jjrlstrup lt jn, 6???7 Rdhrstjb lt jn, 6??1). Rd`s spllb wjs jnsh adhsli js `t `s

jagihwnlbmlb tdjt k`mrjt`hi spllb blarljsls js tdl spjwi`im plr`hb jpprhjadls (Rdhrstjb lt

jn, 6??4). Fy jppny`im td`s k`mrjt`hi spllb, `t wjs ajnaunjtlb tdjt ji jbunt sjnkhi ahunb

ljs`ny trjvln fltwlli ljad fjrr`lr `i uiblr hil bjy. Dhwlvlr, js th jaahuit chr tdl t`kl tdjt

kjy fl illblb th rlahvlr crhk ji hxymli blft jaqu`rlb wd`nl pjss`im j fjrr`lr hr tdl t`kl

tjgli th c`ib tdl flst rhutl th pjss j fjrr`lr (Ehils, :0467 Rdhrstjb lt jn, 6??4) `t wjs bllklb

tdjt twh fjrr`lrs ahunb iht fl pjsslb hi tdl sjkl bjy, rlmjrbnlss hc tdl`r phrhs`ty sahrl.

Curtdlrkhrl, `iahrphrjtlb `ith tdl khbln wjs tdl rlqu`rlklit chr tdl tdlhrlt`ajn sjnkhi th

djvl pjsslb jiy jib jnn prlv`hus fjrr`lrs bhwistrljk flchrl tdl pjssjml hc jiy fjrr`lr

upstrljk wjs v`jfnl. Rdl c`ijn hutput crhk tdl khbln ajnaunjtlb tdl c`rst bjtl wdlrl j

phrhs`ty sahrl hc !?.1 wjs jad`lvlb jt ljad fjrr`lr jib tdus tdl aukunjt`vl blnjy arljtlb fy

tdl chur fjrr`lrs crhk :0=< th 6?::. Rdl khbln jnnhwlb chr tdl plralitjml hc bjys bur`im tdl

k`mrjt`hi plr`hb wdlrl j phrhs`ty sahrl hc ?.1 hr jfhvl th fl ajnaunjtlb. Jbb`t`hijnny tdl

rjiml hc phrhs`ty sahrls jad`lvlb fy ljad fjrr`lr wjs `blit`c`lb.

6.2 Djf`tjt Qurvlys

Chr suaalsscun sjnkhi prhbuat`hi `t `s lsslit`jn tdjt r`vlrs jib tr`futjr`ls djvl tdl djf`tjts

ilalssjry chr pdjsls hc tdl spjwi`im k`mrjt`hi, lxajvjt`hi hc rlbbs jib surv`vjn hc tdl

euvli`nl phpunjt`hi (I`vli lt jn, 6?:?). Js j kljis th jsslss tdl typl, qujn`ty jib qujit`ty hc

djf`tjts jvj`njfnl th Qjnkhi, tdl Nhumds Jmliay ahibuatlb r`vlr djf`tjt survlys jarhss tdl

Chynl systlk `i 6??=. Rdl survly wjs ajrr`lb hut fy chht, w`td klkflrs hc tdl Nhumds

Jmliay anjss`cy`im strltadls hc r`vlr th hil hc tdl tdrll n`cl-ayanl djf`tjt ui`ts5 dhnb`im,

spjwi`im hr iurslry. Hial anjss`c`lb `ith j djf`tjt typl, ljad r`vlr strltad wjs mrjblb

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jaahrb`im th tdl qujn`ty hc tdjt djf`tjt jib kljsurlb chr nlimtd (k) jib jrlj (k 6). Zujn`ty

mrjbls rjiml crhk hil th chur, w`td j qujn`ty mrjbl hc hil fl`im tdl flst qujn`ty djf`tjt. Rdl

djf`tjt survly bjtj ahnnlatlb chr tdl G`nnyanhmdlr Furi fy tdl Nhumds Jmliay wjs uslb th

ajnaunjtl tdl jrlj jib nlimtd hc ljad n`cl-ayanl djf`tjt jib phtlit`jn lmm prhbuat`hi jfhvl tdl

chur fjrr`lrs. Rdl iukflr hc lmms blphs`tlb blplibs hi tdl qujn`ty jib jrlj hc tdl iurslry

djf`tjt jvj`njfnl w`td`i ljad r`vlr. Zujn`ty mrjbls :-1 jrl uslb, w`td tdl chnnhw`im lmm

blphs`t`hi nlvlns slt chr ljad iurslry qujn`ty mrjbl5 qujn`ty mrjbl hil lqujtls th :? lmms plr

k67 qujn`ty mrjbl twh lqujtls th < lmms plr k6 jib mrjbl tdrll lqujtls th 6.< lmms plr k6

(I`vli lt jn, 6?:?). Rdl jrlj (k6) hc ljad iurslry qujn`ty mrjbl (:-1) jfhvl tdl chur fjrr`lrs

wjs kunt`pn`lb fy tdl jpprhpr`jtl prlblc`ilb lmm blphs`t`hi nlvln th m`vl tdl tjrmlt iukflr

hc lmms blphs`tlb w`td`i tdl G`nnyanhmdlr Furi. Rd`s `ichrkjt`hi w`nn fl rlclrrlb th wdli

rlv`lw`im jib b`sauss`im tdl rlsunts crhk tdl nlvln J jsslssklit jib tdl hutput crhk tdl

fjrr`lr khbln.

6.< Jbb`t`hijn @ichrkjt`hi

Rdl Mnlidhrb`jn ]jtlr Rrljtklit pnjit `s nhajtlb upstrljk hc tdl chur fjrr`lrs jt tdl thp hc

tdl G`nnyanhmdlr Furi js b`spnjylb `i c`murl 6.:. Rdl Mnlidhrb`jn wjtlr trljtklit pnjit `s

n`alislb th jfstrjat up th 4,??? auf`a kltlrs hc wjtlr plr bjy crhk tdl Mnlidhrb`jn rlslrvh`r

jib G`nnyanhmdlr Furi (Ihrtdlri @rlnjib ]jtlr, 6?:65 plr. ahkk). ]d`nl tdl `kpjat hc tdl

wjtlr jfstrjat`hi ahunb iht fl jsslsslb bul th t`kl n`k`tjt`his, tdl phtlit`jn hc tdl wjtlr

jfstrjat`hi th `icnulial fjrr`lr pjssjf`n`ty w`nn fl b`sausslb `i cunn wdli ahis`blr`im tdl

rlsunts hc tdl hutput hc tdl khbln.

Rdl Nhumds Jmliay ahibuat jiiujn slk`-qujit`tjt`vl lnlatrhc`sd`im survlys jarhss tdl Chynl

systlk js th khi`thr euvli`nl prhbuat`hi. Rdl euvli`nl sjnkhi jfuibjial bjtj crhk tdl

G`nnyanhmdlr Furi wjs rlqulstlb chr usl `i tdl prhelat. Rdlrl wlrl hiny c`vl yljrs wdlrl bjtj

wjs jvj`njfnl chr jnn tdrll lnlatrhc`sd`im s`tls jfhvl tdl chur fjrr`lrs jib js suad tdl sjkpnl

s`zl wjs bllklb `isucc`a`lit th prhbual uslcun rlsunts crhk stjt`st`ajn jijnys`s. Dhwlvlr tdl

bjtj wjs uslb js lv`blial hc wdltdlr spjwi`im djs haaurrlb `i tdl G`nnyanhmdlr Furi.

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1.? VLQ\NRQ

1.: Nlvln J jsslssklit _hrhs`ty Qahrls

Jnn chur fjrr`lrs hi tdl G`nnyanhmdlr Furi prlslitlb j adjnnliml th upstrljk khvlklit hc

ljad spla`ls mu`nb, dhwlvlr tdl blmrll hc tdl rlstr`at`hi `kphslb fy j fjrr`lr th tdl

khvlklit hc ljad spla`ls mu`nb wjs d`mdny vjr`jfnl. Js tdl phrhs`ty hc ljad fjrr`lr th tdl

upstrljk khvlklit hc Jtnjit`a sjnkhi jib jbunt trhut wjs iht n`k`tlb fy jiy hc tdl fjrr`lrs

pdys`ajn jttr`futls, l`tdlr `isucc`a`lit blptds hr vlnha`t`ls wd`ad lxallbs tdl sw`kk`im

ajpjf`n`t`ls blkhtlb tdl phrhs`ty hc ljad fjrr`lr (tjfnl 1.:). Chr Aypr`i`bs jib euvli`nl

Qjnkhi`bs, j dybrjun`a dljb hc ?.1k jt fjrr`lr J: jib ?.:0k jt fjrr`lr J2 ahitr`futlb th tdl

rlbuat`hi `i tdl phrhs`ty sahrl. Rdl cnhw adjrjatlr`st`as jib tdl pdys`ajn pjrjkltlrs hc

fjrr`lr J1 wlrl jppn`lb th fjrr`lr J6 chr tdl jsslssklit jib tdus tdl phrhs`ty sahrls jib

vjr`jfnls n`k`t`im pjssjml chr fjrr`lrs J6 jib J1 jrl tdl sjkl. Rdl nlvln J jsslssklit hc tdl

chur fjrr`lrs summlstlb tdjt tdl upstrljk khvlklit hc Jtnjit`a sjnkhi `s ahkpnltlny

hfstruatlb uiblr tdl nhw cnhw ahib`t`his uslb th bltlrk`il phrhs`ty (tjfnl 1.:). ]d`nl ljad

fjrr`lr `s struaturjnny b`cclrlit, tdl phrhs`ty hc fjrr`lrs J:, J6 jib J1 wjs rlstr`atlb bul th

tdl sdjnnhw wjtlr blptd hvlr ljad hc tdl tdrll fjrr`lrs. Dhwlvlr chr fjrr`lr J2, `t wjs j

ahkf`ijt`hi hc wjtlr blptd jib vlnha`ty wd`ad slr`husny `kplblb pjssjml th `ib`v`bujns js

b`spnjylb `i tjfnl 1.:.

Js tdl dybrjun`a rlqu`rlklits chr tdl pjssjml hc jbunt trhut b`cclrs crhk Jtnjit`a sjnkhi, tdl

chur struaturls bh iht ahkpnltlny `kplbl khvlklit fut `istljb jrl pjrt`jn d`md `kpjat

fjrr`lrs js `ib`ajtlb j phrhs`ty sahrl hc ?.1 (tjfnl 1.:). J sahrl hc ?.1 w`td rlsplat th tdl

blc`i`t`hi blvlnhplb jib prhv`blb fy QI@CCLV (6?:?j), `ib`ajtls tdjt jnn chur fjrr`lrs jrl

s`mi`c`ajit hfstjanls th l`tdlr hil-td`rb hc tdl jbunt trhut phpunjt`hi wd`ad kjy pjss `i t`kl

hr tdlsl fjrr`lrs jrl hiny pjssjfnl chr hil-td`rb hc tdl t`kl. @isucc`a`lit wjtlr blptd

jaahuitlb chr tdl rlbuat`hi `i tdl phrhs`ty hc ljad fjrr`lr js b`spnjylb `i tjfnl 1.:.

Chr aypr`i`bs, ljad fjrr`lr hi tdl G`nnyanhmdlr furi prlslitlb j adjnnliml th pjssjml w`td

phrhs`ty sahrls rjim`im crhk ?.? th ?.1 js sdhwi `i tjfnl 1.:. Rdl kj`i cjathr wd`ad n`k`tlb

pjssjml jt fjrr`lrs J6 jib J1, jib ahkpnltlny `kplblb pjssjml jt fjrr`lr J2 wjs wjtlr

blptd. Jt fjrr`lr J2, j dybrjun`a dljb hc ?.:0k n`k`tlb pjssjml th j prhphrt`hi hc tdl

phpunjt`hi dhwlvlr tdl wjtlr blptd wjs sh sdjnnhw tdjt pjssjml wjs ahkpnltlny fnhaglb jib

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js suad tdl phrhs`ty chr fjrr`lr J2 wjs ?.?. Chr fjrr`lrs J6 jib J1 tdl phrhs`ty chr aypr`i`bs

wjs ?.1, `ib`ajt`im tdjt tdl wjtlr blptd hvlr tdl tdrll fjrr`lrs hfstruatlb pjssjml th twh-

td`rbs hc tdl phpunjt`hi hr pjssjml `s rlstr`atlb chr twh-td`rbs hc tdl t`kl. J dybrjun`a dljb hc

?.1k jt fjrr`lr J: pdys`ajnny prlvlitlb Aypr`i`bs crhk rljad`im upstrljk djf`tjt.

Fjrr`lrs J: jib J2 jrl d`md `kpjat `kplb`klits th tdl prhmrlss`hi hc euvli`nl sjnkhi`bs

Dhwl js `ib`ajtlb fy j phrhs`ty sahrl hc ?.1. Js prlv`husny blsar`flb, j sahrl hc ?.1

`ib`ajtls tdjt fjrr`lrs J: jib J2 n`k`ts pjssjml th hiny hil-td`rb hc tdl phpunjt`hi wd`ad

kjy pjss `i t`kl hr tdl twh fjrr`lrs ahkpnltlny fnhag pjssjml th twh-td`rbs hc tdl

phpunjt`hi. Dhwlvlr jt fjrr`lr J: j vlrt`ajn brhp hc ?.1k jnsh rlbuals pjssjf`n`ty. Rdl

sdjnnhw wjtlr blptd hvlr fjrr`lr J: jib J2 `s tdl n`k`t`im vjr`jfnl th fjrr`lr phrhs`ty jt fhtd

struaturls. Rdl blmrll hc n`k`tjt`hi tdjt sdjnnhw wjtlr blptd `icn`ats hi euvli`nl sjnkhi`b

pjssjml vjr`ls js `nnustrjtlb fy tdl phrhs`ty sahrl hc ?.3 ajnaunjtlb chr fjrr`lrs J6 jib J1

(tjfnl 1.:). Dhwlvlr, tdl wjtlr vlnha`ty hvlr fjrr`lrs J6 jib J1 jnsh n`k`tlb pjssjml jib js

suad j ahkf`ijt`hi hc `ijblqujtl blptds jib d`md vlnha`t`ls rlstr`atlb pjssjml.

Rjfnl 1.: - Rdl phrhs`ty sahrls hc ljad fjrr`lr hi tdl G`nnyanhmdlr Furi chr ljad spla`ls/n`cl-stjmljsslsslb us`im tdl nlvln J jsslssklit.

Qpla`ls/N`cl-stjml Fjrr`lr _hrhs`ty Qahrl _r`kjry Cjathr N`k`t`im _hrhs`ty

Jbunt Jtnjit`a Qjnkhi

J:

J6J1

J2

?.?

?.??.?

?.?

Blptd

BlptdBlptd

Blptd/Slnha`ty

Jbunt Rrhut

J:

J6

J1

J2

?.1

?.1

?.1

?.1

Blptd

Blptd

Blptd

Blptd

Aypr`i`bs

J:

J6

J1

J2

?.?

?.1

?.1

?.?

Slrt`ajn Brhp

Blptd

Blptd

Slrt`ajn Brhp/Blptd

Euvli`nl Qjnkhi`bs

J:

J6

J1

J2

?.1

?.3

?.3

?.1

Slrt`ajn Brhp/Blptd

Blptd/Slnha`ty

Blptd/Slnha`ty

Blptd

Rdl phrhs`ty hc jnn chur fjrr`lrs rjimlb crhk ?.? chr Jtnjit`a sjnkhi th ?.3 chr euvli`nl

sjnkhi`bs, `ib`ajt`im tdjt wd`nl tdlsl chur fjrr`lrs kjy chrk j thtjn hfstjanl th Jtnjit`a

sjnkhi, tdlsl fjrr`lrs bh iht ahkpnltlny truiajtl tdl pjssjml hc jnn spla`ls khv`im upstrljk

hi tdl G`nnyanhmdlr furi.

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1.6 N`iljr Vlmrlss`hi Jijnysls

Rdl purphsl hc tdl n`iljr rlmrlss`hi jijnysls wjs th blc`il tdl rlnjt`hisd`p fltwlli blptdjib vlnha`ty hvlr j fjrr`lr (tdlsl wlrl ahis`blrlb pr`kjry n`k`t`im vjr`jfnls js pdys`ajn

struaturl hc tdl fjrr`lr wjs bllklb th fl pjssjfnl fy QI@CCLV, 6?:?j) th r`vlr cnhw (js

bltlrk`ilb fy cnhw mjum`im stjt`hi hi tdl Ajkhwli r`vlr, jib dlrljctlr rlclrrlb th js V`vlr

cnhw) jib th prhbual rlmrlss`hi lqujt`his th fl `iahrphrjtlb `ith tdl fjrr`lr phrhs`ty khbln.

Rdl n`iljr rlmrlss`hi jijnysls chr ljad trjislat ph`it jarhss tdl `inlt hc fjrr`lr J: `ib`ajtlb

tdjt blptd vjr`jf`n`ty wjs s`mi`c`ajitny ahrrlnjtlb w`td adjimls `i r`vlr cnhw (V6; ?.

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-?.=??

-?.

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62

-?.36?

-?.203

-?.1=6

-?.624

-?.:62

?

? 6.<

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6