carbohydrate 2ho

8/11/2019 Carbohydrate 2HO

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The Structure andFunction of

Macromolecules

(Carbohydrates)


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Po

lym

ers

/M

onome

rs Many macromolecules consist of polymers

A polymer is a large molecule built up from

smaller building block molecules

Monomers (a.k.a., subunits) are the building

block molecules

The inherent differences between human

siblings reflect variations in polymers, particularly

DNA and proteins. Molecular differences

between unrelated individuals are more

extensive, and between species greater still . . .

The molecular logic of life is simple but elegant:

Small molecules common to all organisms areordered into unique macromolecules . . . For

each class (of compound) we will see that the

macromolecules have emergent properties not

found in their individual monomers.


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Polymers, Monomers, and Lipids

polymercategory of

biomolecules monomer

polysaccharide carbohydrates monosaccharides

polypeptides proteins amino acids

polynucleic acids RNA & DNA nucleotides

Lipid monomers are less persistent than the above monomers

Consequently, lipids are less-readily described using the same

polymeric terms


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D

ehydration(Poly

mer)Synthesis

Energy +

A.K.A., condensation reaction, dehydration reaction


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H

ydrolysis

Polym

erBreakdown

+ Energy

Enzymes are employed in biological systems to

effect most hydrolysis reactions


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Some

Monos

acc

har

ides

Note Basic Formula:

(CH2O)n

Hence: Carbo (C)

Hydrate (H2O)


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Some

Monos

acc

har

ides

T

he

twos

imp

les

tsugars 2|

1C3

|

4

2|

3C1

|

4

Note Numerous Chiral Carbons


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StableM

onosacc

hari

de

Rings


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Ring Forms (Glucose)

These are all Glucose

Memorize this structure


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StableM

onosac

chari

de

Rings


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Clo

singth

eRing


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Disaccharide Synthesis

The reactions, the names of the sugars, and whether

they are mono- or disaccharides is what you should

know (also, Glycosidic linkage)

Energy +


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mylose

/Malto

se/Glucose

A sugar polymer

Glucose is the most

common

monosaccharide


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Starches

more branching

carbon and energy(glucose) storage molecules


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Sta

rch/Glycogen


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Glu

coseA

nomers


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Ce

llul

ose

Know the

difference


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Ce

llul

ose

Cellulose is a

Structural

polysaccharide


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Ce

llul

ose

Most

organisms

cannot digest

(hydrolyze)

cellulose

Organisms that can digest cellulose include the

microorganisms living the gastrointestinal tract

of many organisms typified especially by cows

and termites and many fungi (i.e., the things

that eat the wood of fallen trees)


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Cotton
http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/pae/botany/botany_map/articles/article_30.htmlhttp://www.cbs.umn.edu/class/bioc/5309/idl/lesson1/figures1.html


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Chitin

Chitin is another example of a structural carbohydrate.

Chitin is found in the exoskeletons of insects, spiders,

and crustaceans. Chitin is also found in the cell walls of

fungi. Chitin is leathery in pure form but is hardened inmost uses via the deposition of calcium carbonate.
http://www.lifesci.utexas.edu/faculty/sjasper/images/1716a.jpghttp://www.bioch.ox.ac.uk/glycob/terry/projects.htmlhttp://www.bioch.ox.ac.uk/glycob/terry/projects.htmlhttp://www.bioch.ox.ac.uk/glycob/terry/projects.htmlhttp://www.bioch.ox.ac.uk/glycob/terry/projects.htmlhttp://www.bioch.ox.ac.uk/glycob/terry/projects.htmlhttp://www.lifesci.utexas.edu/faculty/sjasper/images/1716a.jpghttp://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age4660/lect/lect_02/lect_02.htm

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