CANCER

CERVICAL AND PROSTATE CANCER9 MARCH 2014

What is cancer?What if I have a cancer am I going to die or it

can be cure?

CONTENTS What is cancer Cervical cancer

What is cervical cancer? Causes Victims Symptoms Percentage of women with it

Prostate cancer Risk factors Symptoms Prevention Treatment Causes

INTRODUCTION

This following discussion is based on two types of cancers of which is cervical and prostate cancer. Officially cervical cancer is the problem mostly in women while prostate cancer is the problem in men.

TYPES OF CANCER

CERVICAL CANCER PROSTATE CANCER

WHAT IS CANCER?

Cancer is a disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cell in a part of the body, or a harmful growth of tumour resulting from an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells.

Cancer is a disease that begins in the cells, and it can affects many people.

WHAT CAUSES CANCER?

It can be caused in many ways. The main causes of cancer are increasing of age, environmental causes such as chemicals and radiation viruses and inherited genes.

Cancer is caused by the loss of cell cycle controls in cancer cells, it occurs when cell division goes out of control and a growth or tumour causes the growth to be malignant or benign. The benign growth is contained within a capsule and can be surgically removed.

Actually causes of cancerDiet and lifestyle can increase the risk of

getting cancer for example, people with a diet that lacks fibre but is high in protein and fat have a greater chance of getting cancer of the colon.

Viruses can cause cancer of the cervix in women and some types of liver cancer. Inherited genes that have multated (changed their structured) give instruction to cells in certain parts of the body to keep dividing, resulting in cancer, for example breast cancer.

Terminology

Tumour- mass that develops when cells divide very rapidly I an uncontrolled way, as many be associated with cancer.

Malignant- when a tumour is harmful.Carcinogenic – a substance that causes

cancer.Hysterectomy- is an operation to remove

the uterus cervix and sometimes the ovaries as well.

CER

VIC

AL

CA

NCER

WHAT IS CERVICAL CANCER?A woman should have an annual check-up with a doctor

or clinic nurse to check for cervical cancer. The doctor removes a small amount of tissue that lines the cervix and puts it onto on a slide that is sent to the pathology laboratory. This procedure is called a pap smear or cervical smear. The cells are carefully examined under the microscope to check for any signs of abnormal growth.

Cervical cancer can spread up into the uterus, the use of the pill may sometimes increases the risk of cervical cance (Liao S October 1996).

It the test for cervical cancer is positive, the woman has a hysterectomy.

Causes of cervical cancer

A. VirusesB. Old age 40-50C. Family historyD. Environment factorsE. Early sexual contact and having

multiple sexual partners

Treatment for cervical cancer

Removed the deepest cells by biopsy were normal no further treatment may be needed and removal of cells or tissue to diagnose cancer and to out how far it has invaded (Larsson A, 2001).

PERCENTAGE (%) Percentage of women with the cervical cancer

in KWAZULU NATAL, GAUTENG P, MPUMALANG, AND LIMPOPO.

PRECENTAGE (%)

GP-10%MP-20KZN-30%LIMPOPO

NUMBER OF THE WOMENNumber of women with cervical cancer in the

total of 5000 women.A. KZN- 30%/100 x 5000 B. MP- 20%/100 X

5000= 1500 women = 1000 women

C. GP- 10%/100 x 5000 D. LIMPOPO- 40%/ 100 X 5000

= 500 women = 2000 women

symptoms

Abnormal vaginal bleedingVaginal dischargeWarts/ genital warts

Risk factors

It during the time of diagnosis.

PR

OS

TATE

CA

NC

ER

Prostate cancer

It is different to say what causes prostate cancer but there are some risk factors that can be taken into account.

Risk factorsAt an age of 50 years and older, a high-fat diet and

family history.Animal fats, genetic factors (positive family history)

increase in age and environment factors such as diet, large consumption of red meat.

Prostate cancer is more common in men who are more than 65 years of age. It is recommended that after the age of 50 years, men should have an annual prostate-specific antigen blood test (PSA) and a digital rectal examination (DRE). The earlier prostate cancer is detected the greater the changes.

symptomsIt early stage there no symptoms.Frequent urination.Not being able to urinate, weak or

interrupted urine flow, blood in the urine, difficulty in having an erection, blood in the semen and frequent pain or stiffness in the back, hips or upper thighs.

According to (Maaike C.G, 2003), ejaculation, urgency and nocturia (getting up often a pass urine at night) .

Treatment or prevention

The prostate gland can be removed this operation is invasive and the recovery period is long.

A new treatment called Brachytherapy is proving to be very successful.

Surgery (cracial prostategomy), watchuful waiting, radiation external beamradiation, brachytherapy and hormonal treatment.

Reduce risk of getting it!!

Men can reduce the risk of getting prostate cancer by reducing their fat intake, eating at least five serving of fruit/ or vegetables per day, exercising, and maintain their ideal body weight.

Tests for staging cancer

Cancer site Type of biopsy performed

Other tests performed

Prostate Needle biopsy Blood tests for acid phosphates and prostate-specific antigen (PSA ULTRASOUND SCAN)

CAUSES BY CHANGES IN THE DNA OF

NORMAL PROSTATE CELLSSMOKINGOBESITYDIET GENES/ FAMILY HISTORYAGE AND RACE.

S.A. men with prostate cancerSouth African men with prostate cancer in

1993-2001

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1000

2000

3000

4000

Conclusion

The views on concluding the discussion is that those cancer are harmful and can kill people so if you found out that you are suffering from cancer you must take the treatment as soon as possible (Koutsky LA, 2002).

END!

THANK YOU!!!!!!!!

REFFERENCE LISTCornelis J.A. Hogewoning, Maaike C.G. Bleeker, et al (2003).

"Condom use Promotes the Regression of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia and Clearance of HPV: Randomized Clinical Trial". International Journal of Cancer 107 (5): 811–816.

Manhart LE, Koutsky LA (2002). "Do condoms prevent genital HPV infection, external genital warts, or cervical neoplasia? A meta-analysis". Sex Transm Dis 29 (11): 725–35.

Nilsson BO, Carlsson L, Larsson A, Ronquist G (2001). "Autoantibodies to prostasomes as new markers for prostate cancer". Ups. J. Med. Sci. 106 (1): 43–9.

Umekita Y, Hiipakka RA, Kokontis JM, Liao S (October 1996).