canada-indonesia...• greening gvc aims to minimize or eliminate adverse environmental impacts...
TRANSCRIPT
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Canada-IndonesiaTrade and Private Sector Assistance Project (TPSA)
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Presenter: Rita Lindayati, Senior Environment Specialist, TPSA ProjectConference Board of [email protected]
Tuesday, February 20th, 2018
Sustainable Development, Green Economy,
International Trade and Global Value Chains:
The Linkage
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Setting the Context:
• Sustainable Development: Balancing Environmental, Social and
Economic Goals
• Towards Green Economy
• International Trade, Global Value Chains, (GVCs) and Environment: the
Linkages
• Understanding the Globalization of Environmental Impacts through
Lifecycle Assessments
• Is International Trade Good or Bad for the Environment ?
• Environmental Protection and International Trade: A Regulatory Interface
Overview
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Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (WCED, 1987).
Sustainable Development
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• In the last 50 years, humans had altered the world’s ecosystems more fundamentally
than at any period in human history
• Some 60% of the world’s ecosystem services are being degraded/used unsustainably
• The current rate of species extinction is 1000 times greater than typical historical rate
• Global CO2 emissions have quadrupled with increasing evidence that we are
approaching tipping points of catastrophic climate change
• Half of the world’s fish stocks are being fished at their biological limits, and another
quarter have been depleted
• If current trends continue, in 20 years three billion of people will be expected to live in
countries facing “water stress” (Millenium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005)
Environmental Pressures: Global Context
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08)Environmental
problems
Economic cost Social cost
Water pollution &
inadequate water
supply
(mostly from
household &
industry)
$7.6 billion
or
2% of GDP
Sanitation-related
diseases (e.g., diarrhea), skin disease
due to the use of polluted water, fish
production, costs of flooding due to poor
drainage, lost of tourism opportunity,
etc..
Indoor & outdoor
pollution
(mostly industry
& transport)
$5.5 billion
or
1.3% GDP
Mortality & morbidity from cardio-
pulmonary disease in adults, lung
cancer, acute respiratory infections in
children.
Climate change Estimated to cost 2.5 –
7% of GDP by 2100
(Source: ADB, 2009)
More rainfall, flooding, reduced soil
fertility, declining rice yields, damage to
coastal areas (rising sea level, land
subsidence, more frequent storms)
Deforestation Estimated to have lost
around $150 billion worth
of forest between 1990
and 2007 (or nearly 5%
GDP each year)
Loss of livelihoods, way of life
Social and Economic Costs of Environmental Problems: Indonesia Context
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(adapted from http://www.international.gc.ca/)
What is environmental sustainability?
Environmental sustainability: the
ability of plants, animals, micro-
organisms, and their non-living
surroundings (land, air, water) to
sustain themselves, and people,
now and in the future
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Towards Green Economy
Green Economy: a system of economic activities related to the production,
distribution and consumption of goods and services that result in improved
human wellbeing over the long term, while not exposing future generations to
significant environmental risks and ecological scarcities (UNEP, 2011).
Example:
• Increase in green investment
• Increase in jobs in green sectors
• Decrease in energy and resource
use per unit of production
• Decrease in waste and pollution
• Decrease in unsustainable
consumption
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• At a fundamental level, the production and exchange of goods and services which
underlies the international trade relies on the environment in the form of natural
resources
• Global Value Chains (GVCs) refer to the phenomena where the different stages of
the production process are located across different countries. The past decades
have witnessed increasingly fragmented and internationally dispersed value chain
activities (e.g., design, production, marketing, distribution, etc..)
• Greening GVC aims to minimize or eliminate adverse environmental impacts along
supply chain, from product design, material resourcing and selection,
manufacturing process, delivery of final product and end-of-life management of the
product (Thoo Ai Chin et al., 2015)
• A product lifecycle assessment provides a method to understanding the
environmental impacts of its global value chains
The Relationship between International Trade,
Global Value Chains and Environment
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Inputs Life-cycle stages Outputs
Atmospheric emission
Raw
Materials Waterborne waste
Solid waste
Energy
By-products
Other releases
Source: US-EPA
Environmental Aspects in A Product Life-cycle
Raw material
acquisition
Manufacturing
Use/maintenance
End of
life/recycle/waste
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• Life Cycle Assessment method provides a tool to assess
environmental impacts (i.e., resource consumption and emissions)
across the full life cycle of a product, from material acquisition to
manufacturing, use, and final disposal.
• Environmental “hotspots” refer to the activities that cause the highest
environmental impacts in a product’s lifecycle (e.g. dyeing process in
textile manufacturing).
• If environmental hotspots are known, efforts to reduced environmental
impacts can be focused.
• The environmental impacts of globally traded commodities are spread
between exporting and importing countries
Understanding A Product’s Environmental Impacts
through Lifecycle Analysis
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Example 1: coffee lifecycle
CO2e emissions of 1 kg coffee green bean produced in Costa Rica, consumed in
Europe (http://www.balas.org/BALAS_2013_proceedings_data/data/documents/p639212.pdf)
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Environmental Hotspots for CO2 emissions (http://www.balas.org/BALAS_2013_proceedings_data/data/documents/p639212.pdf)
((((http://www.balas.org/BALAS_2013_proceedings_data/data/documents/p639212.pdf)\
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Example 2:
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Example 3: A typical pair of running shoes generates 30 pounds of carbon dioxide emissions,
equivalent to keeping a 100-watt light bulb on for one week (MIT, 2013)
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Various business initiatives to make greener value chains
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Green measures in Nestle product lifecycle
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Increased trade economic growth higher income
more resources for environmental protection
Better access to cleaner technology and environmental
goods and services
Encourage technical innovation and more efficient allocation of
resources
Improved environmental standards (especially to meet the requirements
from the developed markets)
Increased trade increased economic activities could deplete
natural resources and worsen pollution
Weak environmental standards and law enforcement in many developing countries would attract polluting
industries
May undermine national governments’ policy space to environmental
management (e.g., restrict certain types of regulations, deregulation imposed by trading partners, pressures by industries
to improve their international competitiveness)
ProsCons
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Environmental Impacts of Trade
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Scale
Product
Structure
Technology
Environmental Policies/
Regulations
Environmental impacts:
• Land
• Water
• Air
• Flora & fauna
• Human health
• Etc.
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FTA Environmental Provisions: Historical Trends
• GATT General Exceptions Articles XX (b) and (g)
• Groups on Environmental Measures and International Trade/ EMIT (dormant)
• Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures
• Technical Barriers on Trade (TBT)
• Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM)
• Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)
• General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)
• Agreement on Agriculture (AoA)
GATT
(1947)
• Preamble of Marrakesh Agreement: Sustainable Development Objective
• GATT General Exceptions Articles XX (b) and (g)
• SPS, TBT, SCM, TRIPS, GATS, AoA
• Established the Committee on Trade and Environment (CTE) to advice General Council on Trade-Environment linkage
• Established Committee on Trade and Environment Special Sessions (CTESS) focusing on trade-environment negotiations: e.g., link between WTO & Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs), fisheries subsidies, removing trade barriers on environmental goods and services
WTO
(1995)
Global Environmental Events
- 1972 UN Conference on the
Human Environment
(Stockholm Conference)
- 1987 Brundtland Report
- 1992 Rio Earth Summit
(Agenda 21)
- 2002 World Summit On
Sustainable Development
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GATT Article XX: General Exceptions
• Subject to the requirement that such measures are not applied in a manner which would constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination between countries where the same conditions prevail, or a disguised restriction on international trade, nothing in this Agreement shall be construed to prevent the adoption or enforcement by any contracting party of measures:
(b) necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health;
(g) relating to the conservation of exhaustible natural resources if such measures are made effective in conjunction with restrictions on domestic production or consumption;
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The 1973 Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) which
regulates trade in certain endangered species and their parts, including products made from such species.
The 1985 Vienna Convention for Protection of the Stratosphere and the 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances
that Deplete the Stratospheric Ozone Layer: control the production and trade of ozone-depleting substances (i.e.,
certain industrial chemicals) as well as products containing such substances.
The 1992 Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal.
The 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the 2000 Cartagena Protocol on Bio-safety. The Cartagena
Protocol, a part of the CBD, regulates international trade procedures of most forms of living genetically modified
organisms (LMOs).
The 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) and the Kyoto Protocol”: has
potential significant effects on the global economy and trade as it seeks to transform the world into greener and low
carbon economies
The 1998 Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent (PIC) for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and
Pesticides in International Trade.
The 2004 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) which regulates certain substances
which persist in the environment and which are suspected to disrupt human and animals' hormonal functioning
(e.g., DDT).
Trade measures in Multilateral Environmental Agreement
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Next sessions:
How Environmental
Issues Affect
International Trade/
Global Value
Chains
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