capital assets

• Capital Assets

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-capital-assets-toolkit.html

Asset Fixed assets

1 These are also called capital assets

in management accounting.


Ontology (information science) - Overview

1 Such concerns intersect with those of information science when a

simulation or model is intended to enable decisions in the economic realm; for example, to determine

what capital assets are at risk and if so by how much (see risk

management)


Technological unemployment - Market-based ideas (People's Capitalism, new-market theories, others)

1 This would achieve an economic system where income from

ownership of capital assets would supplement—and eventually

supplant—wages and salaries as the primary source of income for the

average citizen


Infrastructure - Types of hard infrastructure

1 The following list of hard infrastructure is limited to capital assets that serve the function of

conveyance or channelling of people, vehicles, fluids, energy, or

information, and which take the form either of a network or of a critical node used by vehicles, or used for

the transmission of electro-magnetic waves.


Capitalism - Economic elements

1 Capitalism is defined as a social and economic system that in which capital assets are mainly owned and controlled by private

persons, labor is purchased for money wages, capital gains accrue to private

owners, and the price mechanism is utilized to allocate capital goods between uses. The

extent to which the price mechanism is used, the degree of competitiveness, and

government intervention in markets distinguish exact forms of capitalism.


Capitalism - Etymology and early usage

1 By 1283 it was used in the sense of the capital assets of a trading firm


Islam

1 The amount of zakat to be paid on capital assets

(e.g


Technological unemployment - Market-based ideas (People's Capitalism, new-market theories, others)

1 This would achieve an economic system where income from

ownership of capital assets would supplement—and eventually

supplant—wages and salaries as the primary source of income for the

average citizen


Estate tax (United States) - Arguments against

1 Another argument is that the estate tax burdens farmers because

agriculture involves the use of many capital assets, such as land and

equipment, to generate the same amount of income that other types of

businesses generate with fewer assets


Capital gains tax - Moldova

1 Not all types of assets are capital assets. Capital assets include: real

estate; shares; stakes in limited liability companies etc.


Capital gains tax - The Philippines

1 While the Capital gain|Capital Gain Tax is imposed on the gains presumed to have been realized by the seller from the sale, exchange, or other disposition of capital

assets located in the Philippines, including other forms of conditional sale, the

Documentary Stamp Tax is imposed on documents, instruments, loan agreements

and papers evidencing the acceptance, assignment, sale or transfer of an obligation,

rights, or property incident thereto


Measures of national income and output - Definitions

1 :Net means Gross minus the amount that must be used to offset

depreciation ndash; ie., wear-and-tear or obsolescence of the nation's

fixed capital assets. Net gives an indication of how much product is

actually available for consumption or new investment.


Consumer cooperative - Finance and approach to capital accumulation

1 Where a for-profit enterprise will treat the difference between cost (including labor etc.)

and selling price as financial gain for investors, the consumer owned enterprise may retain this

to accumulate capital in common ownership, distribute it to meet the consumer's social

objectives, or refund this sum to the consumer/owner as an over-payment.

(Accumulated capital may be held as reserves, or invested in growth as working capital or the purchase of capital assets such as plant and

buildings.)


Green economy - Green economists and economics

1 For instance, it is regarded as classical economics where the

traditional land is generalized to natural capital and has some

attributes in common with labor and physical capital (since natural capital assets like rivers directly substitute for man-made ones such as canals)


Taxation - Capital gains tax

1 Capital assets include personal assets in many

jurisdictions


2000-watt society - Implications

1 It is envisaged that achieving the aim of a 2000-watt society will require, amongst other

measures, a complete reinvestment in the country's capital assets; refurbishment of the

nation's building stock to bring it up to low energy building standards; significant improvements in

the efficiency of road transport, aviation and energy-intensive material use; the possible

introduction of high-speed maglev trains; the use of renewable energy sources, district heating,

microgeneration and related technologies; and a refocusing of research into new priority areas.


Social capital - Sub-types

1 Horizontal networks of individual citizens and groups that enhance

community productivity and cohesion are said to be positive social capital

assets whereas self-serving exclusive gangs and hierarchical patronage

systems that operate at cross purposes to societal interests can be thought of as negative social capital

burdens on society.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-capital-assets-toolkit.html

Inexpensive - Bookkeeping for expenses

1 In double-entry bookkeeping, expenses are recorded as a debit to an expense account

(an income statement account) and a credit (finance)|credit to either an asset account or a liability account, which are balance sheet accounts. An expense decreases assets or

increases liabilities. Typical business expenses include salaries, utilities, depreciation of

capital assets, and interest expense for loans. The purchase of a capital asset such as a building or equipment is not an expense.


Environmental, social and corporate governance - History

1 Titus Salt in the middle of the 19th century had even recognised the damage that his mills’ smoke and pollution were emitting and had attempted to clean up the town of Bradford, England using his family business’ dominance of manufacturing in that area.James, David, Salt, Sir Titus, first baronet (1803-1876), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, (Oxford University Press, 2004) But it was

in the 1950s and 60s that the vast pension funds managed by the Trades Unions recognised the opportunity to affect the wider social

environment using their capital assetsRoberts, B.C., Trade Union Government and Administration in Great Britain (Harvard

University Press, 1958) - in the United States the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers invested their not inconsiderable

capital (economics)|capital in developing affordable housing projects, whilst the United Mine Workers invested in health

facilities.Gray, Hillel, New Directions in the Investment and Control of Pension Funds, (Investor Responsibility Research Center, 1983)


Process integration

1 Industries are making more money from their raw materials and capital assets while becoming cleaner and

more sustainable.


Accelerated depreciation - Additional factors

1 Governments generally provide opportunities to defer taxes where there are specific policy

reasons to encourage an industry. For example, accelerated depreciation is used in some countries to encourage investment in

renewable energy. Further, governments have increased accelerated depreciation methods in time of economic stress (in particular, the US government passed laws after 9-11 to further

accelerate depreciation on capital assets).


Economic System of Socialism

1 For the first time the government levied a capital-use charge on

enterprises. A factory was taxed on its capital assets, including inventory.

A plant manager who wanted to lower the plant's taxes was obliged

to sell off any surplus inventory. This in turn encouraged the factory to

turn out better-quality goods, which consumers would buy.


Protector USV - Features

1 The Protector is remotely controlled and can be operated with guidance

from a commander and operator located ashore or aboard a manned vessel. This allows it to provide the

first line of defense, inspecting vessels of interest while personnel

and capital assets are held at a safe distance.


Enterprise asset management - Healthcare enterprise asset management

1 HEAM provides complete visibility of the asset base across the health

system, enabling active control of the planning, acquisition, tracking,

maintenance and retirement of capital assets.


Servicizing - Environmental soundness

1 'Environmental soundness' of servicizing offers may be created through product or service

innovation, or both. In some servicizing solutions, material products are treated as capital assets rather than as consumables, thereby their durable design increases the

amount/volume of value-added services they can produce/deliver and thus resource use is

reduced per unit of service delivered. Servicizing is also a vehicle to link production and consumption chains in a more integrated

way.


Ontology (computer science) - Overview

1 Such concerns intersect with those of information science when a

simulation or model is intended to enable decisions in the economic realm; for example, to determine

what capital assets are at risk and if so by how much (see risk

management)


Bank for International Settlements - Regulates capital adequacy

1 Capital adequacy policy applies to Stock|equity and capital assets. These can be

overvalued in many circumstances because they do not always reflect current market conditions or adequately assess the risk of every trading position. Accordingly the BIS

requires the Capital adequacy ratio|capital/asset ratio of central banks to

be above a prescribed minimum international standard, for the protection of

all central banks involved.


Capital (economics)

1 In economics, 'capital goods', 'real capital', or capital assets are already-produced

durable goods or any non-financial asset that is used in Production (economics)|production

of good (economics)|goods or Service (economics)|services. Additionally, some

accounting systems recognize the concept of a Triple bottom line which takes into account

natural capital and social capital, thus including ecosystems and social relations in

the definition of capital.


Capital (economics)

1 The division between capital and durable good is set in an accounting regime and depends on the types or styles of capital that are recognized as capital assets and the types of

goods and services that are recognized as economic


Capital (economics) - Modern types of capital

1 * Financial capital, which represents obligations, and is liquidated as

money for trade, and owned by legal entities. It is in the form of capital

assets, traded in financial markets. Its market value is not based on the

historical accumulation of money invested but on the perception by

the market of its expected revenues and of the risk entailed.


Financial capital - Instruments

1 A contract regarding any combination of capital assets is

called a financial instrument, and may serve as a


SOX 404 top-down risk assessment - Identify financial reporting objectives

1 Control objectives may be organized within processes, to help organize the

documentation, ownership and TDRA approach. Typical financial processes include expense accounts payable

(purchase to payment), payroll, revenue and accounts receivable (order to cash

collection), capital assets, etc. This is how most auditing textbooks organize control

objectives. Processes can also be risk-ranked.


Lionel Jospin - Prime Minister

1 The Jospin Government began taxing capital assets by introducing a tax on

savings, particularly life insurance


Surplus value - Interpretations

1 In this context, surplus value can also be measured as the increase in the value of the stock and flow|stock

of capital assets through an accounting period, prior to

distribution.


Surplus value - Measures of the rate of surplus value

1 According to Marx's labor theory of value, human labor is the only source

of net new economic value, but is also indispensable for the

conservation and transfer of economic value (maintenance and redistribution of capital assets).

Asset revaluations according to this theory only redistribute claims to product-value which has already

been created previously.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-capital-assets-toolkit.html

Surplus value - Measures of the rate of surplus value

1 Some authors have interpreted this rate of exploitation as a purely

economic or commerce|commercial concept (in the sense of labor

utilisation, the use of a resource) while others see it primarily as a

moral or political concept referring to the domination of a social class

which commands labour in virtue of ownership of capital assets.


Surplus value - Appropriation from production

1 This means, systemically, that the main driving force of capitalism

becomes the quest to maximise the appropriation of surplus-value

augmenting the stock of capital. The overriding motive behind efforts to economise resources and labor is to

obtain the maximum possible increase in income and capital assets

(business growth), and provide a steady or growing return on

investment.


Fund accounting - State and local government funds

1 * Capital projects funds are used to account for the construction or acquisition of fixed assets,Fixed

assets are sometimes referred to as capital assets, a broader term than

fixed assets


Calibration - Calibration process success factors

1 Most oscilloscopes are capital assets that increase the value of the

organization, in addition to the value of the measurements they make


Economic democracy - Alternative models

1 * 'Social control of investment:' Funds for new investment are

generated by a capital assets tax and are returned to the economy

through a network of public investment banks.


Economic democracy - Worker self-management

1 In Schweickart’s model, workers control the workplace, but they do not own the means of production.

Productive resources are regarded as the collective property of the society. Workers run the enterprise, use its capital assets as they see fit, and

distribute the profits among themselves. Here, societal ownership of the enterprise manifests itself in

two ways:https://store.theartofservice.com/the-capital-assets-toolkit.html

Economic democracy - Worker self-management

1 * All firms pay tax on their capital assets, which goes into society's investment fund. In effect, workers rent capital assets from society. Firms are required to preserve the

value of the capital stock entrusted to them. This means that a depreciation fund

must be maintained to repair or replace existing capital stock. This money may be

spent on capital replacements or improvements, but not to supplement

workers' incomes.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-capital-assets-toolkit.html

Economic democracy - Social control of investment

1 This capital assets tax is collected and invested

by the central government


Economic democracy - Social control of investment

1 Banks are public, not private, institutions that make Grant (money)|grants, not loans, to

business enterprises. According to Schweickart, these grants do not represent

free money, since an investment grant counts as an addition to the capital assets of the enterprise, upon which the capital-asset tax must be paid. Thus the capital assets tax functions as an interest rate. A bank grant is

essentially a loan requiring interest payments but no repayment of Debt|principal.


Economic democracy - The market

1 Enterprises still strive to make a profit. However, profit in a worker-run firm is

calculated differently than under capitalism. For a capitalist firm, labor is counted as a cost. For a worker-run enterprise it is not.

Labor is not another factor of production on par with land and capital. Labor is the residual claimant. Workers get all that remains, once other costs, including

depreciation set asides and the capital assets tax, have been paid.


Economic democracy - The market

1 The capital assets of the country are collectively owned – and hence not for sale.


Global capitalism - Etymology and early usage

1 By 1283 it was used in the sense of the capital assets of a trading firm


Joseph Kitchin

1 Firms react to the improvement of commercial situation through the increase in output through the full employment of the extent fixed

capital assets


Joseph Kitchin

1 Another relevant time lag is the lag between the materialization of the above mentioned decision (causing

the capital assets to work well below the level of their full employment) and the decrease of the excessive

amounts of commodities accumulated in inventories


Tendency of the rate of profit to fall - Marx's argument

1 *military wars or military spending causing capital assets to be

inoperative or destroyed, or spurring war production (see permanent arms

economy);


Tendency of the rate of profit to fall - Further controversy

1 In advanced capitalist societies such as the United States, the stock of constant capital applied in private

sector productive activities represents only about 20–30% of the

value of the total physical capital stock, and perhaps 10–12% of total

capital assets owned, and therefore it is unlikely that a fall in the industrial rate of profit could by itself explain

economic criseshttps://store.theartofservice.com/the-capital-assets-toolkit.html

Capitalist mode of production - Defining structural criteria

1 *Out of preceding characteristics of the capitalist mode of production, the basic class structure of this mode of production society emerges: a class of owners and managers of private capital assets in industries and on the

land, a class of wage and salary earners, a permanent reserve army of labour consisting of unemployed people, and various intermediate

classes such as the self-employed (small business and farmers) and the “new middle

classes” (educated or skilled professionals on higher salaries).


Kitchin cycle

1 Another relevant time lag is the lag between the materialization of the afore mentioned decision (causing

the capital assets to work well below the level of their full employment) and the decrease of the excessive

amounts of commodities accumulated in inventories


Fixed investment - Measurement

1 In official statistics, attempts are often made to estimate the value of fixed capital assets

in a nation, the value of their depreciation (or Consumption of fixed capital) and the value

of Gross fixed capital formation by sector and type of asset. Fixed assets depreciate in value over time, due to wear and tear and market

obsolescence. At the end of their useful lifetime (perhaps 7–10 years), they possess only a scrap-value (or at the very least must

undergo maintenance work or repairs).


Law of value - Empirical criticism

1 The bulk of capital assets in developed capitalist countries are not physical means of production

used by private enterprise to create new commodities; they are financial assets, real estate and other types of

property not used for production


Fictitious capital

1 The market value of fictitious capital assets (such as stocks and securities)

varies according to the expected return or yield of those assets in the

future, which is at best only indirectly related to the growth of real

production


Rate of profit - Historical cost vs. market value

1 To compute the rate of profit, replacement cost of capital assets must be used to define the capital cost. Assets such as machinery cannot be replaced at their

historical cost but must be purchased at the current market value. When inflation occurs,

historical cost would not take account of rising prices of equipment. The rate of profit

would be overestimated using lower historical cost for computing the value of

capital invested. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-capital-assets-toolkit.html

Das Kapital - Themes

1 The employer can claim right to the profits (new output value), because

he or she owns the Means of production|productive capital assets

(means of production), which are legally protected by the capitalist

state through property rights


Schools of economic thought - Viewpoints within mainstream economics

1 *the definitions of capital assets including natural capital

(ecosystems) or social capital (goodwill or brand value) or talent,

and generally what constitute intangible asset|intangibles versus

what can be measured


Perfect competition - The shutdown point

1 The firm still retains its capital assets; however, the firm cannot

leave the industry or avoid its fixed costs in the short run


Purchasing power parity - Need for adjustments to GDP

1 Also, currencies are traded for purposes other than trade in goods

and services, e.g., to buy capital assets whose prices vary more than

those of physical goods


Capital accumulation - The circuit of capital accumulation from production

1 Strictly speaking, capital has accumulated only when realised

Profit (accounting)|profit income has been reinvested in capital assets. But the process of capital accumulation

in Production, costs, and pricing|production has, as suggested in the first volume of Marx's Das Kapital, at least 7 distinct but linked moments:


Capital accumulation - Different forms of capital accumulation

1 This requires a constant supply of a labor force which can conserve and

add value to inputs and capital assets, and thus create a higher

value. Normally, the socio-economic compulsion to work for a living in

capitalist society is legally enforced and regulated by the State (polity)|state, for example through workfare and strict conditions for receiving an

unemployment benefit.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-capital-assets-toolkit.html

Capital accumulation - Different forms of capital accumulation

1 In medieval society, typically the bourgeoisie could not protect its capital assets

permanently from attacks, which meant that the accumulation process was interrupted,

and remained limited in scope. Today however, capitalists can own billions of dollars worth of assets which are well-

protected against crime (see the annual Merrill-Lynch survey of the world's wealthy). With the aid of private banking it is easier to obscure or hide the wealth that one owns.


Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation and risk

1 *the banking industry dominates the

ownership of capital assets.


Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation and military wars

1 Wars typically causes the diversion, destruction and creation of capital assets as capital assets are both

destroyed or consumed and diverted to types of production needed to

fight the war


Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation and military wars

1 In modern times, it has often been possible to rebuild physical capital

assets destroyed in wars completely within the space of about 10 years,

except in cases of severe pollution by chemical warfare or other kinds of

irreparable devastation


Capital accumulation - New developments in capital accumulation

1 *A growing proportion of capital assets which is not productively

invested (overcapitalisation), together with an increase in the amount of consumer debt and

liabilities. Some observers see the cause as being an increase in the gap between rich and poor, which

causes only sluggish demand growth. Debt management has become a distinct and profitable business.


Austrian Business Cycle Theory - Malinvestment - boom

1 discounted sale) of the capital assets which were purchased with such

bank credit.[http://www.econlib.org/library/Mises/msT.html Theory of Money and

Credit], Ludwig von Mises, Part III, Part IV The initial expansion is

believed to be caused by banks which offer loans at interest rates below what non-bank lenders (i.e


Property management

1 Property management is also the management of personal property, equipment, tooling and physical capital assets that are acquired and used to build, repair and maintain end item deliverables. Property management involves

the processes, systems and manpower required to manage the Property Cycle|life

cycle of all acquired property as defined above including acquisition, control, accountability, responsibility, maintenance, utilization and

disposition.


Bursary

1 To obtain such a bursary, it is customary for parents to be asked by

the school’s bursar to fill in an application form, giving details of

their financial circumstances, supported by documentary evidence,

including capital assets


Circulating capital

1 Conventionally, (physical) Physical capital|capital assets held by a

business for more than one year are regarded in annual accounting statements as fixed, the rest as

circulating. In modern economies such as the United States, roughly

half of the intermediate inputs bought or used by businesses are in

fact services, and not goods.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-capital-assets-toolkit.html

Individual capital - Versus human, firm-specific, individual social

1 In Intellectual capital|intangibles measurement, value creation and value reporting metrics require all

assets with such different characteristics to be categorized as different capital assets, so the more exact reference to the 'individual'

person is preferred.


Labor power - Value of labour power

1 If labour is withdrawn from the workplace for any reason, typically

the value of capital assets deteriorates; it takes a continual

stream of work effort to maintain and preserve their value


Labor power - Value of labour power

1 The larger the stock of assets which is neither an input nor an output to real production, and the wealthier society's elite becomes, the more

labour is devoted only to maintaining the mass of capital assets rather

than increasing its value.


Labor power - Consumption of labour power

1 Functioning as variable capital, living labour creates both use values and new value, conserves the value of

constant capital assets, and transfers part of the value of materials and

equipment used to the new products. The result aimed for is the

valorisation of invested capital, i.e. other things being equal, the value of

capital is maintained and has also increased through the activity of

living labour.


Free cash flow - Problems with capital expenditures

1 A second problem with the maintenance capex measurement is its intrinsic

'lumpiness'. By their nature, expenditures for capital assets that will last decades may be

infrequent, but costly when they occur. 'Free cash flow', in turn, will be very different from

year to year. No particular year will be a 'norm' that can be expected to be repeated.

For companies that have stable capital expenditures, free cash flow will (over the long term) be roughly equal to earnings


Venture debt - Financing terms

1 * Collateral: venture debt providers usually require a lien on assets of the

borrower like IP or the company itself, except for equipment loans where the capital assets acquired

may be used as collateral.


Fixed capital

1 refers only to the comparative rotation speeds (turnover time) of different types of physical capital

assets


Fixed capital - Sources of funding for fixed capital investment

1 An owner can obtain funding for purchase of fixed capital assets from

the aptly named capital market, where loans are given on a long-term basis. Funding can also come from reserve funds, the selling of shares, and the issuing of debentures, Bond (finance)|bonds or other promissory

notes.


Productive property

1 In economics and sociology, the 'means of production' refers to

physical, non-human inputs used in production; that is, the means of production includes capital assets used to produce wealth, such as machinery, tools and factories,

including both infrastructural capital and natural capital


Wife selling

1 Wives for sale were treated like capital

assets or commodities


Wife selling - Africa

1 they also meant that women could take on the character of moveable

capital assets in the hands of men.Geisler, Gisela, Moving with

Tradition, op


Valorisation - Definition

1 Valorisation thus specifically describes the increase in the value of capital assets through the application

of living, value-forming labour in production


Valorisation - Valorization and management theory

1 The official story is that the factors of production all add value to the new output. In

a sense this is true, since living labour conserves and transfers value from materials

and equipment to the new product; and capitalist production could not occur if

capitalists did not supply capital in return for profit. But without the active human subject,

no new value is created at all, and capital assets lose value. This becomes apparent when workers go on strike action|strike.


Valorisation - Devalorisation

1 In that case, devalorisation may occur quite rapidly: capital assets are suddenly worth less, and as soon as capital assets are no longer utilised

and maintained by living human labour (because of unemployment),

the value of those capital assets begins to deteriorate


Valorisation - Valorisation and the realisation of capital

1 At an unfavourable price, output is sold without increasing capital

assets. So, the new value added in production may be lost to the

producer or owner, when the new product is traded. The capital is

valorized, but the value-increase is not (fully) realized by its owner.


Leasing - Advantages

1 * Capital assets may fluctuate in value. Leasing shifts risks to the

lessor, but if the property market has shown steady growth over time, a business that depends on leased

property is sacrificing capital gains.


Leasing - Advantages

1 * Depreciation of capital assets has different tax and financial reporting treatment from ordinary business

expenses. Lease payments are considered expenses rather than

assets, which can be set off against revenue when calculating taxable

profit at the end of the relevant tax accounting period.


Organic composition of capital

1 The concept does not apply to all capital assets, only to capital

invested in economic production|production (i.e


Organic composition of capital - Historical trends

1 In addition, during severe economic slumps, physical capital assets are

subject to devaluation, lie idle or are destroyed, while workers become

unemployed; the empirical effect is to reduce the organic composition of capital. Likewise, non-profitable war

production can also lower the average OCC.


Value form - Value-form and price-form

1 He distinguished not only between real capital (physical, tangible capital assets) and money capital, but also

noted the existences of fictitious capital and pseudo-commodities that

have exclusively symbolic value (which, however, can be converted

into real product value through trade)


Islamic Republic News Agency - History

1 In July 1975 the Iranian legislature passed a bill establishing the Ministry

of Information and Tourism and changing the status of Pars News Agency to a joint public stock with capital assets of about 300 million

Iranian rial|rials


Asset-based egalitarianism - Historical development

1 However, the same reasoning (given by both schools) behind the basic

capital proposal is the redistribution of wealth usually funded by an

inheritance tax in order to provide a universal and unconditional sum of money (or capital assets) at the age

of majority


Rate of exploitation - Modern criticism of Marx's concept of surplus labour

1 *profit in a capitalist operation was ultimately just a financial claim to

products and labour services made by those who did not themselves

produce those products and services, in virtue of their ownership of private

property (capital assets).


Causes of the Great Recession - Credit creation as a cause

1 This easy availability of credit inspires a bundle of malinvestments,

particularly on long term projects such as housing and capital assets, and also spurs a consumption boom as incentives to save are diminished


Profit tax - Section 14

1 * There are profits arising in or derived from (trade, profession,

business). Profit is not from the sales of capital assets


Growth economics - The neoclassical growth model

1 Criticisms of the neo-classical growth model are that: 1) it does not

account for differing rates of return for different capital investments, and

2) increasing capital creates a growing burden of depreciation. It is also noted that the economic life of capital assets has been declining.


Gross investment

1 It includes replacement purchases plus net additions to capital

(economics)|capital assets plus inventory investment|investments in

inventories


Book value - Net asset value

1 A mutual fund is an entity which primarily owns financial assets or

capital assets such as bonds, stocks and commercial paper


Annual average GDP growth - The neoclassical model

1 Criticisms of the neo-classical growth model are that it does not account

for differing rates of return for different capital investments and that the economic life of capital

assets has been declining.


Criticism of Muhammad - Ownership of slaves

1 The amount of zakat to be paid on Financial capital|capital assets

(e.g


Natural capital accounting - Inclusive Wealth Index

1 The UN International Human Dimensions Programme has created an inclusive sustainability indicator, the

Inclusive Wealth Index (IWI), which measures the productive bases of an economy: produced, natural

and human capital, and based on these three assessments, calculates the trajectory of a country’s wealth.Partha Dasgupta and Anantha Duraiappah,

[http://www.ihdp.unu.edu/article/read/iwr-chapter-1, “Well-being and wealth”], “International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental

Change”, 2012 The calculation of natural capital in the IWI is based on the shadow value of an

economy’s natural capital assets.


Natural capital accounting - Australia

1 These regional accounts use a common unit of measurement, which

allows comparisons to be made between different natural capital

assets


Transparency (market)

1 * What products, services or capital assets are supply (economics)|available.


Capital asset

1 are capital assets.


Capital asset - Excluded from the definition of capital assets

1 # Any stock in trade, consumable stores, or raw materials held for the purpose of business or profession

have been excluded from the definition of capital assets.


Capital asset - Excluded from the definition of capital assets

1 # Any movable property (excluding jewellery made out of gold, silver, precious stones, and drawing, paintings, sculptures, archeological collections etc.) used for personal use by the

assessee or any member (dependent) of assessee’s family is not treated as capital

assets. For example, wearing apparel, furniture, car or scooter, TV, refrigerator,

musical instruments, gun, revolver, generator, etc. is the examples of personal effects. (But

see IRS publication 544 chapter 2.)


Capital asset - The most specific common definitions in use are as follows

1 See Triple bottom line for widely used public sector accounting

methods in which natural capital and social capital are characterized not as intangible asset|intangibles or externalities but as actual capital

assets.


Capital asset - The most specific common definitions in use are as follows

1 Capital assets include all assets except inventory of supplies or property held for sale (including

subdivided real estate), depreciable property used in a business,

accounts or notes receivable, certain commodities derivatives and hedging

items, and certain copyrights and similar property held by the creator

of the propertyhttps://store.theartofservice.com/the-capital-assets-toolkit.html

Capital asset - US tax definition versus broader economic definition

1 Capital assets should not be confused with the Capital

requirement|capital a financial institution is required to hold. This

Capital requirement|capital is computed from the right-hand side of

the balance sheet while assets are found on the left-hand side. See

Basel III for a summary of how such requirements are proposed to be

calculated.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-capital-assets-toolkit.html

Slavery and religion - Islam

1 One of the five pillars of Islam zakat is meant to encourage Muslims to donate money to

free slaves and bonded labourers in countries where slaves and bonded labourers may have existed. In the hope that over time there will be no slaves left in that country. The amount of zakat to be paid on Financial capital|capital assets (e.g. money) is 2.5% (1/40) per year Medani Ahmed and Sebastian Gianci, Zakat, Encyclopedia of Taxation and Tax Policy, p.

479 for people who are not poor.


Islamic - Alms-giving

1 The amount of zakat to be paid on Financial capital|capital assets

(e.g


Public Utility Model

1 In the ownership of a Public Utility Model, the community retains control

of EMS system capital assets and accounts receivable through daily

oversight


Long-term liability

1 In accounting, the long-term liabilities are shown on the right wing

of the balance-sheet representing the sources of funds, which are

generally bounded in form of capital assets.


Unequal exchange - Unequal exchange in Marxian economics

1 That is to say, the bargaining power and bargaining positions of economic agents are differentially distributed,

and this means, that private accumulation of capital occurs on the basis of appropriating surplus labour,

either the surplus labour of the workers whom the owner of capital

assets hires, or the surplus labour of workers hired by another owner of

capital assets.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-capital-assets-toolkit.html


1 * External to the market, goods are produced by workers with a value in

excess of labor-compensation, appropriated by the owners of

productive capital assets. Marx's reference to unequal exchange refers therefore both to unequal exchange in production, and unequal exchange

in trade.



1 The overall effect is that, Marx believed, in the trade between

nations, more work exchanges for less work - the richer the rich

become, the more capital assets they have to make additional claims to

wealth from somewhere else, and the poorer the poor become, the more work they actually have to do, to obtain an equivalent amount of

products for production or consumption



1 In the final analysis, Marx argues, market power is based on the

effective control of capital assets, on private property


Income tax in the United States - Basics

1 Capital gains tax in the United States|Capital gains include gains on selling stocks and bonds, real estate,

and other capital assets


Income tax in the United States - Capital gains

1 A capital gain is the excess of the sales price over the tax basis

(usually, the cost) of capital assets, such as corporate stock, land,

buildings, etc


Net output - Definition

1 In national accounts, net output is equivalent to the gross value added during an accounting period when producing enterprises use inputs

(labor and capital assets) to produce outputs


Sinking fund

1 However in the United Kingdomhttps://www.gov.uk/leasehold-

property/service-charges-and-other-expenses and

elsewherehttp://www.washingtonbrown.com.au/sinking-funds where the issue of bonds (other than government bonds) is unusual, and where

long-term leasehold tenancies are common, the term is only normally used in the context of replacement or renewal of capital assets, particularly the common parts of buildings.


United Kingdom corporation tax - Finance Act 1965

1 This was a tax charged on the gains arising on the disposal of capital assets by

individuals


Capital formation - Different interpretations

1 Investment is a broader concept that includes investment in all kinds of capital assets, whether physical

property or financial assets



1 But capital accumulation is not normally an accounting concept in

modern accounts (although it is sometimes used by the IMF and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development), and contains the

ambiguity that an amassment of wealth could occur either through a redistribution of capital assets from one person or institution to another, or through a net addition to the total

stock of capital in existence



1 Capital formation measures were originally designed to provide a

picture of investment and growth of the real economy in which goods and services are produced using tangible

capital assets


Capital formation - Technical measurement issues

1 Capital assets can for instance be

valued at:



1 The value of capital assets may also be overstated or understated using various legal

constructions



1 During an accounting period, additions may be made to capital

assets (including those that disproportionately increase the value

of the capital stock) and capital assets are also disposed of; at the

same time, physical assets also incur depreciation or Consumption of fixed

capital. Also, price inflation may affect the value of the capital stock.


Capital formation - Perpetual Inventory Method

1 In so doing, assumptions are made about the real rate of price inflation, realistic depreciation rates, average

service lives of physical capital assets, and so on


Capital formation - Example of capital estimates

1 In the 2005 Analytical Perspectives document, an annex to the US

Budget (Table 12-4: National Wealth, p.201), an annual estimate is provided for the value of total

tangible capital assets of the USA, which doubled since 1980 (stated in 1000000000000 (number)|trillions of

dollars, at September 30, 2003):


Duchy of Cornwall - Property

1 The duchy was created with the express purpose of providing income to the heir apparent to the throne;

thus, it traditionally goes to the eldest son of the reigning monarch. Although the duke owns the income from the estate, he does not own the

estate outright and does not have the right to sell capital assets for his

own benefit.Id.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-capital-assets-toolkit.html

Reproduction (economics) - Economic reproduction in capitalism

1 Capital accumulation (the amassing of wealth in the form of capital

assets) can occur either by producing a net addition to the stock of capital assets or by transferring wealth from

one owner to another


Reproduction (economics) - Nine factors not theorized by Marx

1 In fact, in developed capitalist countries, the capital directly tied up in private-sector means of production (i.e., the productive investment

capital of private enterprises) is nowadays only the minor part of the total physical capital assets of society (i.e., a quarter or one-fifth); if financial assets are included, the proportion of

this part shrinks even more (to one-sixth to one-eighth of the total capital).As shown by capital asset data, national wealth data, and

household wealth data.


Reproduction (economics) - Economic reproduction, economic equilibrium, and economic crises

1 If vastly more capital assets are created than are invested in

production, one cannot explain economic crises simply in terms of disproportionalities in the sphere of production; one has to look at the

process of capital accumulation as a whole, which includes the financial system, non-productive assets, and

real estatehttps://store.theartofservice.com/the-capital-assets-toolkit.html

Reproduction (economics) - Economic reproduction, economic equilibrium, and economic crises

1 And the majority of capital assets in developed capitalist countries are, even though they attract profit, not physical means of production, but financial assets or non-productive

physical assets such as real estate or durables


Value network analysis

1 Financial statements are limited to current and past financial indicators

and valuations of capital assets


Eni - 1990s

1 From 1995 to 1998 Eni put four share offers fully successfully, as 70% of its capital assets were sold

to private shareholders.[http://www.eni.com/en_IT/company/hi

story/the-steps/privatization-history.shtml The History of

Privatization][http://www.ogj.com/articles/print/volume-91/issue-1/in-this-issue/general-interest/italy39s-state-owned-eni-struggles-toward-privatization.html

ITALY'S STATE OWNED ENI STRUGGLES TOWARD PRIVATIZATION][http://aebrus.ru/en/about-the-aeb/our-members.php?ELEMENT_ID=7084 Association of

European Businesses- Eni SpA]


Free enterprise system - Economic elements

1 In a capitalist economic system capital assets can be owned and

controlled by private persons, labor is purchased for money wages, capital gains accrue to private

owners, and the price mechanism is utilized to allocate capital goods

between competing uses


Estate tax in the United States - Arguments against

1 Another argument is that the estate tax burdens farmers because

agriculture involves the use of many capital assets, such as land and

equipment, to generate the same amount of income that other types of

businesses generate with fewer assets


Opes Prime - Committal proceedings

1 * Leveraged Capital assets were used to provide collateral to the Riqueza

account. (The specific assets mentioned in evidence were the

Coeur d'Alene Mines shares which Norm Seckold had lodged with

Leveraged Capital as security for his borrowings from Leveraged Capital.)

The first time this occurred was in June 2006.


2008 Russian financial crisis - Tax and state budget policy

1 Profit tax base will decrease for companies investing in capital assets

as the immediately recoverable depreciation allowance is raised from

10% to 30% of the asset cost


Korean reunification - Economy

1 This, along with a combined mass movement of North Vietnamese to the wealthier south and mass exodus of capital assets to the United States, saw the South Vietnamese

economy collapse, creating a period of economic decline for the entire country until

the unified government began Market socialism|market socialist reforms in the late 1980s.[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?

frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+vn0064) Vietnam economy: 1980s]


Gross income - What is income

1 However, a very early Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court case stated, Income may be defined

as the gain derived from capital, from labor, or from both combined, provided it is understood to include

profit gained through a sale or conversion of capital assets.Eisner v


Islamic tax - Amount

1 But the customary practice is that the amount of zakat paid on Financial

capital|capital assets (e.g


Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 - South Kensington

1 The Commission currently has capital assets of over £76 million, with an annual charitable disbursement of

over £2 million.


Toll bridge - History

1 The original London Bridge across the river Thames opened as a toll

bridge, but an accumulation of funds by the charitable trust that operated

the bridge (Bridge House Estates) saw that the charges were dropped. Using interest on its capital assets,

the trust now owns and runs all seven central London bridges at no

cost to taxpayers or users.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-capital-assets-toolkit.html

Anna Bligh - Privatisation

1 The sale of these assets aimed at removing significant overheads from the Queensland Government's debt portfolio, allowing further growth of the Governments capital assets, as well as aiding the government to

return to its AAA credit rating. Bligh has faced resistance from both within

her party and the trade union movement, but has defended her

privatisation plan as 'not negotiable'. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-capital-assets-toolkit.html

Capital gains tax in the United States - History of capital gains tax in the U.S.

1 According to USA Today,New rule puts a wrinkle in figuring taxes on

stock sales by Mark Krantz, published in USA Today on February 13, 2012, page 6B the Emergency Economic

Stabilization Act of 2008 caused the Internal Revenue Service|IRS to introduce form 8949 – Sales and

Other Dispositions of Capital Assets and introduced radical changes to

form 1099-B.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-capital-assets-toolkit.html

Two Trains Running - African-American migration

1 While racism in the North was arguably less violent and overt than

in the South, it was nonetheless present. Though lynching was rarer

and de jure segregation did not exist in the North, negative attitudes towards blacks prevailed among

many white citizens. As industrial, inner city neighborhoods became

increasingly black, many whites left for the suburbs, taking their capital

assets with them.


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