cardiovascular&effects&of&adt&in& click&to&editmaster&/tle...
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Click to edit Master /tle style Cardiovascular Effects of ADT in
Prostate Cancer Pa/ents
Chris Plummer Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK Newcastle University Bri/sh Cardio-‐Oncology Society
Click to edit Master /tle style • Ferring Pharmaceu/cals Ltd.
– manufacturers of degarelix (GnRH antagonist) – advisory board 30/04/2015.
declara'on
Click to edit Master /tle style • underlying cardiovascular risks in pa/ents with prostate cancer
• cardiovascular risks associated with prostate cancer treatment
• management strategy to minimize overall pa/ent risk.
outline
Click to edit Master /tle style • commonest cancer in men (24,000 pa in Canada) • mean age at diagnosis 71y • treatments:
– surgery – radiotherapy – ADT: orichiectomy/GnRH agonist/GnRH antagonist – other chemotherapy or hormonal therapy
• good prognosis – 84% alive at 10y.
prostate cancer
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underlying cardiovascular risk
Click to edit Master /tle style • cardiac risk factors in 100 men with localized PC in Bri/sh Columbia.
cardiovascular risk
Davis et al. Journal of Oncology 2015;820403
→ ≥ 20% → >10% -‐ <20% → ≤ 10%
CHD risk at 10y 20mg atorvasta/n
Click to edit Master /tle style • cardiac risk factors in 100 men with localized PC in Bri/sh Columbia.
cardiovascular risk
Davis et al. Journal of Oncology 2015;820403
• sta/ns: – 21/25 (84%) 2° preven/on – 19/74 (26%) 1° preven/on
Click to edit Master /tle style cardiovascular risk
Gandeglia et al. Clinical Genitourinary Cancer 2015;13:e123
• 9596 men >65y, SEER 1991-‐2009, 5y f/u – ADT for metasta/c prostate cancer, 32% CVD
• between lowest and highest co-‐morbidity cohorts: – no change in CSM (54%) – 4 x CVS mortality (16.3%) – 2 x other cause mortality (16.2%) – median survival: 40 v 20mo.
prostate cancer-‐specific mortality cardiovascular mortality other-‐cause mortality
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androgen depriva/on therapy
Click to edit Master /tle style androgen depriva'on therapy orchiectomy (1942)
immediate ↓ testosterone irreversible, ↑ compliance spectrum of side-‐effects
ini/al “flare” suppress LH >> FH similar side-‐effects to orchiectomy
immediate ↓ testosterone lower mean [testosterone] than agonists
(1980s) (2003)
Click to edit Master /tle style ADT efficacy (GnRH agonist or orchiectomy)
Messing et al. NEJM 1999;341:1781
Click to edit Master /tle style ADT and CVS risk
Nguyen et al. JAMA 2011;306:2359
• meta-‐analysis of 11 RCTs of GnRH agonists • 4141 pa/ents with non-‐metasta/c prostate cancer
• no stra/fica/on by baseline cardiac co-‐morbidity – low-‐risk • short follow-‐up.
cardiovascular mortality prostate cancer mortality all-‐cause mortality
Click to edit Master /tle style ADT and CVS risk
Bosco et al. European Urology 2014;68:386
• meta-‐analysis of 8 observa/onal studies in 414K men • GnRH agonists, orchiectomy, an/-‐androgens • fatal and non-‐fatal events.
myocardial infarc/on stroke
Click to edit Master /tle style ADT and CVS risk
Wallis et al. Urology 2016;in press
• SEER 2000-‐2008 -‐ 60,156 men 65-‐79y • cT1 or cT2 localized prostate cancer • prostatectomy (24%) DXT (76%) ADT (42%) orchiectomy
(0.5%).
Click to edit Master /tle style GnRH agonists vs antagonists
Albertsen et al. European Urology 2014;65:565
• pooled data from 6 phase 3 RCTs in 2328 men • 30% prior CVD event • 1st CVS event or death in the 1st year:
all men pre-‐exis/ng CVS disease
HR 0.44 p=0.002 absolute risk reduc/on 8.2% NNT = 12
HR 0.60 p=0.008
• primary driver for reduced overall mortality (≈2% at 1y).
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Nguyen et al. J Am Heart Assoc 2015;4:e001914
• 16 consecu/ve PC pa/ents • endothelium-‐dependent and –independent vasodila/on • lipids, insulin resistance • before and aper 3 months GnRH agonist:
ADT and CVS risk -‐ mechanisms
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Nguyen et al. J Am Heart Assoc 2015;4:e001914
ADT and CVS risk -‐ mechanisms
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other treatments
Click to edit Master /tle style new hormonal agents
Iacovelli et al. Eur J Cancer 2015;51:1970
• meta-‐analysis of 6 phase II/III double-‐blind RCTs • 6735 pa/ents with castra/on-‐resistant prostate cancer • CYP-‐17 inhibitors – abiraterone & orteronel
– extra-‐gonadal ↓ testosterone produc/on • direct inhibi/on of androgen receptor ac/vity – enzalutamide • reported toxicity: fluid reten/on, hypokalaemia, hypertension,
transaminase increases, cardiac events, atrial fibrilla/on, fa/gue, hot flushes.
Click to edit Master /tle style new hormonal agents
Iacovelli et al. Eur J Cancer 2015;51:1970
abiraterone
orteronel
enzalutamide
TOTAL
561/3788 = 14.8% 338/2947 = 11.5% → 3.3%
• “cardiac toxicity” – any, any grade (no detail available)
Click to edit Master /tle style new hormonal agents
Iacovelli et al. Eur J Cancer 2015;51:1970
566/4520 = 12.5% 249/3310 = 7.5% → 5.0%
• hypertension – any grade:
abiraterone
orteronel
enzalutamide
TOTAL
Click to edit Master /tle style finasteride
Unger et al. JNCI Natl Cancer Inst 2016;108:djw168
• inhibits 5α-‐reductase required in androgen synthesis • symptoma/c benefits
– reduced prostate size – increased urinary flow rate
• no effect on overall survival
Click to edit Master /tle style cixutumumab v ramucirumab
Hussain et al. Eur J Cancer 2015;51:1714
• metasta/c castra/on resistant prostate cancer – cixutumumab – targets insulin-‐like growth factor – ramucirumab – targets VEGF receptor-‐2
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cardiovascular risk reduc/on
Click to edit Master /tle style primary preven'on guidance
Click to edit Master /tle style all ♥ stop smoking ♥ diet/weight (fat/salt/calories/alcohol etc.) ♥ physical ac/vity ♥ blood pressure target <140/85mmHg
secondary preven'on ♥ MI, angina, CVA, TIA, PVD, ♥ atorvasta/n 80mg nocte, aspirin/β-‐blockers/ACEi as indicated
primary preven'on ♥ QRisk®2-‐2015 or Framingham Risk score
– age, sex, ethnicity, post-‐code, smoking, diabetes, FHx, CKD, AF, BP Rx, RhA, lipids, BP, BMI – ≥10% 10y risk – atorvasta/n 20mg nocte.
risk factor modifica'on
Click to edit Master /tle style Q-‐RISK Framingham Risk
Click to edit Master /tle style pa'ent advice
Guan et al. Circula>on 2015;132:e218
Click to edit Master /tle style • 296x103 pa/ents with cancer diagnosis in Denmark 1995 to 2007 followed to 31/12/09.
sta'n use in cancer
Nielsen et al. NEJM 2012:367;1792
Click to edit Master /tle style sta'n use in prostate cancer
Raval et al. Prostate Cancer and Prosta>c Disease 2016:19;151
• meta-‐analysis of 34 observa/onal studies – all-‐cause mortality:
Click to edit Master /tle style sta'n use in prostate cancer
Raval et al. Prostate Cancer and Prosta>c Disease 2016:19;151
• meta-‐analysis of 34 observa/onal studies – prostate cancer-‐specific mortality :
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st-‐diagnosis
sta'n use in prostate cancer
Zhong et al. Cancer Treatment Reviews 2015:41;554
all-‐cause mortality cancer-‐specific mortality
pre-‐diagno
sis
• meta-‐analysis of observa/onal studies
Click to edit Master /tle style • lowering protein prenyla/on
– Krens et al. PLoS ONE 2014;9:e1112201
• reduc/on in tumour cell prolifera/on and migra/on – Cardwell et al. Epidemiology 2015;26:68 – Livingstone et al. Cancer Med 2014;3:1284
• inhibi/on of Ras signaling – Nam et al. An/cancer Res 2014;34:355
• induc/on of apoptosis through phosphoryla/on of Akt and down-‐regula/on of mTOR – Kaffenberger et al. Urol Oncol 2014;33:e11 .
mechanism(s)
Zhong et al. Cancer Treatment Reviews 2015:41;554
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conclusions
Click to edit Master /tle style • high cardiovascular risk popula/on
– common cause of death in PC – risk factor modifica/on – 1° > 2° -‐ required – sta/n therapy may be highly effec/ve in ↓ mortality
• highly effec/ve treatments for prostate cancer – CV risk may be ↑ by GnRH agonists in men with CVD
• ADT and other treatments increase CV risk factors – increased vigilance and management of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, QTc etc.
conclusions
Click to edit Master /tle style • educa/on
– pa/ents, primary care, cardiologists, oncologists
• evidence based CVS 1° and 2° preven/on • RCTs with CVS outcomes
– orchiectomy vs GnRH agonist vs antagonist – sta/ns for prostate cancer and CVS end-‐points – ethical?
• basic science – mechanisms of ADTs, sta/ns etc. • opportunity to improve prognosis in prostate cancer pa'ents.
challenges for the future
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Thank You.