canh quan kien truc 6341

7/31/2019 Canh Quan Kien Truc 6341

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KIN TRUC CANH QUAN

BIN SOAN : TH.S KTS T VN HUNGGIANG VIN AI HOC BACH KHOA A NNG

Thi gian 30 tit


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- mn hc gii thiu 1 cch tng qut v thitk kin trc cnh quan. qua gip cho sinhvin nhn thc ra vai tr v nhim v ca ktscnh quan l khm ph v to hnh cho cnhquan. Sinh vin c trang b kin thc c bn

v l thuyt v thc hnh c th tham giavo vai tr qun l, quy hoch, xy dng vc bit thit k mt d n kin trc cnhquan

1. Mc ch ca mn hc1. Mc ch ca mn hc


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2. Ni dung mn hc2. Ni dung mn hc

- Phn l thuyt: 20 tit

- Phn thc hnh : 10 tit + Tho lun

+ chng 1. Mt s khi nim c bn

+ Chng 2. Vi nt v lch s kintrc cnh quan+ Chng 3. Mi trng thin nhinv nguyn tc xy dng cnh quantheo quan im pht trin bn vng

+ Chng 4. Quy hoch v thit k

cnh quan

+ Bi tp


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3. K hoch v nh gi3. K hoch v nh gi - K hoch

4. Ti liu tham kho4. Ti liu tham kho

- Nguyn Thanh Thy, 1992. Kin trc phong cnh, NXBkhoa hc k thut- Hn Tt Ngn, 1996, Kin trc cnh quan th, NXB xydng-m Thu Trang, 2003, Kin trc cnh quan trong cc

khu ca H ni nhm nng cao cht lng mi trngsng th, Lun n Tin s- M THU TRANG, 2006, THIT K KIN TRC CNH QUAN KHU, NXB XY DNG

- nh gi: Tiu lun v Bi tp


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Ni dung

1.1 Mt s khi nim chung1.1 Mt s khi nim chung

Chng 1. Khi nim chung

Loi hnh:

Cnh quan:

+ Khng gian cha ng cc yu t thin nhin, nhn to v

nhng hin tng xy ra trong qu trnh tc ng gia chngvi nhau v vi bn ngoi

+ Cnh quan lin quan n s dng t. Tp hp cc ng ntca mt phn b mt tri t v phn bit khu vc ny vi khu vckhc

+ Cnh quan t nhin+ Cnh quan nhn to

- c hnh thnh do h qu tc ng ca con ngi lm bindng cnh quan t nhin

- s hnh hnh v pht trin gn lin vi tin trnh pht trinca KHKT

- BAO GM CC THNH PHN CA CNH QUAN THIN NHIN V CC YUT MI DO CON NG to ra

- chia lm 3 loi: cnh quan vn ha, cnh quan vng trng

trt, cnh quan vng ph b.


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Mt s nh ngha khc:

- Kin trc cnh quan l ngh thut, lp k hoch pht trin, thitk, qun l,bo tn vphc ch li cnh quan ca khu vc v a

im xy dng ca con ngi. Phm vi hot ng ca kin trc cnhquan lin quan n thit k kin trc, thit k tng mt bng, phttrinbt ng sn,bo tn vphc ch mi trng, thit k th,quy hoch th, thit k cc cng vin v cc khu vc ngh ngigii tr vbo tn di sn. Ngi hot ng trong lnh vc kin trccnh quan c gi l kin trc scnh quan.

- Kin trc c

nh quan: Biu tng cng nng nhng thit k cnhquan bn ngoi ca cng trnh.


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1.3 Cc yu t ca KTCQ:1.3 Cc yu t ca KTCQ:

1.2 Phm vi, nhim v ca kin trc cnh quan1.2 Phm vi, nhim v ca kin trc cnh quan

+ Chc nng

+ Kinh t+ Mi trng+ Thm m

+ Cc thit b k thut+ Tranh tng

+ Kin trc+ Cy xanh+ Mt nc+ a hnh

Nhim v KTCQ p ng nhu cu :

Quy hoch vng, quy hoch th,quy hoch nng thn, thit k th, thit k kin trc

l t chc khng gian chc nng trn mt phm vi rng

m trong cha ng cc mi quan h t

ng h ca cc thnhphn chc nng, hnh khi ca thin nhin v nhn toThit k cnh quan:

l hot ng sng to mi trng vt cht khng gian baoquanh con ngi

(Dnh kt cc yu t ca mi trng vt cht)

quy hoch cnh quan:


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10Ct Oblisque ti trung tm qung trng Concorde


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Chng 2.

Vi nt v lch s kin trc cnh quan

-Kin trc cnh quan ai cp c i:tn ti trn 4000 nm. l cc QuN th kin trc lng m,cc bc iu khc honh trng.Ngh thut kin trc cnh quan trong cc cng trnh tngio thnh cng trong vic to hiu qu hng v v pch con ngi trn nn mi trng thin nhin c th ca

ai cp. ngi ai cp khng c xu hng ti to cnh quanthin nhin.

2.1 Kin trc cnh quan chu u2.1 Kin trc cnh quan chu u

2.1.1 Thi k c i2.1.1 Thi k c i


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-Kin trc cnh quan Hy lp:Hy lp c kh hu n ha, cnh tng thin p. Kin

trc cng trnh mang tnh honh trng, thanh t v kiudim. mi mt cng trnh khi thit k iu c cn nhc vt l, v tr, tm nhn trn a hnh khu t c th.

Qun th Acropol Athen, c xy dng trong thi ky hoang kim cua Aten (Athen)

(khoang th ky th nm trc cng nguyn)_


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-Kin trc cnh quan la m:

Kin trc cnh quan ni bt vi cc th lai: phorum la m,cu dn nc, city, vila


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cu dn nc


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Ch phong kin lm ny sinh mt kin trc cnh quan mi.Cnh quan kin trc cc lu i ca lnh cha phong kin vkin trc nh th romng, g tch

Kin trc cnh quan chu uKin trc cnh quan chu u

2.1.2 Thi k trung i2.1.2 Thi k trung i


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Cnh quan kin trc thi k ny c nhiu mi m, l cc th m, cc qung trng rng ln vi nhiu tng i hnc..s xut hin cc lai hnh cng vin, sn vn vi hthng cy xanh c ct ta theo hnh khi hnh hc lm tng

thm thm m cho cng trnh.

2.1.3 Thi k cn v hin i2.1.3 Thi k cn v hin i


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-ngi trung quc bin t nc thnh i cnh quanS kt hp 1 cch ti tnh gia cng trnh kin trc vicnh quan thin nhin to s hi ha, thng nht, tn tivnh cUcc yu t ca t nhin c khai thc mt cch trit (i ni, sng h, rng cy...). Thut phong thy l nhn t

c lc to ra s n nhp gia cng trnh kin trc v

khung cnh thin nhin.

2.2 Kin trc cnh quan mt s nc chu 2.2 Kin trc cnh quan mt s nc chu

Kin trc cnh quan trung qucKin trc cnh quan trung quc


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Kin trc cnh quan n v mt s nc khcKin trc cnh quan n v mt s nc khc

-Vn dng iu khc trong kin trc cnh quan l nt nibt ca n . ngai ra, mt nc, ng do, cy xanh lyu t lun c ch trng.-Kin trc cnh quan n nh hng rt ln n cc

nc ng nam


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-Kin trc cnh quan ch phc v cho nhng khch hngn l. Phm vi trong khun vin mt khu vn, mt dinhth. KTCQ ch n thun l hnh thc

2.3 Kt lun

-Kin trc cnh quan phc v chung cho tt c mi ngi.

KTCQ trn quan im l cch ng x ca con ng

i vi thinnhin v vi cng ng theo xu th pht trin bn vng.

Trc yTrc y

Hin nayHin nay


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Thin nhin v nguyn tc xy dng cnh

quan trn quan im pht trin bn vng

Chng 3

3.1. Kh hu3.1. Kh hu3.1.1. c im chung

Kh hu nhit i nng m ( tiu ch tng ng )

+ Nhit khng kh: 21-27 0c+ m trung bnh: 70-80%+ Lng ma trung bnh: 1000mm

+ S gi nng v lng mycao nht Sn la 1961hthp nht Yn bi l 1369h,

+ Gi:- pha bc c gi ma ng bc lnh

- cui ng c gi nm rt csc

V ma ng

V ma h - gi phn ty nam,- gi nam mang theo ma ln- gi bin Thi bnh dng mt v m-chintng bo


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3.1.2. Phn vng kh hu

Min kh hu

pha bc

Vng kh hu A1: Vng ni ng bc v Vit bc.yy l vng c ma ng lnh nht nc ta,Nhit thp nht di 0o. Ma h nhit thp hn vng ng bng

Vng kh hu A2: Vng ni Ty bc v bcTrng sn c ma ng lnh, nhng m hnvng A1, A3. Vng Ty bc c kh hu lc a,vng Ty bc Trng sn b nh hng kh hugi ty kh nng

Vng A3: vng ng bng Bc b v bc Trungb c ma ng lnh, pha nam chu gi tykh nng. Ma nhiu, cng ma ln

Min kh hupha nam

Vng B4. Ty nguyn. Ma ng lnh. Ma h

khu vc thung lng nng. Ma m

a v ma khtng phn r rt

Vng B5. ng bng Nam b v nam Trung b.Kh hu nhit i gi ma in hnh. Khng cma ng lnh. Hng nm c ma ma v ma

kh


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3.1.3 Vi kh hu Trong tng khu vc c th c kh hu ring bit

Do s tc ng ca con ngi vo thin nhin nhxy dng, thayi a hnh, thay i dng nc, lm thay i vi kh hu khu vc


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3.2. t ai3.2. t ai

di snHng nm t ai nng nghip v rng cy bph hy pht trin do dn s tng ln

t ai phi c gi gn v s dng c hiuqa tt nht

t cho nng nghip

t cho rng nhit i

t cho khng gian m

i ni hay dng bng phng lm thay i vikh hu

ngunnguynliu

ni ctr L ni sinh sng khng phi ch ca con ngim cc loi ng, thc vt

a hnhHp dn v mt cnh quan, tm nhn, khung

cnh


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Ci nga

Leo ni, cm tri

Sn bn


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34Lch s BI thuyn

Cnh p

D ngoi


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3.3. Mt nc3.3. Mt nc

ngunnguynliu

Cung cp nc, ti tiu tng lnQu trnh s dung: Nc lm mt, tm git.S lng khng i, cht lng quay li vingun ban u

Thay i vi kh hu

Cn cho s sng

S dng cho ngh ngi, gii tr

Lt liVn

Khong khng th cm cnh vt

Ngp ng

Nc cho giao thng

Hn hn


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Cy xanh trong t nhinCy xanh trong t nhin

Li ch Ngun thc n, khng kh, cung cp phitonxit,xy.

Gi ncLm phn bn t nhin

Lm dng

Phn loi

Hnh dng tn, Hnh dng l

iu khin kh hu: Thay i lung gi, h thpnhit

Ma rng l, Ma n hoa

Theo tn la tinh, ngun gc,

Mu sc l, hoa, tc dng

S mt dn

S trng lI


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BI tp s 1

Phn tch theo phng php phn tch Swot

(im mnh, im yu, c hi, e do)(Strength, weakness, opportunity, threat)


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3.5.1. Nguyn tc 1 Gi cho khu vckhe mnh

Xc nh mt khu vc l khemnh hay khng

Trnh xa nhng iu bt li

S hiu bit v khu vc l c s pht trin hnh dng khu vc

bn vng

Mi quan h trc khi xy dng caton b nhng ngi lm d n

Chin lc bo v tng th cth p dng vi tt c nhng

hnh th quan trng

Bo v nhng ng nt c bitnhl t, cy xanh, mt nc

La chn thit b xy dng v

quy hoch xy dng


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3.5.3. Nguyn tc 3 Cuc sng thun ha, vt liu linhhot

iu khin s si mn ca cc vngt dc nh s sng ca cy xanh

S dng cc bc tng xanh givng t dc v ngn s pht trin

ca xy dng

Lm sng li cc vng t b hoang

trn ng chn tri vi mi sinhthi cy xanh

Thit k v xy dng cu trc phhp cho thc vt bn vng

La chn, thay th, m bo ssng ca cy xanh

S dng cy trng a phng cbit cho s bn vng


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3.5.4.Bo v ngun nc Hiu c ngun nc t nhin

Bo v cc ng nt ca mt ncnhl vng m ly, h ao, sng

sui

Phc hi nhng ngun ncbhhi

K thut c bit cho vic cn bnggia nhu cu s dng nc ca con

ngi v kh nng cung cp ncca vng

b btdn

nhnggit

nc xm

Dnhdm, v

gi nc

Ti tiuc hiu

sut cao

Cy xanhlm sch

ngunnc


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3.5.5. Gim vt liu lt Chin lc v quy hoch v lut l gim thiu vt liu lt

La chn nhng thit k gim khu

vc lt v gim tc ng vo khuvc

Gim s nhim ca vt liu lt

Vt liu lt c l v d thm

Gim sc nng ca mt lt


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43Sng Icara quebec-canada


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44Sng Icara quebec-canada- sau cI to


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Thc vt trn o amelia


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47o fisher

Tm hng dn c bn


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3.5.6.Suy ngh v s nguynbn v s ph hy ca vt

liuS dng c cng nhiu cng tt sn phm

sn xut ti a phng

S dng vt liu th thay v vt liu qua sl nhgch nung .. (a ong) khng li

cht thi trong mi trng

Dng vt liu th khng tn nng lng nung

Khm ph v tm kh nng ti s dng livt liu

C gng s dng t nhng vt liu c s tdu m nhnha

la chn vt liu bn vng

S dng vt liu lu bn vi lng cc boncao nhg.

Bo v cy xanh hin trng, s dng cyxanh, k thut sinh hc dng cy xanh to

kh 02

Gim s dng vt liu c cht c

!

S dng ngun nguyn liu


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S dng ngun nguyn liua phng

Ti s dng sn phm chocnh quan

Ti s dng vt liu xydng

Phn bit v trnh s dngnhng vt liu c hi

trong xy dng cnh quan

Cn nhc cc tc ng vogiao thng, khai m v cc

qu trnh khc

g g g oc


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3.5.7. cao nh sng,

tn trng bng ti

tn trng bng ti v gii hn hocloi tr nh sng

Hiu qu trong thit k nh sng

iu khin v thi gian

nh sng in p thpnh sng mu, quang hc

nh sng mt tri

nh gi s thc hin

3.5.8.Khu yn tnh,bo v s yn tnh

Cnh quan l hng ro gia thin

ng v thc t

Tip cn lut bo v nhim ting n


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3.5.9. Duy tr s bnvngThit k nhng khng gian c th botn

Duy tr my mc, nng sut, cht t,s nhim

Gim thuc dit CC loi gy hi bnggiI php quy hoch tt

Bo tn v s dng nguyn liuti ch

nh sng mu, quang hc

Trng v duy tr cy xanh a phng

To ra li nhun lu di v bn vngKt hp thit k, xy dng v duy tr

Chng 4


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quy hoch v Thit k cnh quan

4.1.1 c s ca vic b cc cnh quan

1. im nhn: l v tr ng nhn. nu nhn cng chiu nhsng th chi tit vt th c nhn s ni r, ngc lith vt th b lu m, ch cn ng bao vt th.

Gi tr thm m ca cnh quan ph thuc vo gic quanca con ngi, ch yu l th gic. song hiu qu cn ph

thuc vo iu kin nhn, bao GM: im nhn, tm nhn,gc nhn.


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2. Tm nhn:l khong cch t im nhn n vt th. Khong cch ny c mi

quan h gn b vi c tnh quang hc ca mt, kch thuc vcht liu b mt ca vt th.

- c tnh quang hc ca mt thng cho php nhn r trong gc

hnh nn l 28o

(D/2l). Tuy nhin, nu mun nhn vt th trongkhng gian rng (Ngi nh c bu tri v cy c xung quanh) thgc nhn di 18o(d/3l).

- m quan h gia kch thc vt th (D-H )v khong cch nhn (L):+ nu d/l < 1: tc ng ni ti ca cc thnh phn bao quanh khnggian rt mnh m, khng gian nh hp, con ngi cm thy s hi,ngt ngt.

+ nu d/l=1-2: cm gic c s cn bng t l vi con ngi, gy ntng gn gi than mt.

+ nu d/l>2: khng gian tr nn trng chnh, lc ht km, miquan h gia cc thnh phn tr nn lng lo,

Tm nhn


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Tm nhn


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Khung cnh l ct on ngkhung ca tm nhn

3. Gc nhn:l hng nhn vt th mi mt vt th c nhiu hng nhn khc nhau dn


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l hng nhn vt th. mi mt vt th c nhiu hng nhn khc nhau dnn s thay i tng ng ca vin cnh v hnh Dng vt th trong b

cc.

trong trng hp khng gian chy di nhng ph, cn c imdng hoc chuyn hng


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dng hoc chuyn hng.

theo yoshinobu ashinara: khng c im dng cht lng khng gian b nht dn v cui trc,n phn tn v hp lc b tan bin i

4 1 2 k xo to hnh trang tr khng gian cnh quan


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4.1.2 k xo to hnh-trang tr khng gian-cnh quan

1. TO HNH KHNG GIAN:KHNG GIAN L MT PHn THM M-CHC NNG C BN CA CNH QUAN.VIC HNH THNH KHNG GIAN VI QUY M, HNH DNG HP L, PH HP VI

CHC NNG HAT ng v tm l ca con ng

i l ht sc quan trng.

a. xc nh kch thc khng gian:Theo kinh nghim nht bn, mt module n v ca khng gian l 21-

24m, kch th

c khng gian t 1-5 n v, cng lm n 10 n v lphm vi ti a cc thnh phn trong khng gian c th ha hptng th.

ngoi kch thc thc, trong mt s trng hp c th tng gimcm gic v nng su ca khng gian bng cch s dng thutphi cnh tuyn v thut phi cnh khng trung


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-thut phi cnh tuyn: l thut bin i cm gic v chiusu khng gian bng vic thay i kchthc cc yu t tp khng gian (tnghoc gim dn)

thut phi cnh khng trung


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-thut phi cnh khng trung: l thut bin i cm gic v chiu su khng gian bng vic thayi mu sc (mu nng dn hoc lnh dn) cc yu t to khng gian.

cui trc khng gian s dng mu thuc tng lnh c cm gic suhn v ngc li.

b. X l cc thnh phn tao khng gian:


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nn: l thnh phn c bn ca khng gian. S thay ibnh din nn(li, lm) to nn cm gic v khng gian,chc nng khc nhau.

cc k xo x l nn:+ to chnh lch cao

+ kt hp nng cao nn v s dng tng ngn+ s dng cht liu hon thin nn khc nhau (lt ,thm xanh...) to s phong ph cho cnh quan


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trng i hc nsw-austraylia


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b. X l cc thnh phn tao khng gian:


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tng: tng trong khng gian-cnh quan l cc mtng ca cng trnh kin trcc 3 lai khng gian:+ khng gian ng+ khng gian m+ khng gian na ng na m

c. to cnh v trang tr khng gian


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cc yu t to cnh trong khng gian

a hnh

Mt nc

Cy xanh

Con ngi

ng vt

Khng trung

Cc yu t t nhin

Kin trc cng

trnhGiao thng

Trang thit b kthut

Tranh tnghonh trng

trang tr

Cc yu t nhn to


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4.1.3 cc quy lut b cc ch yu

1. b cc cn xng


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75Mt bng cn xng (phng n mt bng, i hc

Florida gulf, florida)

2. b cc t do


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Vn thc vt, chicago

3. Trc b cc- b cc i xng


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Mt bng khun vin b tr theo trc vi bn cht i xngTrng i hc rice- houston- Texas

4.1.4 Cu trc


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T hp cu trc

Cu trc dng hnh hc


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Hnh vung, ch nht


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Hnh tam gi c 450

Hnh tam gic 600

Hnh trn: hnh trn, hnh trn di chuyn, hnh trn ng tm


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Cu trc dng t nhin


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ng un khc

HU c


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nhm v mnG

4.1.5 Quy tc sp xp


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S hn lan

S thng nht

S hi ha

S ng nht hi ha

S ng nht hi hamt cch hp dn

S n gin


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S nI bt


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im nhn ( s ng khung )


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S nhp nhng


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S cn bng ng quy tc

Cn bng phi quy tc


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T l v s cn i


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T l nh

T l ln

T l con ngi


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Nhng vi phun ca halprin trong qung trngEmbarcadero- san francisco cha nhng nhm

ng cong v nhng mnh ch nht v


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93Dng vng xon tng trng tnh lin tc ca s sng v cI cht


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- a hnh

- M t nc

- Cy xanh

- Kin trc


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cnh quan cc thnh ph


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98boston


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New- york


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100Washington dc


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101Cairo- ai cp


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102Melbourn-austraylia


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sydney-austraylia


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malaysia


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105Tp h ch minh


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106hongkong

im nhn cng ng


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Cng vin

Cng vin

trung tm-new york- m-


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Phi cnh

Cng vintrung tm-new york- m-Mt bng


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Mt bng

Qung trng l khng gian hot ng cng cng ca th,

c to nn bi cc s kt hp hoc hn nh ca kin trc thchhp xung quanh, gn kt vi mng li giao thng, kt ni nhng

QUNG TRNG


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p g q g g g g gthnh tc lp thnh mt tng th.

Cng nng cbn ca qung trng l ni sinh hot chnh tr,vn ha nh hi hp, mt tinh, l ni t chc cc l hi tn gio...sau dn pht trin thm l ni k nim, vui chi, biu din, giaotip, ngh ngi...

Cc cch gii hn khng gian qung trng


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Cc cch gii hn khng gian qung trng

Vy bc: dngtng, cy xanh, kin trc... vy bc mt khng gian

cn thit.Che y: s dng cu kin no nh vi bt, gin hoa v.v... hnh thnh mt khng gian yu v o.Nng nn: Khng gian nng cao so vi khng gian chung quanh.Nn cong lm: khng gian lm vi cc khng gian nng cao xungquanh hnh thnh nn nhng khng gian tu thuc.Nn chm: mt nn chm t gii hn mt khng gian.

Nn nghing: B mt nghing cng xc nh mt khng gian.

Phn loi qung trng

Qung trng thchnh

Qung trng th chnh c cng nng hi hp chnh tr, vn ho, il, diu hnh, duyt binh v cc sinh hot l hi dn gian truyn


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y g ythng. V d: Qung trng Thin An Mn, Trung Quc

Qung trng k nimQung trng k nim dng k nim mt s kin quan trng no, hay nhn vt no c cng vi t nc, qu hng. Thngthng trung tm hay mt bn qung trng t i hay thp hay

mt cng trnh kin trc mang tnh k nim. V d: Qung trngPetersburg k nim Cch mng thng 10 Nga.

Qung trng giao thngQung trng giao thng l mt bphn ca h thng giao thngth. N c tc dng phn lung giao thng hp l, c th l ni xecng cng, m bo lu thng thun tin, thong, thng sut, anton. V d: Qung trng Taksim, Istanbul, ThNhK

Qung trng thng nghipQung trng thng nghip phc v cho yu cu giao dch, bun bnthng mi, l phng thc kt hp khng gian ni tht ca khu trung

tm thng nghip vi khng gian bn ngoi v khng gian bn l thin.Qung trng thng nghip thng kt hp vi vic b tr ng i b


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Qung trng thng nghip thng kt hp vi vic b tr ng i b,to ra cc tin nghi ngh ngi, giao du, n ung... l mt trong nhngtrung tm sinh hot ch yu ca th.

Qung trng tn gioQung trng tn gio l khng gian t trc gio ng, nh cha, tng t chc nhng l hi tn gio. V d: Qung trng trc i

gio ng hay c...Qung trng nghngi, biu din vn ho...Loi qung trng ny l khng gian xanh trong th mi ngi c

th ngh ngi, biu din... gp phn ti sn xut sc lao ng. Trongqung trng c th c nhng b, i, gh ngi, bn hoa, chu cy cnh,b nc, i phun nc, cc tiu phm th... V d: Qung trngPiazza Duomo Milano,


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116Cng vin nc -toledo-ohio- m

Trung tm thnh phvn ( qun trngpacific- hongkong)

Qun trng, ng ph

Qung trng vi

nhiu kiu khcnhau thu ht ngiI b


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I b


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ng xanh


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6.4.3 lng qu


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6.4.4. khu ngh- KHUSINH THI


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121H BA B RNG QUC GIA BA B


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122THC Nc- RNG QUC GIA BA B


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Resort hn tre- nha trang

6.4.5. khu di tch lng tm

Lng minh mng


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canh quan kien truc 6341

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