caribsave: a sectoral approach to...

CARIBSAVE:CARIBSAVE: A SECTORAL APPROACH TO

S CVULNERABILITY, RESILIENCE AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE CARIBBEAN:

World Bank 2 April 2009World Bank 2 April 2009

Dr. MURRAY C. SIMPSONSenior Research Associate, Oxford University Centre for the Environment

• IntroductionPresentation

• Introduction

• The Caribbean Climate Change and the Tourism Sector• The Caribbean, Climate Change and the Tourism Sector….in Brief

• CARIBSAVE

• Carbon Neutrality in Destinations, Businesses & Institutions

• Caribbean Carbon Neutral Tourism Project

• Key Recommendation

Tourism Vulnerability ‘Hotspots’

Regional Knowledge Gaps

THE CARIBBEAN CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE TOURISM SECTOR

…IN BRIEF

Key Issues• Supply

D d

y

• Demand• Livelihoods• Tourism Dependence • Vulnerability (‘Hot Spot’)• Vulnerability ( Hot Spot )• Knowledge Gap• Fragmented – work, geography, governance• Lack of Capacity and DataLack of Capacity and Data

• Crucial interdependence: Tourism and ClimateMajor Impacts: Climate Change on Caribbean Tourism Sector

Crucial interdependence: Tourism and Climate… • - national economy, livelihoods, development, environment• Gradual and Extreme• Regulatory policy, voluntary initiatives and costs

Coastal EmphasisCoastal Emphasis• Air temperature• Sea surface temperature

S l l i• Sea level rise • Coastal erosion• Changes in levels of precipitationg p p• Extreme events: increase in intensity and frequency, • - e.g. drought, flood, storm surge, (hurricane)• Seasonality shifts• Seasonality shifts• Loss of Destination Aesthetics

©Simpson

Caribbean EmissionsCaribbean as a whole (all sectors) only contributing 1% of• Caribbean as a whole (all sectors) only contributing 1% of global emissions

• BUT: Caribbean tourism extremely energy intense if calculated• BUT: Caribbean tourism extremely energy-intense if calculated on a per tourist basis

• Region as a whole possiblyRegion as a whole possibly the most energy intense mass tourism destination in the worldtourism destination in the world due to cruise ship and aviation-based tourism productaviation-based tourism product

THE SECTORAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SUSTAINABLE DESTINATIONS & CLIMATE CHANGESUSTAINABLE DESTINATIONS & CLIMATE CHANGE

AgricultureWater

ClimateTransport

Sustainable

Agriculture Climate

InfrastructureEconomic Development Destinations

Natural Resources

Waste M t

HealthDevelopment

ResourcesEnergy

ManagementSecurity

Simpson et al 2008a

Major Gulf Hurricanes in 2004/5

CARIBSAVE

CARIBSAVE• Multi-Sector• Multi-Objectivej• Multi- Donor• USD $35 Million

• Project Aim: In the face of climate change, to strengthen, protect and enhance the

i d li lih d f C ibb ti d t l t k h ldeconomies and livelihoods of Caribbean nations and sectoral stakeholders who rely directly and indirectly on the Caribbean tourism industry, and to strengthen, protect and enhance the natural and built assets, and sectors on which the industry is based.on which the industry is based.

• Project Objectives:Seven (7) principal objectives of this projectSeven (7) principal objectives of this project….

CARIBSAVE1. To successfully model and predict the changes in li t th ill ff t th C ibb T i S tclimate as they will affect the Caribbean Tourism Sector

on a regional, national and destinational scale.

2. To assess the vulnerability, resilience and adaptive capacity of the Tourism Sector to climate change in the Caribbean region, in nations and in selected destinations.g ,

©Simpson

CARIBSAVE3. To thoroughly assess and evaluate the impacts of climate change on tourism and livelihoods of the Caribbean region, g g ,nations and selected destinations on a sectoral basis including for example:– Water Quality and Availability;– Water Quality and Availability; – Energy Supply and Distribution (Regional, National,

Destinational)– Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Security;– Human Health;

Marine and Terrestrial Biodiversity and Landscape– Marine and Terrestrial Biodiversity, and Landscape Aesthetics;

– Infrastructure and Settlements (inc. integrated coastal zone t)management)

– Natural Hazard and Disaster Risk Management (NHDRM)

CARIBSAVE4. To address national and regional policy by conducting a socio-economic analysis of the costs and risks of climate ychange in the Caribbean Tourism Sector and the costs and risks of reducing emissions in the sector.

5. To provide effective and practical adaptation and mitigation strategies for the Tourism Sector to enable the development of regional, local and national policy development and implementation based around the sectors p pidentified in Objective 3.

©Simpson

CARIBSAVE6. To support the transition of the Caribbean region’s Tourism Sector to become the world’s first ‘Carbon Neutral’ tourismSector to become the world s first Carbon Neutral tourism region, using three nations as pilot countries in this regard (e.g. The Bahamas, Turks and Caicos, and Belize)

7 To design and implement a series of sectoral based7. To design and implement a series of sectoral based capacity building seminars throughout the Caribbean region for Tourism Sector stakeholders including community outreach focusoutreach focus.

©Simpson

Geographic scope of CARIBSAVE

CARIBSAVEFUNDING STREAMS

CURRENT & IMMINENTCURRENT & IMMINENT

Funding Streams: Current and Imminent BUDGET $35 Million 3-5 Years

Seed Funding Stage.....

1. UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO)

2. Caribbean Tourism Organization (CTO

3. UK Department for International Development (DFID)

4. World Bank

Funding Streams: Current and Imminent Seed Funding Stage..... Outputs

• Output 1: Model and predict the changes in climate as they will affect the Caribbean Tourism Sector onas they will affect the Caribbean Tourism Sector on destinational scale.

• Output 2: Assess the vulnerability and adaptive• Output 2: Assess the vulnerability and adaptive capacity of the Tourism Sector in the selected destinationsdestinations

• Output 3: Two Symposia (Oxford Uni. and Caribbean)O 4 W b i D l• Output 4: Website Development

©Dubois

Sequence in the process of Adaptation

www.geog.ox.ac.uk/news/events/ccamts/ccamts.pdf Simpson et al 2008

St 3• Assessment of Adaptive Capacity

Step 3p p y

IPCC (2001) Identifies 8 Determinants of Adaptive Capacity:(i) available technological options(ii)(ii) resources(iii) the structure of critical institution and decision making authorities(iv) the stock of human capital(iv) the stock of human capital(v) stock of social capital including the definition of property rights(vi) the system’s access to risk-spreading processes( ) y p g p(vii) information management and the credibility of information

supplied by decision makers(viii) the public’s perceptions of risks and exposure.

Funding Streams: Current and Imminent Seed Funding Stage..... Outputs 1 and 2

Interdisciplinary Approach – Unique and Innovative

• Climate Science• Physical Impacts and Vulnerability• Physical Impacts and Vulnerability• Tourism & Related Sector Impacts & Vulnerability

S S• Stakeholder, Socio-Economic, Livelihood and Gender Impacts and VulnerabilitiesWater – Energy – Agriculture – Health – Biodiversity – Infrastructure –

Comprehensive Disaster Management

©Simpson

Funding Streams: Current and Imminent Seed Funding Stage..... Output 3

• University of Oxford – Donors SymposiumApprox 30 attendees – High Level Decision Makers Hi h P fil S kHigh Profile SpeakersDonor Action Plans Framework for DisbursementFramework for Disbursement

• Caribbean Symposium - BahamasApprox 100 attendees – Partner Countries CaribbeanPermanent Secretaries – Finance, Tourism, EnvironmentHi h P fil S k d P i t S tHigh Profile Speakers and Private SectorPartner Action Plans

©Simpson

Funding Streams: Current and Imminent BUDGET $35 Million 3-5 Years

1. Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) –CHENACT

2. IDB – Carbon Neutral Caribbean

3. World Wildlife Fund – ELAN

4. UNECLAC

5. German Government – VACCZ

©Buccoo Reef Trust

CARBON NEUTRAL DESTINATIONS, BUSINESSES AND INSTITUTIONSBUSINESSES AND INSTITUTIONS

Carbon Neutral Destinations ?Carbon Neutral Destinations ?• Increasing number of destinations announcing plans to become “carbon

ne tral”neutral”

• Often a response strategy to increasing pressure on the tourism industry to reduce its emissions of greenhouse gasesindustry to reduce its emissions of greenhouse gases.

• “Carbon Neutral”, destinations hope to mitigate their contribution to global warming maintain and develop their tourism industriesglobal warming, maintain and develop their tourism industries,and to simultaneously enhance their image as being environmentally pristine and sustainable.

• Costa Rica, Norway, Scotland, Sri Lanka first countries to publicly announce the goal of “carbon neutrality”, focusing on or including their tourism industries.

- Credible ? Effective ?

3 Steps: Destinations to Carbon Neutrality1. Measurement: destination assesses its emissions; understand

origin and where most economic to reduce. Focus on three sectors,transports, accommodation and activities. A meaningful systemtransports, accommodation and activities. A meaningful system boundary for transports has been suggested to comprise all energy use within the destination, including fuel bunkered for all transports.

2. Decarbonisation: destination seeks to minimize energy use and switch to renewable energy to the largest extent possible. Economically - may translate into efficiency- or renewable energy infrastructure investments paying off in less than 10 years.

3. Offsetting: destinations seek to buy carbon offsets for g yremaining emissions. Many emission reduction units on offer, with a lower or higher degree of credibility. Recommended destinations considering the purchase of carbon credits use Gold Standard Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) (registered by UNFCCC fulfil requirements of delivering sustainable(CERs), (registered by UNFCCC - fulfil requirements of delivering sustainable development benefits)

4 Steps: Carbon Neutrality Business & Institutions1. Eliminate the emission of greenhouse gases by keeping away

from certain activities that can be avoided without a considerable change on the tourism’s product or service quality.

2 Reduce h i i f h b focusing on2. Reduce the emission of greenhouse gases by focusing on energy efficiency practices in specific activities.

3. Substitute practices that are responsible for a big amount of greenhouse gases emissions with practices that have agreenhouse gases emissions with practices that have a lower climate footprint.

4. The institution or business unit can offset remaining emissions to achieve full climate neutrality.

CARIBBEAN CARBON NEUTRAL TOURISM PROJECTTOURISM PROJECT

• Transition of the Caribbean region to become the worlds first “CarbonCaribbean Carbon Neutral Tourism ProjectTransition of the Caribbean region to become the worlds first Carbon Neutral” tourism destination

• Region - unique labeling and branding platformRegion unique labeling and branding platform

• Support growth within the global eco-sensitive client market

• Assist the sector and participating countries in achieving carbon emission reduction objectives of the Kyoto Protocol.

• Facilitate capacity building for improved energy efficiency, carbon emission and climate change planning and management within the region’s energy-greedy tourism sectorgreedy tourism sector

• Local, national, and regional levels.

• Demonstrate the effective integration of adaptation and mitigation strategies into a key economic sector

Caribbean Carbon Neutral Tourism Project

• 5 KEY AREAS OF WORK

j

• Document Preparation (contracts, bidding documents, etc.)

• Project Viability Studies (technical, economic, financial, environmental,social, institutional and/or legal)

• Studies on Business Climate Initiatives strictly related to the identificationand removal of policy, legal and regulatory obstacles

• Carbon financing and Validation

• + Value Add+ Value Add


Document Preparation

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(a) Climate Change Trust Fund with revenues from tourism carbon levy inthe Caribbean to be administered by the Inter-American DevelopmentBank in collaboration with the World Bank and managed by trusteesappointed by participating Caribbean governments.;

( ) f f “(b) the conversion of tourism facilities to “carbon neutral” operations withattendant certification programme; and

( ) h bli h f i b ildi i l di i i d(c) the establishment of capacity building program including training andguidelines for proposed tourism facilities to meet carbon neutral standardsand certification.

©Simpson

Caribbean Carbon Neutral Tourism ProjectProject Viability Studies

• Carbon emission and energy audit of tourism industry/services in the

j

• Carbon emission and energy audit of tourism industry/services in the Caribbean.

• Analysis of appropriate technologies for achieving carbon neutral• Analysis of appropriate technologies for achieving carbon neutral standard in the tourism sector

• Cost benefit analysis of energy used (and associated greenhouse gas emissions) in• Cost-benefit analysis of energy used (and associated greenhouse gas emissions) in the regions tourism industry.

• Development and establishment of operational framework for carbon• Development and establishment of operational framework for carbon neutral tourism program (e.g. energy efficiency program, introduction of appropriate renewal energy technologies, marketing and branding program for carbon neutral tourism program) and climate change trust fund in the Caribbean.g


Studies on Business Climate Initiatives

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• Survey of tourist visitors in all participating Caribbean countries to determine level of support for: (a) carbon neutral tourism; (b) carbon levy on travel and tourism services. This survey is to be undertaken by the Caribbean Tourism Organisation (CTO) and Caribbean Association for Sustainable Tourism (CAST) in

ll b ti ith ti l t i i i t i i h ti i ti C ibb tcollaboration with national tourism ministries in each participating Caribbean country.

• Presentation of results of tourism survey, cost benefit analysis and carbon/energy audit to CARICOM Heads of Government d th kcarbon/energy audit to CARICOM Heads of Government and other key stakeholders in the tourism sector to obtain feedback and mobilize broad-based support for carbon neutral tourism program and climate change trust fund in the Caribbean, and obtain approval for proposed 5 year project.


Carbon financing and Validation

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• Establishment of carbon financing program for tourismfacilities/services in the Caribbean (design and development offacilities/services in the Caribbean (design and development ofmodalities for establishment of (a) carbon levy on tourismactivities; and (b) Climate Change Trust Fund to supportmitigation and adaptation investments)mitigation and adaptation investments).


+ Value Add

j

• Establishment of standards, accreditation and certificationprogram for carbon neutral tourism program in the Caribbeanprogram for carbon neutral tourism program in the Caribbean

• Establishment of energy efficiency, carbon emission and li t h l i d t f k fclimate change planning and management framework for

the region’s energy-greedy tourism sector at the local, national, and regional global levels.

….THE PAST?? THE PRESENT??...OR THE FUTURE??

• Cross-sectoral, Inter-ministerial and International cooperation and collaboration is required

(Actually it’s Essential!!!)

‘F I O ti i t‘For me, I am an Optimist…for there seems little point in anything else’Winston Churchill

THANK YOUTHANK YOU

i @ [email protected]

www.geog.ox.ac.uk/news/events/ccamts/ccamts.pdf

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