carl rogers “... the most wonderful miracle in the world took place..”
TRANSCRIPT
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Carl Rogers
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Carl Rogers
“. . . the most wonderful miracle in the world took place. .”
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Subjective Experiences
• Inner reality more important than objective reality
• Inner experiences
• Conscious experiences– Experiences that can be verbalized or imagined
• Unconscious experiences– Experiences that cannot be verbalized or imagined
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Self-Actualizing Tendency
• Innate motive toward fulfillment of our potentials
• Evidence– Rat and human studies– Evolution
• “Innate goodness”
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So why do people do bad things?
• Infants perceive their experiences as reality
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• Uninhibited by the evaluations of others
• All behavior directed toward satisfying need for SA
• Organismic Valuing Process– SA is the criterion used to make judgments of worth
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• As we get older. . . .
• Start to experience a need for positive regard– Satisfying the needs for others satisfies this need
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True self
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True selfSocial selfCreated through contact with others
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True selfSocial selfPrevents us from getting into touch with our true self
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True selfSocial selfLeads to “conditions of worth”
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So why do people do bad things?
• Social self hinders movement toward SA
• Not behaving like true self causes anxiety
• Anxiety causes defense mechanisms
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So why do people do bad things?
Psychotic
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Positive Development
• Avoid conditions of worth
• Unconditional positive regard
• Congruence between true self and experiences
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Fully Functioning Person
• Open to experience
• Characterized by existential living
• Trust their organisms
• Are creative
• Live rich lives
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Abraham Maslow
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Abraham Maslow
“She kissed back and then life began.”
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Self-Actualizing Tendency
• Innate motive toward fulfillment of our potentials
• Environment can cause problems
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Needs
• Can be biological or instinctive
• A state of affairs which, if present, would improve the well being of the person
• Example: food
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Needs
• An unsatisfied need will dominate an individual's thoughts and behaviors
• Once a need is satisfied it no longer has as much influence on a person
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Example
Deficit Need Motive
Thoughts and
Fantasies
Behaviors
Have not eaten Need for food Hunger
Think about food, fantasizing about a big meal
Go to store, buy food, bring it home, cook it
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Group Activity
Deficit Need Motive
Thoughts and
Fantasies
Behaviors
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Needs
• What needs are basic?
• Physical– Food, water, air, etc.
• Safety– freedom from threat, danger, etc.
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Needs
• What needs are basic?
• Social / Belonging– desire for affiliation, beloning, etc.
• Self-Esteem– desire for self-confidence, recognition,
respect, etc.
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Needs
• What needs are basic?
• Self-Actualization– “to become everything one is capable of
becoming”
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Needs
• Which needs are more salient to survival?
• There is an order that these needs typically occur– Evolutionary explanation
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Need Hierarchy Theory
Physiological Needs
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Need Hierarchy Theory
Physiological Needs
Safety Needs
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Need Hierarchy Theory
Physiological Needs
Safety Needs
Social Needs
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Need Hierarchy Theory
Physiological Needs
Safety Needs
Social Needs
Self-Esteem Needs
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Need Hierarchy Theory
Physiological Needs
Safety Needs
Social Needs
Self-Esteem Needs
Self-Actualization Needs
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Need Hierarchy Theory
• 1) Behavior is dominated by the needs that are unfulfilled
• 2) Individuals will satisfy the most basic needs first and move up the hierarchy
• 3) Basic needs have higher priority than higher needs
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Group Activity
Physiological Needs
Safety Needs
Social Needs
Self-Esteem Needs
Self-Actualization NeedsWhere are you?
What are you doing to achieve the needs associated with this level?
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Group Activity
• 1. I do not feel ashamed of any of my emotions.
• 2. I do not feel I must do what others expect of me.
• 3. I believe that people are essentially good and can be trusted.
• 4. I feel free to be angry at those I love.
• 5. It is not necessary that others approve of what I do.
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Group Activity
• 6. I accept my own weaknesses.
• 7. I can like people without having to approve of them.
• 8. I do not fear failure
• 9. I do not avoid attempts to analyze and simplify complex domains.
• 10. It is better to be yourself than to be popular.
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Group Activity
• 11. I have a mission in life to which I feel especially dedicated.
• 12. I can express my feelings even when they result in undesirable consequences.
• 13. I feel responsible to help others.
• 14. I am not bothered by fears of being inadequate.
• 15. I am loved because I give love
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Scores
• Men– M = 45.02 , SD = 4.95
– W = 46.07, SD = 4.79
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Self-Actualization
• “Time you enjoy wasting is not wasted time”
• What you are doing when you are not attempting to satisfy another need
• Your “true” nature– “to become everything one is capable of becoming”
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What if. . . .
• You won a large sum of money?
• What would you do?
• Would this make you happy?
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Are you happy?
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Are you happy?
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Why to we value material goods?
Stuff
Most common response to “what will improve your life”
More money!
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Is this true?
• 1950 – present
• Violent crime• Family breakdown• Psychosomatic complaints• Depression• Suicides• Happiness has stayed the same (30% very happy)
– Although income has doubled!
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Is this true?
• Wealthiest vs. “average” incomes
• Very little difference in “happiness”
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Is this true?
• Lottery winners vs. victims struck with severe medical problems
• Happiness goes back to before
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Why?
• Habituated to money
• How much money would you need to fulfill your dreams?
• Under $30,000– $50,000
• Over $100,000– $250,000
• Makes evolutionary sense
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Why?
• Energy gets focused on material goods
• Loses sense of other important aspects of life
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Need Hierarchy Theory
Physiological Needs
Safety Needs
Social Needs
Self-Esteem Needs
Self-Actualization Needs
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Achieving Happiness
• Happiness is a mental state
• Achieving it can be done via cognitive means
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Questionnaire
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Flow
• Self-Actualization and “Flow” – Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi
• Optimal Experiences– Doing something for its own sake, even though it may
have no consequences outside itself
• Moment-to-moment CS experience
• Examples?
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Flow
• Engaged deeply in an activity
1) Know clearly what they have to do moment by moment
2) Immediate feedback3) Tremendous concentration4) Little distractibility5) Elevated mood6) Time passes quickly
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Flow
• How do you find flow?
• Engage in activates that are challenging– Not too easy– Not too hard
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Flow
• Happiness
• Not felt while in flow– Feel on reflection
• Important, but not sufficient for happiness
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Need Hierarchy Theory
Physiological Needs
Safety Needs
Social Needs
Self-Esteem Needs
Self-Actualization Needs
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Flow and Self-Actualization
• Self-Actualization– What you do when you are not attempting to satisfy a
need– “Time you enjoy wasting is not wasted time”– Peak Experiences
• Flow– Optimal Experience– Done for its own sake, even though it may have no
consequences outside itself
• Flow is what “self-actualization” feels like
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George Kelly
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Activity• Questionnaire• 1) Put names on the top• 2) For row #1
• Look at the three people marked with a “O”. Determine how two of these people are different than the third.
• Mark these two people with a check mark. • Write how they are different (one or two words) in the “similarity pole” box.
Write how the third is different in the “contrast pole” box. • 3) Repeat for each row• 4) Score everyone else in each row with a check mark
• How do you describe people
• Commonly use Constructs that are learned– Start to see the world a different way
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Every Person is a Scientist
• We have our own theories about human behavior
• We have constructs that we think are important– Not as “scientific” as traditional science
• It is our VIEW of reality that is important– Not reality itself
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Construct
• Our constructs determine how we interpret an event
• Constructs are bipolar– What is the other pole is also subjective
• Thus two people may see the same event differently
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• CharlieSincere Insincere
• WillySincere Morally degenerate
s
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• CharlieSincere Insincere
• WillySincere Morally degenerate
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• If they see Veruca Salt do something that is not sincere
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• If they see Veruca Salt do something that is not sincere
Will think she is insincere
React with mild disapproval
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• If they see Veruca Salt do something that is not sincere
Will think she is morally degenerate
Will be angry and upset
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Constructs
• Hierarchical
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Constructs
• Hierarchical
Superordinate
Good versus Bad
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Constructs
• HierarchicalGood versus Bad
Intelligent vs. Stupid
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Constructs
• HierarchicalGood versus Bad
Intelligent vs. Stupid
Attractive vs. Ugly
Kind vs. Mean
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Basic Assumptions
• Construction Corollary
• Person anticipates events by construing their replications
• If Jenny thinks Linda is helpful one day, she will think Linda is likely to be helpful again
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Basic Assumptions
• Individual Corollary
• Idiosyncratic construct systems
• Two people might interpret an event differently– Will act differently
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Basic Assumptions
• Commonality Corollary
• When two or more people share similar construct systems
• They will likely interpret an event in a similar manner– They will act alike
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Constructs
• Core Constructs– Resistant to change
• Peripheral Constructs– Easier the change
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Constructive Alternativism
• All of us are capable of changing our interpretation of events– Our constructs
• Behavior is never determined
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Research
• Using RCRT
• Can understand constructs person uses to see the world
• Can understand how a person sees self– Look at the check marks (and missing check marks)
• How a person sees self in relation to others– Who do you think you are most similar too?– Are you similar to anyone?
• Look at number of check marks in the self column
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Research
• Cognitive Complexity
• Did you use different constructs across all people?– Cognitive simplicity
• Do not differentiate how you perceive others
– Cognitive complexity• Highly different views of others
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Research
• Cognitive Complexity
• Differentiate among many different events in the environments – should be able to make more accurate judgments
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Research
• Cognitive Complexity
• Better able to anticipate school stresses
• Make more realistic occupational choices
• Better able to predict the behavior of others
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Review
• Freud• Key ideas
– Psychic Determinism– Unconscious– Internal Structure– Psychic Conflict– Mental Energy– Doctrine of Opposites
• Parts of the mind
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Review
• Freud• Psychosexual stages
• Defense mechanisms– Denial– Repression– Reaction Formation– Projection– Rationalization– Intellectualization– Regression– Sublimation
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Review
• Freud
• Parapraxes
• Humor
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Review
• Neo-Freudians
• Carl Jung– Archetypes– Collective Unconscious
• Alfred Adler– Feelings of inferiority– Striving for superiority– Importance of birth order
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Review
• Neo-Freudians
• Karen Horney– Anxiety– Coping with anxiety (types)
• Erick Erikson– Eight stages of development
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Review
• Existentialism• Phenomenonological• Humanistic
– Free will
– Awareness
– Meaning
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Review
• Carl Rogers– Self-Actualization– True self vs. social self– Conditions of wroth– Unconditional positive regard
• Abraham Maslow– Hierarchy of needs
• Flow
• George Kelly– Constructs