cannon trail map - glenelg.vic.gov.au

Guns & Cannon along Victoria’s South West Coastline

Evolution of smooth bore gun technology

A guide to the coastal fortifications in Warrnambool, Port Fairy and Portland

32 pdr SBML Gun.

68pdr SBML Gun.

80 pdr RML Gun.

Images of cannon courtesy of Bob Nicholls, Colonial Guns, Australian Military History Publications Loftus NSW, 1998,.

The Batteries

Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries the threat of invasion posed by wars waging in Europe, Canada and the United States led to an integrated system of defence along Victoria’s coastline. Between 1866 and 1887 the colonial government developed a network of permanent fortifications at strategic positions to defend Victoria’s principal ports. This network consisted of small coastal settlements that were already established hubs of trade and industry, the forts at Queenscliff, South Channel Fort and Point Nepean, and Melbourne. Due to the importance of these ports as gateways to the interior, it was feared they were vulnerable to attack from the sea.

A report prepared in 1877 by two of Britain’s military advisors, General Jervois and Captain Scratchley, identified sites suitable to facilitate defence operations in Australia. The report stated that ‘the local defences of British ports need not provide … complete protection against prolonged operations, but they should be sufficiently formidable to act as a powerful deterrent to attack by hostile warships’. Following this report, fortifications were constructed by the colonial government in prominent locations at Warrnambool, Port Fairy and Portland during the 1880s.

The fortifications were designed to house artillery pieces that were imported to the colony from Britain as early as the 1850s. Some of the pieces dated from the Napoleonic Wars. The fortifications included: concrete gun emplacements, armouries, powder magazines, officers’ huts and earth ramparts. Associated drill halls and orderly rooms were located off-site within the towns. Accompanying artillery pieces were grouped together in a battery. The operation and maintenance of each battery was undertaken by a garrison of local voluntary militia who trained at the battery and the drill hall. In 1884, at the height of the Russian ‘scare’ at least seventy-five men were assigned to each battery. The fortifications were established on elevated positions commanding views over the Southern Ocean.

By 1909, the threat of attack had declined so the emphasis on defending regional outposts receded and the fortifications were downgraded and soon became redundant. The sites again became strategic briefly during World War Two. World War One trophy guns and World War Two disposal guns located on Cannon Hill at Warrnambool complement the south-west collection. The Guns

Naval artillery was designed first and foremost to destroy ships at sea and was therefore favoured over lighter land-based counterparts. The south-west Victorian defences used naval artillery either taken from ships or supplied directly to the batteries. Despite variations in size, naval artillery of the 1800s was similar the world over. Initially the barrels of naval guns and cannon were simply bored out of solid pieces of cast iron forming a smooth interior. Later, advantages were achieved by rifling, that is, boring spiral groves inside the barrel which made a cannon ball spin making firing more accurate. Breach loading, that is, slotting shells through a gap in the side of the barrel rather than dropping shells into the front, increased the rate of fire from each gun.

By 1805 during the Napoleonic Wars naval artillery standardised on the 32 and 36 ‘pounder’ smooth-bore, muzzle-loaded guns capable of firing a cannon ball weighing 32 or 36 pounds (14.5 or 16.3 kg). The 32 pdr fired a cannon ball a distance of 2.5 kms. Smaller 24 pdr guns were sometimes re-bored to enable them to fire a 32 pound cannon ball. As the nineteenth century progressed warships were fitted with iron sheathing as armour requiring larger artillery to pierce them. The 68 pdr small bore, muzzle-loaded gun enabled firing a cannon ball 2.9 km. By the late 19th century further advances were achieved including a rifled, muzzle-loaded 80 pdr gun which could fire a 32.3 kg armour piercing shell a distance of 3.7 km which then exploded on contact.

Unlike land combat artillery, coastal artillery did not have to be moved about but still required manoeuvring to select distance and direction.

This was achieved by mounting the guns initially on simple wooden-wheeled trolleys. As naval artillery became heavier, basic wooden carriages became insufficient and were superseded by carriages and slides which could be swivelled on iron rails to change direction and which enabled the gun to recoil and return to its original position for refiring.

At the end of their useful lives in Europe, one of three fates awaited these naval artillery pieces. Most gun barrels were melted down in Britain, the metal reused and the carriages and slides destroyed. Some pieces were handed down replacing older artillery or relegated to lesser defensive sites like those set up along the south-west coast of Victoria. Others were removed from their defensive sites and re-erected as monuments. Surviving guns from the 1800s are now rare internationally and their timber carriages and slides are extremely rare.

Glossary

•Cannon(includingguns,howitzersandmortars)-largemounted artillery that fire heavy projectiles (shot or shell)•SmoothBoreArtillery–smoothbarrelinterior•RifledArtillery–spiralgrooveswithinagunbarrel•MuzzleLoaded–cannonballsfrontloadedintothebarrel•BreechLoaded–cannonballsloadedintothesideofthebarrel•GunCarriage–wheeledtrolleyonwhichbarrelismounted•GunSlide–slopingsupportforbarrelandcarriagewhichabsorbs recoil•TrophyGun–aguncapturedfromanenemyanddisplayed publicly by a victor•DisposalGun–agunreturnedtoadomesticlocation•Mortar–shellgunsusedforhigh-anglefiring•Howitzer–shellgunsusedforhorizontalfiring•Battery–agroupingofartillerypiecesinonedefensivelocation•Redoubt–smalldefensiveareawithinafortification•Garrison–agroupofsoldierswhomakeupadefenceforce

HiSToriCal oVErViEW of GunS & Cannon alonG ViCToria’S SouTH WEST CoaSTlinE

Battery Hill Portlandphoto courtesy of Portland Historical Society

Battery Hill Port Fairy photo courtesy of Port Fairy Historical Society

Gun Carriage outside Drill Hall and Orderly Room, Warrnambool photo courtesy of Warrnambool & District Historical Society

introductionThe City of Warrnambool and the Shires of Moyne and Glenelg are proud custodians of a collection of artillery pieces of heritage significance at a state, national and international level. These pieces are directly related to the defence of south-west Victoria in the 19th century or are 20th century trophy and disposal guns.

This guide provides an historical background to the fortifications of south-western Victoria. Maps locating the fortifications are included. With the exception of the guns displayed in the Flagstaff Hill Maritime Village Museum, all fortifications and their guns are accessible free of charge. All fortifications are in outstanding elevated locations and provide excellent views of the coastline.

Play SafeWalking around the battery structures can be dangerous. Climbing or playing on the guns is also dangerous. Children should be supervised at all times.

respect our HeritageThe items listed in this brochure are of heritage significance and must not be tampered with, removed or damaged in any way. Penalties under the Heritage Act 1995 apply. Please respect the value of these guns and treat them with care.

additional reading Bennett, Gwen, Portland’s Historic Battery, Portland, 1994.Billet, Bill, Victoria’s Guns, a Field Guide, Scienceworks, Spotswood, 1994.Jean, Amanda and others, ‘Battery Hill Reserve, Port Fairy’, a report to Moyne Shire, 2007, re-edited by Heritage Matters Pty Ltd.Penzig, Edgar, Colonial guns: a pictorial record of the firearms used in Australia 1850-1900, Katoomba, Tranter Enterprises, 1992.

further information Warrnambool & District Historical Society, [email protected], (03) 5562 6940Port Fairy Historical Society, [email protected], (03) 5568 2263Portland Historical Society, [email protected],

acknowledgementsThis brochure has been prepared by Heritage Matters Pty Ltd for the City of Warrnambool and the Moyne and Glenelg Shires.

The text has been taken from ‘Conservation Management Plan of Victorian Guns and Cannon, South Western Victoria’ 2007, a report by ARCHAEO Cultural Heritage Services prepared for the City of Warrnambool and the Moyne and Glenelg Shires. Download from http://www.flagstaffhill.com/.

Historic photographs are provided by local historical societies. Modern photographs are provided by Heritage Matters Pty Ltd. The maps are provided by the GIS officers of the municipalities.

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Portland artillery

The Portland Battery was constructed in 1889. The site had been gazetted for defence purposes in the 1840s and initially comprised the Portland Lighthouse which was built in 1859. However the lighthouse and the lighthouse keepers’ cottages were relocated to Whalers Bluff to make way for the Battery. The Battery comprised a magazine, an upper chamber, a parapet wall and three gun emplacements. During World War 2 the Battery was used by Volunteer Air Observer Corps for aircraft movement observations.

Battery Hill, Victoria Parade

In 1984 the Battery underwent a major restoration and the site now contains three pieces of artillery:

• 32pdrsmoothboregunonawoodencarriage,notoriginalto the Battery• 68pdrsmoothboregunonawoodencarriageandwooden slide, not original to the Battery• 80pdrrifledmuzzle-loadinggunoriginaltotheBattery

There is also a 68 pdr smooth bore cannon located outside Glenelg Shire Council Offices, Cliff Street, Portland.

Port fairy artillery

The site of the Port Fairy Battery has been used for defence purposes since 1867 when a 32 pdr smooth-bore muzzle-loaded artillery piece was installed. Another was installed in 1872. One was sold to the Borough Council and moved to the Botanic Gardens for use as a monument around 1887. In 1874 further defences were added including a redoubt. Then, following the Jervois and Scratchley reports of 1877, more permanent fortifications were constructed. Just two years later, two 80 pdr rifled muzzle-loaded Armstrong artillery pieces with iron traversing carriages were installed in concrete emplacements.

Battery Hill, Griffiths Street

The site now contains six pieces of artillery:

• Two80pdrrifledmuzzle-loadinggunsmountedoniron carriages and slides

Battery Hill reserve, Griffiths Street

• Two32pdrsmoothboregunsmountedonwoodencarriages• One68pdrsmoothboregunmountedonawoodencarriage• One68pdrsmoothboregunmountedonawoodencarriage and slide

Sadly another cannon was stolen in 1999.

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Hamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy Rd

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Artillery pieces

Warrnambool artillery

The artillery pieces at Warrnambool are located at Flagstaff Hill, Cannon Hill and the Botanic Gardens. In the nineteenth century Cannon Hill was a defensive site and now comprises several WW1 trophy and WW2 disposal guns. Flagstaff Hill Battery was established in the late 1880s. It is believed that the artillery pieces at Flagstaff Hill and Warrnambool Botanic Gardens were originally sited at Cannon Hill and moved in 1910. There are other small guns in Flagstaff Hill Maritime Village Museum retrieved from local shipwrecks.

flagstaff Hill Maritime Village forecourt, Merri Street

•One68pdrsmoothborecannononawoodencarriageandslide

flagstaff Hill Maritime Village Museum, Merri Street

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Cannon Hill, Merri Street

•OneWorldWar1105mmGermanhowitzertrophygun•OneWorldWar1150mmGermanhowitzertrophygun•OneWorldWar240mmBoforsanti-aircraftdisposalgun•OneWorldWar23inchdisposalmortar

Warrnambool Botanic Gardens, Botanic road

•One28pdrconvertedto32pdrsmoothboregunonawooden carriage and slide

Battery Hill Portland, relocated 68 pdr in reconstructed emplacement. Battery Hill Reserve Port Fairy, two relocated 32 pdr and one 68 pdr guns. Flagstaff Hill Warrnambool, 1880s original 80 pdr guns and battery.



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Botanic RdBotanic RdBotanic RdBotanic RdBotanic RdBotanic RdBotanic RdBotanic RdBotanic RdBotanic RdBotanic RdBotanic RdBotanic RdBotanic RdBotanic RdBotanic RdBotanic RdBotanic RdBotanic RdBotanic RdBotanic RdBotanic RdBotanic RdBotanic RdBotanic RdBotanic RdBotanic RdBotanic RdBotanic RdBotanic RdBotanic RdBotanic RdBotanic RdBotanic RdBotanic RdBotanic RdBotanic RdBotanic RdBotanic RdBotanic RdBotanic RdBotanic RdBotanic RdBotanic RdBotanic RdBotanic RdBotanic RdBotanic RdBotanic Rd

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Artillery pieces

These maps contain Vicmap information © The State of Victoria, Department of Sustainability and Environment, 2008. This material may be of assistance to you but the State of Victoria and its employees, along with Warrnambool City, Moyne and Glenelg Shires and their employees, do not guarantee that the publication is without flaw of any kind or is wholly appropriate for your particular purposes and therefore disclaims all liability for any error, loss or consequences which may arise from your relying on any information contained in this material.

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THE ninETEEnTH CEnTury nETWork of dEfEnCE STrETCHES alonG ViCToria'S SouTH WEST CoaSTlinE

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Tower HillTower HillTower HillTower HillTower HillTower HillTower HillTower HillTower HillTower HillTower HillTower HillTower HillTower HillTower HillTower HillTower HillTower HillTower HillTower HillTower HillTower HillTower HillTower HillTower HillTower HillTower HillTower HillTower HillTower HillTower HillTower HillTower HillTower HillTower HillTower HillTower HillTower HillTower HillTower HillTower HillTower HillTower HillTower HillTower HillTower HillTower HillTower HillTower HillReserveReserveReserveReserveReserveReserveReserveReserveReserveReserveReserveReserveReserveReserveReserveReserveReserveReserveReserveReserveReserveReserveReserveReserveReserveReserveReserveReserveReserveReserveReserveReserveReserveReserveReserveReserveReserveReserveReserveReserveReserveReserveReserveReserveReserveReserveReserveReserveReserve

KillarneyKillarneyKillarneyKillarneyKillarneyKillarneyKillarneyKillarneyKillarneyKillarneyKillarneyKillarneyKillarneyKillarneyKillarneyKillarneyKillarneyKillarneyKillarneyKillarneyKillarneyKillarneyKillarneyKillarneyKillarneyKillarneyKillarneyKillarneyKillarneyKillarneyKillarneyKillarneyKillarneyKillarneyKillarneyKillarneyKillarneyKillarneyKillarneyKillarneyKillarneyKillarneyKillarneyKillarneyKillarneyKillarneyKillarneyKillarneyKillarney

KirkstallKirkstallKirkstallKirkstallKirkstallKirkstallKirkstallKirkstallKirkstallKirkstallKirkstallKirkstallKirkstallKirkstallKirkstallKirkstallKirkstallKirkstallKirkstallKirkstallKirkstallKirkstallKirkstallKirkstallKirkstallKirkstallKirkstallKirkstallKirkstallKirkstallKirkstallKirkstallKirkstallKirkstallKirkstallKirkstallKirkstallKirkstallKirkstallKirkstallKirkstallKirkstallKirkstallKirkstallKirkstallKirkstallKirkstallKirkstallKirkstall

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PORT FAIRYPORT FAIRYPORT FAIRYPORT FAIRYPORT FAIRYPORT FAIRYPORT FAIRYPORT FAIRYPORT FAIRYPORT FAIRYPORT FAIRYPORT FAIRYPORT FAIRYPORT FAIRYPORT FAIRYPORT FAIRYPORT FAIRYPORT FAIRYPORT FAIRYPORT FAIRYPORT FAIRYPORT FAIRYPORT FAIRYPORT FAIRYPORT FAIRYPORT FAIRYPORT FAIRYPORT FAIRYPORT FAIRYPORT FAIRYPORT FAIRYPORT FAIRYPORT FAIRYPORT FAIRYPORT FAIRYPORT FAIRYPORT FAIRYPORT FAIRYPORT FAIRYPORT FAIRYPORT FAIRYPORT FAIRYPORT FAIRYPORT FAIRYPORT FAIRYPORT FAIRYPORT FAIRYPORT FAIRYPORT FAIRY

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YambukYambukYambukYambukYambukYambukYambukYambukYambukYambukYambukYambukYambukYambukYambukYambukYambukYambukYambukYambukYambukYambukYambukYambukYambukYambukYambukYambukYambukYambukYambukYambukYambukYambukYambukYambukYambukYambukYambukYambukYambukYambukYambukYambukYambukYambukYambukYambukYambuk

CodringtonCodringtonCodringtonCodringtonCodringtonCodringtonCodringtonCodringtonCodringtonCodringtonCodringtonCodringtonCodringtonCodringtonCodringtonCodringtonCodringtonCodringtonCodringtonCodringtonCodringtonCodringtonCodringtonCodringtonCodringtonCodringtonCodringtonCodringtonCodringtonCodringtonCodringtonCodringtonCodringtonCodringtonCodringtonCodringtonCodringtonCodringtonCodringtonCodringtonCodringtonCodringtonCodringtonCodringtonCodringtonCodringtonCodringtonCodringtonCodrington

Lake YambukLake YambukLake YambukLake YambukLake YambukLake YambukLake YambukLake YambukLake YambukLake YambukLake YambukLake YambukLake YambukLake YambukLake YambukLake YambukLake YambukLake YambukLake YambukLake YambukLake YambukLake YambukLake YambukLake YambukLake YambukLake YambukLake YambukLake YambukLake YambukLake YambukLake YambukLake YambukLake YambukLake YambukLake YambukLake YambukLake YambukLake YambukLake YambukLake YambukLake YambukLake YambukLake YambukLake YambukLake YambukLake YambukLake YambukLake YambukLake Yambuk

Portland BayPortland BayPortland BayPortland BayPortland BayPortland BayPortland BayPortland BayPortland BayPortland BayPortland BayPortland BayPortland BayPortland BayPortland BayPortland BayPortland BayPortland BayPortland BayPortland BayPortland BayPortland BayPortland BayPortland BayPortland BayPortland BayPortland BayPortland BayPortland BayPortland BayPortland BayPortland BayPortland BayPortland BayPortland BayPortland BayPortland BayPortland BayPortland BayPortland BayPortland BayPortland BayPortland BayPortland BayPortland BayPortland BayPortland BayPortland BayPortland Bay

NarrawongNarrawongNarrawongNarrawongNarrawongNarrawongNarrawongNarrawongNarrawongNarrawongNarrawongNarrawongNarrawongNarrawongNarrawongNarrawongNarrawongNarrawongNarrawongNarrawongNarrawongNarrawongNarrawongNarrawongNarrawongNarrawongNarrawongNarrawongNarrawongNarrawongNarrawongNarrawongNarrawongNarrawongNarrawongNarrawongNarrawongNarrawongNarrawongNarrawongNarrawongNarrawongNarrawongNarrawongNarrawongNarrawongNarrawongNarrawongNarrawong

TyrendarraTyrendarraTyrendarraTyrendarraTyrendarraTyrendarraTyrendarraTyrendarraTyrendarraTyrendarraTyrendarraTyrendarraTyrendarraTyrendarraTyrendarraTyrendarraTyrendarraTyrendarraTyrendarraTyrendarraTyrendarraTyrendarraTyrendarraTyrendarraTyrendarraTyrendarraTyrendarraTyrendarraTyrendarraTyrendarraTyrendarraTyrendarraTyrendarraTyrendarraTyrendarraTyrendarraTyrendarraTyrendarraTyrendarraTyrendarraTyrendarraTyrendarraTyrendarraTyrendarraTyrendarraTyrendarraTyrendarraTyrendarraTyrendarra

HeathmereHeathmereHeathmereHeathmereHeathmereHeathmereHeathmereHeathmereHeathmereHeathmereHeathmereHeathmereHeathmereHeathmereHeathmereHeathmereHeathmereHeathmereHeathmereHeathmereHeathmereHeathmereHeathmereHeathmereHeathmereHeathmereHeathmereHeathmereHeathmereHeathmereHeathmereHeathmereHeathmereHeathmereHeathmereHeathmereHeathmereHeathmereHeathmereHeathmereHeathmereHeathmereHeathmereHeathmereHeathmereHeathmereHeathmereHeathmereHeathmere

AllestreeAllestreeAllestreeAllestreeAllestreeAllestreeAllestreeAllestreeAllestreeAllestreeAllestreeAllestreeAllestreeAllestreeAllestreeAllestreeAllestreeAllestreeAllestreeAllestreeAllestreeAllestreeAllestreeAllestreeAllestreeAllestreeAllestreeAllestreeAllestreeAllestreeAllestreeAllestreeAllestreeAllestreeAllestreeAllestreeAllestreeAllestreeAllestreeAllestreeAllestreeAllestreeAllestreeAllestreeAllestreeAllestreeAllestreeAllestreeAllestree

PORTLANDPORTLANDPORTLANDPORTLANDPORTLANDPORTLANDPORTLANDPORTLANDPORTLANDPORTLANDPORTLANDPORTLANDPORTLANDPORTLANDPORTLANDPORTLANDPORTLANDPORTLANDPORTLANDPORTLANDPORTLANDPORTLANDPORTLANDPORTLANDPORTLANDPORTLANDPORTLANDPORTLANDPORTLANDPORTLANDPORTLANDPORTLANDPORTLANDPORTLANDPORTLANDPORTLANDPORTLANDPORTLANDPORTLANDPORTLANDPORTLANDPORTLANDPORTLANDPORTLANDPORTLANDPORTLANDPORTLANDPORTLANDPORTLAND

Cape NelsonCape NelsonCape NelsonCape NelsonCape NelsonCape NelsonCape NelsonCape NelsonCape NelsonCape NelsonCape NelsonCape NelsonCape NelsonCape NelsonCape NelsonCape NelsonCape NelsonCape NelsonCape NelsonCape NelsonCape NelsonCape NelsonCape NelsonCape NelsonCape NelsonCape NelsonCape NelsonCape NelsonCape NelsonCape NelsonCape NelsonCape NelsonCape NelsonCape NelsonCape NelsonCape NelsonCape NelsonCape NelsonCape NelsonCape NelsonCape NelsonCape NelsonCape NelsonCape NelsonCape NelsonCape NelsonCape NelsonCape NelsonCape Nelson

Portland artillery

The Portland Battery was constructed in 1889. The site had been gazetted for defence purposes in the 1840s and initially comprised the Portland Lighthouse which was built in 1859. However the lighthouse and the lighthouse keepers’ cottages were relocated to Whalers Bluff to make way for the Battery. The Battery comprised a magazine, an upper chamber, a parapet wall and three gun emplacements. During World War 2 the Battery was used by Volunteer Air Observer Corps for aircraft movement observations.

Battery Hill, Victoria Parade

In 1984 the Battery underwent a major restoration and the site now contains three pieces of artillery:

• 32pdrsmoothboregunonawoodencarriage,notoriginalto the Battery• 68pdrsmoothboregunonawoodencarriageandwooden slide, not original to the Battery• 80pdrrifledmuzzle-loadinggunoriginaltotheBattery

There is also a 68 pdr smooth bore cannon located outside Glenelg Shire Council Offices, Cliff Street, Portland.

Port fairy artillery

The site of the Port Fairy Battery has been used for defence purposes since 1867 when a 32 pdr smooth-bore muzzle-loaded artillery piece was installed. Another was installed in 1872. One was sold to the Borough Council and moved to the Botanic Gardens for use as a monument around 1887. In 1874 further defences were added including a redoubt. Then, following the Jervois and Scratchley reports of 1877, more permanent fortifications were constructed. Just two years later, two 80 pdr rifled muzzle-loaded Armstrong artillery pieces with iron traversing carriages were installed in concrete emplacements.

Battery Hill, Griffiths Street

The site now contains six pieces of artillery:

• Two80pdrrifledmuzzle-loadinggunsmountedoniron carriages and slides

Battery Hill reserve, Griffiths Street

• Two32pdrsmoothboregunsmountedonwoodencarriages• One68pdrsmoothboregunmountedonawoodencarriage• One68pdrsmoothboregunmountedonawoodencarriage and slide

Sadly another cannon was stolen in 1999.

East BeachEast BeachEast BeachEast BeachEast BeachEast BeachEast BeachEast BeachEast BeachEast BeachEast BeachEast BeachEast BeachEast BeachEast BeachEast BeachEast BeachEast BeachEast BeachEast BeachEast BeachEast BeachEast BeachEast BeachEast BeachEast BeachEast BeachEast BeachEast BeachEast BeachEast BeachEast BeachEast BeachEast BeachEast BeachEast BeachEast BeachEast BeachEast BeachEast BeachEast BeachEast BeachEast BeachEast BeachEast BeachEast BeachEast BeachEast BeachEast Beach

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BatteryBatteryBatteryBatteryBatteryBatteryBatteryBatteryBatteryBatteryBatteryBatteryBatteryBatteryBatteryBatteryBatteryBatteryBatteryBatteryBatteryBatteryBatteryBatteryBatteryBatteryBatteryBatteryBatteryBatteryBatteryBatteryBatteryBatteryBatteryBatteryBatteryBatteryBatteryBatteryBatteryBatteryBatteryBatteryBatteryBatteryBatteryBatteryBattery


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Hamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy RdHamilton - Port Fairy Rd

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Mt GambierMt GambierMt GambierMt GambierMt GambierMt GambierMt GambierMt GambierMt GambierMt GambierMt GambierMt GambierMt GambierMt GambierMt GambierMt GambierMt GambierMt GambierMt GambierMt GambierMt GambierMt GambierMt GambierMt GambierMt GambierMt GambierMt GambierMt GambierMt GambierMt GambierMt GambierMt GambierMt GambierMt GambierMt GambierMt GambierMt GambierMt GambierMt GambierMt GambierMt GambierMt GambierMt GambierMt GambierMt GambierMt GambierMt GambierMt GambierMt Gambier

Artillery pieces

Warrnambool artillery

The artillery pieces at Warrnambool are located at Flagstaff Hill, Cannon Hill and the Botanic Gardens. In the nineteenth century Cannon Hill was a defensive site and now comprises several WW1 trophy and WW2 disposal guns. Flagstaff Hill Battery was established in the late 1880s. It is believed that the artillery pieces at Flagstaff Hill and Warrnambool Botanic Gardens were originally sited at Cannon Hill and moved in 1910. There are other small guns in Flagstaff Hill Maritime Village Museum retrieved from local shipwrecks.

flagstaff Hill Maritime Village forecourt, Merri Street

•One68pdrsmoothborecannononawoodencarriageandslide

flagstaff Hill Maritime Village Museum, Merri Street

•Two80pdrrifledmuzzle-loadinggunsonironcarriagesandslides•Onepossibly6pdrsmoothborecannononwoodencarriage•One1pdrcastironsmoothboregrapeshotgun,disassembled•Two9pdrcastironguns,possiblyreproductions•Fourconcretegunemplacements,armouryandofficers’hut

Cannon Hill, Merri Street

•OneWorldWar1105mmGermanhowitzertrophygun•OneWorldWar1150mmGermanhowitzertrophygun•OneWorldWar240mmBoforsanti-aircraftdisposalgun•OneWorldWar23inchdisposalmortar

Warrnambool Botanic Gardens, Botanic road

•One28pdrconvertedto32pdrsmoothboregunonawooden carriage and slide

Battery Hill Portland, relocated 68 pdr in reconstructed emplacement. Battery Hill Reserve Port Fairy, two relocated 32 pdr and one 68 pdr guns. Flagstaff Hill Warrnambool, 1880s original 80 pdr guns and battery.








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These maps contain Vicmap information © The State of Victoria, Department of Sustainability and Environment, 2008. This material may be of assistance to you but the State of Victoria and its employees, along with Warrnambool City, Moyne and Glenelg Shires and their employees, do not guarantee that the publication is without flaw of any kind or is wholly appropriate for your particular purposes and therefore disclaims all liability for any error, loss or consequences which may arise from your relying on any information contained in this material.

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Guns & Cannon along Victoria’s South West Coastline

Evolution of smooth bore gun technology

A guide to the coastal fortifications in Warrnambool, Port Fairy and Portland

32 pdr SBML Gun.

68pdr SBML Gun.

80 pdr RML Gun.

Images of cannon courtesy of Bob Nicholls, Colonial Guns, Australian Military History Publications Loftus NSW, 1998,.

The Batteries

Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries the threat of invasion posed by wars waging in Europe, Canada and the United States led to an integrated system of defence along Victoria’s coastline. Between 1866 and 1887 the colonial government developed a network of permanent fortifications at strategic positions to defend Victoria’s principal ports. This network consisted of small coastal settlements that were already established hubs of trade and industry, the forts at Queenscliff, South Channel Fort and Point Nepean, and Melbourne. Due to the importance of these ports as gateways to the interior, it was feared they were vulnerable to attack from the sea.

A report prepared in 1877 by two of Britain’s military advisors, General Jervois and Captain Scratchley, identified sites suitable to facilitate defence operations in Australia. The report stated that ‘the local defences of British ports need not provide … complete protection against prolonged operations, but they should be sufficiently formidable to act as a powerful deterrent to attack by hostile warships’. Following this report, fortifications were constructed by the colonial government in prominent locations at Warrnambool, Port Fairy and Portland during the 1880s.

The fortifications were designed to house artillery pieces that were imported to the colony from Britain as early as the 1850s. Some of the pieces dated from the Napoleonic Wars. The fortifications included: concrete gun emplacements, armouries, powder magazines, officers’ huts and earth ramparts. Associated drill halls and orderly rooms were located off-site within the towns. Accompanying artillery pieces were grouped together in a battery. The operation and maintenance of each battery was undertaken by a garrison of local voluntary militia who trained at the battery and the drill hall. In 1884, at the height of the Russian ‘scare’ at least seventy-five men were assigned to each battery. The fortifications were established on elevated positions commanding views over the Southern Ocean.

By 1909, the threat of attack had declined so the emphasis on defending regional outposts receded and the fortifications were downgraded and soon became redundant. The sites again became strategic briefly during World War Two. World War One trophy guns and World War Two disposal guns located on Cannon Hill at Warrnambool complement the south-west collection. The Guns

Naval artillery was designed first and foremost to destroy ships at sea and was therefore favoured over lighter land-based counterparts. The south-west Victorian defences used naval artillery either taken from ships or supplied directly to the batteries. Despite variations in size, naval artillery of the 1800s was similar the world over. Initially the barrels of naval guns and cannon were simply bored out of solid pieces of cast iron forming a smooth interior. Later, advantages were achieved by rifling, that is, boring spiral groves inside the barrel which made a cannon ball spin making firing more accurate. Breach loading, that is, slotting shells through a gap in the side of the barrel rather than dropping shells into the front, increased the rate of fire from each gun.

By 1805 during the Napoleonic Wars naval artillery standardised on the 32 and 36 ‘pounder’ smooth-bore, muzzle-loaded guns capable of firing a cannon ball weighing 32 or 36 pounds (14.5 or 16.3 kg). The 32 pdr fired a cannon ball a distance of 2.5 kms. Smaller 24 pdr guns were sometimes re-bored to enable them to fire a 32 pound cannon ball. As the nineteenth century progressed warships were fitted with iron sheathing as armour requiring larger artillery to pierce them. The 68 pdr small bore, muzzle-loaded gun enabled firing a cannon ball 2.9 km. By the late 19th century further advances were achieved including a rifled, muzzle-loaded 80 pdr gun which could fire a 32.3 kg armour piercing shell a distance of 3.7 km which then exploded on contact.

Unlike land combat artillery, coastal artillery did not have to be moved about but still required manoeuvring to select distance and direction.

This was achieved by mounting the guns initially on simple wooden-wheeled trolleys. As naval artillery became heavier, basic wooden carriages became insufficient and were superseded by carriages and slides which could be swivelled on iron rails to change direction and which enabled the gun to recoil and return to its original position for refiring.

At the end of their useful lives in Europe, one of three fates awaited these naval artillery pieces. Most gun barrels were melted down in Britain, the metal reused and the carriages and slides destroyed. Some pieces were handed down replacing older artillery or relegated to lesser defensive sites like those set up along the south-west coast of Victoria. Others were removed from their defensive sites and re-erected as monuments. Surviving guns from the 1800s are now rare internationally and their timber carriages and slides are extremely rare.

Glossary

• Cannon(includingguns,howitzersandmortars)-largemounted artillery that fire heavy projectiles (shot or shell)• SmoothBoreArtillery–smoothbarrelinterior• RifledArtillery–spiralgrooveswithinagunbarrel• MuzzleLoaded–cannonballsfrontloadedintothebarrel• BreechLoaded–cannonballsloadedintothesideofthebarrel• GunCarriage–wheeledtrolleyonwhichbarrelismounted• GunSlide–slopingsupportforbarrelandcarriagewhichabsorbs recoil• TrophyGun–aguncapturedfromanenemyanddisplayed publicly by a victor• DisposalGun–agunreturnedtoadomesticlocation• Mortar–shellgunsusedforhigh-anglefiring• Howitzer–shellgunsusedforhorizontalfiring• Battery–agroupingofartillerypiecesinonedefensivelocation• Redoubt–smalldefensiveareawithinafortification• Garrison–agroupofsoldierswhomakeupadefenceforce

HiSToriCal oVErViEW of GunS & Cannon alonG ViCToria’S SouTH WEST CoaSTlinE

Battery Hill Portlandphoto courtesy of Portland Historical Society

Battery Hill Port Fairy photo courtesy of Port Fairy Historical Society

Gun Carriage outside Drill Hall and Orderly Room, Warrnambool photo courtesy of Warrnambool & District Historical Society

introductionThe City of Warrnambool and the Shires of Moyne and Glenelg are proud custodians of a collection of artillery pieces of heritage significance at a state, national and international level. These pieces are directly related to the defence of south-west Victoria in the 19th century or are 20th century trophy and disposal guns.

This guide provides an historical background to the fortifications of south-western Victoria. Maps locating the fortifications are included. With the exception of the guns displayed in the Flagstaff Hill Maritime Village Museum, all fortifications and their guns are accessible free of charge. All fortifications are in outstanding elevated locations and provide excellent views of the coastline.

Play SafeWalking around the battery structures can be dangerous. Climbing or playing on the guns is also dangerous. Children should be supervised at all times.

respect our HeritageThe items listed in this brochure are of heritage significance and must not be tampered with, removed or damaged in any way. Penalties under the Heritage Act 1995 apply. Please respect the value of these guns and treat them with care.

additional reading Bennett, Gwen, Portland’s Historic Battery, Portland, 1994.Billet, Bill, Victoria’s Guns, a Field Guide, Scienceworks, Spotswood, 1994.Jean, Amanda and others, ‘Battery Hill Reserve, Port Fairy’, a report to Moyne Shire, 2007, re-edited by Heritage Matters Pty Ltd.Penzig, Edgar, Colonial guns: a pictorial record of the firearms used in Australia 1850-1900, Katoomba, Tranter Enterprises, 1992.

further information Warrnambool & District Historical Society, [email protected], (03) 5562 6940Port Fairy Historical Society, [email protected], (03) 5568 2263Portland Historical Society, [email protected],

acknowledgementsThis brochure has been prepared by Heritage Matters Pty Ltd for the City of Warrnambool and the Moyne and Glenelg Shires.

The text has been taken from ‘Conservation Management Plan of Victorian Guns and Cannon, South Western Victoria’ 2007, a report by ARCHAEO Cultural Heritage Services prepared for the City of Warrnambool and the Moyne and Glenelg Shires. Download from http://www.flagstaffhill.com/.

Historic photographs are provided by local historical societies. Modern photographs are provided by Heritage Matters Pty Ltd. The maps are provided by the GIS officers of the municipalities.

cannon trail map - glenelg.vic.gov.au

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