canada’s low-risk alcohol drinking guidelines among...

October 2014 (Revised July 2015)

Canada’s low-risk alcohol drinkingguidelines among post-secondary students

AuthorsVéronique Charbonneau, B.P.H.E - Laurentian University/Sudbury & District Health UnitAlain P. Gauthier, PhD, Principal Investigator - Laurentian UniversityJoëlle Martel, MHP, Principal Investigator - Sudbury & District Health UnitDiana J. Urajnik, PhD, Principal Investigator - Laurentian UniversityJulie Dénommé, BSW - Sudbury & District Health UnitSandra Laclé, RN, MScN - Sudbury & District Health UnitMarc Lefebvre, MA - Sudbury & District Health UnitDar Malaviarachchi, MSc - Sudbury & District Health UnitIsabelle Michel, MA - Collège BoréalNathalie Thistle, RN, BScN - Sudbury & District Health Unit

AcknowledgementsThe authors would like to thank Alissa Palangio of the Sudbury & District Health Unit for herassistance with the data analyses, as well as the Sudbury & District Health Unit’s Health PromotionDivision for their contribution to practice recommendations.

This project was funded by a Louise Picard Public Health Research Grant (Principal Applicants:Alain P. Gauthier (LU), Diana J. Urajnik (LU), and Joëlle Martel (SDHU)).

This project was also supported by the Northern Ontario Heritage Fund Corporation YouthInternship Program. (Principal Applicants: Alain P. Gauthier (LU) and Sandra Laclé (SDHU) –Youth Internship Program Recipient: Véronique Charbonneau (LU/SDHU)).

Contact for More InformationAlain P. Gauthier, PhD Sandra Laclé, MScNAssociate Professor, School of Human Kinetics Director, Health PromotionLaurentian University Sudbury & District Health Unit705. 675.1151, ext. 1071 705.522.9200, ext. [email protected] [email protected]

CitationCharbonneau, V., Gauthier, A.P., Martel, J., Urajnik, D., Dénommé, J., Laclé. S., Lefebvre, M.,Malaviarachchi, D., Michel, I., Thistle, N. (2014). Canada’s low-risk alcohol drinking guidelinesamong post-secondary students. Sudbury, ON: Sudbury & District Health Unit.

Le sommaire de ce rapport est disponible en français.

Canada’s low-risk alcohol drinking guidelines among post-secondary students ■ iii

Contents

List of Figures and Tables v

Fact Sheet viiKey Findings vii

Conclusions and Recommendations viii

Executive Summary ixBackground ix

Methods x

Results x

Conclusions xi

Recommendations xi

Introduction 1Background 2

Consequences of Alcohol Use and Misuse 2

Factors Linked to Student Alcohol Use and Misuse 3

Individual Factors 3

Social Factors 4

Environmental Factors 5

Prevention of Alcohol Misuse in Post-Secondary Institutions 5

Policies, Restricted Access to Alcohol and Environmental Support5

On-campus Housing 6

Social Marketing Strategies 7

Education and Support Services 7

Skill-building 7

Student Engagement 8

Community Partnerships 8

iv ■ Canada’s low-risk alcohol drinking guidelines among post-secondary students

Summary 8

Methods 10Survey Development 10

Data Collection 10

Statistical Analyses 11

Results 12Survey Findings 12

Respondent Characteristics 12

A. Alcohol Use 12

B. Knowledge and Awareness of the LRADG 17

C. Beliefs and Attitudes 19

D. General Health Information 21

Comparison to Population Data 22

Recommendations 24Students 24

Administrators and Decision-Makers 25

Educators and Health Promoters 26

Conclusion 28

Endnotes 29

References 33

Appendix 40

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List of Figures and Tables

Figure 1: Respondents Having Consumed Alcohol in the Past 12 Months 13Figure 2: Students Having Binge Drank at Least Once a Month in the Past Year 14Figure 3: Exceeding the LRADG - All Students 15Figure 4: Exceeding the LRADG - By Sex 16Figure 5: Exceeding the LRADG - By Age Category 17Figure 6: Awareness of the LRADG 18Figure 7: Preferred Means to Receive Information about the LRADG 19Figure 8: Disposition towards Having More Alcohol Education Programs on Campus 20Figure 9: Preferred Means to Receive General Health Information 22

Table 1: Demographics 41Table 2: Behaviours (Total) 43Table 3: Behaviours by Sex 47Table 4: Behaviours by Age 50Table 5: Behaviours by Ethnicity 54Table 6: Behaviours by Mother Tongue 57Table 7: Behaviours by Institution Type 60Table 8: Behaviours by Academic Discipline 64Table 9: Behaviours by Living Arrangement 68Table 10: Knowledge (Total) 72Table 11: Knowledge by Sex 73Table 12: Knowledge by Age 74Table 13: Knowledge by Ethnicity 76Table 14: Knowledge by Mother Tongue 77Table 15: Knowledge by Institution Type 78Table 16: Knowledge by Academic Discipline 80Table 17: Knowledge by Living Arrangement 82Table 18: Behaviours by Knowledge 84Table 19: Beliefs (Total) 86Table 20: Beliefs by Sex 89Table 21: Beliefs by Age 92Table 22: Beliefs by Ethnicity 95Table 23: Beliefs by Mother Tongue 98Table 24: Beliefs by Institution Type 100

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Table 25: Beliefs by Academic Discipline 102Table 26: Beliefs by Living Arrangement 105Table 27: Beliefs by Levels of Alcohol Consumption 108Table 28: Health Information Preferences (Total) 111Table 29: Health Information Preferences by Sex 112Table 30: Health Information Preferences by Age 113Table 31: Health Information Preferences by Ethnicity 114Table 32: Health Information Preferences by Mother Tongue 115Table 33: Health Information Preferences by Institution Type 116Table 34: Health Information Preferences by Academic Discipline 117Table 35: Health Information Preferences by Living Arrangement 118Table 36: Comparison of Local and Provincial Rates 119

Canada’s low-risk alcohol drinking guidelines among post-secondary students ■ vii

Fact Sheet

Heavy alcohol consumption is one of the most challenging issues facing institutions of highereducation; harmful use or misuse can lead to the degradation of the on-campus environmentand affect the quality of education. Recently, the Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse(CCSA) released Canada’s Low-Risk Alcohol Dinking Guidelines (LRADG).

Recommendations within these guidelines state that women should not exceed two alcoholicdrinks per day, 10 per week, and that men should have no more than three alcoholic drinks aday, 15 per week.a For both sexes, an extra beverage is allowed on special occasions.

The objectives of this project were 1) to assess trends in alcohol use amongst post-secondarystudents in the City of Greater Sudbury; 2) to assess their awareness of the LRADG; and 3)to identify prevention strategies from which students could benefit.

Key FindingsA total of 1,829 students completed the survey. The majority of respondents attendedLaurentian University (n=1,518). The mean age was 22.8 years old and 68.5% (n=1,247) ofrespondents were between the ages of 19 and 24 years. Seventy-five percent (n=1,360) of therespondents were female.

Ninety-two percent (n=1,677) of the students reported consuming alcohol in the past 12months. Based on valid cases, forty-seven percent (n=711) of respondents drank in excess ofat least one of the LRADG measures in the past year (Daily recommendations: 28.8%;Weekly recommendations: 9.0%; Binge drank regularly: 41.3%). A greater percentage ofmen, students between the ages of 19 and 24, Caucasians and students living in residenceexceeded daily, weekly, and binging limits.

Fifteen percent (n=278) of students had seen or heard of the LRADG in the past. Thepreferred means to receive information about the LRADG were ‘through the media’ (32.3%;n=576), and ‘electronically’ (31.7%; n=567).

a Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse. Canada's Low-Risk Alcohol Drinking Guidelines. [Online] 2013. [Cited: August 21, 2014.]http://www.ccsa.ca/Resource%20Library/2012-Canada-Low-Risk-Alcohol-Drinking-Guidelines-Brochure-en.pdf.

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Conclusions and RecommendationsOur results support the need to encourage the responsible consumption of alcohol in post-secondary institutions in the City of Greater Sudbury. Students, administrators, and healthpromoters/educators all have a responsibility in implementing strategies and initiatives to reduceand prevent alcohol-related harms. The key to success is to create a campus where responsibledrinking behaviours are the social norm, where policies are in place to reduce risks and supportstudents in engaging in healthy behaviours, and health messaging is tailored appropriately forthe target audience. Only then will a culture of moderation be embraced.

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Executive Summary

BackgroundInappropriate alcohol consumption in the post-secondary setting is one of the mostchallenging issues facing institutions of higher education.1 Canada’s Low-Risk AlcoholDrinking Guidelines (LRADG) are a key component of the National Alcohol Strategyand were developed to help Canadians moderate their alcohol consumption and reducetheir immediate and long-term alcohol-related harms.2,3 Recommendations within theseguidelines state that women should not exceed two alcoholic drinks per day, and no morethan 10 per week, while men should have no more than three drinks a day, 15 per week.3

On special occasions, the LRADG allow for one extra alcoholic beverage (three per dayfor women and four for men), but these exceptions are discouraged for young adultsunder 24 years of age. 2, 4 Excessive alcohol consumption peaks in young adulthood (ages18/19-24 years),5 the age group that makes up the majority of the undergraduate studentpopulation, and that has the highest rates of non-compliance with the LRADG.6

Additionally, a significant proportion of students engage in episodic heavy drinking (alsoreferred to as ‘binge drinking’).7 A binge drinking episode is the consumption of five ormore drinks in one occasion, and ultimately exceeds any of the daily LRADGrecommendations for both sexes. The consequences of exceeding the LRADG areserious and may contribute to the degradation of the on-campus environment and affectthe quality of education.8

Action to mitigate alcohol-related harms is essential, as according to The CanadianCommunity Health Survey 2011/2012, the percentage of individuals in Ontario betweenthe ages of 19 and 24 who exceed the LRADG is alarming (Exceeds Daily: 29.9%;Exceeds Weekly: 9.2%; Binges Regularlyb: 39.1%).9 Rates are said to be as high orhigher in post-secondary settings.5,10 The prevalence of alcohol misuse among youngpeople underscores the importance of an in-depth examination. Harm-reduction andhealth promotion efforts require a concerted examination of the culture of alcohol use oncampus11 as the assessment of alcohol-related behaviours (e.g. student use, knowledge,awareness of harms) can inform a comprehensive strategy that addresses the extent ofmisuse, and the context within which it occurs. Furthermore, an approach that involvesall post-secondary institution members and partners, including students, has the potentialto generate sustained and meaningful change.12

b Once a month or more

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As a preliminary step to addressing issues relating to the consumption of alcohol at post-secondary institutions in the City of Greater Sudbury, our team conducted a campus-wide survey of the student populations of Laurentian University, Cambrian College andCollège Boréal. The goals of our study were a) to assess trends in alcohol use amongpost-secondary students in the City of Greater Sudbury (as per the LRADG); b) to assesstheir awareness of the LRADG ; and c) to identify – via collaborative input – bestpractice prevention and intervention strategies from which students could benefit.Results will inform programs designed to target alcohol consumption behaviours. Thisproject will also serve as a model for engaging community partners and ensuring the useof evidence-informed public health practice at post-secondary institutions.

MethodsThe Campus Alcohol Behaviour Survey – a 50 item questionnaire – was collated basedon questions from pre-existing population health surveys using Gravic’s Remark WebSurvey®. The intent was to use items with pre-established psychometric properties. Allstudentsc (~15,000) enrolled at one of three post-secondary institutions in the City ofGreater Sudbury (Laurentian University, Cambrian College, and Collège Boréal) weregiven access to both English and French versions of the survey via their student emailaccount in the fall of 2013. Participation was voluntary and an incentive was offered.Survey data were analysed in IBM® SPSS® Statistics 21.

ResultsDemographics: A total of 1,829 students completed the survey. The majority ofrespondents attended Laurentian University (n=1,518). The mean age was 22.8 years and68.5% (n=1,247) of respondents were between the ages of 19 and 24 years. Seventy-fivepercent (n=1,360) of respondents were female and 84.4% (n=1,526) were Caucasian.English was identified as the first official language spoken for 65.8% (n=1,197). Twentyone percent of respondents (n=383) lived in residence.

Alcohol Use: Ninety-two percent (n=1,677) of the students reported consuming alcoholin the past 12 months. Collectively, 46.6% (n=711) of respondents (including abstainers)drank alcohol in excess of at least one of the LRADG measures (including bingedrinking at least once a month) in the past year. A greater percentage of men, whencompared to women, exceeded daily (33.8% vs 27.1%), weekly (13.3% vs. 7.5%), bingedrinking (50.7% vs. 38.1%) and combined measures (54.9% vs. 43.8%) limits. A greaterpercentage of students between the ages of 19 and 24 years, when compared to thoseyounger than 19 or older than 24, exceeded daily (30.8% vs 23.2% and 25.1%), weekly(10.0% vs. 6.0% and 7.1%), binge drinking (46.8% vs. 33.7% and 27.0%) and combinedmeasures (50.7% vs. 38.1% and 36.7%) limits. A greater percentage of Caucasians,when compared to non-Caucasians, exceeded daily (30.1% vs. 21.6%), weekly (9.5% vs.

c Includes full-time & part time, undergraduate & graduate, and in-person & distance education students.Students attending the Laurentian University satellite campus in Barrie were also eligible to receive theemail invitation, and some may have participated in the survey.

Canada’s low-risk alcohol drinking guidelines among post-secondary students ■xi

6.0%), binge drinking (43.0% vs. 32.1%) and combined measures (48.6% vs. 35.3%)limits. A greater percentage of students living in residence, when compared to thoseliving off-campus with or without parent/s or guardian/s, exceeded the daily (33.9% vs.21.2% and 31.2%), weekly (11.2% vs. 6.2% and 9.8%), binge drinking (43.2% vs. 38.9%and 42.1%) and combined measures (48.1% vs. 42.7 and 48.4%) limits.

Knowledge: Fifteen percent (n=278) of students had seen or heard of the LRADG.Awareness of the LRADG was higher among women (16.3%; n=222), students olderthan 24 years (20.1%; n = 74), non-Caucasians (18.9%; n=53) and students living inresidence (17.3%; n=66). Awareness of Canada’s LRADG was associated with moremoderate drinking behavioursd. The preferred means to receive information about theLRADG was ‘through the media’ (32.3%; n=576), closely followed by ‘electronically’(31.7%; n=567).

Beliefs: Alcohol consumers who exceeded the LRADG were inclined to adopt beliefsthat are generally associated with at-risk drinking, while moderate and Alcoholabstainers alike largely held opposing beliefs. Students typically favoured lessenforcement from administration and the government, but attitudes towards preventionand education efforts were generally positive. For example, most of the students (85.9%,n=1,447) had a neutral or favourable opinion towards the statement ’there should bemore alcohol education programs on campus’.

Health Information: The majority of students (81.9%, n=1,469) were interested inreceiving health-related information or advice. The percentage of students inclined toreceive this type of material was greater among women, as well as non-Caucasians.There was no association between age and willingness to receive health information. Thepreferred means for all demographic groups to receive general health information waselectronically (35.0%, n=616).

ConclusionsOur results support the need to encourage the responsible consumption of alcohol inpost-secondary institutions in the City of Greater Sudbury. Furthermore, few respondentswere familiar with the LRADG. However, raising awareness about these guidelinescould contribute to a healthier campus environment, and encouragingly, studentsdemonstrated interest in receiving more education regardling alcohol and their health,especially through media and electronic means.

RecommendationsOur results and review of the literature provide a guide for students, administrators andhealth promoters to develop a comprehensive program tailored to the needs of the post-secondary student population:

d i.e. reduced frequency of binge drinking episodes (χ2=11.144, p=0.011), and fewer episodes ofdrunkenness (χ2=8.234, p=0.016).

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1. Student leaders can develop an awareness and education strategy for students aroundthe risks and harms associated with heavy alcohol consumption. They may alsoinfluence actual and perceived social norms by developing an awareness campaign tode-normalize binge drinking, and by establishing peer-led educational programs thatallow students to engage in an open and trusting discussion with fellow students.

2. Administrators and decision-makers need to enforce all current alcohol laws andregulations. They should also implement harm-reduction measures, such as banningdrinking games and objects that encourage rapid or high volume consumption,develop and enforce policies for institution-sanctioned and student-led events, providestaff training, and create supportive environments where post-secondary students aresafe and encouraged to live healthy lifestyles.

3. Health Promoters and educators should disseminate health promotion messaging viathe media and electronically, offer and implement the use of Screening & BriefIntervention (SBI) tools, deliver LRADG and health promotion messaging to allstudents, as well as further target high-risk students and high-risk alcohol use.

Canada’s low-risk alcohol drinking guidelines among post-secondary students ■ 1

Introduction

Inappropriate alcohol consumption in the post-secondary setting is one of the mostchallenging issues facing institutions of higher education.1 Recently, the Canadian Centre onSubstance Abuse (CCSA) released the Canadian Low-Risk Alcohol Dinking Guidelines(LRADG).2 The LRADG are a key component of the National Alcohol Strategy and weredeveloped to help Canadians moderate their alcohol consumption and reduce their immediateand long-term alcohol-related harm. The LRADG state that women should not exceed twoalcoholic drinks per day, 10 per week, and that men should have no more than three alcoholicdrinks per day, 15 per week.3 On special occasions, the LRADG allow for one extra beverage(three for women and four for men), but these exceptions are strongly discouraged for youngadults under the age of 24.2, 4 Excessive alcohol consumption peaks in young adulthood (ages18/19-24 years),5 the age group that makes up the majority of the undergraduate studentpopulation, and that has the highest rates of non-compliance with the LRADG.6 Additionally,a significant proportion of students engage in episodic heavy drinking (also referred to as‘binge drinking’).7 The consequences of exceeding the LRADG are serious and maycontribute to the degradation of the on-campus environment and affect the quality ofeducation.8

Action to mitigate alcohol-related harms is essential as according to the CanadianCommunity Health Survey 2011/2012 the percentage of persons in Ontario between the agesof 19 and 24 who exceed the LRADG is alarming (exceeds weekly- 9.2%; exceeds daily-29.9%; binges regularlye- 39.1%).9 Rates are said to be as high or higher in post-secondarysettings.5, 10 The sheer prevalence of alcohol misuse amongst these young people underscoresthe importance of an in-depth examination. Harm-reduction and health promotion effortsrequire a concerted examination of the culture of alcohol use on campus;11 the assessment ofalcohol-related behaviours (e.g. student use, awareness of harms) can inform acomprehensive strategy that addresses the extent of misuse, and the context within which itoccurs. Furthermore, an approach that involves all post-secondary institution members andpartners, including students, has the potential to generate sustained and meaningful change.12

As a preliminary step to addressing issues relating to the consumption of alcohol at post-secondary institutions in the City of Greater Sudbury, our team conducted campus-widesurveys of the student populations of Laurentian University, Cambrian College and CollègeBoréal. The goals of our study were a) to assess trends in alcohol use among post-secondary

e Once a month or more

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students in the City of Greater Sudbury (as per the LRADG); b) to assess their awareness ofthe LRADG ; and c) to identify – via collaborative input – best practice prevention andintervention strategies from which students could benefit. Results will inform programsdesigned to target alcohol consumption behaviours. This project will also serve as a modelfor engaging community partners and encouraging the use of evidence informed publichealth practice at post-secondary institutions.

BackgroundAlcohol is the most widely used psychoactive drug among Canada’s teens and youngadults.13,14 The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) found thatyoung adults who attend post-secondary institutions consume even more alcohol than theirnon-student counterparts.15 The Nova Scotia Department of Health and Wellness11 noted thatalcohol consumption is often perceived to be a part of the transitioning process fromsecondary to post-secondary education, a sort of rite of passage. According to the 2004Canadian Campus Survey (CCS), alcohol was consumed by over 85% of Canadian studentsin the past year.7

Post-secondary students display diverse alcohol consumption patterns. Their degrees of usemay vary from experimental, to intensive. According to Oei and Morawska,16 there are fourtypes of drinkers: normal/social drinkers, binge drinkers, regular heavy drinkers, and problemdrinkers or alcoholics. Binge drinking is a characteristic of post-secondary students.11,17

Binge drinking episodes are frequently defined as the consumption of five or more alcoholicdrinks on one occasion for men, and four or more drinks on one occasion for women.11,18

However, our study refers to the description (previously) adopted by Statistics Canada19 andthe CCS7 that defines binge drinking as having five or more alcoholic drinks on any oneoccasion, irrespective of sex.f Binge drinking ultimately exceeds any of the LRADG dailylimits for both sexes, and is strongly discouraged. Like any form of excessive drinking, bingedrinking may lead to more serious and problematic drinking patterns and alcohol usedisorders.20 Its monthly prevalence among Canadian post-secondary students was nearly 30%in the year prior to the CCS.7

Consequences of Alcohol Use and MisuseAlcohol misuse can lead to a variety of harmful outcomes; these include detrimentalphysical, social, mental, economic and environmental consequences.14,21 An array of acuteand chronic physical effects from hazardous alcohol consumption exists along a continuumof severity, ranging from minor personal injuries to death. There is a growing body ofevidence linking short- and long-term alcohol consumption to more than 60 chronic

f Since the collection of our data, Statistics Canada has reduced women’s measure for binge drinking to four ormore drinks to conform to the World Health Organization and Health Canada guidelines (seehttp://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/82-625-x/2014001/article/14019-eng.htm).


debilitative conditions12 including stroke and cancer.22,23 According to the World HealthOrganization (WHO), alcohol is responsible for 3.3 million deaths (or 5.9% of all deaths)annually.24

Excessive use also increases the risk of unplanned sexual activity, unprotected sex, sexualand physical assaults, falls, suicides and motor vehicle collisions.11, 25, 22 In 2002 alone, 4,258deaths of Canadians were attributed to the consumption of alcohol.26 Teenagers and youngadults are particularly vulnerable to fatalities due to personal injuries and poisoning that areoften alcohol-related.14 According to Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD),27 theleading causes of death among youth 16 to 25 years are motor vehicle collisions, with alcoholand/or drugs being a factor in more than half of accidents.

When individuals of any age engage in harmful drinking patterns, alcohol can interfere withareas of the brain related to executive functioning, either momentarily or permanently.14

However, the LRADG emphasize that youth in their late teens to age 24 years should neverexceed the daily and weekly limits.28 This is due to the fact that the brain is particularlyvulnerable during youth and early adulthood, and alcohol misuse can hinder its developmentand consequently lead to problems in adulthood.29, 30 Evidence also suggests a strongassociation between early initiation of drinking (especially heavy drinking) and later alcohol-related problems.30

Alcohol misuse may also negatively impact a person’s mental health.14 For instance,behaviours such as bingeing can contribute or lead to alcohol dependence, depression,12, 22, 31

and elevated distress.7 These effects undoubtedly contribute to the elevated rates of mentaldistress that today’s post-secondary students’ experience.7

Other consequences commonly experienced by those who consume alcohol excessively arefeelings of guilt and regret, hangovers, memory loss, and further effects that could hinder theperformance of normal everyday activities.7 For students, binge drinking is associated withmissing classes, falling behind in assignments, having lower grades, sleep disturbances, thedeterioration of relationships, and increased contact with the police.8

Binge drinking has several peripheral impacts; other students, university faculty, staff, aswell as the broader geographic community in which schools are located are negativelyaffected by students who excessively consume alcohol. These are also known as second handeffects of drinking.32 Examples include: noise and sleep disturbances, property damage,being insulted or humiliated, being involved in serious arguments, being pushed, hit orassaulted, and the increased presence of litter.7, 8, 11, 32

Factors Linked to Student Alcohol Use and MisuseIndividual FactorsPersonality traits and cognitive processes can help explain one’s drinking patterns.13, 33 Forexample, those with low academic and/or high recreational orientation tend have moreexcessive alcohol drinking habits.34 Similarly, those who have lowered impulse control


and/or are sensation-seeking and/or who seek independence display riskier alcoholbehaviours.35, 36 Furthermore, a person’s motivation helps determine the drinking behavioursthat are adopted; many individuals are motivated to drink in order to amplify positiveaffective states, escape negative ones, express socially inappropriate behaviour, enhancesocial pleasures, or simply to get intoxicated.35 There also appears to be ethnic, cultural andreligious differences.30, 33

In terms of gender, the literature clearly shows that male students report heavier and morefrequent alcohol consumption than female students.14, 37 Gliksman, Adlaf, Demers, andNewton-Taylor34 found that men were more likely than women to drink alcohol at least twiceper week (27.0% vs. 15.1%) and in greater quantities on a weekly basis (8.8 vs. 4.6 drinksper week in the past-year). On the other hand, women are more likely than men to refuse analcoholic drink.38 However, despite the fact that men are more likely to drink excessivelythan women, there are concerns for women’s drinking patterns given that the extent offemale drinking has increased exponentially in recent years39, 40 and they are closing thegender gap.14 It is particularly alarming since women tend to have lower alcoholmetabolizing enzyme activity,41 typically weigh less than men, and relatively speaking,usually have less muscle mass than men do. Thus, even if consuming the same amount ofalcohol, blood alcohol concentration in women tends to be higher than men even if they areof the same weight.42

Social FactorsParents (or guardians) influence student alcohol drinking patterns, especially when studentslive at home.7 Researchers have found that students living off-campus with parents/guardiansdrink alcohol less often and less heavily than students living without them.7, 34 Furthermore,the stronger and more positive the student-parent/guardian relationship, the greater thechance a student will consume alcohol responsibly.35, 43 However, this effect is more likely tooccur when the parents/guardians themselves do not engage in excessive alcoholconsumption.35 Regardless of living arrangement, parental/guardian influence is significantlyreduced once their dependents enter college or university, due in great part to peer influence(commonly referred to as ‘peer pressure’).43

Alcohol consumption norms have an important impact on drinking practices among post-secondary students.13, 43 Indeed, there is a strong tendency for people to conform to grouppatterns and expectations43 and peer influence is undoubtedly one of the most, if not the mostpowerful predictor of alcohol consumption behavior.35, 27, 43 Being without a drink at a socialfunction typically invites comments or offers of alcohol,38 and represents a classic exampleof peer pressure. In addition to overt offers of alcohol, peer pressure may also includeattempts to conform to actual and perceived social norms.13. All of these factors can incite astudent to begin drinking or to adopt riskier alcohol drinking behaviours.35, 38 Moreover,students spend a considerable amount of time off-campus and their social influence is notexclusive to the campus environment. 13, 43


Environmental FactorsAlcohol consumption is also influenced by living arrangements.37 Researchers have foundthat students living on-campus drink alcohol more often and more heavily than studentsliving off-campus.7, 34 Students tend to take advantage of low-priced promotions, happyhours and cover charges for unlimited drinking at bars on campus7 and attendance at suchpromotional events is associated with excessive drinking.39 In the CCS, students whofrequently consumed alcohol found the campus environment conducive to their drinking, andheavy drinkers believed that the alcohol policies on their campus were not enforced.7 This isconsistent with the literature in that alcohol consumption and related harm is positivelyassociated with alcohol availability.44

Prevention of Alcohol Misuse in Post-SecondaryInstitutionsThe literature points to events of transition to independence, such as pursuing post-secondarystudies, as key periods to address the prevalence of alcohol misuse.12, 45, 46 Post- secondaryinstitutions should therefore endeavour to foster a culture of moderation and health. The bestway to achieve this is by adopting a comprehensive health promotion approach as opposed tostand-alone programs,12, 13 since every individual mode of health education has its own scopeof effectiveness.47 Intervention and prevention programs need to reach college/universitystudents on all levels; including the individual level (e.g. to seek to reduce the demand foralcohol and individual harms that can result from heavy drinking) and the environmentallevel (e.g. to focus on reducing the supply and access of alcohol to the students).11 Accordingto the social-ecological model,48 comprehensive approaches have several levels of influence;they act on individual, interpersonal, organizational, community and public health policylevels. Accordingly, a comprehensive strategy could involve, but is not exclusive to,education and awareness, social marketing, skill-building, policies, restricting access toalcohol, environmental supports, and community action, in conjunction with treatment andearly intervention health services. Furthermore, systems to monitor alcohol use should bedeveloped, and all initiatives ought to be evaluated, to ensure the effective progress of theprogram.12, 21

Policies, Restricted Access to Alcohol and EnvironmentalSupportUltimately, to address alcohol consumption behaviours and reduce alcohol-related harms atthe local level, evidence points first and foremost to policy efforts. As noted by Babor andcolleagues,21 in order to reduce harm and promote positive health (individual andcommunity), a comprehensive policy approach must focus on seven key areas: Pricing andtaxation, the regulation of physical availability, modification of the drinking environment,drinking and driving countermeasures, restrictions on marketing, education and persuasion,as well as early intervention and treatment.


Regulating alcohol availability and consumption should be a priority,12 particularly sinceaccording to the CCS,7 “frequent drinkers find the campus environment conducive to theirdrinking, and heavy drinkers believe that the alcohol policies on their campus are notenforced” (p.87). Possible regulations include prohibiting alcohol discounts, ensuring thatnon-alcoholic beverages are always available and less expensive,11 limiting sponsorships byalcoholic beverage producers and retailers, increasing the price or taxes on alcoholicbeverages,13, 45, 49 restricting alcohol industry and event advertisement to students on- and off-campus if possible,12, 13, 45 restricting the number of alcohol outlets in a given area, restrictinghours and days of sale of outlets, and requiring campus bar servers to receive appropriatetraining and comply with such training.21, 50 Given the fact that roughly 90% of first-yearstudents who live in post-secondary residences in Ontario are under the legal drinking age,g,11

institutions should place a particular emphasis on reinforcing the laws prohibiting access andsales to minors, which is now a well-known best practice for reducing underage and riskydrinking among that population.12, 45, 49, 51, 52, 53

All policies must be clear to students 51, 54 and to the rest of the campus community, and mustbe enforced to ensure adherence.12 Policies should include standards of conduct, and iteratethe consequences for breaking campus rules and regulations. Administration should alsomonitor and assess the policies on a regular basis and ideally, provide information on therisks associated with the misuse of alcohol.11, 45

On-campus HousingFindings reported earlier in this document suggest that campus residences should be a maintarget when attempting to prevent students’ alcohol misuse.7 It is suggested, and in somecases attempted, that some residences become completely ‘dry’, or in other words, alcohol-free.32 Many students themselves are in favour of dry residences. When asked, nearly 20% ofstudents express that they either already live in an alcohol-free residence, or that they wouldlike to.7 However, this strategy and the reduction of alcohol misuse is questionable becauseof the self-selection bias that occurs;32 students who voluntarily choose to live in alcohol-freeresidences often do so because they already prefer not to engage in, or be surrounded by suchactivities. Nonetheless, dry residences have the potential to help foster a healthy campusculture, and are certainly a valuable option to offer to students who wish not to suffer fromthe ‘second-hand’ consequences of alcohol misuse.32

Another mean of treating the issue is by implementing and ensuring enforcement of health-promoting policies,53 in addition to the policies mentioned previously. Examples ofresidence-oriented policies include: the prohibition of underage drinking, rules that limitwhen and where alcohol can be consumed, the regulation of the size of alcohol containers,and the prohibition of drinking games or use of drinking objects that encourages rapid orhigh volume consumption of alcohol (e.g. funnels) .7, 11 Campus administrators could alsodesignate ‘event staff’, including Residence Assistants, to monitor residence areas and events

g 19 years


where alcohol is involved. Staff could work with the institution to develop a riskmanagement assessment tool, and have students complete it before any event that mayinvolve alcohol. This helps students to think about the hazards of consuming alcohol and thusmay promote the adoption of less harmful behaviours. 11

Social Marketing StrategiesNumerous studies have shown that alcohol advertising and promotion increases thelikelihood that adolescents will start to use alcohol and to drink more if they are alreadyusing alcohol.55 Conversely, counter-advertising to balance the effects of alcohol advertisingcan decrease the appeal of alcoholic beverages, and social marketing can help raiseawareness about new or changed alcohol policies.12 Media strategies that have been found toincrease the appeal of alcoholic beverages, such as the use of humour,56 should also be usedin counter-advertising. However, these strategies often result in limited positive behaviouralchange, and thus should be adopted coincidentally with a variety of other interventions.45

Education and Support ServicesEducational strategies are also recommended in a comprehensive initiative as theireffectiveness is moderate.12 The most reputable educational methods found in the existingliterature include changing students’ perceived norms and acting against peer influence byproviding personalized normative feedback.12, 13, 21 A best practice in this field consists ofperforming ‘Brief Interventions’.13, 21, 45, 57 Brief interventions are said to be particularlyhelpful for binge drinkers (as opposed to dependent drinkers),58 and thus cater well to thepost-secondary population.21 This evidence-based intervention consists of identifying at-riskdrinkers, motivating them to change, providing feedback to the individuals about personalrisk, explicit advice to change behaviour, and sometimes referral to specialists.59, 60, 61 Theycan range from a brief conversation to many counselling sessions58 and may even becompleted via mobile and online technology.62 These electronic tools present manyadvantages for the campus setting (e.g.: reach, feasibility, cost-effectiveness).63

Post-secondary establishments should also ensure the existence of diversely accessiblecounselling, screening and treatment programs offered by fully trained professionals, andraise awareness about the availability of these support services. Computer-basedinterventions can serve as an alternative for individuals who remain hesitant to pursuepotentially stigmatizing treatment such as face-to-face counselling or those who are reluctantto identify behaviours as problems.64 Nonetheless, post-secondary institutions should make ita priority to prevent the stigmatization sometimes associated with the use of supportservices.13 Promoting equity and diversity as well as establishing anti-stigma practices acrossthe entire campus community would help foster an inclusive and respectful atmosphere.65

Skill-buildingResearchers also recommend a shift toward interventions that enhance and facilitate adaptivequalities in youth, and away from interventions aimed at reducing risk factors and negativebehaviour.66 This means using strength-based practices such as building assets and fostering


resiliency in individuals. Encouraging students’ connectedness to school is one example of astrength-based practice.12 When using this positive approach, individuals are seen as being 'atpromise' instead of 'at risk’ and key strengths are cultivated. In turn, the more protectivefactors a young individual possesses or experiences, the more resilient they are, and the lesslikely they are to engage in the use of illicit substances, including alcohol and bingedrinking.67, 68

Student EngagementInvolving students in the decision-making process and ensuring their active participation andtheir taking ownership of programs aimed at the prevention of alcohol misuse meritsconsideration. In line with the previous paragraph, researchers have suggested that increasingstudent involvement in their campus and community through productive activities andvolunteer services may help to limit overall campus alcohol consumption, thereby reducingassociated harm.8 Furthermore, it has been found that peer-led initiatives are effective,69 andspecifically in reducing alcohol use among youth.70, 71 However, this health educationapproach appears to have seldom been considered for college/university age students.Encouraging post-secondary students to initiate prevention initiatives themselves would notonly bolster their developmental strengths and sense of empowerment, but also maximize theeffectiveness of the initiatives.

Community PartnershipsAs discussed earlier, an effective approach to the prevention of alcohol misuse includes asmany sectors and members as possible. This being said, campus interventions should beenhanced by community initiatives;13 Post-secondary institutions ought to be formingcommunity coalitions11, 12, 13, 72 and implementing community-based interventions.45 Thiscould entail building sustained partnerships with local partners and stakeholders, includingpublic health, to establish municipal policies aimed at reducing alcohol-related harms fromstudent consumption on and off-campus.10, 11, 12, 13, 21 Collaboration with licensedestablishments who cater to students may work especially well in reducing alcoholavailability and accessibility. Last, educating and engaging parents and guardians ininitiatives are also of importance, as they may play a role in moderating their child’s alcohol-related behaviours.35, 73

SummaryThe drug of choice among college and university students is alcohol and there is reason forconcern given the negative consequences of excessive alcohol use. Failure to undertakeinformed, comprehensive, and long-term efforts to encourage responsible alcoholconsumption in post-secondary institutions may not only put students at risk, but negativelyimpact a university’s reputation and can have legal ramifications.74 Fortunately, harmsassociated with alcohol consumption are preventable, and research on comprehensivecampus alcohol misuse prevention programs is highly encouraging.11 Enforcing alcoholcontrol policies, reducing access and availability of alcohol, controlling pricing andmarketing, providing education and raising awareness, skill-building and forming community


partnerships are sensible strategies that may foster a healthy campus culture if usedconcurrently. Therefore, taking a holistic approach provides a realistic and promising avenueto addressing the current alcohol consumption patterns on college and university campuses.


Methods

Survey DevelopmentWe collated a questionnaire containing 50 items, having a completion time of less than 10minutes and that included an opportunity to leave comments. The survey was titled: CampusAlcohol Behaviour Survey. Members of our research team reviewed pre-existing populationhealth surveys, such as the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS), the Rapid RiskFactor Surveillance System (RRFSS), and the Ontario Student Drug Use and Health Survey(OSDUHS) to identify relevant questions. Questions from surveys that allowed us to a)assess trends in alcohol use b) evaluate awareness of Canada’s LRADG, and c) identifyprevention and intervention strategies were included in our survey. The intent was to useitems with pre-established psychometric properties that are comparable to nationalpopulation health data sets. Some questions were tailored according to the objectives of thisproject. Additional questions were added where necessary.

Once finalized, the survey questions that were not already available in French were translatedto French by members of the research team. A back-translation was completed by a non-member to validate the accuracy of the original translation, and both the French and Englishversions were uploaded to the web. The project received approval from the Research EthicsBoards of all institutions involved.h The survey was made accessible via the internet usingGravic’s Remark Web Survey.® 75 The web-based version of the questionnaire was hosted onLaurentian University’s (LU) secure server, using the proprietary survey software.Information transmitted via the web-based survey was protected by the security protocols ofthe Information Technology unit at LU. These included hardware and software firewalls toprotect the server, and Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) to encrypt web surveydata for the secure transmission of data between the respondent’s computer and the LUserver.

Data CollectionAll studentsi (~15 000) enrolled at one of three post-secondary institutions in the City ofGreater Sudbury were given access to the survey via their student email account.j

h Collège Boréal, Cambrian College, Laurentian University and the Sudbury & District Health Uniti Includes full-time & part time, undergraduate & graduate, and in-person & distance education students


Participation was voluntary. Two e-mails (an initial request to participate, and a remindertwo weeks later) were sent to all students at Laurentian University, Cambrian College, andCollège Boréal in the fall of 2013. An incentive was offered: at the end of the survey, thestudents had the opportunity to enter their email address in a draw for a chance to win one often $100 gift certificates to a bookstore or grocery store of their choice. Email address entrieswere held separately from the survey responses to protect the participants’ anonymity.Notification of the incentive was included in the survey recruitment script to encourageparticipation.

Statistical AnalysesSurvey data were analysed in IBM® SPSS® Statistics 21.76 Descriptive statistics are presentedusing frequency distributions and group comparisons are reported using chi-square analyses.Only group level data were examined. For all analyses, missing values were excluded andcell sizes below five were suppressed.

j Students attending the Laurentian University satellite campus in Barrie were also eligible to receive the emailinvitation, and some may have participated in the survey


Results

Survey FindingsRespondent CharacteristicsA total of 1,829 students completed the Campus Alcohol Behaviour Survey in the fall of 2013(for an estimated response rate of approximately 12%). The majority of respondents attendedLaurentian University (n=1,518), followed by Cambrian College (n=212), and CollègeBoréal (n=86).k The mean age was 22.8 years old (range: 17 to 65 years). A total of 68.5%(n=1,247) of respondents were between the age of 19 and 24 years, and 11.0% (n=200) werebelow the age of 19. Seventy-five percent (n=1,360) of students were female and 84.4%(n=1,526) were Caucasian. English was identified as the first official language spoken for65.8% (n=1,197) of the sample. Twenty one percent (n=383) lived in residence and 28.3%(n=510) were off-campus with their parent(s) or guardian(s). The remainder (50.5%, n=911)lived off-campus without a parent or guardian.

See Table 1

A. Alcohol UseNinety-two percent (n=1,677) (see Figure 1) of the students reported consuming at least onealcoholic drink in the past 12 months. Among alcohol consumers, many (76.9%, n=1,289)drank alcohol at least once a month in the past year, and 53.4% (n=895) declared gettingdrunkl at least monthly.

k Institution was not identified for n=13 respondentsl i.e. that they ‘got intoxicated to the point of impairment of physical and mental faculties’


Figure 1: Respondents Having Consumed Alcohol in the Past 12 Months

92%

8%

'During the past 12 months, have you had adrink of beer, wine, liquor, or any alcoholic

beverage?'(n = 1,825)

Yes

No


Nine percent of all studentsm (n=137) consumed more than the weekly drinkingrecommended limit (or 9.9% when considering alcohol consumers only), and 28.8% (n=440)(or 31.7% of drinkers) of all students reported being over the daily limitn at least once duringthe last seven days. Forty-one percent (n=738) of all students (or 44.6% of drinkers) reportedbinge drinking at least once a month in the past year (see Figure 2). Collectively, 46.6%(n=711) of the students who responded exceeded at least one of the LRADG measureso in thepast year (see Figure 3), which represents just over half (51.2%) of alcohol consumers.

Figure 2: Students Having Binge Drank at Least Once a Month in the Past Year

m Including alcohol abstainersn The LRADG guidelines for ‘special occasions’ were not utilized in the measurement of this variableo Exceeding LRADG was categorized as; Exceeding weekly or daily LRADG in the past 7 days or Binge drankat least once a month in the past 12 months.

51%41%

8%

Students Having Binge Drank at Least Oncea Month in the Past Year

(n=1788)

Did not report binge drinking

Did report binge drinking

Non-Drinker


Figure 3: Exceeding at least one of the LRADGp - All Students

Associations between sex (daily χ2=19.346, p<0.001; weekly χ2=23.563, p<0.001; bingedrinking χ2=39.888, p<0.001; combined measures χ2=33.139, p<0.001), age (dailyχ2=19.199, p=0.001; weekly χ2=18.920, p=0.001; binge drinking χ2=56.771, p<0.001;combined measures χ2=31.957, p<0.001), ethnicity (daily χ2=78.236, p<0.001; weeklyχ2=78.220, p<0.001; binge drinking χ2=67.206, p<0.001; combined measures χ2=78.727,p<0.001) and living arrangements (daily χ2=25.026, p<0.001; weekly χ2=14.013, p<0.01;binge drinking χ2=9.693, p<0.05; combined measures χ2=10.520, p<0.05) were found. Therewas no significant association between institution type and alcohol consumption behaviors.

Although in our sample a slightly greater proportion of men (10.9%) completely abstainedfrom alcohol in the past year as compared to women (7.1%) (χ2=6.603, p=0.010), malesdrank more frequently (χ2=84.739, p<0.001) and in greater quantities, than females.Specifically, a greater percentage of men, when compared to women, exceeded the daily(33.8% vs 27.1%), weekly (13.3% vs. 7.5%), binge drinking (50.7% vs. 38.1%) andcombined measures (54.9% vs. 43.8%) (see Figure 4). A greater percentage of studentsbetween the ages of 19 and 24 years, when compared to those younger than 19 or older than24, exceeded th daily (30.8% vs 23.2% and 25.1%), weekly (10.0% vs. 6.0% and 7.1%),binge drinking (46.8% vs. 33.7% and 27.0%) and combined measures (50.7% vs. 38.1% and36.7%) (see Figure 5). A greater percentage of Caucasians, when compared to non-Caucasians, exceeded daily (30.1% vs. 21.6%), weekly (9.5% vs. 6.0%), binge drinking

p Exceeding LRADG was categorized as; Exceeding weekly or daily LRADG in the past 7 days or Binge drankat least once a month in the past 12 months

44,4%

46,6%

9,0%

Exceeding at least one of the LRADG - All Students(n=1,526)

Within the LRADG

Above the LRADG

Abstainers


(43.0% vs. 32.1%) and combined measures (48.6% vs. 35.3%). A greater percentage ofstudents living in residence, when compared to those living off-campus with or withoutparent/s or guardian/s, exceeded the daily (33.9% vs. 21.2% and 31.2%), weekly (11.2% vs.6.2% and 9.8%), binge drinking (43.2% vs. 38.9% and 42.1%) and combined measures(48.1% vs. 42.7 and 48.4%) limits.

See Tables 2 – 9

Figure 4: Exceeding the LRADG by Sexq

Numbers do not exactly total 100% as they were rounded to the nearest unit.

q (X2=33.139, p<0.001)

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

Men Women

Exceeding the LRADG by Sex(n=1,526)

Non-Drinker

Within all limits

Over at least one limit


Figure 5: Exceeding the LRADG by Age Categoryr


B. Knowledge and Awareness of the LRADG

When asked if they had seen or heard of the LRADG, 15.2% (n=278) of students said ‘yes’.Associations between sex (χ2=4.893, p<0.05), age (χ2=9.909, p<0.01), academic discipline(χ2=9.863, p<0.05) and living arrangements (χ2=7.363, p<0.05) were found. In general,awareness of the LRADG was higher among women than men (16.3% vs. 12.0%), studentsolder than 24 years compared to those under 19 years or between 19 and 24 years (20.1% vs.16.6% and 13.5%), and students living in residence compared to those living off-campuswith their parent/s or guardian/s and those living off-campus without them (17.3% vs. 11.6%and 16.3%). There was no association between institution type and awareness of theLRADG.

r (X2=31.957; p<0.001)

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

<19 19-24 >24

Exceeding the LRADG by Age Category(n=1,519)

Non-Drinker

Within all limits

Over at least one limit


Figure 6: Awareness of the LRADG

The overall proportion of students who drank over the daily LRADG and who binge drank atleast monthly in the past year was similar whether they knew of the LRADG or not.However, students who were aware of Canada’s LRADG tended to binge drink lessfrequently than those who did not know about the guidelines (χ2=11.144, p=0.011).Moreover, awareness of the LRADG was associated with a reduction in rates of drunkennessepidsodes (χ2=8.234, p=0.016).

Twenty-eight percent (n=507) of respondents declared that if the LRADG indicated that theyhad to drink less, they would change the way they drink. This willingness was associatedwith sex (χ2=23.132, p<0.001), age (χ2=24.371, p<0.001), and ethnicity (χ2=25.560,p<0.001). A greater percentage of women compared to men (30.0% vs. 21.8), older studentscompared to all others aged 24 and younger (31.0% vs. 27.1), and non-Caucasians comparedto Caucasians (31.9% vs. 27.5) indicated they would be willing to modify their drinkinghabits if the LRADG indicated they should.

The preferred means to receive information about the LRADG was ‘through the media’s

(32.3%; n=576), closely followed by ‘electronically’t (31.7%; n=567) (see Figure 7). Thispreference was consistent across all demographic groups. Sixty-five percent (n=1,181) of

s E.g. television, radiot E.g. text messages, social networking, e-mail

15%19%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Sudbury & District Post-Secondary Students All Sudbury & District Adults

Awareness of the LRADG(n=1,823)


respondents felt that ‘bottle labelling that explains the LRADG and the number of drinks inthe bottle would help them follow the guidelines’.

Figure 7: Preferred Means to Receive Information about the LRADG

See Tables 10 - 18

C.Beliefs and AttitudesThis section of the survey pertained to beliefs about alcohol consumption, the campusenvironment, policies and prevention. Student answers were grouped into one of threecategories: Disagree, Neutral, or Agree. A large proportion of all students disagreed withstatements about the social significance of alcohol consumption such as ‘you can’t make itsocially without drinking’ (71.3%, n=1,288) and ‘it’s important to show how much you candrink and still hold your liquor’ (55.8%, n=971), but at the same time, over one thirdbelieved that ‘drinking is an important part of the university/college experience’ (38.2%,n=688). Thirty-seven percent (36.5%, n=456) of respondents believed that ‘rules aboutdrinking are almost never enforced on campus’ and 53.3% (n=718) of respondents felt that‘alcohol is easily available on campus’.

5%9%

32%

10%

32%

12%

Preferred Means to Receive LRADGInformation

(n=1,786)

I don't know

Writen Material

Using the Media

In person

Electronically

Bottle Labelling


Regarding general enforcement issues, students typically preferred less constraint fromadministration and the government,u but attitudes towards prevention and education weremore varied; approximately one third of respondents thought that ‘there should be morealcohol-free social events or activities on [their] school campus’ (36.0%, n=594), yet at thesame time, 41% (n=723) felt that ‘alcohol should be sold at campus sporting events’. Also,advertising against drinking was favoured by less than a quarter of respondents (23.0%,n=394), but encouragingly, more than three quarters of respondents (85.9%, n=1,447) werenot opposed to the idea that ‘there should be more alcohol education programs on campus’(see Figure 8). More precisely, upwards of half of students who responded (47.5%; n=800)were supportive of the concept, and 38.4% (n=647) felt neutral towards it.

Figure 8: Disposition towards Having More Alcohol Education Programs on Campus

All beliefs were associated with alcohol behaviours. In general, student who drank in excessof the LRADG largely adopted beliefs that were associated with at-risk drinking, andalcohol-abstainers held opposite beliefs. The beliefs of alcohol consumers who remainedwithin the LRADG generally fell between the two aforementioned groups. For example,more than three-quarters (76.9%; n=100) of alcohol abstainers disagreed that ‘drinking is animportant part of the university/college experience’. Forty-nine percent (n=330) of those whodrank alcohol within the guidelines also disagreed with the statement. In contrast, only 19.5%

u These items pertained to: administration control over students’ alcohol use, the Canadian legal drinking age’,‘the banning of advertisement of alcohol availability at campus events and parties’, and the price of alcoholserved on campus pubs at campus activities

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

Not Opposed Opposed

'There should be more alcohol educationprograms on my campus (n= 1,685)

85.9%

14.1%


(n=137) of those who drank in excess of the LRADG felt the same (χ2=254.502, p<0.001).This pattern is consistent throughout most of the attitudinal survey items.

Generally, women, students over the age of 24 years, and students who were not Caucasian,each endorsed beliefs that are associated with responsible alcohol use more frequently thantheir counterparts.

See Tables 19 - 27

D.General Health InformationThe majority of students (81.9%, n=1,469) were interested in receiving general health-relatedinformation or advice. Willingness to receive health information was associated with sex(χ2=28.367, p<0.001) and ethnicity (χ2=13.918, p=0.003). The percentage of students inclinedto receive this type of material was greater among women, as well as non-Caucasians. Therewas no association between willingness to receive health information and age. Many (59.8%,n=1,076) students reported looking for information for their own health at least once amonth, especially women (χ2=16.223, p=0.003), those who were older (χ2=23.162, p=0.003),attending university (χ2=28.404, p<0.001), and/or individuals studying in the field of healthsciences (χ2=42.995, p<0.001). The preferred means for all demographic groups to receivegeneral health information was electronically (35.0%, n=616) (see Figure 9).

See Tables 28 - 35

Figure 9: Preferred Means to Receive General Health Information


6%

14%

21%

17%

35%

8%

Preferred Means to Receive General HealthInformation

(n=1,758)

I don't know

Written Material

Using the Media

In person

Electronically

Bottle Labeling


Comparison to Population Data

Our survey results concerning alcohol consumption behaviours were comparable to the2011/12 CCHS data for the Sudbury & District Health Unit service area and Ontariopopulations, pointing to a high level of reliability and validity.v Nevertheless, there appears tobe a somewhat higher prevalence of exceeding the LRADG among our post-secondarystudents, even when controlling for age. Rates for the general Sudbury population wereconsistently slightly lower, and provincial rates were invariably the lowest of all threesamples. This trend could be the result heavier drinking patterns among post-secondarystudents,10 and notably at post-secondary institutions in the City of Greater Sudbury.

Our results show that a greater percentage of students enrolled at a Sudbury college oruniversity (91.9%) had consumed at least one alcoholic beverage in the past year comparedto the national average reported in the CCS findings (85.7%).7 However, in their 2012 report,the Nova Scotia Department of Health and Wellness reported that over 90% of Canadianuniversity students used alcohol.11 Differences in alcohol-related behaviour by sex, age,ethnicity and living arrangements were all consistent with the current body of research.Interestingly, among the student population, we found that a slightly greater proportion ofmen completely abstained from alcohol compared to women in the past year. Yet, amongalcohol users, males drank more frequently than females, and also consumed alcohol ingreater quantities. The same phenomenon is reported with data from the CCS. Our surveyitems concerning beliefs and attitudes had previously been used in the CCS7 and our datawere, for the most part, reflective of the CCS results.

When asked if they had seen or heard of the LRADG, 15% of students indicated ‘yes’, ascompared to 19% of adults reported by the Sudbury & District Health Unit.w,77 In bothsamples, the level of awareness of the LRADG increased with age.

See Table 36

Further consideration should also be given to the fact that 75% of respondents were female inthis study. According to the literature, males usually exceed the LRDG at a higher rate thanfemales. Hence, the percentage of students exceeding the guidelines may actually be higherthan our current findings. We must also consider that the questionnaire was based on self-

v CCHS data presented in this document only involves individuals >18 years, however our sample includessome students aged 17 years (n=13).w 19+ years old


reported data, and could be biased by social desirability of respondents. Additionally, we areunaware of the demographics and drinking patterns of non-respondents, as compared to therespondents of the questionnaire. Specifically, caution should be interpreted given thenumber of non-responses (i.e., approximately 300 missing or excluded responses) to thequestion from which the LRADG variables was derived. Hence, the number of students thatare exceeding the guidelines may be slightly higher, or lower, than what has been reported.


Recommendations

According to our review of the literature and survey results, we have identified interventionsthat are tailored to the needs of post-secondary students within the City of Greater Sudbury.Overall, college and university students displayed similar alcohol consumption behaviourpatterns, and thus the following recommendations can be applied to both types of institutions.

Alcohol misuse is the product of multiple levels of influence, and any endeavour to addressthis issue needs to tackle as many dimensions as possible. A comprehensive approach aimedat reducing alcohol-related harms and the promotion of healthy and safe campus can begin bydeveloping and implementing as many of the recommendations noted below. These weredesigned and categorized for: students, administrators and decision-makers, and healthpromoters and educators.

StudentsStudents themselves can reduce the demand for alcohol by individuals. This can beaccomplished by ensuring that students have opportunities to clarify and evaluate theirpersonal beliefs and values, while emphasizing responsible decision-making about alcohol asit relates to their academic goals. Specifically, students need to be provided opportunities tolearn and share basic refusal skills and measures to deal with peer intoxication and alcoholpoisoning, respectively.

Students who are in a leadership position, such as residence supervisors, floor proctors, andmembers of student councils within their post-secondary community have a significant rolein shifting a student-body culture of alcohol misuse to one that fosters a healthy community,and that ensures moderate alcohol use. Student leaders can participate actively, andcollaborate with other students, as well as community partners specific to initiatives, policiesand innovative strategies to reduce the harms associated with alcohol misuse. These positiveinitiatives allow students to develop strengths, skills and knowledge with regards to theimplications of alcohol use, while providing them with a sense of empowerment.

Student leaders can:

increase awareness and education by developing a strategy to start a conversationamong students on the risks and harms associated with heavy and binge drinking.For example, we recommend providing information sessions on ‘mocktails’ thatdemonstrate the tastefulness and social aspect of enjoying a non-alcoholic beverage.


influence actual and perceived norms by developing a social awareness campaign tode-normalize heavy and binge drinking: the effects of alcohol misuse can be addressedand promoted as “uncool” or “socially unacceptable”. Shift the focus away from heavydrinking to the true purpose of all events that may involve alcohol, while encouragingevents and spaces that are not centered on alcohol.

establish peer-led education and programs that allow students to engage in an open andtrusting discussion with fellow students, giving them an opportunity to share theirexperiences; students listen to their peers.

Since awareness of the LRADG seems to correlate with safer drinking, and many studentssaid they would drink less if the LRADG indicated they should, student leaders ought to haveknowledge of, and frame all of their messages around, the LRADG.

Administrators and Decision-MakersPost-secondary institutions need to recognize the importance of community collaboration toaddress alcohol misuse on-campus, and off-campus wherever possible. The followingrecommendations require administration and decision-maker buy-in and support in order tocreate healthy campuses for post-secondary students.

Administrators and decision-makers need to:

enforce all laws and regulations as outlined by the Liquor Licence Act (LLA) andAlcohol and Gaming Commission of Ontario (AGCO). In addition, consider reviewingcampus alcohol policies and ensuring adequate enforcement. Consider regulationsrestricting hours and locations that alcohol can be sold and consumed, as well as policiesthat discourage drinking games and objects that encourage rapid or high volumeconsumption.

implement prevention and harm-reduction measures specific to campus bars, such asoffering free non-alcoholic beverages and lower-priced ‘lite’ alcohol products, maintainingminimum pricing on regular alcoholic drinks, ban price discounts or promotions (e.g.: no‘happy hours) - and if there is no bar on campus, do not permit one to be instituted.

develop and enforce policies for institution-sanctioned and student-led events, such asimplementing a ticket system for alcohol service, prohibiting ‘bring your own booze’events, checking bags at the door for alcohol, ensuring Party Alcohol Liabilityx is in place,ensuring safe passage home (e.g. hire a taxi service, initiate a ‘Operation Red Nose’y-likeservice). These policies should cover both student and staff events.

x https://www.palcanada.com/en/party-alcohol-liabilityy http://operationnezrouge.com/en


provide employee training which includes a requirement that event staff in post-secondary institutions become ‘Safer Bars’z ‘trained, in addition to the current requirementof ‘Smart Serve’aa trained.

create supportive environments where post-secondary students are safe andencouraged to live healthy lifestyles, especially to avoid alcohol or use it in moderation,through:

Residence restrictions: have alcohol-free floors. For floors where alcohol ispermitted, discourage activities and events where alcohol use is the focus, such asdrinking games. Consider banning alcohol use in public spaces. Ensure all campusalcohol policies are enforced by staff, volunteers and student leaders.

Staff training and emergency preparedness: All employees should be aware of theLRADG and of the impact of language around alcohol use (re-enforce a culture ofmoderation). Residence and Security staff should be trained in recognizing andintervening with students who are intoxicated and/or have alcohol poisoning. It ishighly recommended that they know the BACCUS maneuverbb and be CPR/First Aidcertified.

Policy development for alcohol advertising: limit sponsorship by the alcoholindustry and restrict advertising content. Administration ought to review alladvertising that pertains to alcohol and assess for content.

Educators and Health PromotersPersonal and collective initiatives are required for the uptake of health information andadoption of healthy values and behaviours by students. The following recommendationsprovide direction for health promoters and educators to encourage students in post-secondaryinstitutions to adhere to moderate alcohol consumption.

Health Promoters and Educators need to:

deliver LRADG and health promotion messaging to all students, as the heavy drinkingphenomenon affects a broad spectrum of individuals. We recommend utilizing humourwhen advertising these messages and counter-advertising against messaging that promotesthe misuse of alcohol. We suggest putting up materials that reinforce low-risk drinking inbathroom stalls. We also advise that information about safer drinking and campus policiesaround alcohol use be included in pre-admission packages. Furthermore, given the large

z http://www.camh.ca/en/education/about/camh_publications/Pages/safer_bars_program.aspxaa https://www.smartserve.ca/bb https://www.drinkwise.ca/english/education/the-bacchus-maneuver.html


presence of female students in post-secondary institutions at a pre-conception age,messaging around alcohol consumption and pregnancy is of merit.

further target high-risk students, and high-risk alcohol use behaviours. Although anyhealth promotion initiatives should reach all students, those below the age of 24,cc who aremales or who live in residence should receive special attention from health promotioninitiatives. Health promoters can work closely with student leaders to reach these high-riskgroups and the rest of students.

disseminate health promotion messaging via the media and electronically (whereappropriate) as per students’ preference. Most students demonstrated more enthusiasmabout receiving information regarding general health than about the LRADG; accordingly,they might be more receptive to information on the latter if it is included under theumbrella of general-health education material. Furthermore, health educators should becareful not to disseminate overwhelming volumes of information.

offer Screening & Brief Intervention (SBI) tools: SBI have proved helpful to rectifybeliefs associated with alcohol misuse and are a best practice in the field. Electronicresources being preferred by post-secondary students, short computerized screenings withpertinent personalized normative feedback and referral could be explored as an optionsince research indicates that they are suitable alternatives to face-to-face SBI sessions. Wespecifically recommend the eCHECKUP TO GO.dd However, in-person counselling healthservices and SBI must first and foremost be made easily available to students by trainedprofessionals.

cc Although our results show that students 19-24 years displayed the most harmful alcohol behaviours, werecommend targeting younger students alike as a preventative measure.dd http://www.echeckuptogo.com/can/


Conclusion

Our results support the need to encourage the responsible consumption of alcohol in post-secondary institutions in the City of Greater Sudbury. According to the literature and ourown study, daily excess of LRADG limits, particularly the practice of binge drinking,appears to be the most pressing challenge facing post-secondary institutions in Canada. It isimportant to address this issue in order to minimize the consequences for students as well asfor staff, faculty, and the functioning and reputation of our academic establishments. Bybetter understanding the attitudes, beliefs, and alcohol consumption behaviours of students,post-secondary institutions can better collaborate with community partners and public health,in order to implement a wide range of dynamic and complementary approaches to tacklealcohol misuse. The key to success is to create a campus where responsible alcohol use is thesocial norm, where policies are in place to reduce risks as well as support students inengaging in healthy behaviours, and where meaningful connections are made with peers,faculty, staff, administration and the local community. Only then will a culture of moderationbe embraced


Endnotes

1. Hingson, R., Zha, W., & Weitzman, E. (2009)

2. Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse (2013)

3. Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse (2014)

4. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (2011)

5. Thomas, G. (2012)

6. Sudbury & District Health Unit (2013)

7. Adlaf, E., Demers, A., & and Gliksman, L. (2005)

8. Wechsler, H., & Nelson, T. (2008)

9. Statistics Canada (2014)

10. Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission (2005)

11. Nova Scotia Department of Health and Wellness (2012)

12. Ministry of Health Promotion (2010)

13. Centre for Addictions Research of BC (2008)

14. Public Health Agency of Canada (2011)

15. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (2003)

16. Oei, T., & Morawska, A. (2004)

17. Wechsler, H., & Austin, S. (1998)

18. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (2008)

19. Statistics Canada (2010)


21. Babor, T., Caetano, R., Casswell, S., Edwards, G., Giesbrecht, N., Graham, K., . . . Rossow, I. (2010)


22. Roerecke, R., Haydon, E., & Giesbrecht, N. (2007)

23. Cancer Care Ontario (2014)

24. World Health Organization (2014a)

25. National Advisory Council on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (2002)

26. Rehm, J., Baliunas, D., Brochu, S., Fischer, B., Gnam, W., Patra, J., . . . Taylor, B. (2006)

27. Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) (2014)

28. Butt, P. et al. (2011)

29. Hiller-Sturmhöfel, S., & Swartzwelder, H. (2004/2005)


31. Gutjahr, E., Gmel, G., & Rehm, J. (2001)

32. Wechsler, H., Lee, J., Nelson, T., & Lee, H. (2001)

33. Ham, L., & Hope, D. (2003)

34. Gliksman, L., Adlaf, E., Demers, A., & Newton-Taylor, B. (2003)

35. Berkowitz, A., & Perkins, W. (1986)

36. Nair, N., Newton, N., Teesson, M., Slade, T., Barrett, E., Champion, K., & Conrod, P. (2013)

37. Martin, C., & Hoffman, M. (1993)

38. Borsari, B., & Carey, K. (2001)

39. Erenberg, D., & Hacker, G. (1997)

40. Ontario Agency for Health Protection and Promotion (2013)

41. Seitz, H., Egerer, G., Simanowski, U., Waldher, R., Eckey, R., Agarwal, D., . . . von Wartburg, J.(1993)

42. National Institute of Health (2013)

44. Chaloupka, F., & Wechsler, H. (1996)

45. Stockwell, T., Gruenewald, P., Toumbourou, J., & Loxley, W. (2005)

46. Loxley, W., Toumbourou, J., Stockwell, T., Haines, B., Scott, K., Godfrey, C., . . . Williams, J. (2004)

47. Saha, A., Poddar, E., & Mankad, M. (2005)


48. Sallis, J., & Owen, N. (2002)

49. Ontario Recreation Facilities Association (2007)

50. Martell Consulting Services Ltd (2014)

51. Mitic, W. (2003)

52. Nova Scotia Department of Health (2002)

53. Queen's University (2012)

54. Toomey, T., & Wagenaar, A. (2002)

55. Anderson, P., de Bruijn, A., Angus, K., Gordon, R., & Hastings, G. (2009)

56. Chen, M.-J., Grube, J., Bersamin, M., Watters, E., & Keefe, D. (2005)

57. Dimeff, L., Baer, J., Kivlahan, D., & Marlatt, G. (1999)


59. American Public Health Association and Education Development Center, Inc. (2008)

60. World Health Organization (2014b)

61. College of Family Physicians of Canada (2012)

62. White, A., Kavanagh, D., Stallman, H., Klein, B., Kay-Lambkin, F., Proudfoot, J., . . . Young, R.(2010)

63. Health Promotion, Chronic Disease & Injury Prevention Department (2013)

64. Elliott, J., Carey, K., & Bolles, J. (2008)

65. Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care (2011)

66. Saewyc, E., & Stewart, D. (2008)

67. Hammond, W. (2011)

68. Search Institute (2004)

69. Mellanby, A., Rees, J., & Tripp, J. (2000)

70. Black, D., Tobler, N., & Sciacca, J. (1998)

71. Perry, C., Grand, M., Ernberg, G., Florenzano, R., Langdon, M., Waahlberg, R., . . . Fisher, K. e.(1989)


72. Larimer, M., Kilmer, J., & Lee, C. (2005)

73. Wood, M., Read, J., Mitchell, R., & Brand, N. (2004)

74. DeJong, W. (1997)

75. Gravic, Inc. (2013)

76. IBM Corporation (2012)

77. Sudbury & District Health Unit (2010)


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Appendix


Section 1 - DemographicsTable 1: Demographics

Nee %ff

All 1829 100

SexMaleFemale

46113601821

25.374.7100

Age<1919-24>24

20012473731820

11.068.520.5100

EthnicityCaucasianNon-Caucasian

15262831809

84.415.6100

Mother TongueEnglishOther

11976231820

65.834.2100

Institution TypeCollegeUniversity

29815181816

16.483.6100

ee Missing or invalide values were excluded from all analyses; therefore all totals do not sum 1829.ff Percentages shown have been rounded to the nearest tenth, and totals may not add up to exactly 100.


Nee %ff

Academic DisciplineHumanities & Natural SciencesFormal, Physical & Life SciencesProfessions & Applied SciencesHealth Sciences

4142675855361802

23.014.832.529.7100

Living ArrangementIn residenceOff campus with parent/s or guardian/sOff campus without parent/s or guardian/s

3835109111804

21.228.350.5100


Section 2 – Alcohol Consumption BehavioursTable 2: Behaviours (Total)

Question Answer All

N %

During the past 12 months, have you had a drink of beer, wine, liquor,or any other alcoholic beverage?

YesNo

16771481825

91.98.1100

During the past 12 months, how often did you drink alcoholicbeverages?

Less than once a monthOnce a month2-3 times a monthOnce a week2-3 times a week4 times a week or more

387212484269259651676

23.112.628.916.115.53.9100

How many times in the past month has drinking alcohol made youdrunk? That is, intoxicated to the point of impairment of physical andmental faculties?

Once2-3 times4 or more timesI have not been drunk in the past monthI did not drink alcohol in the past month

4013161786221591676

23.918.910.637.19.5100

How often in the past 12 months have you had 5 or more drinks on oneoccasion?

Never in the last 12 monthsLess than once a monthAbout once a monthAbout once a week, or more

3096234562881676

18.437.227.217.2100

How often during the last 12 months have you found that you were notable to stop drinking once you had started?


133319093511667

80.011.45.63.1100


Question Answer All

N %

How often during the last 12 months have you not done things youwere supposed to because of drinking (e.g.: you missed a class)?


120634287381673

72.120.45.22.3100

How often during the last 12 months have you had a feeling of guilt orremorse after drinking?


106347298411674

63.528.25.92.4100

How often in the last 12 months have you been unable to rememberwhat happened the night before because you had been drinking?


1080447115321674

64.526.76.91.9100

Have you or someone else been injured as a result of your drinking? Yes, in the last 12 monthsYes, but not in the last 12 monthsNo

18217712751634

11.178.010.8100

Has a relative, friend, doctor or other health care worker beenconcerned about your drinking or suggested you cut down?

Yes, in the last 12 monthsYes, but not in the last 12 monthsNo

837315181674

5.090.74.4100

99.2% of respondents have never been in a treatment program during the last year because of their alcohol use. 0.6% of respondents reported being in atreatment program during the last 12 months because of their alcohol use, and 0.2% prior to the last year.

On average during the past 12 months, how many hours of sleep do youget per night?

Less than 6 hoursBetween 6 and 8 hours

2291203

12.666.3


Question Answer All

N %

More than 8 hours 3821814

21.1100

Behaviours as per the LRADGgg

LRADG weekly limitsAmong drinkers

Among all

Within the LRADG weekly limitsOver the LRADG weekly limits

12511371388

90.19.9100

Alcohol abstainerWithin the LRADG weekly limitsOver the LRADG weekly limits

13812511371526

9.082.09.0100

LRADG daily limits (3/2) hh

Among drinkers

Among all

Within the LRADG daily limitsOver the LRADG limits

9484401388

68.331.7100

Alcohol abstainerWithin the LRADG daily limitsOver the LRADG limits

1389484401526

9.062.128.8100

Binge drinkingAmong drinkers

All students

Binged less than 1x/month in the past yearBinged 1x/month or more in the past year

9117381649

55.244.6100

Alcohol abstainerBinged less than 1x/month in the past year

139911

7.851.0

gg Based on valid cases for analyses and excludes women who reported being pregnant or breastfeed in the last 12 months. Individuals who did not indicate being male or femalewere excluded from LRADG Derived Variables.

hh From late teens to age 24, youth should never have more than 2 drinks a day (for girls) or 3 drinks a day (for boys). From: http://www.ccsa.ca/Resource%20Library/2012-Canada-Low-Risk-Alcohol-Drinking-Guidelines-Brochure-en.pdf


Question Answer All

N %

Binged 1x/month or more in the past year 7381788

41.3100

Total (Weekly, Daily (3/2) or Binge)Among drinkers

Among all

Within all limitsOver at least one of the limits

6777111388

48.851.2100

Alcohol abstainerWithin all limitsOver at least one of the limits

1386777111526

9.044.446.6100


Table 3: Behaviours by SexQuestion Answer All Male Female Chi-Square test

N % N % N % χ2

ValueP Value

During the past 12 months, have youhad a drink of beer, wine, liquor, orany other alcoholic beverage?

YesNo

16711471818

91.98.1100

40850

89.110.9

126397

92.97.1

6.603 p=0.010

During the past 12 months, howoften did you drink alcoholicbeverages?


385210484268258651670

23.112.629.016.015.43.9100

59321087410332

14.57.826.518.125.27.8

32617837619415533

25.814.129.815.412.32.6

84.739 p<0.001

How many times in the past monthhas drinking alcohol made youdrunk? That is, intoxicated to thepoint of impairment of physical andmental faculties?


4003161776191581670

24.018.910.637.19.5100

93817414218

22.819.918.134.84.4

307235103477140

24.318.68.237.811.1

44.792 p<0.001

How often in the past 12 monthshave you had 5 or more drinks on oneoccasion?


3096194562861670

18.537.127.317.1100

58118118114

14.228.928.927.9

251501338172

19.939.726.813.6

52.419 p<0.001

How often during the last 12 monthshave you found that you were notable to stop drinking once you hadstarted?


132919091511661

80.011.45.53.1100

310572116

76.714.15.24.0

10191337035

81.110.65.62.8

5.498 p=0.139

How often during the last 12 months Never in the last 12 months 1201 72.0 282 69.5 919 72.9 2.485 p=0.478


Question Answer All Male Female Chi-Square test

N % N % N % χ2

ValueP Value

have you not done things you weresupposed to because of drinking (e.g.:you missed a class)?

Less than once a monthAbout once a monthAbout once a week, or more

34286381667

20.55.22.3100

93238

22.95.72.0

2496330

19.75.02.4

How often during the last 12 monthshave you had a feeling of guilt orremorse after drinking?


105947197411668

63.528.25.82.5100

2531152513

62.328.36.23.2

8063567228

63.928.25.72.2

1.434 p=0.698

How often in the last 12 months haveyou been unable to remember whathappened the night before becauseyou had been drinking?


1076446115311668

64.526.76.91.9100

2431153712

59.728.39.12.9

8333317819

66.126.26.21.5

9.597 p=0.022

Have you or someone else beeninjured as a result of your drinking?

Yes, in the last 12 monthsNoYes, but not in the last 12 months

18112701771628

11.178.010.9100

4630742

11.677.710.6

135963135

10.978.110.9

0.164 p=0.921

Has a relative, friend, doctor or otherhealth care worker been concernedabout your drinking or suggested youcut down?


817315141668

4.94.490.8100

3515358

8.63.787.7

46581156

3.74.691.7

16.559 p<0.001

On average during the past 12months, how many hours of sleep doyou get per night?

Less than 6 hoursBetween 6 and 8 hoursMore than 8 hours

22711993811807

12.666.421.1100

6829393

15.064.520.5

159906288

11.867.021.3

3.221 p=0.200



N % N % N % χ2

ValueP Value

Behaviours as per the LRADGLRADG weekly limits:Among drinkers

Among all


12511371388

90.19.9100

28852

84.715.3

96385

91.98.1

14.891 p<0.001


13812511371526

9.082.09.0100

5028852

12.873.813.3

8896385

7.784.87.5

23.563 p<0.001

LRADG daily limits (3/2)Among drinkers

Among all

Within the LRADG daily limitsOver the LRADG daily limits

9484401388

68.331.7100

208132

61.238.8

740308

70.629.4

10.553 p=0.001

Alcohol abstainerWithin the LRADG daily limitsOver the LRADG daily limits

1389484401526

9.062.128.8100

50208132

12.853.333.8

88740308

7.765.127.1

19.346 p<0.001


Among all


9077361643

55.244.8100

176232

43.156.9

731504

59.240.8

31.959 p<0.001

Alcohol abstainerBinged less than 1x/month in the past yearBinged 1x/month or more in the past year

1389077361781

7.750.941.3100

50176232

10.938.450.7

88731504

6.755.338.1

39.888 p<0.001


Among all

Within all limitsOver at least one of the limits

6777111388

48.851.2100

126214

37.162.9

551497

52.647.4

24.741 p<0.001

Alcohol abstainerWithin all limitsOver at least one of the limits

138677711

9.044.446.6

50126214

12.832.354.9

88551497

7.748.543.8

33.139 p<0.001



N % N % N % χ2

ValueP Value

1526 100

Table 4: Behaviours by Age CategoryQuestions Answers All <19 19-24 >24 Chi Square Test

N % N % N % N % χ2

ValueP Value

During the past 12months, have you had adrink of beer, wine,liquor, or any otheralcoholic beverage?

YesNo

16691471816

91.98.1100

17327

86.513.5

116680

93.66.4

33040

89.210.8

16.218 p<0.001

During the past 12months, how often didyou drink alcoholicbeverages?


384210482269258651668

23.012.628.916.115.53.9100

Analyses not performed due to small cell sizes

Less than once a monthOnce a month2-3 times a monthOnce a week2+ times a week

3842104822693231668

23.012.628.916.119.4100

4928473019

28.316.227.217.311.0

242145366194219

20.812.431.416.618.8

9337694585

28.311.221.013.725.8

35.919 p<0.001

How many times in thepast month has drinkingalcohol made you

Once2-3 times4 or more times

400316177

24.018.910.6

423225

24.318.514.5

295248133

25.321.311.4

633619

19.110.95.8

66.028 p<0.001


drunk? I have not been drunk in the past monthI did not drink alcohol in the past month

6181571668

37.19.4100

4925

28.314.5

39693

34.08.0

17339

52.411.8

How often in the past12 months have youhad 5 or more drinks onone occasion?


3046214562871668

18.237.227.317.2100

38684423

22.039.325.413.3

173413350230

14.835.430.019.7

931406234

28.342.618.810.3

57.447 p<0.001

How often during thelast 12 months haveyou found that youwere not able to stopdrinking once you hadstarted?


132619093501659

79.911.55.63.0100

1312595

77.114.75.32.9

9141396938

78.812.05.93.3

28126157

85.47.94.62.1

9.114 p=0.167

How often during thelast 12 months haveyou not done things youwere supposed tobecause of drinking(e.g.: you missed aclass)?


119934187381665

72.020.55.22.3100


Never in the last 12 monthsLess than once a monthAbout once a month, or more

11993411251665

72.020.57.5100

1323011

76.317.36.4

790269103

68.023.18.9

2774211

83.912.73.3

34.948 p<0.001

How often during thelast 12 months haveyou had a feeling ofguilt or remorse afterdrinking?


105747098411666

63.428.25.92.5100

1144675

66.326.74.12.9

7063517830

60.630.16.72.6

23773136

72.022.24.01.8

16.509 p=0.011

How often in the last 12months have you beenunable to rememberwhat happened thenight before because


1073447114321666

64.426.86.81.9100



you had been drinking? Never in the last 12 monthsLess than once a monthAbout once a month, or more

10734471461666

64.426.88.8100

1085114

62.429.58.1

693348123

59.529.910.6

272489

82.714.62.7

62.395 p<0.001

Have you or someoneelse been injured as aresult of your drinking?


18212671771626

11.277.910.9100

2212714

13.577.98.6

151853133

13.375.011.7

928730

2.8889.2

33.743 p<0.001

Has a relative, friend,doctor or other healthcare worker beenconcerned about yourdrinking or suggestedyou cut down?


837315101666

5.04.490.6100

126155

6.93.589.6

59491055

5.14.290.7

1218300

3.65.590.9

3.841 p=0.428

On average during thepast 12 months, howmany hours of sleep doyou get per night?


22811953821805

12.666.221.2100

3812437

19.162.318.6

127841268

10.368.021.7

6323077

17.062.220.8

20.475 p<0.001

Behaviours as per the LRADGLRADG weekly limitsAmong drinkers

LRADG weekly limitsAmong all


12451371382

90.19.9100

13110

92.97.1

883107

89.210.8

23120

92.08.0

3.208 p=0.201


13712451371519

9.082.09.0100

2713110

16.178.06.0

78883107

7.382.710.0

3223120

11.381.67.1

18.920 p=0.001

LRADG daily limits(3/2)Among drinkers

LRADG daily limits(3/2)Among all


9434391382

68.231.8100

10239

72.327.7

661329

66.833.2

18071

71.728.3

3.481 p=0.175

Alcohol abstainerWithin the LRADG daily limitsOver the LRADG limits

1379434391519

9.062.128.9100

2710239

16.160.723.2

78661329

7.361.930.8

3218071

11.363.625.1

19.199 p=0.001



Among all


9047371641

55.144.9100

10567

61.039.0

577576

50.050.0

22294

70.329.7

43.702 p<0.001

Alcohol abstainerBinged less than 1x/month in the past yearBinged 1x/month or more in the past year

1389047371779

7.850.841.4100

2710567

13.652.833.7

79577576

6.446.846.8

3222294

9.263.827.0

56.771 p<0.001

Total (Weekly, Daily(3/2) or Binge)Among drinkersAmong all

Within all of the limitsOver at least one of the limits

6727101382

48.651.4100

7764

54.645.4

448542

45.354.7

147104

58.641.4

16.458 p<0.001

Alcohol abstainersWithin all of the limitsOver at least one of the limits

1376727101519

9.044.246.7100

277764

16.145.838.1

78448542

7.341.950.7

32147104

11.351.936.7

31.957 p<0.001


Table 5: Behaviours by EthnicityQuestions Answers All Caucasian Non-

CaucasiansChi Square Test

N % N % N % χ2Value

P Value


YesNo

16621451807

92.08.0100

143788

94.25.8

22557

79.820.2

67.259 p<0.001



385211478265258641661

23.212.728.816.015.53.9100

31519242322822257

21.913.429.415.915.44.0

70195537367

31.28.524.616.516.13.1

12.970 p=0.024

How many times in the past monthhas drinking alcohol made youdrunk?


3993151746171561661

24.019.010.537.29.4100

349278150525134

24.319.410.436.69.3

5037249222

22.216.410.740.99.8

2.254 p=0.689



3066174542841661

18.437.127.317.1100

251537394255

17.537.427.417.7

55806029

24.635.726.812.9

8.064 p=0.045



132019093491652

79.911.55.63.0100

11391658541

79.711.55.92.9

1812588

81.511.33.63.6

2.319 p=0.509

How often during the last 12 monthshave you not done things you were

Never in the last 12 monthsLess than once a month

1196339

72.120.4

1028300

71.720.9

16839

74.717.3

1.697 p=0.638


Questions Answers All Caucasian Non-Caucasians

Chi Square Test


P Value

supposed to because of drinking (e.g.:you missed a class)?

About once a monthAbout once a week, or more

86371659

5.22.2100

7431

5.22.2

126

5.32.7



105446898401660

63.528.25.92.4100

9233968730

64.327.66.12.1

131721110

58.532.14.94.5

7.426 p=0.059



1069445114311659

64.426.86.91.9100

9123989926

63.627.76.91.8

15747155

64.426.86.91.9

4.773 p=0.189



18117512641620

11.210.878.0100

1641491086

11.710.777.6

1726178

7.711.880.5

3.202 p=0.202



827315051660

4.94.490.7100

69631303

4.84.490.8

1310202

5.84.489.8

0.394 p=0.821



22511933781796

12.566.421.0100

1751007333

11.666.522.0

5018645

17.866.216.0

11.384 p=0.003



12411361377

90.19.9100

1090123

89.910.1

15113

92.17.9

0.795 p=0.373


Questions Answers All Caucasian Non-Caucasians

Chi Square Test


P Value

Among all Within the LRADG weekly limitsOver the LRADG weekly limitsAlcohol abstainer

12411361361513

82.09.09.0100

109012382

84.29.56.3

1511354

69.36.024.8

78.220 p<0.001


Among all


9404371377

68.331.7100

823390

67.832.2

11747

71.328.7

0.814 p=0.367

Within the LRADG daily limitsOver the LRADG limitsAlcohol abstainer

9404371361513

62.128.99.0100

82339082

63.630.16.3

1174754

53.721.624.8

78.236 p<0.001


Among all


9027321634

55.244.8100

770644

54.545.5

13288

60.040.0

2.367 p=0.124

Binged less than 1x/month in the past yearBinged 1x/month or more in the past yearAlcohol abstainer

9027321371771

50.941.37.7100

77064483

51.443.05.5

1328854

48.232.119.7

67.206 p<0.001


Among all


6717061377

48.751.3100

584629

48.151.9

8777

53.047.0

1.390 p=0.238

Within all of the limitsOver at least one of the limitsAlcohol abstainer

6717061361513

44.346.79.0100

58462982

45.148.66.3

877754

39.935.324.8

78.727 p<0.001


Table 6: Behaviours by Mother TongueAll English Other Chi Square Test


P Value


YesNo

16711481819

91.98.1100

109898

91.88.2

57350

92.08.0

0.016 p=0.901



384212484268258641670

23.012.729.016.015.43.8100

23714030918817548

21.612.828.217.116.04.4

14772175808316

25.712.630.514.014.52.8

8.781 p=0.118



4013161776171591670

24.018.910.636.99.5100

25921613039895

23.619.711.836.28.7

1421004721964

24.817.58.238.311.2

8.815 p=0.066



3066224552871670

18.337.227.217.2100

191417288201

17.438.026.318.3

11520516786

20.135.829.115.0

5.518 p=0.138



132918993501661

80.011.45.63.0100

8811126236

80.810.35.73.3

448773114

78.613.55.42.5

4.603 p=0.203

How often during the last 12 monthshave you not done things you were


1202340

72.120.4

764239

69.621.8

438101

76.817.7

11.754 p=0.008


All English Other Chi Square TestN % N % N % χ2

ValueP Value

supposed to because of drinking (e.g.:you missed a class)?


87381667

5.22.3100

6826

6.22.4

1912

3.32.1



105947198401668

63.528.25.92.4100

6703267030

61.129.76.42.7

3891452810

68.025.34.91.7

8.326 p=0.040



1077445115311668

64.626.76.91.9100

6883018623

62.727.47.82.1

389144298

68.225.35.11.4

7.528 p=0.057



18212691771628

11.277.910.9100

113828132

10.577.212.3

6944145

12.479.58.1

7.347 p=0.025



837315121668

5.04.490.6100

6098946

5.590.34.2

2352327

4.091.34.7

1.886 p=0.389



22911993811809

12.766.321.1100

137801252

11.567.321.2

92398129

14.964.320.8

4.190 p=0.123


Among all


12491371386

90.19.9100

818102

88.911.1

43135

92.57.5

4.441 p=0.035

Within the LRADG weekly limits 1249 82.0 818 80.9 431 84.0 4.449 p=0.108


All English Other Chi Square TestN % N % N % χ2

ValueP Value

Over the LRADG weekly limitsAlcohol abstainer

1371381524

9.09.1100

10291

10.19.0

3547

6.89.2


Among all


9464401386

68.331.7100

609311

66.233.8

337129

72.327.7

5.350 p=0.021


9464401381524

62.128.99.1100

60931191

60.230.89.0

33712947

65.725.19.2

5.358 p=0.069


Among all


9077361643

55.244.8100

594483

55.244.8

313253

55.344.7

0.003 p=0.955


9077361391782

50.941.37.8100

59448392

50.841.37.9

31325347

51.141.37.7

0.026 p=0.987


Among all


6757111386

48.751.3100

445475

48.451.6

230236

49.450.6

0.121 p=0.728


6757111381524

44.346.79.1100

44547591

44.047.09.0

23023647

44.846.09.2

0.131 p=0.937


Table 7: Behaviours by Institution TypeAll College University Chi Square Test

N % N % N %χ2

ValueP Value

During the past 12 months, haveyou had a drink of beer, wine,liquor, or any other alcoholicbeverage?

YesNo

16671461813

91.98.1100

28018

94.06.0

1387128

91.68.4

1.951 p=0.162



386210484268253651666

23.212.629.116.115.23.9100

675379363411

23.918.928.212.912.13.9

31915740523221954

23.011.329.216.715.83.9

15.077 p=0.010



3983141756201591666

23.918.810.537.29.5100

81462210427

28.916.47.937.19.6

317268153516132

22.919.311.037.29.5

6.871 p=0.143

How often in the past 12 monthshave you had 5 or more drinks onone occasion?


3066214552841666

18.437.327.317.0100

371208142

13.242.928.915.0

269501374242

19.436.127.017.5

8.829 p=0.032

How often during the last 12months have you found that youwere not able to stop drinking onceyou had started?


132718892511658

80.011.35.53.1100

213341811

77.212.36.54.0

11141547440

80.611.15.42.9

2.075 p=0.557

How often during the last 12 Never in the last 12 months 1199 72.1 Analyses not performed due to


All College University Chi Square Test

N % N % N %χ2

ValueP Value

months have you not done thingsyou were supposed to because ofdrinking (e.g.: you missed a class)?

Less than once a monthAbout once a monthAbout once a week, or more

34086381663

20.45.22.3100

small cell sizes


11993401241663

72.120.47.5100

2134521

76.316.17.5

986295103

71.221.37.4

3.895 p=0.143

How often during the last 12months have you had a feeling ofguilt or remorse after drinking?


105846997401664

63.628.25.82.4100

19664135

70.523.04.71.8

8624058435

62.229.26.12.5

6.942 p=0.074

How often in the last 12 monthshave you been unable to rememberwhat happened the night beforebecause you had been drinking?


1076444113311664

64.726.76.81.9100

Analyses not performed due tosmall cell sizes


10764441441664

64.726.78.7100

1867024

66.425.08.6

890374120

64.327.08.7

0.522 p=0.770



18112681751624

11.178.110.8100

2720442

9.974.715.4

1541064133

11.478.89.8

7.405 p=0.025

Has a relative, friend, doctor orother health care worker beenconcerned about your drinking orsuggested you cut down?


827115111664

4.94.390.8100

914257

3.25.091.8

73571254

5.34.190.6

2.466 p=0.291



N % N % N %χ2

ValueP Value

On average during the past 12months, how many hours of sleepdo you get per night?


22911933801802

12.766.221.1100

4919057

16.664.219.3

1801003323

12.066.621.4

4.903 p=0.086


Among all


12441341378

90.39.7100

19321

90.29.8

1051113

90.39.7

0.002 p=0.962

Within the LRADG weekly limitsOver the LRADG weekly limitsAlcohol abstainer

12441341371515

82.18.89.0100

1932118

83.29.17.8

1051113119

81.98.89.3

0.552 p=0.759


Among all


9454331378

68.631.4100

15658

72.927.1

789375

67.832.2

2.194 p=0.139


9454331371515

62.428.69.0100

1565818

67.225.07.8

789375119

61.529.29.3

2.768 p=0.251


Among all


9067331639

55.344.7100

154121

56.044.0

752612

55.144.9

0.070 p=0.792


9067331381777

51.041.27.8100

15412118

52.641.36.1

752612120

50.741.28.1

1.360 p=0.507


Among all


6747041378

48.951.1100

112102

52.347.7

562602

48.351.7

1.189 p=0.275



N % N % N %χ2

ValueP Value


6747041371515

44.546.59.0100

11210218

48.344.07.8

562602119

43.846.99.3

1.752 p=0.416


Table 8: Behaviours by Academic DisciplineAll Humanities

& NaturalSciences

Formal,Physical &

LifeSciences

Professions& AppliedSciences

HealthSciences

Chi Square Test

N % N % N % N % N % χ2Value

P Value

During the past 12 months,have you had a drink ofbeer, wine, liquor, or anyother alcoholic beverage?

YesNo

16531461799

91.98.1100

38529

93.07.0

23828

89.510.5

53451

91.38.7

49638

92.97.1

3.758 p=0.289

During the past 12 months,how often did you drinkalcoholic beverages?


377210480267254641652

22.812.729.116.215.43.9100

9935112655915

25.79.129.116.915.33.9

592567334311

24.810.528.213.918.14.6

11372150918522

21.213.528.117.115.94.1

10678151786716

21.915.631.215.812.43.2

16.693 p=0.338

How many times in the pastmonth has drinking alcoholmade you drunk?


3963141766111551652

24.019.010.737.09.4100

95625014433

24.716.113.037.58.6

54402510019

22.716.810.542.08.0

1231055920245

23.019.711.037.88.4

1241074216558

25.021.68.533.311.7

16.807 p=0.157

How often in the past 12months have you had 5 ormore drinks on oneoccasion?


3056134502841652

18.537.127.217.2100

741519367

19.239.224.217.4

47895943

19.737.424.818.1

97184143109

18.234.526.820.5

8718915565

17.538.131.213.1

15.201 p=0.086

How often during the last 12months have you found thatyou were not able to stopdrinking once you hadstarted?


131318893491643

79.911.45.73.0100

306461614

80.112.04.23.7

19921106

84.38.94.22.5

412673418

77.612.66.43.4

396543311

80.210.96.72.2

8.870 p=0.449

How often during the last 12months have you not done


1186339

71.920.6

26779

69.420.5

18936

79.415.1

370119

69.722.4

360105

72.721.2

19.129 p=.024


All Humanities& NaturalSciences

Formal,Physical &

LifeSciences


HealthSciences

Chi Square Test


P Value

things you were supposed tobecause of drinking (e.g.:you missed a class)?


87371649

5.32.2100

2316

6.04.2

85

3.42.1

3111

5.82.1

255

5.11.0

How often during the last 12months have you had afeeling of guilt or remorseafter drinking?


104346898411650

63.228.45.92.5100



10434681391650

63.228.48.4100

22911639

59.630.210.2

1616214

67.926.25.9

32516246

61.030.48.6

32812840

66.125.88.1

8.739 p=0.189

How often in the last 12months have you beenunable to remember whathappened the night beforebecause you had beendrinking?


1063442115301650

64.426.87.01.8100



10634421451650

64.426.88.8100

24610138

63.926.29.9

1655815

69.324.46.3

33014953

62.028.010.0

32213439

65.127.17.9

5.769 p=0.450

Have you or someone elsebeen injured as a result ofyour drinking?


17812581761612

11.078.010.9100

4829133

12.978.28.9

2118725

9.080.310.7

6140361

11.676.811.6

4837757

10.078.511.8

5.002 p=0.544

Has a relative, friend, doctoror other health care workerbeen concerned about yourdrinking or suggested youcut down?


837314941650

5.04.490.5100

2319341

6.05.089.0

116221

4.62.592.9

3030473

5.65.688.7

1918459

3.83.692.5

7.901 p=0.245



Formal,Physical &

LifeSciences


HealthSciences

Chi Square Test


P Value

On average during the past12 months, how many hoursof sleep do you get pernight?


22611873751788

12.666.421.0100

44265101

10.764.524.6

3517157

13.365.021.7

79386117

13.666.320.1

68365100

12.868.518.8

6.432 p=0.377

Behaviours as per the LRADGLRADG weekly limits Within the LRADG weekly limits

Over the LRADG weekly limits12381341372

90.29.8100

28235

89.011.0

18718

91.28.8

38554

87.712.3

38427

93.46.6

8.777 p=0.032


12381341361508

82.18.99.0100

2823526

82.210.37.6

1871827

80.67.811.6

3855447

79.211.19.7

3842736

85.96.08.1

12.371 p=0.054

LRADG daily limits (3/2) Within the LRADG daily limitsOver the LRADG limits

9374351372

68.331.7100

208109

65.634.4

14065

68.331.7

298141

67.932.1

291120

70.829.2

2.280 p=0.516


9374351361508

62.128.89.0100

20810926

60.631.87.6

1406527

60.328.011.6

29814147

61.329.09.7

29112036

65.126.88.1

5.873 p=0.438

Binge drinking Below the binge drinking cutoffOver the binge drinking cutoff

8987281626

55.244.8100

219159

57.942.1

134101

57.043.0

277249

52.747.3

268219

55.045.0

2.836 p=0.418

Binged less than once a monthBinge once a month or moreAlcohol abstainer

8987281371763

50.941.37.8100

21915926

54.239.46.4

13410127

51.138.510.3

27724948

48.343.48.4

26821936

51.241.96.9

7.043 p=0.317

Total (Weekly, Daily (3/2) orBinge)

Within the all of the limitsOver at least one of the limits

6687041372

48.751.3100

159158

50.249.8

104101

50.749.3

204235

46.553.5

201210

48.951.1

1.490 p=0.685

Within the all of the limits 668 44.3 159 46.4 104 44.8 204 42.0 201 45.0 5.042 p=0.538



Formal,Physical &

LifeSciences


HealthSciences

Chi Square Test


P Value

Over at least one of the limitsAlcohol abstainer

7041361508

46.79.0100

15826

46.17.6

10127

43.511.6

23547

48.49.7

21036

47.08.1


Table 9: Behaviours by Living ArrangementAll In Residence Off-campus

withparent/s orguardian/s

Off CampusWithout

Parent/s orGuardian/s

Chi Square Test

N % N % N % N % χ2Value

P Value

During the past 12months, have you had adrink of beer, wine,liquor, or any otheralcoholic beverage?

YesNo

16591441803

92.08.0100

34636

90.69.4

46050

90.29.8

85358

93.66.4

6.619 p=0.037

During the past 12months, how often didyou drink alcoholicbeverages?


384208482264256641658

23.212.529.115.915.43.9100

Analyses not performed due to small cellsizes

Once a month or less2-4 times a monthTwice a week or more

5927463201658

35.745.019.3100

10616278

30.646.822.5

19420462

42.244.313.5

292380180

34.344.621.1

20.341 p<0.001

How many times in thepast month has drinkingalcohol made you drunk?


3973121776141581658

23.918.810.737.09.5100

79904810029

22.826.013.928.98.4

121734617247

26.415.910.037.510.2

1971498334282

23.117.59.740.19.6

27.266 p=0.001

How often in the past 12months have you had 5or more drinks on oneoccasion?


304617451286

18.337.227.217.2

701118679

20.232.124.922.8

7618713265

16.540.728.714.1

158319233142

18.537.427.316.7

15.545 p=0.016


All In Residence Off-campuswith

parent/s orguardian/s

Off CampusWithout


Chi Square Test


P Value

1658 100How often during the last12 months have youfound that you were notable to stop drinking onceyou had started?


131818892511649

79.911.45.63.1100

272361816

79.510.55.34.7

364572015

79.812.54.43.3

682955420

80.111.36.32.3

7.242 p=0.299

How often during the last12 months have you notdone things you weresupposed to because ofdrinking (e.g.: you misseda class)?


119233987381656

72.020.55.32.3100

225852610

65.024.67.52.9

350851310

76.418.62.82.2

6171694818

72.419.85.62.1

16.788 p=0.010

How often during the last12 months have you hada feeling of guilt orremorse after drinking?


105346696411656

63.528.15.82.5100

2021072314

58.430.96.64.0

3021173011

65.725.46.52.4

5492424316

64.628.55.11.9

10.416 p=0.108

How often in the last 12months have you beenunable to rememberwhat happened the nightbefore because you hadbeen drinking?


1067442115321656

64.426.76.91.9100

1971033412

56.929.89.83.5

308118248

67.225.85.21.7

5622215712

66.025.96.71.4

17.096 p=0.009

Have you or someoneelse been injured as aresult of your drinking?


18212581761616

11.377.810.9100

4924342

14.772.812.6

4834750

10.878.011.2

8566884

10.279.810.0

7.453 p=0.114




Off CampusWithout


Chi Square Test


P Value

Has a relative, friend,doctor or other healthcare worker beenconcerned about yourdrinking or suggested youcut down?


827315011656

5.04.490.6100

2310312

6.72.990.4

2714418

5.93.191.1

3249771

3.85.890.5

12.515 p=0.014

On average during thepast 12 months, howmany hours of sleep doyou get per night?


22511923751792

12.666.520.9100

4824983

12.665.521.8

59342104

11.767.720.6

118601188

13.066.320.7

0.828 p=0.935


Among all


12421371379

90.19.9100

25036

87.412.6

36427

93.16.9

62874

89.510.5

6.548 p=0.038


12421371351514

82.09.08.9100

2503636

77.611.211.2

3642747

83.16.210.7

6287452

83.39.86.9

14.013 p=0.007


Among all


9424371379

68.331.7100

177109

61.938.1

29893

76.223.8

467235

66.533.5

17.769 p<0.001


9424371351514

62.228.98.9100

17710936

55.033.911.2

2989347

68.021.210.7

46723552

61.931.26.9

25.026 p<0.001



900732

55.144.9

180164

52.347.7

262197

57.142.9

458371

55.244.8

1.804 p=0.406




Off CampusWithout


Chi Square Test


P Value

Among all1632 100


9007321361768

50.941.47.7100

18016436

47.443.29.5

26219748

51.738.99.5

45837152

52.042.15.9

9.693 p=0.046

Total (Weekly, Daily (3/2)or Binge)Among drinkers

Among all


6727071379

48.751.3100

131155

45.854.2

204187

52.247.8

337365

48.152.0

2.984 p=0.225


6727071351514

44.446.78.9100

13115536

40.748.111.2

20418747

46.642.710.7

33736552

44.748.46.9

10.520 p=0.033


Section 3 – Awareness and knowledge surrounding the LRADGTable 10: Knowledge (Total)Question Answer All

N %Have you seen or heard about Ontario’s ‘Low-Risk Alcohol DrinkingGuidelines”?

YesNoii

27815451823

15.284.8100

Low-risk does not mean no-risk. The LRADG are meant to help peopleavoid the health, safety and social problems associated with alcoholuse. If the Low-Risk Alcohol Drinking Guidelines indicated that you hadto drink less, would you change the amount you drink?

I don’t knowYesNoI don’t drink

4335076682071815

23.927.936.811.4100

In general, what is the maximum number of drinks per DAY you thinkcould be considered low-risk for a person of your sex that is of legaldrinking age?

012345+

15564959821866981784

8.736.433.512.23.75.5100

How could we BEST get information to you about the LRADG? I don’t knowWritten materialUsing the mediaIn personElectronicallyBottle labelling

851605761815672171786

4.89.032.310.131.712.2100

Would it help you to follow the LRADG if bottles of alcohol had a labelexplaining the LRADG and the number of drinks in the bottle? (e.g.: on a

I don’t knowYes

2161181

11.965.0

ii Answers ‘I don’t know’ and ‘No’ have been combined to form variable: ‘No’.


Question Answer AllN %

750 ml wine bottle, the label would say that a standard size drink is142ml (or 5oz) and that there are about 5 standard drinks in that bottle

No 4191816

23.1100

Table 11: Knowledge by SexQuestion Answer All Males Females Chi Square Test


P Value

Have you seen or heard about Ontario’s ‘Low-Risk AlcoholDrinking Guidelines”?

YesNo

27715411816

15.384.7100

55402

12.088.0

2221137

16.383.7

4.893 p=0.027

Low-risk does not mean no-risk. The LRADG are meant tohelp people avoid the health, safety and social problemsassociated with alcohol use. If the Low-Risk Alcohol DrinkingGuidelines indicated that you had to drink less, would youchange the amount you drink?


4325056662051808

23.927.936.811.3100

959920754

20.921.845.511.9

337406459151

24.930.033.911.2

23.132 p<0.001

In general, what is the maximum number of drinks per DAYyou think could be considered low-risk for a person of yoursex that is of legal drinking age?

012345+

15564659521765981776

8.736.433.512.23.75.5100

27101165723246

6.122.837.216.37.210.4

1285454301453352

9.640.932.310.92.53.9

90.723 p<0.001


851605741815632171780

4.89.032.210.231.612.2100

30321294912974

6.87.229.111.129.116.7

55128445132434143

4.19.633.39.932.510.7

20.249 p=0.001


Would it help you to follow the LRADG if bottles of alcoholhad a label explaining the LRADG and the number of drinks inthe bottle? (e.g.: on a 750 ml wine bottle, the label would saythat a standard size drink is 142ml (or 5oz) and that there areabout 5 standard drinks in that bottle

I don’t knowYesNo

21611764181810

11.965.023.1100

52270133

11.459.329.2

164906285

12.166.921.0

13.008 p=0.001

Table 12: Knowledge by AgeQuestion Answer All <19 19-24 >24 Chi Square Test


P Value

Have you seen or heard about Ontario’s ‘Low-Risk Alcohol Drinking Guidelines’?

YesNo

27515391814

15.284.8100

33166

16.683.4

1681078

13.586.5

74295

20.179.9

9.909 p=0.007

Low-risk does not mean no-risk. The LRADG aremeant to help people avoid the health, safetyand social problems associated with alcoholuse. If the Low-Risk Alcohol Drinking Guidelinesindicated that you had to drink less, would youchange the amount you drink?


4315046672041806

23.927.936.911.3100

48545938

24.127.129.619.1

305336482116

24.627.138.99.4

7811412650

21.231.034.213.6

24.371 p<0.001

In general, what is the maximum number ofdrinks per DAY you think could be consideredlow-risk for a person of your sex that is of legaldrinking age?

012345+

15264759621666981775

8.636.533.612.23.75.5100

18566629815

9.429.234.415.14.27.8

954444161514768

7.836.434.112.43.85.6

39147114361115

10.840.631.59.93.04.1

14.749 p=0.141

How could we BEST get information to youabout the LRADG?

I don’t knowWritten materialUsing the mediaIn personElectronicallyBottle labelling

85160574180563215

4.89.032.310.131.712.1

16106833617

8.25.134.916.931.33.6

47104395122382168

3.98.532.410.031.413.8

22461112512040

6.012.630.56.933.011.0

45.706 p<0.001


Question Answer All <19 19-24 >24 Chi Square TestN % N % N % N % χ2

ValueP Value

1777 100

Would it help you to follow the LRADG if bottlesof alcohol had a label explaining the LRADG andthe number of drinks in the bottle? (e.g.: on a750 ml wine bottle, the label would say that astandard size drink is 142ml (or 5oz) and thatthere are about 5 standard drinks in that bottle

I don’t knowYesNo

21411754181807

11.865.023.1100

3311551

16.657.825.6

134831275

10.867.022.2

4722992

12.862.225.0

9.549 p=0.049


Table 13: Knowledge by EthnicityQuestion Answer All Caucasian Non-

CaucasianChi Square Test


P Value


YesNo

27415311805

15.284.8100

2211303

14.585.5

53228

18.981.1

3.503 p=0.061



4285066612031798

23.828.136.811.3100

384417566152

25.327.537.310.0

44899551

15.831.934.118.3

25.560 p<0.001


012345+

15264559221765971768

8.636.533.512.33.75.5100

1135455121836281

7.636.434.212.24.15.4

391008034316

14.336.829.412.51.15.9

19.819 p<0.001


831605671815622151768

4.79.032.110.231.812.2100

69125488155473179

4.68.432.810.431.812.0

143579268936

5.012.528.39.331.912.9

6.426 p=0.267


I don’t knowYesNo

21311704151798

11.865.123.1100

172988357

11.365.123.5

4118258

14.664.820.6

2.981 p=0.225


Table 14: Knowledge by Mother TongueQuestion Answer All English Other Chi Square Test


P Value


YesNo

27715401817

15.284.8100

1691025

14.285.8

108515

17.382.7

3.207 p=0.073



4325066652061809

23.928.036.811.4100

281323455131

23.627.138.211.0

15118321075

24.429.633.912.1

3.453 p=0.327


012345+

15464859621864981778

8.736.433.512.33.65.5100

874164171483765

7.435.635.612.63.25.6

67232179702733

11.038.229.411.54.45.4

13.515 p=0.019


831595761805662161780

4.78.932.410.131.812.1100

52102381100395139

4.48.732.68.633.811.9

31571958017177

5.19.331.913.128.012.6

13.149 p=0.022


I don’t knowYesNo

21211794191810

11.765.123.1100

130792268

10.966.622.5

82387151

13.262.424.4

3.506 p=0.173


Table 15: Knowledge by Institution TypeQuestion Answer All College University Chi Square Test


P Value

Have you seen or heard about Ontario’s‘Low-Risk Alcohol Drinking Guidelines”?

YesNo

27515361811

15.284.8100

51247

17.182.9

2241289

14.885.2

1.031 p=0.310

Low-risk does not mean no-risk. TheLRADG are meant to help people avoidthe health, safety and social problemsassociated with alcohol use. If the Low-Risk Alcohol Drinking Guidelinesindicated that you had to drink less,would you change the amount youdrink?


4315036642051803

23.927.936.811.4100

678211927

22.727.840.39.2

364421545178

24.127.936.111.8

2.917 p=0.405

In general, what is the maximum numberof drinks per DAY you think could beconsidered low-risk for a person of yoursex that is of legal drinking age?

012345+

15264759321765981772

8.636.533.512.23.75.5100

2310097381322

7.834.133.113.04.47.5

1295474961795276

8.737.033.512.13.55.1

3.975 p=0.553

How could we BEST get information toyou about the LRADG?


851595721805642161776

4.89.032.210.131.812.2100

163083407943

5.510.328.513.727.114.8

69129489140485173

4.68.732.99.432.711.6

11.312 p=0.046

Would it help you to follow the LRADG ifbottles of alcohol had a label explainingthe LRADG and the number of drinks inthe bottle? (e.g.: on a 750 ml wine

I don’t knowYesNo

21411734171804

11.965.023.1100

3717386

12.558.429.1

1771000331

11.766.321.9

7.879 p=0.019


Question Answer All College University Chi Square TestN % N % N % χ2

ValueP Value

bottle, the label would say that astandard size drink is 142ml (or 5oz) andthat there are about 5 standard drinks inthat bottle


Table 16: Knowledge by Academic DisciplineQuestion Answer All Humanities

& NaturalSciences

Formal,Physical &

LifeSciences

Professions& Applied

Science

HealthSciences

Chi Square Test


P Value

Have you seen or heard aboutOntario’s ‘Low-Risk AlcoholDrinking Guidelines”?

YesNo

27215251797

15.184.9

69344

16.783.3

30236

11.388.7

76509

13.087.0

97436

18.281.8

9.863 p=0.020

Low-risk does not mean no-risk.The LRADG are meant to helppeople avoid the health, safetyand social problems associatedwith alcohol use. If the Low-RiskAlcohol Drinking Guidelinesindicated that you had to drinkless, would you change theamount you drink?


4285016562051790

23.928.036.611.5100

10312014840

25.129.236.09.7

59659941

22.324.637.515.5

12217721667

21.030.437.111.5

14413919357

27.026.136.210.7

13.289 p=0.150

In general, what is the maximumnumber of drinks per DAY youthink could be considered low-riskfor a person of your sex that is oflegal drinking age?

012345+

15564259021364951759

8.836.533.512.13.65.4100

34137144521522

8.433.935.612.93.75.4

31968127918

11.836.630.910.33.46.9

51201180782337

8.935.331.613.74.06.5

39208185561718

7.539.835.410.73.33.4

18.082 p=0.258

How could we BEST getinformation to you about theLRADG?


81157570179559214

4.68.932.410.231.812.2

19271364013844

4.76.633.39.833.811.8

112579288329

4.39.831.011.032.511.4

29591655319173

5.110.428.99.333.512.8

22461905814764

4.28.736.111.027.912.1

14.077 p=0.520


Question Answer All Humanities& NaturalSciences

Formal,Physical &

LifeSciences


Science

HealthSciences

Chi Square Test


P Value

1760 100Would it help you to follow theLRADG if bottles of alcohol had alabel explaining the LRADG andthe number of drinks in thebottle? (e.g.: on a 750 ml winebottle, the label would say that astandard size drink is 142ml (or5oz) and that there are about 5standard drinks in that bottle

I don’t knowYesNo

21411704061790

12.065.422.7100

5126894

12.364.922.8

2817165

10.664.824.6

80376126

13.764.621.6

55355121

10.466.922.8

4.125 p=0.660


Table 17: Knowledge by Living ArrangementQuestion Answer All In residence Off campus


Off campuswithout


Chi Square Test


P Value

Have you seen or heard about Ontario’s ‘Low-Risk Alcohol Drinking Guidelines”?

YesNo

27315281801

15.284.8100

66315

17.382.7

59451

11.688.4

148762

16.383.7

7.363 p=0.025

Low-risk does not mean no-risk. The LRADG aremeant to help people avoid the health, safetyand social problems associated with alcoholuse. If the Low-Risk Alcohol Drinking Guidelinesindicated that you had to drink less, would youchange the amount you drink?


4305016592041794

24.027.936.711.4100

9310013848

24.526.436.412.7

12115217558

23.930.034.611.5

21624934698

23.827.438.110.8

3.217 p=0.781

In general, what is the maximum number ofdrinks per DAY you think could be consideredlow-risk for a person of your sex that is of legaldrinking age?

012345+

14964159321665971761

8.536.433.712.33.75.5100

30114121571834

8.030.532.415.24.89.1

42183176591425

8.436.735.311.82.85.0

773442961003338

8.738.733.311.33.74.3

22.899 p=0.011

How could we BEST get information to youabout the LRADG?


811595731805582141765

4.69.032.510.231.612.1100

18321115711046

4.88.629.715.229.412.3

23381744516058

4.67.634.99.032.111.6

408928878288110

4.510.032.38.732.312.3

16.676 p=0.082

Would it help you to follow the LRADG if bottlesof alcohol had a label explaining the LRADG and

I don’t knowYes

2101167

11.765.1

51246

13.565.1

60343

11.867.5

99578

10.963.7

6.152 p=0.188


Question Answer All In residence Off campuswith


Off campuswithout


Chi Square Test


P Value

the number of drinks in the bottle? (e.g.: on a750 ml wine bottle, the label would say that astandard size drink is 142ml (or 5oz) and thatthere are about 5 standard drinks in that bottle

No 4171794

23.2100

81 21.4 105 20.7 231 25.4


Table 18: Behaviours by KnowledgeHave you seen or heard about Ontario’s LRADGs

All Yes No Chi Square TestBehaviours N % N % N % χ2

ValueP Value

Drunkenness FrequencyAmong drinkers

Have not been drunk in the past monthHave been drunk 1-3x in the past monthHave been drunk 4+ times in the past month

7807171771674

46.642.810.6100

13310815

52.042.25.9

647609162

45.642.911.4

8.234 p=0.016

Bingeing FrequencyAmong drinkers

Never binged in the last 12 monthsBinged less than once a monthBinged about once a monthBinged about once a week, or more

3086234562871674

18.437.227.217.1100

481097326

18.842.628.510.2

260514383261

18.336.227.018.4

11.144 p=0.011

LRADG Weekly LimitsAmong drinkers

Among all

Within LRADG Weekly LimitsOver LRADG Weekly Limits

12501371387

90.19.9100

19711

94.75.3

1053126

89.310.7

5.789 p=0.016

Alcohol abstainerWithin the LRADG Weekly LimitsOver the LRADG Weekly Limits

13812501371525

9.082.09.0100

2219711

9.685.74.8

1261053116

9.781.39.0

5.849 p=0.054

LRADG Daily LimitsAmong drinkers

Among all

Within LRADG Daily limits (3/2)Over LRADG Daily limits (3/2)

9474401387

68.331.7100

14365

68.831.2

804375

68.231.8

0.025 p=0.874

Alcohol abstainerWithin LRADG Daily limits (3/2)Over LRADG Daily limits (3/2)

1389474401525

9.062.128.9100

2214365

9.662.228.3

116804375

9.062.129.0

0.113 p=0.954

Binge DrinkingAmong drinkers

Among all


9107371647

55.344.7100

15199

60.439.6

759638

54.345.7

3.159 p=0.075

Alcohol abstainer 139 7.8 22 8.1 117 7.7 3.192 p=0.203


Have you seen or heard about Ontario’s LRADGsAll Yes No Chi Square Test

Behaviours N % N % N % χ2Value

P Value


9107371786

51.041.3100

15199

55.536.4

759638

50.142.1

All LRADG Limits(weekly, daily, binge)Among drinkersAmong all

Within all limitsOver at least one limit

6767111387

48.751.3100

108100

51.948.1

568611

48.251.8

0.993 p=0.319

Alcohol abstainerWithin all limitsOver at least one limit

1386767111525

9.044.346.6

22108100

9.647.043.5

116568611

9.043.947.2

1.076 p=0.584


Section 4 - BeliefsTable 19: Beliefs (Total)

All CCSjj

Questions Answers N % %kk

Students at my institution admire drinkers DisagreeNeutralAgree

3065117661583

19.332.348.4100

46468100

It’s important to show how much you can drink and stillhold your liquor (i.e. to be able to drink considerableamounts of alcohol with little signs or symptoms ofintoxication

DisagreeNeutralAgree

9713334361740

55.819.125.1100

592417100

You can’t make it socially without drinking DisagreeNeutralAgree

12882302881806

71.312.715.9100

691516100

Drinking is an important part of university/collegeexperience


6674446881799

37.124.738.2100

442234100

Rules about drinking are almost never enforced on campus DisagreeNeutralAgree

5052884561249

40.423.136.5100

29521899

Alcohol is easily available on campus DisagreeNeutralAgree

346284718

25.721.153.3

192457

jj Adlaf, E; Demers, A; Gliksman (2005)7

kk CCS percentages have been rounded to the nearest unit, and totals may not add up to exactly 100


All CCSjj


1348 100 100Alcohol use is a problem for students on my campus Disagree

NeutralAgree

4154284471290

32.233.234.7100

473914100

The administration at my school should exercise morecontrol over students’ alcohol use


7934332831509

52.628.718.8100

433720100

There should be more alcohol-free social events oractivities on my school campus


5065505941650

30.733.336.0100

343531100

Alcohol should be sold at campus sporting events DisagreeNeutralAgree

5964387231757

33.924.941.1100

413128100

Increasing the price of alcohol served on campus pubs andat campus activities would decrease its consumption bystudents


10791615061746

61.89.229.0100

591427100

The Canadian legal drinking age should be increased DisagreeNeutralAgree

14102011891800

78.311.210.5100

702011100

There should be more advertising against drinking on mycampus


7066123941712

41.235.723.0100

274331101

Universities and colleges should ban advertisements ofalcohol availability at campus events and parties

DisagreeNeutral

1020409

58.423.4

5034


All CCSjj


Agree 3171746

18.2100

16100

There should be more alcohol education programs on mycampus


2386478001685

14.138.447.5100

125137100


Table 20: Beliefs by SexAll Males Females Chi Square Test

Questions Answers N % N % N % χ2Value

P Value


3055097641578

19.332.348.4100

69143194

17.035.247.8

236366570

20.131.248.6

3.075 p=0.215

It’s important to show how much you can drink and still holdyour liquor (i.e. to be able to drink considerable amounts ofalcohol with little signs or symptoms of intoxication


9683324331733

55.919.225.0100

22395123

50.621.527.9

745237310

57.718.324.0

6.718 p=0.035


12832302861799

71.312.815.9100

2967980

65.117.417.6

987151206

73.411.215.3

14.419 p=0.001

Drinking is an important part of university/college experience DisagreeNeutralAgree

6624436871792

36.924.738.3100

15897196

35.021.543.5

504346491

37.625.836.6

7.236 p=0.027


5042864551245

40.523.036.5100

14272119

42.621.635.7

362214336

39.723.536.8

0.967 p=0.078


3452847151344

25.721.153.2100

8182205

22.022.355.7

264202510

27.020.752.3

3.560 p=0.169

Alcohol use is a problem for students on my campus DisagreeNeutralAgree

4154274431285

32.333.234.5100

133103102

39.330.530.2

282324341

29.834.236.0

10.570 p=0.005


All Males Females Chi Square TestQuestions Answers N % N % N % χ2

ValueP Value

The administration at my school should exercise more controlover students’ alcohol use


7904312811502

52.628.718.7100

23010471

56.825.717.5

560327210

51.029.819.1

4.023 p=0.134

There should be more alcohol-free social events or activities onmy school campus


5045505901644

30.733.535.9100

151144126

35.934.229.9

353406464

28.933.237.9

10.706 p=0.005


5934357231751

33.924.841.3100

12588233

28.019.752.2

468347490

35.926.637.5

29.702 p<0.001

Increasing the price of alcohol served on campus pubs and atcampus activities would decrease its consumption by students


10761595041739

61.99.129.0100

25333156

57.27.535.3

823126348

63.59.726.8

12.027 p=0.002


14042011881793

78.311.210.5100

3595140

79.811.38.9

1045150148

77.811.211.0

1.635 p=0.442

There should be more advertising against drinking on my campus DisagreeNeutralAgree

7026103931705

41.235.823.0100

22212394

50.628.021.4

480487299

37.938.523.6

23.315 p<0.001

Universities and colleges should ban advertisements of alcoholavailability at campus events and parties


10194053151739

58.623.318.1100

25910185

58.222.719.1

760304230

58.723.517.8

0.428 p=0.807


DisagreeNeutral

237645

14.138.4

73161

17.037.4

164484

13.138.8

3.901 p=0.142


All Males Females Chi Square TestQuestions Answers N % N % N % χ2

ValueP Value

Agree 7961678

47.4100

196 45.6 600 48.1


Table 21: Beliefs by AgeAll <19 19-24 >24 Chi Square Test

Questions Answers N % N % N % N % χ2Value

P Value


3055087641577

19.332.248.4100

356582

19.235.745.1

195357579

17.231.651.2

7586103

28.432.639.0

21.696 p<0.001

It’s important to show how much you can drink and stillhold your liquor (i.e. to be able to drink considerableamounts of alcohol with little signs or symptoms ofintoxication


9653314361732

55.719.125.2100

925050

47.926.026.0

641231331

53.319.227.5

2325055

68.814.816.3

35.018 p<0.001


12802302881798

71.212.816.0100

1482032

74.010.016.0

853170211

69.113.817.1

2794045

76.611.012.4

9.499 p=0.050



6624406881790

37.024.638.4100

783883

39.219.141.7

420321495

34.026.040.0

16481110

46.222.831.0

21.800 p<0.001


5032844561243

40.522.836.7100

743952

44.823.631.5

368192328

41.421.636.9

615376

32.127.940.0

8.808 p=0.066


3432807181341

25.620.953.5100

454175

28.025.546.6

260184519

27.019.153.9

3855124

17.525.357.1

13.782 p=0.008


4134254461284

32.233.134.7100

615653

35.932.931.2

300303332

32.132.435.5

526661

29.136.934.1

2.981 p=0.561


All <19 19-24 >24 Chi Square TestQuestions Answers N % N % N % N % χ2

ValueP Value



7884322811501

52.528.818.7100

955533

51.930.118.0

582300188

54.428.017.6

1117760

44.831.024.2

9.096 p=0.059

There should be more alcohol-free social events or activitieson my school campus


5045455921641

30.733.236.1100

516079

26.831.641.6

393388371

34.133.732.2

6097142

20.132.447.5

33.764 p<0.001


5894367231748

33.724.941.4100

785261

40.827.231.9

364289553

30.224.045.9

14795109

41.927.131.1

34.786 p<0.001

Increasing the price of alcohol served on campus pubs andat campus activities would decrease its consumption bystudents


10721605051737

61.79.229.1100

1101958

58.810.231.0

742112356

61.39.329.4

2202991

64.78.526.8

2.050 p=0.727


14051981881791

78.411.110.5100

163259

82.712.74.6

1002125106

81.310.18.6

2404873

66.513.320.2

54.714 p<0.001

There should be more advertising against drinking on mycampus


7056083911704

41.435.722.9100

787442

40.238.121.6

533417236

44.935.219.9

94117113

29.036.134.9

41.155 p<0.001



10174063141737

58.523.418.1

1144729

60.024.715.3

764275162

63.622.913.5

13984123

40.224.335.5

98.922 p<0.001


DisagreeNeutral

237643

14.138.3

4287

22.346.3

168474

14.340.5

2782

8.525.8

67.546 p<0.001


All <19 19-24 >24 Chi Square TestQuestions Answers N % N % N % N % χ2

ValueP Value

Agree 7971677

47.5100

59 31.4 529 45.2 209 65.7


Table 22: Beliefs by EthnicityAll Caucasian Non-



P Value


3015067621568

19.232.248.6100

242439651

18.233.048.9

5966111

25.028.047.0

6.565 p=0.038

It’s important to show how much you can drink and still hold yourliquor (i.e. to be able to drink considerable amounts of alcohol withlittle signs or symptoms of intoxication


9633274341724

55.919.025.2100

792292376

54.220.025.8

1713558

64.813.322.0

11.065 p=0.004


12792272841790

71.512.715.9100

1079196236

71.413.015.6

2003148

71.711.117.2

1.018 p=0.601


6554426861782

36.824.838.4100

523383599

34.825.439.8

1325986

47.721.331.0

16.883 p<0.001


5002854531238

40.423.036.6100

426242372

41.023.335.8

744381

37.421.740.9

1.905 p=0.386


3412827141337

25.521.153.4100

286238599

25.720.653.7

5544115

25.720.653.7

0.43 p=0.979


412422442

32.333.134.6

353372367

32.334.133.6

595075

32.127.240.8

4.591 p=0.101


All Caucasian Non-Caucasian

Chi Square Test


P Value

1276 100The administration at my school should exercise more control overstudents’ alcohol use


7884302791497

52.628.718.6100

689368202

54.729.216.0

996277

41.626.132.4

35.823 p<0.001

There should be more alcohol-free social events or activities on myschool campus


5045465861636

30.833.435.8100

440463477

31.933.634.6

6483109

25.032.442.6

7.275 p=0.026


5894347161739

33.925.041.2100

454373630

31.625.442.9

1256186

46.022.431.6

21.883 p<0.001

Increasing the price of alcohol served on campus pubs and at campusactivities would decrease its consumption by students


10711605021733

61.89.229.0100

927128409

63.38.727.9

1443293

53.511.934.6

9.423 p=0.009


13981991861783

78.411.210.4100

1237151123

81.910.08.1

1614863

59.217.623.2

77.073 p<0.001


7026043901696

41.435.623.0100

614528288

42.936.920.1

8876102

33.128.638.3

41.983 p<0.001



10134053141732

58.523.418.1100

878344240

60.123.516.4

1356174

50.022.627.4

19.213 p<0.001


All Caucasian Non-Caucasian

Chi Square Test


P Value

There should be more alcohol education programs on my campus DisagreeNeutralAgree

2376417901668

14.238.447.4100

196564645

14.040.145.9

4177145

15.629.355.1

11.205 p=0.004


Table 23: Beliefs by Mother TongueAll English Other Chi Square Test


P Value


3035097661578

19.232.348.5100

186329530

17.831.550.7

117180236

22.033.844.3

6.758 p=0.034

It’s important to show how much you can drink and still hold yourliquor (i.e. to be able to drink considerable amounts of alcoholwith little signs or symptoms of intoxication


9703314351736

55.919.125.1100

646218282

56.419.024.6

324113153

54.919.225.9

0.424 p=0.809


12852292861800

71.412.715.9100

842156191

70.813.116.1

4437395

72.511.915.5

0.665 p=0.717


6644436861793

37.024.738.3100

427285466

36.224.239.6

237158220

38.525.735.8

2.452 p=0.293


5042884541246

40.423.136.4100

343176320

40.921.038.1

161112134

39.627.532.9

7.239 p=0.027


3442847171345

25.621.153.3100

228181506

24.919.855.3

116103211

27.024.049.1

5.027 p=0.081


4134284471288

32.133.234.7100

283271318

32.531.136.5

130157129

31.237.731.0

6.307 p=0.043


All English Other Chi Square TestQuestions Answers N % N % N % χ2

ValueP Value

The administration at my school should exercise more control overstudents’ alcohol use


7914332811505

52.628.818.7100

553281171

55.028.017.0

238152110

47.630.422.0

8.637 p=0.013



5045505921646

30.633.436.0100

333362386

30.833.535.7

171188206

30.333.336.5

0.099 p=0.952


5944377211752

33.924.941.2100

370280501

32.124.343.5

224157220

37.326.136.6

8.167 p=0.017



10771595041740

61.99.129.0100

705109336

61.39.529.2

37250168

63.18.528.5

p=0.696 p=0.706


14071991881794

78.411.110.5100

923134121

78.411.410.3

4846567

78.610.610.9

0.391 p=0.822


7046103921706

41.335.823.0100

473396254

42.135.322.6

231214138

39.636.723.7

0.989 p=0.610



10164093151740

58.423.518.1100

697255196

60.722.217.1

319154119

53.926.020.1

7.499 p=0.024

There should be more alcohol education programs on my campus DisagreeNeutral

236646

14.138.5

153430

13.939.1

83216

14.437.4

0.457 p=0.796


All English Other Chi Square TestQuestions Answers N % N % N % χ2

ValueP Value

Agree 7971679

47.5100

518 47.0 279 48.3

Table 24: Beliefs by Institution TypeAll College University Chi Square Test


P Value


3045097611574

19.332.348.3100

4887122

18.733.947.5

256422639

19.432.048.5

0.331 p=0.847

It’s important to show how much you can drink and still hold yourliquor (i.e. to be able to drink considerable amounts of alcoholwith little signs or symptoms of intoxication


9633314341728

55.719.225.1100

1634872

57.617.025.4

800283362

55.419.625.1

1.077 p=0.584


12812282851794

71.412.715.9100

2252741

76.89.214.0

1056201244

70.413.416.3

5.577 p=0.062


6654416811787

37.224.738.1100

1237498

41.725.133.2

542367583

36.324.639.1

4.146 p=0.126


5012854521238

40.523.036.5100

934765

45.422.931.7

408238387

39.523.037.5

3.009 p=0.222

Alcohol is easily available on campus Disagree 344 25.7 42 17.8 302 27.4 12.875 p=0.002


All College University Chi Square TestQuestions Answers N % N % N % χ2

ValueP Value

NeutralAgree

2837121339

21.153.2100

45149

19.163.1

238563

21.651.0


4124264431281

32.233.334.6100

596783

28.232.139.7

353359360

32.933.533.6

3.210 p=0.201

The administration at my school should exercise more control overstudents’ alcohol use


7874312811499

52.528.818.7100

1148552

45.433.920.7

673346229

53.927.718.3

6.246 p=0.044



5035465901639

30.733.336.0100

849391

31.334.734.0

419453499

30.633.036.4

0.601 p=0.740


5934347181745

34.024.941.1100

1088098

37.828.034.3

485354620

33.224.342.5

6.696 p=0.035



10721605031735

61.89.229.0100

1722690

59.79.031.3

900134413

62.29.328.5

0.860 p=0.651


14002011871788

78.311.210.5100

2283333

77.611.211.2

1172168154

78.411.210.3

0.223 p=0.895


All College University Chi Square TestQuestions Answers N % N % N % χ2

ValueP Value


7006113891700

41.235.922.9100

1069977

37.635.127.3

594512312

41.936.122.0

4.012 p=0.135



10114093141734

58.323.618.1100

1586751

57.224.318.5

853342263

58.523.518.0

0.154 p=0.926

There should be more alcohol education programs on my campus DisagreeNeutralAgree

2376457911673

14.238.647.3

5695123

20.434.744.9

181550668

12.939.347.7

10.775 p=0.005

Table 25: Beliefs by Academic DisciplineAll Humanities

& NaturalSciences

Formal,Physical &

Life Sciences


Science

HealthSciences

Chi Square Test

Questions Answers N % N % N % N % N % χ2Value

P Value

Students at my institution admiredrinkers


3025027571561

19.332.248.5100

54111182

15.632.052.4

448612

19.037.144.0

100162244

19.832.048.2

104143229

21.830.048.1

8.704 p=0.191

It’s important to show how much youcan drink and still hold your liquor (i.e.to be able to drink considerableamounts of alcohol with little signs orsymptoms of intoxication


9553314291715

55.719.325.0100

21871103

55.618.126.3

1564949

61.419.319.3

291112151

52.520.227.3

29099126

56.319.224.5

7.807 p=0.253



Formal,Physical &

Life Sciences


Science

HealthSciences

Chi Square Test


P Value

You can’t make it socially withoutdrinking


12672272871781

71.112.716.1100

2885666

70.213.716.1

1903043

72.211.416.3

4028096

69.513.816.6

3876182

73.011.515.5

2.610 p=0.856

Drinking is an important part ofuniversity/college experience


6554346841773

36.924.538.6100

16895145

41.223.335.5

10064100

37.924.237.9

206130238

35.922.641.5

181145201

34.327.538.1

8.466 p=0.206

Rules about drinking are almost neverenforced on campus


4962854511232

40.323.136.6100

10760116

37.821.241.0

754658

41.925.732.4

16292146

40.523.036.5

15287131

41.123.535.4

4.098 p=0.663


3432807031326

25.921.153.0100

8257167

26.818.654.6

5244105

25.921.952.2

11083244

25.219.055.8

9996187

25.925.149.0

6.996 p=0.321

Alcohol use is a problem for studentson my campus


4114214401272

32.333.134.6100

849895

30.335.434.3

696369

34.331.334.3

150129128

36.931.731.4

108131148

27.933.938.2

9.110 p=0.167

The administration at my school shouldexercise more control over students’alcohol use


7824262791487

52.628.618.8100

1859465

53.827.318.9

1296629

57.629.512.9

25912692

54.326.419.3

20914093

47.331.721.0

11.626 p=0.071

There should be more alcohol-freesocial events or activities on my schoolcampus


5005415871628

30.733.236.1100

105129139

28.234.637.3

848082

34.132.533.3

168162188

32.431.336.3

143170178

29.134.636.3

4.441 p=0.617



Formal,Physical &

Life Sciences


Science

HealthSciences

Chi Square Test


P Value

Alcohol should be sold at campussporting events


5854347141733

33.825.041.2100

13788163

35.322.742.0

8467113

31.825.442.8

192135240

33.923.842.3

172144198

33.528.038.5

4.917 p=0.554

Increasing the price of alcohol servedon campus pubs and at campusactivities would decrease itsconsumption by students


10621595021723

61.69.229.1100

24734116

62.28.629.2

1691575

65.35.829.0

32954175

59.09.731.4

31756136

62.311.026.7

8.588 p=0.198

The Canadian legal drinking age shouldbe increased


13901991861775

78.311.210.5100

3293742

80.69.110.3

2182816

83.210.76.1

4306480

74.911.113.9

4137048

77.813.29.0

17.921 p=0.006

There should be more advertisingagainst drinking on my campus


7006023871689

41.435.622.9100

15413991

40.136.223.7

1199243

46.936.216.9

230183134

42.033.524.5

197188119

39.137.323.6

8.641 p=0.195

Universities and colleges should banadvertisements of alcohol availabilityat campus events and parties


10093993141722

58.623.218.2100

2269274

57.723.518.9

1536542

58.825.016.2

34012099

60.821.517.7

29012299

56.823.919.4

3.186 p=0.785

There should be more alcoholeducation programs on my campus


2346377921663

14.138.347.6100

36148203

9.338.252.5

3911595

15.746.238.2

83189257

15.735.748.6

76185237

15.337.147.6

20.006 p=0.003


Table 26: Beliefs by Living ArrangementAll In Residence Off Campus

W/ Parent/sor

Guardian/s

Off CampusW/Out


Chi Square Test


P Value


3025057591566

19.332.248.5100

63117180

17.532.550.0

91142224

19.931.149.0

148246355

19.832.847.4

1.441 p=0.837

It’s important to show how much you can drink andstill hold your liquor (i.e. to be able to drinkconsiderable amounts of alcohol with little signs orsymptoms of intoxication


9563304321718

55.619.225.1100

1858199

50.722.227.1

26292139

53.118.728.2

509157194

59.218.322.6

10.960 p=0.027


12722292831784

71.312.815.9100

2585269

68.113.718.2

3616875

71.613.514.9

653109139

72.512.115.4

3.243 p=0.518



6594416771777

37.124.838.1100

12094166

31.624.743.7

202124178

40.124.635.3

337223333

37.725.037.3

8.735 p=0.068

Rules about drinking are almost never enforced oncampus


4992844501233

40.523.036.5100

17669114

49.019.231.8

10277113

34.926.438.7

221138223

38.023.738.3

16.524 p=0.002


3432787091330

25.820.953.3100

11578160

32.622.145.3

7764200

22.618.858.7

151136349

23.721.454.9

16.095 p=0.003

Alcohol use is a problem for students on my campus Disagree 414 32.4 133 38.0 111 32.1 170 29.3 13.503 p=0.009


All In Residence Off CampusW/ Parent/s

orGuardian/s

Off CampusW/Out


Chi Square Test


P Value

NeutralAgree

4224411277

33.034.5100

91126

26.036.0

125110

36.131.8

206205

35.535.3



7884262781492

52.828.618.6100

2089163

57.525.117.4

21912670

52.830.416.9

361209145

50.529.220.3

6.308 p=0.177



5025455851632

30.833.435.8100

122124128

32.633.234.2

135165167

28.935.335.8

245256290

31.032.436.7

2.158 p=0.707


5874327181737

33.824.941.3100

12792154

34.024.741.3

161127201

32.926.041.1

299213363

34.224.341.5

0.507 p=0.973

Increasing the price of alcohol served on campus pubsand at campus activities would decrease itsconsumption by students


10661555031724

61.89.029.2100

21841100

60.711.427.9

29341159

59.48.332.3

55573244

63.68.428.0

6.213 p=0.184


13982001801778

78.611.210.1100

3024332

80.111.48.5

4115339

81.710.57.8

685104109

76.311.612.1

9.052 p=0.060

There should be more advertising against drinking onmy campus


7016043861691

41.535.722.8100

17612375

47.132.920.1

193176110

40.336.723.0

332305201

39.636.424.0

6.516 p=0.164


All In Residence Off CampusW/ Parent/s

orGuardian/s

Off CampusW/Out


Chi Square Test


P Value



10124033091724

58.723.417.9100

2278657

61.423.215.4

29911869

61.524.314.2

486199183

56.022.921.1

12.343 p=0.015

There should be more alcohol education programs onmy campus


2386417861665

14.338.547.2100

63149160

16.940.143.0

75192202

16.040.943.1

100300424

12.136.451.5

13.580 p=0.009


Table 27: Beliefs by Levels of Alcohol ConsumptionAll Within

LRADGLimits

Over LRADGLimits

Alcoholabstainer

Chi Square Test


P Value


2464246581328

18.531.949.5100

135172272

23.329.747.0

94220317

14.934.950.2

173269

14.427.158.5

18.924 p=0.001

It’s important to show how much you can drink andstill hold your liquor (i.e. to be able to drinkconsiderable amounts of alcohol with little signs orsymptoms of intoxication


8252773591461

56.519.024.6100

415101134

63.815.520.6

337159200

48.422.828.7

731725

63.514.821.7

35.290 p<0.001


10781972381513

71.213.015.7100

5066995

75.510.314.2

473119117

66.716.816.5

99926

73.96.719.4

21.953 p<0.001



5673735641504

37.724.837.5100

330175165

49.326.124.6

137185382

19.526.354.3

1001317

76.910.013.1

254.502 p<0.001

Rules about drinking are almost never enforced oncampus


4112433991053

39.023.137.9100

153102191

34.322.942.8

240116157

46.822.630.6

182551

19.126.654.3

37.230 p<0.001


2912316091131

25.720.453.8100

119105257

24.721.853.4

159107283

29.019.551.5

131969

12.918.868.3

14.212 p=0.001

Alcohol use is a problem for students on my campus DisagreeNeutral

347355

31.832.5

109139

23.830.3

223188

41.935.3

1528

14.927.7

89.788 p<0.001


All WithinLRADGLimits

Over LRADGLimits

Alcoholabstainer

Chi Square Test


P Value

Agree 3891091

35.7100

210 45.9 121 22.7 58 57.4



6633632441270

52.228.619.2100

225189131

41.334.724.0

41413657

68.222.49.4

243856

20.332.247.5

166.977 p<0.001



4204694961385

30.333.935.8100

119213277

19.535.045.5

292219137

45.133.821.1

93782

7.028.964.1

177.195 p<0.001


4943716071472

33.625.241.2100

280197170

43.330.426.3

127136429

18.419.762.0

87388

65.428.66.0

269.658 p<0.001

Increasing the price of alcohol served on campus pubsand at campus activities would decrease itsconsumption by students


9051354271467

61.79.229.1100

40664181

62.49.827.8

44958182

65.28.426.4

501364

39.410.250.4

34.408 p<0.001


11831721531508

78.411.410.1100

5029571

75.114.210.6

6294635

88.66.54.9

523147

40.023.836.2

177.993 p<0.001

There should be more advertising against drinking onmy campus


5935133291435

41.335.722.9100

216240177

34.137.928.0

35323582

52.735.112.2

243870

18.228.853.0

141.246 p<0.001


DisagreeNeutral

865333

59.122.7

324181

50.328.1

507115

73.416.6

3437

26.428.7

157.665 p<0.001


All WithinLRADGLimits

Over LRADGLimits

Alcoholabstainer

Chi Square Test


P Value

Agree 2661464

18.2100

139 21.6 69 10.0 58 45.0

There should be more alcohol education programs onmy campus


1945526721418

13.738.947.4100

69230323

11.137.051.9

115288266

17.243.039.8

103483

7.926.865.4

40.112 p<0.001


Section 5 - Health Information PreferencesTable 28: Health Information Preferences (Total)

AllQuestions Answers N %

Thinking about your own health, how muchwould you like to receive health-relatedinformation or advice?

Not at allA littleSomeA lot

3256646032021794

18.137.033.611.3100

By which means would you like to receivegeneral information and advice?

I don’t knowBy written materialUsing the mediaIn personElectronicallyThrough bottle labeling

1072403652976161331758

6.113.720.816.935.07.6100

Still thinking specifically about your ownhealth, about how often do you look for health-related information from any source?

Once a weekOnce a monthEvery few monthsTwice a year or lessNever

5665104001961271799

31.528.322.210.97.1100


Table 29: Health Information Preferences by SexAll Males Females Chi Square Test


P Value

Thinking about your own health, how much would you like toreceive health-related information or advice?


3256625992021788

18.237.033.511.3100

11317912437

24.939.527.48.2

212483475165

15.936.235.612.4

28.367 p<0.001

By which means would you like to receive general informationand advice?

I don’t knowBy written materialUsing the mediaIn personElectronicallyThrough bottle labelling

1072393632966141321752

6.113.620.816.935.07.5100

3556768013847

8.113.017.618.531.910.9

7218328821647685

5.513.921.816.436.16.4

17.711 p=0.003

Still thinking specifically about your own health, about howoften do you look for health-related information from anysource?


5655074001951271794

31.528.322.310.97.1100

1241211036047

27.326.622.613.210.3

44138629713580

32.928.822.210.16.0

16.223 p=0.003


Table 30: Health Information Preferences by AgeAll <19 19-24 >24 Chi Square Test


P Value



3246615982021785

18.237.033.511.3100

30766625

15.238.633.512.7

230453408134

18.837.033.310.9

6413212443

17.636.434.211.8

2.050 p=0.915

By which means would you like to receive generalinformation and advice?


1072383642946131331749

6.113.620.816.835.07.6100

202143406011

10.310.822.120.530.85.6

68167262203392106

5.713.921.916.932.78.8

1950595116116

5.314.016.614.345.24.5

35.612 p<0.001

Still thinking specifically about your own health,about how often do you look for health-relatedinformation from any source?


5665063961951271790

31.628.322.110.97.1100

5248432726

26.524.521.913.813.3

38234928013086

31.128.422.810.67.0

132109733815

36.029.719.910.44.1

23.162 p=0.003


Table 31: Health Information Preferences by EthnicityAll Caucasian Non-



P Value



3226625922011777

18.137.333.311.3100

275572498152

18.438.233.310.2

47909449

16.832.133.617.5

13.918 p=0.003



1072393592966091311741

6.113.720.617.035.07.5100

94198311259496115

6.413.421.117.633.77.8

1341483711316

4.915.317.913.842.26.0

10.156 p=0.071

Still thinking specifically about your own health,about how often do you look for health-relatedinformation from any source?


5605083961941251783

31.428.522.210.97.0100

469420347167100

31.227.923.111.16.7

9188492725

32.531.417.59.68.9

6.660 p=0.155


Table 32: Health Information Preferences by Mother TongueAll English Other Chi Square Test


P Value

Thinking about your own health, how much would you liketo receive health-related information or advice?


3236626012021788

18.137.033.611.3100

212449387128

18.038.232.910.9

11121321474

18.134.835.012.1

2.269 p=0.518



1062393652966151321753

6.013.620.816.935.17.5100

5715824119941481

5.013.721.017.336.07.0

49811249720151

8.113.420.616.133.38.5

8.829 p=0.116



5665093991941261794

31.528.422.210.87.0100

37535526112468

31.730.022.110.55.7

1911541387058

31.325.222.611.59.5

11.749 p=0.019


Table 33: Health Information Preferences by Institution TypeAll College University Chi Square Test


P Value

Thinking about your own health, how much would you liketo receive health-related information or advice?


3236586002011782

18.136.933.711.3100

611039927

21.035.534.19.3

262555501174

17.637.233.611.7

3.016 p=0.389



1072373622956151321748

6.113.620.716.935.27.6100

1540614210324

5.314.021.414.736.18.4

92197301253512108

6.313.520.617.335.07.4

1.899 p=0.863



5635063971951261787

31.528.322.210.97.1100

6871724634

23.424.424.715.811.7

49543532514992

33.129.121.710.06.1

28.404 p<0.001


Table 34: Health Information Preferences by Academic DisciplineAll Humanities

& NaturalSciences

Formal,Physical &

Life Sciences


Science

HealthSciences

Chi Square Test


P Value

Thinking about your ownhealth, how much would youlike to receive health-relatedinformation or advice?


3186555971981768

18.037.033.811.2100

7413615644

18.033.238.010.7

541107722

20.541.829.38.4

10621019265

18.536.633.511.3

8419917267

16.138.133.012.8

12.680 p=0.178

By which means would youlike to receive generalinformation and advice?


1042353612956071321734

6.013.620.817.035.07.6100

2654836414928

6.413.420.515.836.96.9

143354507922

5.613.121.419.831.38.7

3187999720244

5.515.517.717.336.17.9

33611258417738

6.411.824.116.234.27.3

12.999 p=0.602

Still thinking specifically aboutyour own health, about howoften do you look for health-related information from anysource?


5635083931891201773

31.828.722.210.76.8100

1141201035122

27.829.325.112.45.4

7974662617

30.228.225.29.96.5

1551791236556

26.831.021.311.29.7

2151351014725

41.125.819.39.04.8

42.995 p<0.001


Table 35: Health Information Preferences by Living ArrangementAll In Residence Off campus


Off campuswithout

parent/s orguardians

Chi Square Test


P Value



3216575961981772

18.137.133.611.2100

6015611346

16.041.630.112.3

9917716854

19.935.533.710.8

16232431598

18.036.035.010.9

6.837 p=0.336

By which means would you like to receivegeneral information and advice?


1052353622966091301737

6.013.520.817.035.17.5100

2745697612031

7.312.218.820.732.68.4

36721167216530

7.314.723.614.733.66.1

4211817714832469

4.813.420.216.936.97.9

16.476 p=0.087

Still thinking specifically about your ownhealth, about how often do you look forhealth-related information from any source?


5605043961931251778

31.528.322.310.97.0100

10298964334

27.326.325.711.59.1

1581471075437

31.429.221.310.77.4

3002591939654

33.328.721.410.66.0

10.203 p=0.251


Section 6 – Comparison TableTable 36: Comparison of Local and Provincial Rates of Alcohol Overconsumption

Over the weekly guidelinesSudbury post-sec schools SDHU9 Ontario9

AllMalesFemales

9.0%13.3%7.5%

8.5%10.9%6.1%

6.6%8.4%4.9%

19 to 24 10% - 9.2%Over the daily guidelines

AllMalesFemales

28.833.827.1

23.731.715.8

17.420.814.0

19 to 24 30.8% 27.5% 29.9%Binge drinkingll

AllMalesFemales

41.350.738.1

23.6%37.0%10.5%

18.2%26.1%10.5%

19 to 24 46.8 33.7% 39.1%All

AllMalesFemales

46.654.943.8

32.847.518.4

25.031.518.5

19 to 24 50.7 40.7 47.1To interpret with caution - coefficient of variation between 16.66-33.33

ll Once a month or more, in the past 12 months

Disclaimer

Information contained in this material is research gathered from the Collège Boréal, Cambrian College andLaurentian University populations and presented by the authors of this report. The Administration of each ofthese schools had no role in the design and conduct of the study; management, analyses, or interpretationof the data; preparation, review, or approval of the report.

All rights reserved. The material contained within is protected by national and international copyright laws.No part of this material may be reproduced, translated, or stored in a retrieval system without the priorwritten permission from the principal investigators.

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