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Click to edit Master /tle style Cardiovascular Effects of ADT in Prostate Cancer Pa/ents Chris Plummer Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK Newcastle University Bri/sh CardioOncology Society

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Page 1: Cardiovascular&Effects&of&ADT&in& Click&to&editMaster&/tle ...cardiaconcology.ca/wp-content/...Presentation.pdf · Click&to&editMaster&/tle&style& • high&cardiovascular&risk&populaon&

Click  to  edit  Master  /tle  style  Cardiovascular  Effects  of  ADT  in  

Prostate  Cancer  Pa/ents  

Chris  Plummer  Freeman  Hospital,  Newcastle  upon  Tyne,  UK  Newcastle  University  Bri/sh  Cardio-­‐Oncology  Society  

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Click  to  edit  Master  /tle  style  •  Ferring  Pharmaceu/cals  Ltd.  

– manufacturers  of  degarelix  (GnRH  antagonist)  – advisory  board  30/04/2015.  

declara'on  

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Click  to  edit  Master  /tle  style  •  underlying  cardiovascular  risks  in  pa/ents  with  prostate  cancer    

•  cardiovascular  risks  associated  with  prostate  cancer  treatment    

•  management  strategy  to  minimize  overall  pa/ent  risk.  

outline  

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Click  to  edit  Master  /tle  style  •  commonest  cancer  in  men  (24,000  pa  in  Canada)  •  mean  age  at  diagnosis  71y  •  treatments:  

– surgery  –  radiotherapy  – ADT:  orichiectomy/GnRH  agonist/GnRH  antagonist  – other  chemotherapy  or  hormonal  therapy  

•  good  prognosis  –  84%  alive  at  10y.  

prostate  cancer  

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Click  to  edit  Master  /tle  style  

underlying  cardiovascular  risk  

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Click  to  edit  Master  /tle  style  •  cardiac  risk  factors  in  100  men  with  localized  PC  in  Bri/sh  Columbia.  

cardiovascular  risk  

Davis  et  al.  Journal  of  Oncology  2015;820403  

→  ≥  20%  →  >10%  -­‐  <20%  →  ≤  10%  

CHD  risk  at  10y     20mg  atorvasta/n  

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Click  to  edit  Master  /tle  style  •  cardiac  risk  factors  in  100  men  with  localized  PC  in  Bri/sh  Columbia.  

cardiovascular  risk  

Davis  et  al.  Journal  of  Oncology  2015;820403  

•  sta/ns:  –  21/25  (84%)  2°  preven/on  –  19/74  (26%)  1°  preven/on  

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Click  to  edit  Master  /tle  style  cardiovascular  risk  

Gandeglia  et  al.  Clinical  Genitourinary  Cancer  2015;13:e123  

•  9596  men  >65y,  SEER  1991-­‐2009,  5y  f/u  – ADT  for  metasta/c  prostate  cancer,  32%  CVD  

•  between  lowest  and  highest  co-­‐morbidity  cohorts:  –  no  change  in  CSM  (54%)  –  4  x  CVS  mortality  (16.3%)  –  2  x  other  cause  mortality  (16.2%)  –  median  survival:  40  v  20mo.  

prostate  cancer-­‐specific  mortality   cardiovascular  mortality   other-­‐cause  mortality  

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Click  to  edit  Master  /tle  style  

androgen  depriva/on  therapy  

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Click  to  edit  Master  /tle  style  androgen  depriva'on  therapy  orchiectomy (1942)

immediate  ↓  testosterone  irreversible,  ↑  compliance  spectrum  of  side-­‐effects  

ini/al  “flare”  suppress  LH  >>  FH  similar  side-­‐effects  to  orchiectomy  

immediate  ↓  testosterone  lower  mean  [testosterone]  than  agonists  

(1980s)   (2003)  

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Click  to  edit  Master  /tle  style  ADT  efficacy  (GnRH  agonist  or  orchiectomy)  

Messing  et  al.  NEJM  1999;341:1781  

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Click  to  edit  Master  /tle  style  ADT  and  CVS  risk  

Nguyen  et  al.  JAMA  2011;306:2359  

•  meta-­‐analysis  of  11  RCTs  of  GnRH  agonists  •  4141  pa/ents  with  non-­‐metasta/c  prostate  cancer  

•  no  stra/fica/on  by  baseline  cardiac  co-­‐morbidity  –  low-­‐risk  •  short  follow-­‐up.  

cardiovascular  mortality  prostate  cancer  mortality   all-­‐cause  mortality  

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Click  to  edit  Master  /tle  style  ADT  and  CVS  risk  

Bosco  et  al.  European  Urology  2014;68:386  

•  meta-­‐analysis  of  8  observa/onal  studies  in  414K  men  •  GnRH  agonists,  orchiectomy,  an/-­‐androgens  •  fatal  and  non-­‐fatal  events.  

myocardial  infarc/on   stroke  

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Click  to  edit  Master  /tle  style  ADT  and  CVS  risk  

Wallis  et  al.  Urology  2016;in  press  

•  SEER  2000-­‐2008    -­‐    60,156  men  65-­‐79y  •  cT1  or  cT2  localized  prostate  cancer  •  prostatectomy  (24%)  DXT  (76%)  ADT  (42%)  orchiectomy  

(0.5%).  

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Click  to  edit  Master  /tle  style  GnRH  agonists  vs  antagonists  

Albertsen  et  al.  European  Urology  2014;65:565  

•  pooled  data  from  6  phase  3  RCTs  in  2328  men  •  30%  prior  CVD  event  •  1st  CVS  event  or  death  in  the  1st  year:  

all  men   pre-­‐exis/ng  CVS  disease  

HR  0.44  p=0.002  absolute  risk  reduc/on  8.2%  NNT  =  12  

HR  0.60  p=0.008  

•  primary  driver  for  reduced  overall  mortality  (≈2%  at  1y).  

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Click  to  edit  Master  /tle  style  

Nguyen  et  al.  J  Am  Heart  Assoc  2015;4:e001914  

•  16  consecu/ve  PC  pa/ents  •  endothelium-­‐dependent  and  –independent  vasodila/on  •  lipids,  insulin  resistance  •  before  and  aper  3  months  GnRH  agonist:  

ADT  and  CVS  risk  -­‐  mechanisms  

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Click  to  edit  Master  /tle  style  

Nguyen  et  al.  J  Am  Heart  Assoc  2015;4:e001914  

ADT  and  CVS  risk  -­‐  mechanisms  

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Click  to  edit  Master  /tle  style  

other  treatments  

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Click  to  edit  Master  /tle  style  new  hormonal  agents  

Iacovelli  et  al.  Eur  J  Cancer  2015;51:1970  

•  meta-­‐analysis  of  6  phase  II/III  double-­‐blind  RCTs  •  6735  pa/ents  with  castra/on-­‐resistant  prostate  cancer  •  CYP-­‐17  inhibitors  –  abiraterone  &  orteronel  

–  extra-­‐gonadal  ↓  testosterone  produc/on  •  direct  inhibi/on  of  androgen  receptor  ac/vity  –  enzalutamide  •  reported  toxicity:  fluid  reten/on,  hypokalaemia,  hypertension,  

transaminase  increases,  cardiac  events,  atrial  fibrilla/on,  fa/gue,  hot  flushes.  

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Click  to  edit  Master  /tle  style  new  hormonal  agents  

Iacovelli  et  al.  Eur  J  Cancer  2015;51:1970  

abiraterone  

orteronel  

enzalutamide  

TOTAL  

561/3788  =  14.8%   338/2947  =  11.5%   →  3.3%  

•  “cardiac  toxicity”  –  any,  any  grade  (no  detail  available)  

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Click  to  edit  Master  /tle  style  new  hormonal  agents  

Iacovelli  et  al.  Eur  J  Cancer  2015;51:1970  

566/4520  =  12.5%   249/3310  =  7.5%   →  5.0%  

•  hypertension  –  any  grade:  

abiraterone  

orteronel  

enzalutamide  

TOTAL  

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Click  to  edit  Master  /tle  style  finasteride  

Unger  et  al.  JNCI  Natl  Cancer  Inst  2016;108:djw168  

•  inhibits  5α-­‐reductase  required  in  androgen  synthesis  •  symptoma/c  benefits  

–  reduced  prostate  size  –  increased  urinary  flow  rate  

•  no  effect  on  overall  survival  

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Click  to  edit  Master  /tle  style  cixutumumab  v  ramucirumab  

Hussain  et  al.  Eur  J  Cancer  2015;51:1714  

•  metasta/c  castra/on  resistant  prostate  cancer  –  cixutumumab  –  targets  insulin-­‐like  growth  factor  –  ramucirumab  –  targets  VEGF  receptor-­‐2  

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Click  to  edit  Master  /tle  style  

cardiovascular  risk  reduc/on  

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Click  to  edit  Master  /tle  style  primary  preven'on  guidance  

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Click  to  edit  Master  /tle  style  all  ♥  stop  smoking  ♥  diet/weight  (fat/salt/calories/alcohol  etc.)  ♥  physical  ac/vity  ♥  blood  pressure  target  <140/85mmHg  

secondary  preven'on  ♥  MI,  angina,  CVA,  TIA,  PVD,    ♥  atorvasta/n  80mg  nocte,  aspirin/β-­‐blockers/ACEi  as  indicated  

primary  preven'on  ♥  QRisk®2-­‐2015  or  Framingham  Risk  score  

–  age,  sex,  ethnicity,  post-­‐code,  smoking,  diabetes,  FHx,  CKD,  AF,  BP  Rx,  RhA,  lipids,  BP,  BMI  –  ≥10%  10y  risk  –  atorvasta/n  20mg  nocte.  

risk  factor  modifica'on  

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Click  to  edit  Master  /tle  style  Q-­‐RISK            Framingham  Risk  

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Click  to  edit  Master  /tle  style  pa'ent  advice  

Guan  et  al.  Circula>on  2015;132:e218  

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Click  to  edit  Master  /tle  style  •  296x103  pa/ents  with  cancer  diagnosis  in  Denmark  1995  to  2007  followed  to  31/12/09.  

sta'n  use  in  cancer  

Nielsen  et  al.  NEJM  2012:367;1792  

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Click  to  edit  Master  /tle  style  sta'n  use  in  prostate  cancer  

Raval  et  al.  Prostate  Cancer  and  Prosta>c  Disease  2016:19;151  

•  meta-­‐analysis  of  34  observa/onal  studies  – all-­‐cause  mortality:  

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Click  to  edit  Master  /tle  style  sta'n  use  in  prostate  cancer  

Raval  et  al.  Prostate  Cancer  and  Prosta>c  Disease  2016:19;151  

•  meta-­‐analysis  of  34  observa/onal  studies  – prostate  cancer-­‐specific  mortality  :  

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Click  to  edit  Master  /tle  style  po

st-­‐diagnosis  

sta'n  use  in  prostate  cancer  

Zhong  et  al.  Cancer  Treatment  Reviews  2015:41;554  

all-­‐cause  mortality   cancer-­‐specific  mortality  

pre-­‐diagno

sis  

•  meta-­‐analysis  of  observa/onal  studies  

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Click  to  edit  Master  /tle  style  •  lowering  protein  prenyla/on  

–  Krens  et  al.  PLoS  ONE  2014;9:e1112201  

•  reduc/on  in  tumour  cell  prolifera/on  and  migra/on  –  Cardwell  et  al.  Epidemiology  2015;26:68  –  Livingstone  et  al.  Cancer  Med  2014;3:1284  

•  inhibi/on  of  Ras  signaling  –  Nam  et  al.  An/cancer  Res  2014;34:355  

•  induc/on  of  apoptosis  through  phosphoryla/on  of  Akt  and  down-­‐regula/on  of  mTOR  –  Kaffenberger  et  al.  Urol  Oncol  2014;33:e11  .  

mechanism(s)  

Zhong  et  al.  Cancer  Treatment  Reviews  2015:41;554  

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Click  to  edit  Master  /tle  style  

conclusions  

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Click  to  edit  Master  /tle  style  •  high  cardiovascular  risk  popula/on  

–  common  cause  of  death  in  PC  –  risk  factor  modifica/on  –  1°  >  2°  -­‐  required  –  sta/n  therapy  may  be  highly  effec/ve  in  ↓  mortality  

•  highly  effec/ve  treatments  for  prostate  cancer  –  CV  risk  may  be  ↑  by  GnRH  agonists  in  men  with  CVD  

•  ADT  and  other  treatments  increase  CV  risk  factors  –  increased  vigilance  and  management  of  hypertension,  hyperlipidemia,  insulin  resistance,  QTc  etc.  

conclusions  

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Click  to  edit  Master  /tle  style  •  educa/on  

–  pa/ents,  primary  care,  cardiologists,  oncologists  

•  evidence  based  CVS  1°  and  2°  preven/on  •  RCTs  with  CVS  outcomes  

–  orchiectomy  vs  GnRH  agonist  vs  antagonist  –  sta/ns  for  prostate  cancer  and  CVS  end-­‐points  –  ethical?  

•  basic  science  –  mechanisms  of  ADTs,  sta/ns  etc.  •  opportunity  to  improve  prognosis  in  prostate  cancer  pa'ents.  

challenges  for  the  future  

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Click  to  edit  Master  /tle  style  

Thank  You.