cancer - kocw

47
CANCER NEOPLASIA-V Nam Deuk Kim, Ph.D. 1

Upload: others

Post on 02-Feb-2022

1 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: CANCER - KOCW

CANCER

NEOPLASIA-V

Nam Deuk Kim, Ph.D. 1

Page 2: CANCER - KOCW

2

Page 3: CANCER - KOCW

3

Page 4: CANCER - KOCW

4

Page 5: CANCER - KOCW

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Discovery

Pre-clinical Development

Phase 1

Phase 2

Phase 3

NDA

• Laboratory and animal test • IND Application

• 20-80 healthy volunteers • determine safety & dose

• 100-300 patient volunteers • POC (Proof of Concept)

• >3000 patient volunteers • Long-term use

• FDA Review • Approval

Phase 4 • Post marketing studies 1 Drug

>200,000 screened

200 preclinical studies

10 clinical studies

Success rate

Process for New Drug Development 신약개발과정

Time (year)

※IND, investigational new drug; NDA, new drug application 5

Page 6: CANCER - KOCW

Discovery Research Process Overview

Early Exploratory

Discovery Pre-clinical

Development Late

Exploratory

Advanced Hits Leading Series Lead Compound Confirmed

Hits

Development

Lead

Discovery Lead

Optimization

Pre-clinical

Evaluation Assay

Development

Exploratory Team

Formation

Phase 1

•Target identification

•Validation & characterization

•Chemical libraries

•High throughput screening

•Hit selection

•Assay development

(in vitro enzyme & receptor)

•In vivo assay SAR

•Selectivity test

•Computational modeling

•In vivo PK & metabolism

•Analog synthesis

•Synthesis scale up

•Toxicology

•Formulation development

•Property characterization

•Clinical candidate selection

•IND application

Discovery Research Process Overview

6

Page 7: CANCER - KOCW

Medicinal chemistry and pharmacology

Preformulation research

Formulation development

Process R&D Analytical R&D

Toxicology & drug

metabolism

Drug Discovery

Literature search Preliminary data - Stability assay - Key stability data - Key solubility data

Molecular optimization - salt and solvates - prodrugs

Evaluation and selection of drug

Formulation request

Physical characterization - bulk properties - solubility profile - stability profile

Formulation development - compatibility & stability - dissolution - bioavailability

Phase 1 formulation - IND stability - bioavailability - scale-up

Process research - improve yield - alternate route - produce bulk

Process development - bulk scale-up

Analytical research - assay development

Analytical development - bulk clearance - toxicology potency

- formulation assay - IND stability

Bioavailability - in vivo models

Toxicology - acute - chronic

IND (investigational new drug) Application

Tim

e incr

easi

ng

Multidisciplinary Development of a Drug Candidate

7

Page 8: CANCER - KOCW

Purine Pyrimidine

Ribonucleotides

Deoxyribonucleotides

DNA

RNA

Proteins

Enzymes Microtubules

6-Mercaptopurine

6-Thioguanine

Methotrexate

Bleomycins

Hydroxyurea

Cytarabine

5-Fluorouracil

5-Azacytidine

Alkylating agents

Cis-Platinum

Procarbazine

Vinca Alkaloids

Taxol

L-Asparaginase

Actinomycin

Daunorubicin

Doxorubicin

8

Page 9: CANCER - KOCW

Antimetabolites

Methotrexate, Fluorouracil, Gemcitabine 9

Page 10: CANCER - KOCW

Topoisomerase inhibitors

Doxorubicin, CPT-11 10

Page 11: CANCER - KOCW

Alkylating Agents

Cyclophosphamide, Chlorambucil

11

Page 12: CANCER - KOCW

Vinblastine, Vinorelbine,

Paclitaxel, Docetaxel

Plant Alkaloids

12

Page 13: CANCER - KOCW

G0

G1

S

G2

13

Page 14: CANCER - KOCW

14

Page 15: CANCER - KOCW

Reliance on Cell Cycle Kinetics

Cell cycle-nonspecific agents: nitrosourea, radiation

Phase-nonspecific agents: alkylating agents,

antitumor antibiotics, cisplatin, asparaginase

Phase-specific agents

a. M phase: vinca alkaloids, taxanes

b. G1 phase: asparaginase, prednisone

c. S phase: antimetabolites

d. G2 phase: bleomycin, etoposide

15

Page 16: CANCER - KOCW

Nitrosoureas (Phase) Nonspecific Agents

Alkylating Agents Chlorambucil, Mechlorethamine, Melphalan,Altretamine Busulfan Carmustine, Lomustine, Streptozocin Cisplatin, Carboplatin, Oxaliplatin Dacarbazine Procarbazine Cyclophosphamide, lfosfamide Antitumor Antibiotics Dactinomycin, Daunorubicin, Doxorubicin,Ldarubicin, Mitomycin, Mitoxantrone, Bleomycin, Dactinomycin,Epirubicin, Valrubicin

Taxanes

Docetaxel

Paclitaxel

Vinca Alkaloids

Vinblastine

Vincristine

Vinorelbine

Bleomycin

Epipodophyllotoxins

Etoposide

Teniposide

Camptothecins

lrinotecan

Topotecan

Steroids

Asparaginase

1. Cell death

2. Differentiation

Cell Cycle

Model

3. “G0” state

G2

S Phase

Antimetabolites Folic Acid Analogs: Methotrexate

Pyrimidine Analogs: Cytarabine, Floxuridine, Gemcitabine, Capecitabine, Fluorouracil

Purine Analogs: Mercaptopurine, Thioguanine, Fludarabine, Cladribine, Pentostatin

Miscellaneous: Hydroxyurea

16

Page 17: CANCER - KOCW

17

Page 18: CANCER - KOCW

18

Page 19: CANCER - KOCW

19

Page 20: CANCER - KOCW

Ras Protein begins as an inactive precursor

20

Page 21: CANCER - KOCW

21

Page 22: CANCER - KOCW

WHO's pain ladder

WHO has developed a three-step "ladder" for cancer pain relief.

If pain occurs, there should be prompt oral administration of drugs in the following order: nonopioids (aspirin and paracetamol); then, as necessary, mild opioids (codeine); then strong opioids such as morphine, until the patient is free of pain.

To calm fears and anxiety, additional drugs – “adjuvants” – should be used.

To maintain freedom from pain, drugs should be given “by the clock”, that is every 3-6 hours, rather than “on demand”.

This three-step approach of administering the right drug in the right dose at the right time is inexpensive and 80-90% effective.

Surgical intervention on appropriate nerves may provide further pain relief if drugs are not wholly effective.

22

Page 24: CANCER - KOCW

24

WHO 3-step Pain Ladder

mild

(1-4)

moderate

(5-6)

severe

(7-10)

Morphine

Hydromorphone

Methadone

Levorphanol

Fentanyl

Oxycodone

± Adjuvants

A/Codeine

A/Hydrocodone

A/Oxycodone

A/Dihydrocodeine

Tramadol

± Adjuvants

ASA

Acetaminophen

NSAIDs

± Adjuvants

Page 25: CANCER - KOCW

Drugs Benefits Side Effects

Nonopioids

Acetaminophen

Aspirin

Ibuprofen

Can control mild

to moderate

pain;

Some versions

can be bought

without

prescription

Can cause slow

blood clotting

and upset

stomach,

bleeding in the

stomach and

kidney problems

Painkillers for Cancer (1)

25

Page 26: CANCER - KOCW

Drugs Benefits Side Effects

Opioids

Morphine

Hydromorphone

Oxycodone

Codeine

Fentanyl

Methadone

Can

control

moderate

to severe

without

bleeding

Can cause

constipation,

sleepiness, nausea

and vomiting,

itchiness, and

urinary problems;

may also slow

breathing when first

taken

Painkillers for Cancer (2)

26

Page 27: CANCER - KOCW

Drugs Benefits Side Effects

Antidepressants

Amitriptyline

Imipramine

Can help

control tingling

or burning pain

from nerve

injury; may

improve sleep

Can cause dry

mouth,

sleepiness,

constipation and

dizziness on

standing up

suddenly

Painkillers for Cancer (3)

27

Page 28: CANCER - KOCW

Drugs Benefits Side Effects

Anticonvulsants

Carbamazepine

Phenytoin

Can help

control tingling

or burning from

nerve injury

Can affect liver

and blood cell

function

Painkillers for Cancer (4)

28

Page 29: CANCER - KOCW

Drugs Benefits Side Effects

Steroids

Prednisone

Dexamethansone

Can help

relieve bone

pain and pain

caused by

spinal cord and

brain tumors

May cause

confusion, fluid

buildup,

bleeding and

irritation in

stomach

Painkillers for Cancer (5)

29

Page 30: CANCER - KOCW

30

Page 31: CANCER - KOCW

조선일보 김철중 기자 2011년 11월 15일

31

Page 32: CANCER - KOCW

Chemoprevention refers to the use of defined chemical

regimens to inhibit, retard, or reverse the process multi-

stage carcinogenesis.

화학적암예방이란 규명된 화학물질을 이용하여 다단계 암발생 과정을 억제, 저지, 혹은 암세포를 정상세포로 돌리는 것을 말한다.

CHEMOPREVENTION

화학적암예방

32

Page 33: CANCER - KOCW

Healthy Cell Damaged Cell (precancerous)

• Cell Death

• Differentiation

Cancer Cell

Repeated damage

Chemotherapy

C h e m o p r e v e n t i o n

Activated Carcinogens

Procarcinogens Detoxification & Secretion

Initiation Promotion Progression

(1-2 days) ( >10 years) ( >1 years )

Metabolic activation

Chemoprevention 화학적 암예방의 기전

Initiated Cell

33

Page 34: CANCER - KOCW

Factor Estimated % of all cancer deaths

Doll & Peto’s Estimates of What Causes Cancer

Diet(식이) 35

Tobacco(흡연) 30

Infection 10 ?

Reproductive & sexual behavior 7

Occupation 4

Alcohol 3

Geophysical factors 3

Pollution 2

Industrial products 1

Medicines & medical procedures 1

Food additives < 1

34

Page 35: CANCER - KOCW

35

Factors Believed to

Contribute to Global

Causes of Cancer

Page 36: CANCER - KOCW

Cancer & Diet

36

Page 37: CANCER - KOCW

Preventing Cancer through Diet and Lifestyle

37

Page 38: CANCER - KOCW

38

Page 39: CANCER - KOCW

(오렌지껍질)

Curry(카레)

녹차 Red raspberry(복분자)

Resveratrol, 포도

마늘 Broccoli sprouts (브로콜리)

대표적 화학적암예방제

39

Page 40: CANCER - KOCW

복분자 녹차

포도

카레 브로콜리

마늘

오 렌 지

40

Page 41: CANCER - KOCW

41

Page 42: CANCER - KOCW

암 예방 14개 권장사항(92년 대한암협회 제정) 1. 편식하지 말고 영양분을 골고루 균형 있게 섭취한다.

2. 황록색 채소를 주로 한 과일 및 곡물 등 섬유질을 많이 섭취한다.

3. 우유와 된장의 섭취를 권장한다.

4. 비타민 A, C, E를 적당량 섭취한다.

5. 이상 체중을 유지하기 위하여 과식하지 말고 지방분을 적게 먹는다.

6. 너무 짜고 매운 음식과 너무 뜨거운 음식은 피한다.

7.불에 직접 태우거나 훈제한 생선이나 고기는 피한다.

8. 곰팡이가 생기거나 부패한 음식은 피한다.

9. 술은 과음하거나 자주 마시지 않는다.

10. 담배는 금한다.

11. 태양 광선, 특히 자외선에 과다하게 노출하지 않는다.

12. 땀이 날 정도의 적당한 운동을 하되 과로는 피한다.

13. 스트레스를 피하고 기쁜 마음으로 생활한다.

14. 목욕이나 샤워를 자주 하여 몸을 청결하게 한다.

42

Page 43: CANCER - KOCW

`암을 예방하는 10가지 생활습관` (2006. 10. 3. 보건복지부)

1. 담배를 피우지 말고, 남이 피우는 담배 연기도 피하기

2. 채소와 과일을 충분하게 먹고, 다채로운 식단으로 균형 잡힌 식사하기

3. 음식을 짜지 않게 먹고, 탄 음식을 먹지 않기

4. 술은 하루 두 잔 이내로만 마시기

5. 주 5회 이상, 하루 30분 이상, 땀이 날 정도로 걷거나 운동하기

6. 자신의 체격에 맞는 건강 체중 유지하기

7. 예방접종 지침에 따라 B형 간염 예방접종 받기

8. 성 매개 감염병에 걸리지 않도록 안전한 성생활 하기

9. 발암성 물질에 노출되지 않도록 작업장에서 안전 보건 수칙 지키기

10. 암 조기 검진 지침에 따라 검진을 빠짐없이 받기

43

Page 44: CANCER - KOCW

암 한번 걸렸는데 또? 기존 암 추적해도 다른 암 못 막아(2012. 8. 31. 조선일보)

44

Page 45: CANCER - KOCW

2차암 조기발견 요령

위암=대장암 발병 위험이 일반인에 비해 1.5배, 유방암 위험이 2배 높다. 대장내시경 3년마다 받아야 한다.

대장암=위암이 될 가능성이 약 1.5배 높고, 대장암 진단 후 1년 내에는 2배가 넘어간다. 여성은 유방암과 부인과암(자궁내막암·자궁경부암·난소암) 위험도 1.5~3배로 뛰고, 갑상선암 위험도 약 3배 높다.

간암=식도암 위험이 2배 정도, 위암과 대장암 가능성도 1.2~1.4배 높다. 난소암 위험이 3~4배 뛴다.

폐암=위암과 대장암 가능성이 각각 1.4배, 1.3배 높다. 유방암 위험도 올라가고, 갑상선암 위험도 2~4배 뛴다. 20년간 흡연한 경우, 두경부암·신장암·방광암 위험이 4배 높다.

45

Page 46: CANCER - KOCW

2차암 조기발견 요령

유방암=위암·대장암을 비롯해 자궁내막암·난소암 위험이 1.2~2.5배 올라간다. 갑상선암 위험도 3배 정도 높다.

자궁경부암=위암·대장암 위험이 일반인보다 20~70% 높다.

전립선암=광범위하게 방사선치료를 한 환자는 방광과 직장에 암이 생길 위험이 각각 2.3배, 1.3배 높다.

갑상선암=위암·대장암 위험이 1.1~1.3배, 유방암 위험이 1.2~2배, 신장암 위험이 2~4배 올라간다.

46

Page 47: CANCER - KOCW

2차암 조기발견 요령

2차암인 위암을 조기에 발견하려면 1~2년 간격으로 위내시경을 해보는 게 좋다.

대장·직장암은 45세 이후 3년마다 대장내시경을 받자.

유방암은 유방촬영·유방초음파, 갑상샘암은 갑상샘초음파, 자궁내막암 등 부인과암은 부인과초음파를 1~2년마다 해본다.

콩팥암·방광암은 미세혈뇨검사, 두경부암은 이비인후과 의사의 진찰을 1~2년마다 받으면 2차암을 조기에 발견할 수 있다.

47