Canadian Geography Canadian Geography 12021202

Chapter 11: EnergyChapter 11: Energy

BackgroundBackground

►Canadians are among the highest Canadians are among the highest energy consumers in the world.energy consumers in the world.

►Why is this so?Why is this so? Cold ClimateCold Climate Scattered PopulationScattered Population Transportation NeedsTransportation Needs Industrial needsIndustrial needs

The Oil ResourceThe Oil Resource

►What do we use oil for?What do we use oil for? PlasticPlastic FuelFuel Home heating oilHome heating oil Industrial lubricantsIndustrial lubricants Food ProductsFood Products

Energy and the EconomyEnergy and the Economy

► Energy production is important to the Energy production is important to the Canadian economy.Canadian economy.

► Makes up about 7% of Canada’s Gross Makes up about 7% of Canada’s Gross Domestic Product.Domestic Product. Gross Domestic ProductGross Domestic Product is the value of all goods is the value of all goods

and services produced in the country.and services produced in the country.

► Employs over 200 000 people in a variety of Employs over 200 000 people in a variety of industries industries Finding, transporting, processing and distributing Finding, transporting, processing and distributing

oil.oil.

Canadian Energy UseCanadian Energy Use

►Canada consumes about 2.6% of the Canada consumes about 2.6% of the worlds energy. (Much more than our worlds energy. (Much more than our share)share)

►Different provinces have different energy Different provinces have different energy demands.demands.

►Ontario uses the most energy, while Ontario uses the most energy, while Alberta uses the most energy per person.Alberta uses the most energy per person.

►Why do you think this would be so?Why do you think this would be so?►Page 211Page 211

Canadian Energy UseCanadian Energy Use

Per Person Oil ConsumptionPer Person Oil Consumption

►Read page 207.Read page 207.►Do questions:Do questions:

► 1. a, b 1. a, b ► 2. a, b, c, d2. a, b, c, d

The Oil ResourceThe Oil Resource

► Nonrenewable Resources:Nonrenewable Resources: Nonrenewable resources are those that cannot Nonrenewable resources are those that cannot

be replaced by any natural means.be replaced by any natural means.► Fossil Fuels:Fossil Fuels:

Formed from the remains of plant and animal life Formed from the remains of plant and animal life that once lived in tropical swamps or shallow that once lived in tropical swamps or shallow areas. (Petroleum, natural gas, and coal)areas. (Petroleum, natural gas, and coal)

Fuels form in sedimentary basinsFuels form in sedimentary basins These basins are found everywhere in canada These basins are found everywhere in canada

except for the shield, and the mountains to the except for the shield, and the mountains to the west and the eastwest and the east

Map ActivityMap Activity

►Using the base map of Canada outline Using the base map of Canada outline and color the following sedimentary and color the following sedimentary basinsbasins Western CanadaWestern Canada CordilleranCordilleran Beaufort Sea-Mackenzie DeltaBeaufort Sea-Mackenzie Delta Artic IslandsArtic Islands Eastern Canada-OffshoreEastern Canada-Offshore St. LawrenceSt. Lawrence Hudson BayHudson Bay

PetroleumPetroleum

► Oil was formed on the decomposing bodies of Oil was formed on the decomposing bodies of Plankton buried in the mud of shallow seasPlankton buried in the mud of shallow seas

► Over millions of years chemical reactions cause Over millions of years chemical reactions cause organisms to liquefy into small drops of organisms to liquefy into small drops of petroleumpetroleum

► Drops are squeezed out of source rocks into Drops are squeezed out of source rocks into more porous reservoir rocks (Limestone, more porous reservoir rocks (Limestone, Sandstone)Sandstone)

► Oil floats on ground water in the rocks and Oil floats on ground water in the rocks and forms concentrated petroleum trapsforms concentrated petroleum traps

► Impervious, or solid rock known as a cap rock Impervious, or solid rock known as a cap rock keeps oil down while the water pushes it upkeeps oil down while the water pushes it up

Natural Gas TrapsNatural Gas Traps

►There are four common natural gas There are four common natural gas trapstraps Fold trapFold trap Fault trapFault trap Salt dome trapSalt dome trap Limestone relief trapLimestone relief trap

See page 216 in your text book.See page 216 in your text book.

Fold TrapFold Trap

Fault TrapFault Trap

Salt Dome TrapSalt Dome Trap

Limestone Relief TrapLimestone Relief Trap

Types of Oil FieldsTypes of Oil Fields

►There are two basic types of oil fields.There are two basic types of oil fields.►Conventional Oil Field: Oil flows from Conventional Oil Field: Oil flows from

the ground due to natural pressure. the ground due to natural pressure. ►Non-Conventional Oil Field: Uses some Non-Conventional Oil Field: Uses some

new technology to extract oil from new technology to extract oil from fields that do not naturally produce oil.fields that do not naturally produce oil.

Conventional Oil FieldConventional Oil Field

Non-Conventional Oil FieldsNon-Conventional Oil Fields

►Pumping Technology: Allows for oil to Pumping Technology: Allows for oil to be pumped from the ground were be pumped from the ground were natural pressure does not natural pressure does not

Oil Derricks

Non-Conventional Oil FieldsNon-Conventional Oil Fields

►The Athabasca oil sands:The Athabasca oil sands: Second largest oil deposit in the world. Second largest oil deposit in the world. Cover an area almost as large as New Cover an area almost as large as New

BrunswickBrunswick 160 Billion cubic meters of crude oil160 Billion cubic meters of crude oil Sands are thick black and sticky, due to Sands are thick black and sticky, due to

the oilthe oil It is costly to separate the oil from the It is costly to separate the oil from the

sandsand

Non-Conventional Oil FieldsNon-Conventional Oil Fields

Non-Conventional Oil FieldNon-Conventional Oil Field

Offshore Drilling PlatformsOffshore Drilling Platforms

►There are four types of offshore drilling There are four types of offshore drilling platforms.platforms. Submersible (Platform)Submersible (Platform) Jack-upJack-up Anchored semi-submersibleAnchored semi-submersible Dynamically positioned semi-submersibleDynamically positioned semi-submersible

►See Page 223 in your text.See Page 223 in your text.

Offshore Drilling PlatformsOffshore Drilling Platforms

►Submersible (Platform):Submersible (Platform): Built of concrete or steel.Built of concrete or steel. Anchored to the seabed.Anchored to the seabed. Economically feasible in water up to 520m Economically feasible in water up to 520m

deep.deep.

Offshore Drilling PlatformsOffshore Drilling Platforms

►Submersible:Submersible: Advantages:Advantages:

►StabilityStability►SafetySafety►Tend to be massive with room for Production, Tend to be massive with room for Production,

crew quarters, and drilling.crew quarters, and drilling.

Disadvantages:Disadvantages:►ExpensiveExpensive►Not reusableNot reusable

Offshore Drilling PlatformsOffshore Drilling Platforms

► Jack Up: Designed to move from place Jack Up: Designed to move from place to placeto place Deploys legs to anchor itself Deploys legs to anchor itself Used at relatively low water levelsUsed at relatively low water levels

Oil Drilling PlatformsOil Drilling Platforms

► Jack Up:Jack Up: Advantages:Advantages:

►MoveableMoveable►Economically FeasibleEconomically Feasible►ReusableReusable

Disadvantages:Disadvantages:►Cannot operate in deep water like other Cannot operate in deep water like other

platformsplatforms

Oil Drilling PlatformsOil Drilling Platforms

►Dynamically Positioned Semi-Dynamically Positioned Semi-Submersible:Submersible: Have pontoons that allow for the rig to Have pontoons that allow for the rig to

float.float. But are heavy enough to keep the rig But are heavy enough to keep the rig

floating uprightfloating upright Uses thrusters to remain in positionUses thrusters to remain in position Effective in areas where water is between Effective in areas where water is between

180m and 1800m deep180m and 1800m deep

Oil Drilling PlatformsOil Drilling Platforms

Oil Drilling PlatformsOil Drilling Platforms

►Dynamically Positioned Semi-Dynamically Positioned Semi-Submersible:Submersible: Advantages:Advantages:

►MoveableMoveable►Can be used in deep waterCan be used in deep water

Disadvantages:Disadvantages:►Bad weather often causes problemsBad weather often causes problems►Unsafe? Ocean RangerUnsafe? Ocean Ranger

Oil Drilling PlatformsOil Drilling Platforms

►Anchored Semi-Submersible:Anchored Semi-Submersible: Usually towed into a particular locationUsually towed into a particular location Legs filled to a point with water for Legs filled to a point with water for

stabilitystability Anchored to the sea floor so that it does Anchored to the sea floor so that it does

not move out of placenot move out of place

Oil Drilling PlatformOil Drilling Platform

►Anchored Drilling Platform:Anchored Drilling Platform: Advantages:Advantages:

►Operate in deep seaOperate in deep sea►Cost effectiveCost effective►Has some space for crew and production but Has some space for crew and production but

not as big as platformnot as big as platform

Disadvantages:Disadvantages:►Not as easily movedNot as easily moved

Ocean ranger semi submersible

Ocean Ranger was at the time of its sinking the largest oil platform in the world. A rouge wave broke portlights in the ballast control room, flooding it, and disabling the system. Hours later a combination of poor weather and ill trained attempts to fix the ballast system resulted in the rig capsizing.1 - Draupner wave height for comparison.2 - 28 ft/8.5 m ballast control room's level above the sea3 - Location of the room itself

Ocean Ranger:On 15 February 1982, the world's largest semisubmersible drill rig, Ocean Ranger capsized and sank in a fierce storm on the Grand Banks with the loss of all 84 crew members.

Economic Benefits of OilEconomic Benefits of Oil

►A story close to homeA story close to home 134.5 million barrels in 2007134.5 million barrels in 2007

►Terra-Nova, White Rose, HiberniaTerra-Nova, White Rose, Hibernia

Total value of production $10.3 billionTotal value of production $10.3 billion

►Creates Jobs in many fieldsCreates Jobs in many fields Not only those directly involved with Not only those directly involved with

pumping oil.pumping oil.

Jobs Fields Related to Oil Jobs Fields Related to Oil IndustryIndustry

• Coatings, insulation• Hydraulic, pumps and compressors• Lifting/crane operations• Rigging• Fluids and chemicals• Lighting• Marine safety equipment• Flowlines, valves and fittings• Oilfield industrial supplies• Equipment rentals• Cargo and Freight Handling

• Catering and accommodations• Offshore/marine fabrication• Engineering and design consultants• Environmental consultants

• Medical services • Seismic and survey• Tubular goods• Leak detection

• Electrical/instrumentation personnel & services• Testing and inspection• Remote Operated Vehicle support• Health and safety

• Drilling• Well services• Subsea• Opt., maint. & const. personnel • Warehousing and logistics• Marine logistics & transportation•Oil shipment & storage

Oil Companies

Sub-ContractorsSub-Contractors

ContractorsContractors

Newfoundland’s Oil Newfoundland’s Oil ProductionProduction

Case StudyCase Study

►Read “Offshore oil: Hibernia” on page Read “Offshore oil: Hibernia” on page 222222 Answer Questions 19a, 20 a b c.Answer Questions 19a, 20 a b c.

A Day in the Life of an Oil A Day in the Life of an Oil WorkerWorker

Environmental ConcernsEnvironmental Concerns