carbon and the molecular diversity of life biological macromolecules – carbohydrates, protein,...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Biological macromolecules – carbohydrates, protein, lipids, and nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) - are all composed](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070415/5697bf6f1a28abf838c7d30a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Biological macromolecules – carbohydrates, protein, lipids, and nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) - are all composed](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070415/5697bf6f1a28abf838c7d30a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
• Biological macromolecules – carbohydrates, protein, lipids, and nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) - are all composed of carbon atoms
• Other important elements include:–Hydrogen (H)–Oxygen (O)–Nitrogen (N)–Sulfur (S)–Phosphorus (P)
![Page 3: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Biological macromolecules – carbohydrates, protein, lipids, and nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) - are all composed](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070415/5697bf6f1a28abf838c7d30a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Organic Chemistry
• Organic Chemistry is the study of carbon compounds – compounds of living things
• Carbon has 4 valence electrons
–usually forms 4 covalent bonds with other atoms
–allows molecules to branch off in up to 4 directions
–makes large, complex molecules possible
![Page 4: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Biological macromolecules – carbohydrates, protein, lipids, and nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) - are all composed](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070415/5697bf6f1a28abf838c7d30a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Diversity of Organic Molecules
• Carbon atoms readily bond with each other, producing chains or rings of carbon atoms
• Carbon chains form the backbones of most organic molecules
• These carbon backbones can vary in length, branching, placement of double bonds, and location of atoms of other elements
• The variations in these skeletons contributes to the complexity and diversity of living matter.
![Page 5: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Biological macromolecules – carbohydrates, protein, lipids, and nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) - are all composed](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070415/5697bf6f1a28abf838c7d30a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Diversity of Organic Molecules
What is the name of compounds consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen?
![Page 6: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Biological macromolecules – carbohydrates, protein, lipids, and nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) - are all composed](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070415/5697bf6f1a28abf838c7d30a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Hydrocarbons
• Organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen
• Major component of petroleum (fossil fuels) – partially decomposed remains of organisms that lived millions of years ago
• Are hydrophobic because the bonds between C and H are nonpolar
• Store a relatively large amount of energy (fat is stored energy for the body)
![Page 7: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Biological macromolecules – carbohydrates, protein, lipids, and nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) - are all composed](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070415/5697bf6f1a28abf838c7d30a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Isomers
• Compounds that have the same molecular formula, but different structural formulas; therefore, different properties
• Three types: structural isomers, geometric isomers, and enantiomers
• Structural isomers of butane, C4H10
![Page 8: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Biological macromolecules – carbohydrates, protein, lipids, and nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) - are all composed](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070415/5697bf6f1a28abf838c7d30a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Structural Isomers
• Differ in the covalent arrangement of their atoms
• C20H42 has 366,319 possible structural isomers
• May differ in the placement of the double bond
Butane Isobutane Both have the same molecular formula, but different structural formulas
![Page 9: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Biological macromolecules – carbohydrates, protein, lipids, and nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) - are all composed](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070415/5697bf6f1a28abf838c7d30a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Geometric Isomers• Same covalent partnership, differ in spatial
arrangement• Due to inflexibility of double bonds – do not
allow atoms to rotate about the axis• The subtle difference in shape can dramatically
affect the biological activities of the molecule• Example – rhodopsin in the eye
![Page 10: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Biological macromolecules – carbohydrates, protein, lipids, and nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) - are all composed](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070415/5697bf6f1a28abf838c7d30a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Enantiomers• Mirror images of each other
• Differ in spatial arrangement around an asymmetric carbon (a carbon atom bonded to 4 different kinds of atoms or groups of atoms)
• Each enantiomer may behave differently in the body
![Page 11: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Biological macromolecules – carbohydrates, protein, lipids, and nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) - are all composed](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070415/5697bf6f1a28abf838c7d30a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Functional Groups• Components of organic molecules most
commonly involved in chemical reactions• Attachments that replace one or more of the
hydrogens bonded to the carbon skeleton of the hydrocarbon
• Behaves consistently from one organic molecule to another
• Number and arrangement of groups give each molecule its unique properties
• Example: estradiol and testosterone
![Page 12: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Biological macromolecules – carbohydrates, protein, lipids, and nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) - are all composed](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070415/5697bf6f1a28abf838c7d30a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Functional GroupsHydroxyl Group• Organic compounds containing hydroxyl are
alcohols
• Name usually ends in –ol (i.e. ethanol)
• Hydrophilic – soluble in water
Functional Group Formula Name of Compound Example
![Page 13: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Biological macromolecules – carbohydrates, protein, lipids, and nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) - are all composed](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070415/5697bf6f1a28abf838c7d30a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Functional GroupsCarbonyl Group• A carbon atom joined to an oxygen atom by a double
bond• If the carbonyl group is on the end, the compound is an
aldehyde• Anywhere else, the compound is a ketone (i.e. acetone)• Hydrophilic – soluble in water
Functional Group Formula Name of Compound Example
![Page 14: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Biological macromolecules – carbohydrates, protein, lipids, and nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) - are all composed](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070415/5697bf6f1a28abf838c7d30a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Functional GroupsCarboxyl Group• An oxygen atom double-bonded to a carbon atom that is
also bonded to a hydroxyl group• Compounds containing a carboxyl group are called
carboxylic acids or organic acids• Hydrophilic – soluble in water• Have acidic properties
Functional Group Formula Name of Compound Example
![Page 15: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Biological macromolecules – carbohydrates, protein, lipids, and nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) - are all composed](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070415/5697bf6f1a28abf838c7d30a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Functional GroupsAmino Group• A nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms and to
the carbon skeleton• Compounds containing an amino group are called
amines (i.e. glycine – an amino acid)• Hydrophilic – soluble in water• Have basic properties
Functional Group Formula Name of Compound Example
![Page 16: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Biological macromolecules – carbohydrates, protein, lipids, and nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) - are all composed](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070415/5697bf6f1a28abf838c7d30a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Functional GroupsSulfhydryl Group• A sulfur atom bonded to an atom of hydrogen
• Compounds containing a sulfhydryl group are called thiols
• Hydrophilic – soluble in water
• Interact to stabilize the structure of a protein
Functional Group Formula Name of Compound Example
![Page 17: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Biological macromolecules – carbohydrates, protein, lipids, and nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) - are all composed](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070415/5697bf6f1a28abf838c7d30a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Functional GroupsPhosphate Group• A phosphate ion covalently attached by one of its oxygen
atoms to the carbon skeleton
• Transfers energy between organic molecules (a process exhibited in cellular respiration)
• Hydrophilic – soluble in water
Functional Group Formula Name of Compound Example