CARBOHYDRATE CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISMMETABOLISMCARBOHYDRATCARBOHYDRATEECARBOHYDRATCARBOHYDRATEE

*CHO is called quick energy .*CHO is called quick energy . *CHO major source of energy.*CHO major source of energy. @Importance of CHO diet@Importance of CHO diet : : 1-easily grown in plants 1-easily grown in plants

( grains ,vegetables ,fruits ).( grains ,vegetables ,fruits ). 2-low coast .2-low coast . 3-stored easily .3-stored easily .

•monosacharrides

•Disacharrides

•Poly sacharrides

** classification of CHO :** classification of CHO :

CARBON ,HYDREGEN ,OXYGEN CARBON ,HYDREGEN ,OXYGEN @ monosaccharide:@ monosaccharide: simple ( single sugar )simple ( single sugar ) glucose ,fructose ,galactose .glucose ,fructose ,galactose . glucose : -sweet sugar glucose : -sweet sugar -found in corn syrup -found in corn syrup - comes from starch digestion .- comes from starch digestion . - old name dextrose .- old name dextrose . - running in the blood stream .- running in the blood stream . - normal glucose level 70-110 mg %.- normal glucose level 70-110 mg %. b-fructose :b-fructose : -the sweetest of simple sugar .-the sweetest of simple sugar . - founds in honey , fruits .- founds in honey , fruits . - during metabolism ,fructose converted to glucose ,to form energy- during metabolism ,fructose converted to glucose ,to form energy . .

c-galactosec-galactose : : - produced by human digestion .- produced by human digestion . -lactose change to glucose to form energy .-lactose change to glucose to form energy . @ Disaccharides@ Disaccharides:: -two sugar molecules linked together .-two sugar molecules linked together . - sucrose ,lactose ,maltose .- sucrose ,lactose ,maltose . * sucrose ( glucose + fructose ).* sucrose ( glucose + fructose ). * lactose (glucose + galactose ).* lactose (glucose + galactose ). * maltose (glucose+ glucose ).* maltose (glucose+ glucose ).

a-sucrosea-sucrose : : - table sugar .- table sugar . -made from sugar cane ,& sugar beets .-made from sugar cane ,& sugar beets . -30-40 % contribute in the total Kcal .-30-40 % contribute in the total Kcal . -found in pineapple & carrots .-found in pineapple & carrots . b-lactoseb-lactose : : -sugar in milk is called lactose .-sugar in milk is called lactose . -the least sweet disaccharides .-the least sweet disaccharides . c-maltosec-maltose:: -malt product of starch breakdown ,& germinating cereal -malt product of starch breakdown ,& germinating cereal

grainsgrains

@ polysaccharides:@ polysaccharides: made-up of many sugar unit .made-up of many sugar unit . - most important one is starch .- most important one is starch . Other type glycogen & dextrin & non digest Other type glycogen & dextrin & non digest

able form of dietary fiber ( cellulose & able form of dietary fiber ( cellulose & noncellulose ),that provide important bulk in noncellulose ),that provide important bulk in the diet .the diet .

*starch: - most significant poly-saccharides . -made up of many chains of simple glucose . - starch mixture is thickened by cooling , because the

starch granules has gel like quality that thick the mixture .

- important source of dietary CHO . - significant factor in human nutrition . -major food that contain starch include ( cereal grains

,legumes ,potatoes ,& other vegetables ).

* glycogen:* glycogen: - it forms during cell metabolism .- it forms during cell metabolism . - stored in small amount in the liver & - stored in small amount in the liver &

muscle tissue , help to sustain normal muscle tissue , help to sustain normal blood glucose level during fasting blood glucose level during fasting period such as sleeping hours .period such as sleeping hours .

-dietary CHO is essential to maintain -dietary CHO is essential to maintain these needed .these needed .

- glycogen storage prevent the - glycogen storage prevent the symptoms of low CHO intake symptoms of low CHO intake ( fatigue ,dehydration ,& energy loss ).( fatigue ,dehydration ,& energy loss ).

* glycogen:* glycogen: - it forms during cell metabolism .- it forms during cell metabolism . - stored in small amount in the liver & - stored in small amount in the liver &

muscle tissue , help to sustain normal muscle tissue , help to sustain normal blood glucose level during fasting blood glucose level during fasting period such as sleeping hours .period such as sleeping hours .

-dietary CHO is essential to maintain -dietary CHO is essential to maintain these needed .these needed .

- glycogen storage prevent the - glycogen storage prevent the symptoms of low CHO intake symptoms of low CHO intake ( fatigue ,dehydration ,& energy loss ).( fatigue ,dehydration ,& energy loss ).

-* dextrin: -formed from break down of starch . - starch+ water = soluble starch + maltose . - soluble starch + maltose =dextrin + maltose . -dextrin + water =maltose . -maltose + water = glucose + glucose .

*oligosaccharides :-*oligosaccharides :- - small portion of partially - small portion of partially

digested starch .digested starch . - it is irregular form .- it is irregular form . - used in special formula for - used in special formula for

infant , or person with gastro-infant , or person with gastro-intestinal problem ,because it is intestinal problem ,because it is easier to digest .easier to digest .

*oligosaccharides :-*oligosaccharides :- - small portion of partially - small portion of partially

digested starch .digested starch . - it is irregular form .- it is irregular form . - used in special formula for - used in special formula for

infant , or person with gastro-infant , or person with gastro-intestinal problem ,because it is intestinal problem ,because it is easier to digest .easier to digest .

-* dietary fiber :- cellulose found in the framework of plants , the human cant digest it , because lack of digestive enzyme , so it form bulk of diet thus stimulate peristalsis .

** Function of CHO: 1-energy production . 2-glycogen storage in the liver & muscle . 3-regulation protein metabolism . 4-anti-ketogenic effect { prevent formation of keton

bodies from fat . keton bodies accumulated in case of {starvation ,un

controlled DM, very low CHO diet }. -5- heat action [ contractile process of the heart ]. -6-CNS stimulation { hypoglycemic shock lead to

irreversible brain damage }.

* Digestion of CHO: @ mechanical or muscular function that break

the food into small particles . @ chemical process in which specific enzyme

break down food in to smaller usable metabolic product .

mouth : mastication breaks food into fine particles & mix it with salivary secretion .

-salivary amylase is secreted by parotid gland act on starch to break it in to starch & maltose .

Stomach ,mix food with gastric secretion, no specific enzyme break down of CHO .

- more food by peristalsis go to the 1st portion of the small intestine through pyloric sphincter .

Small intestine : Mechanical & chemical digestion of CHO is completed in

small intestine by intestinal & pancreatic enzyme

Pancreatic enzyme:Secretion of pancreas enter the duodenum .Pancreatic amylase break down of starch & maltose .Intestinal secretion :Sucrase , lactase , maltase act on disaccharides to change it in to glucose ,galactose ,& fructose to be ready for absorption

Pancreatic enzyme:Secretion of pancreas enter the duodenum .Pancreatic amylase break down of starch & maltose .Intestinal secretion :Sucrase , lactase , maltase act on disaccharides to change it in to glucose ,galactose ,& fructose to be ready for absorption

** absorption of CHO:-glucose carried in to the cell to produce energy or storage .-the major glucose absorption mechanism is an active transport [ pumping system ] requiring Na as carrier substance .- villi & micro-villi absorb about 90% of digested food .-simple sugar enter portal circulation to liver

** metabolism of CHO : - chemical process in living Organics by which energy is made available for function of

entire organism - cells are the functional unit of life in human body . - the most important end product of CHO digestion is glucose . - the liver is the major site of handling glucose . -in the cell glucose is burned to produce energy through

chemical reaction . -extra glucose not immediately needed for energy may

changed to fat & stored

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