1

Can You Identify This Object?

CELLSCELLS

Day 1: CELLULAR Day 1: CELLULAR COMPONENTS & COMPONENTS &

PROCESESPROCESES

What is a cell?

� Collection of living material enclosed by a barrier that separates the cell from it’s surroundings

�Basic Unit of all forms of Life

MODERN CELL THEORYMODERN CELL THEORY

1.1. All living things are made of All living things are made of cells.cells.

2.2. Cells are the basic unit of Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living structure and function in living things.things.

3.3. All cells arise from All cells arise from preexistingpreexistingcells (cell division).cells (cell division).

2 Exceptions toThe Cell Theory

1. Viruses

(debated whether living or nonliving)

2. Living cells arise from organic matter (nonliving)

Famous People

Their View On The Cell Theory

2

Anton Van Leewenhoek

� 1632- 1723, Dutch

�Discovered tiny organisms- bacteria and protozoa.

- blood cells

- living sperm cells of animals

- round worms.

�Made over 500 microscopes.

Robert Hooke

� 1663, English scientist

� Observed cell walls from cork cells

(dead cells).

� Observed insects (flea)

� Came up with the word- CELL

from tiny rooms called monasteries

Robert Brown

� 1833, Scottish

�Discovered the nucleus

when studying flowers.

�1839, German

� All plants are made up of cells.

�Studied the function of thenucleus & other cell bodies.

�Recognized the differencebetween unicellular & multicellular organisms.

Mattias SchleidenMattias SchleidenMattias SchleidenMattias Schleiden

Theodor Schwann

�1839, German

�All animal tissues are made up of cells.

�Came up with the term “cell theory”

�Developed the word metabolism (chemical reactions in living tissue).

Rudolf Virchow

� 1821- 1902, German

� Stated:

“Every cell arises from another cell”.

� Believed that disease involves changes in normal cells.

3

Lynn Margulis

� 1938 American Biologist

�Origin of eukaryotic organelles

� Endosymbiotic theory about how certain organelles were formed

Day 2

Prokaryotic &

Eukaryotic Cells

2 Types of CellsProkaryoticProkaryoticProkaryoticProkaryoticProkaryoticProkaryoticProkaryoticProkaryotic EukaryoticEukaryoticEukaryoticEukaryoticEukaryoticEukaryoticEukaryoticEukaryoticoo Simple functionSimple functionSimple functionSimple functionSimple functionSimple functionSimple functionSimple functionoo SingleSingleSingleSingleSingleSingleSingleSingle--------celled celled celled celled celled celled celled celled organismsorganismsorganismsorganismsorganismsorganismsorganismsorganismsoo No NucleusNo NucleusNo NucleusNo NucleusNo NucleusNo NucleusNo NucleusNo Nucleusoo No other Cell No other Cell No other Cell No other Cell No other Cell No other Cell No other Cell No other Cell organellesorganellesorganellesorganellesorganellesorganellesorganellesorganellesoo Complex FunctionComplex FunctionComplex FunctionComplex FunctionComplex FunctionComplex FunctionComplex FunctionComplex Functionoo MultiMultiMultiMultiMultiMultiMultiMulti--------cellular cellular cellular cellular cellular cellular cellular cellular organismsorganismsorganismsorganismsorganismsorganismsorganismsorganismsoo Have a NucleusHave a NucleusHave a NucleusHave a NucleusHave a NucleusHave a NucleusHave a NucleusHave a Nucleusoo Have organellesHave organellesHave organellesHave organellesHave organellesHave organellesHave organellesHave organelles

2 Types of CellsProkaryoticProkaryoticProkaryoticProkaryoticProkaryoticProkaryoticProkaryoticProkaryotic EukaryoticEukaryoticEukaryoticEukaryoticEukaryoticEukaryoticEukaryoticEukaryoticEx: BacteriaEx: BacteriaEx: BacteriaEx: BacteriaEx: BacteriaEx: BacteriaEx: BacteriaEx: BacteriaBlueBlueBlueBlueBlueBlueBlueBlue--------green algaegreen algaegreen algaegreen algaegreen algaegreen algaegreen algaegreen algae Ex: HumansEx: HumansEx: HumansEx: HumansEx: HumansEx: HumansEx: HumansEx: HumansYeastYeastYeastYeastYeastYeastYeastYeast

Unicellular Organisms:

� Any plant or animal that has a single cell.

Ex:

amoeba (E) Blue-green algae (P)

bacteria (P) fungi (E)

protozoa (E) yeast (E)

Multi-cellular Organism

o Organisms that have more than 1 cell.

o Cells specialized for a particular function (specialization).

Examples:

humans, hydra

4

Which is a Prokaryotic & a Eukaryotic Cell?Organelles Organelles

��Little “organs” of the cell Little “organs” of the cell

��Present in Present in BOTHBOTH plants plants and animals and animals

��Carry out cellular Carry out cellular functions!functions!

��The parts of a cell that carry The parts of a cell that carry out a function are called cell:out a function are called cell:

____________________________ORGANELLESORGANELLESORGANELLESORGANELLES Animal Cells: (Eukaryotic)

�� NucleusNucleus�� NucleolusNucleolus

�� MitochondriaMitochondria�� Golgi Body ComplexGolgi Body Complex�� Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum�� VacuoleVacuole�� LysosomeLysosome�� Centrioles (Centrioles (ANIMAL ONLYANIMAL ONLY))

Plant Cells have all of the above &:�� Cell WallCell Wall

�� ChloroplastChloroplast

What Are Humans?

Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic

What Are Plants?

What Are Viruses?

� Genetic information surrounded by a protein coat.

� Require a host cell to reproduce.

Ex: Polio, Influenza, Chickenpox

5

Question:

Which of the following is not alive,

but requires life to be able to

reproduce?

A. Bacteria

B. Fungus

C. Protozoa

D. Virus

Draw a Venn Diagram:

Use Notes from class work to complete.

http://www.cellsalive.com/toc_cellbio.htmhttp://www.cellsalive.com/toc_cellbio.htmHint For Completing Venn Hint For Completing Venn DiagramDiagram

Day 3: Group Work

o Review H.W sheets

o Handout PPT. packet – identify

the structure & function of cells

using textbook.

Day 4

Computer Tutorial:

Cell Structure & Function

Activity 5555555544444444 66666666 33333333 222222221111111177777777

LABELLABELLABELLABEL1.1.1.1.2.2.2.2.3.3.3.3.4.4.4.4.5.5.5.5.6.6.6.6.7.7.7.7.http://www.biologydaily.com/biology/Cell_nucleushttp://www.biologydaily.com/biology/Cell_nucleus

6

Answers

Drawing of nucleus and the endoplasmic

reticulum.

(1) Nuclear membrane(2) Ribosomes

(3) Nuclear pore complexes

(4) Nucleolus(5) Chromatin

(6) Nucleus

(7) Endoplasmic reticulum

The whole structure is surrounded by _____________.http://www.biologydaily.com/biology/Cell_nucleushttp://www.biologydaily.com/biology/Cell_nucleusWhat Are Viruses?

� Genetic information surrounded by a protein coat.

� Require a host cell to reproduce.

Ex: Polio, Influenza, Chickenpox

Question:

Which of the following is not alive,

but requires life to be able to

reproduce?

A. Bacteria

B. Fungus

C. Protozoa

D. Virus

NucleusNucleus

�� Control centerControl center

�� Controls cell activityControls cell activity

�� Contains Contains hereditaryhereditary material material

Nucleus Nuclear membraneNuclear membrane

�� Double membraneDouble membrane that surrounds that surrounds

the nucleus.the nucleus.

�� Selective Permeablilty Selective Permeablilty (selects material (selects material entering or leaving)entering or leaving)

�� Has pores (Has pores (openingsopenings))

7

NuclearNuclearNuclearNuclearNuclearNuclearNuclearNuclear Nuclear membraneNuclear membrane Nucleolus Nucleolus

�� Round organelle in the nucleus.Round organelle in the nucleus.

�� The site for **The site for **protein synthesisprotein synthesis** (production).(production).

http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbi3a1/cells/nucleus.htmhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbi3a1/cells/nucleus.htm

NucleolusNucleolus

ChromatinChromatinChromatinChromatin---- long thin strands of DNA that control cell long thin strands of DNA that control cell long thin strands of DNA that control cell long thin strands of DNA that control cell metabolism and hereditymetabolism and hereditymetabolism and hereditymetabolism and heredityRibosomes Ribosomes

�� Tiny structuresTiny structures

�� Located in the cytoplasm, Located in the cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, or nucleus.endoplasmic reticulum, or nucleus.

�� Production of Production of proteinsproteins which are which are important for important for cellular growthcellular growth & & reproductionreproduction. .

RibosomesRibosomesRIBOSOMESRIBOSOMEShttp://www.ibiblio.org/virtualcell/textbook/chapter3/cyto1b.htmhttp://www.ibiblio.org/virtualcell/textbook/chapter3/cyto1b.htm

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

�� SStorage, synthesis, torage, synthesis, and transportand transport of of proteins within the cell. proteins within the cell.

�� “HIGHWAY”“HIGHWAY” for cell for cell transport.transport.

8

Endoplasmic Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)reticulum (ER)Two Types1. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum- Has ribosomes2. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum- No ribosomes

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Cytoplasm (protoplasm)Cytoplasm (protoplasm)

��Fluid likeFluid like material in the cellmaterial in the cell

over 80 % water over 80 % water

��“HOLDS”“HOLDS” cell organelles in cell organelles in placeplace

��site for cellular site for cellular chemical chemical reactionsreactions

Cytoplasm (protoplasm)Cytoplasm (protoplasm)

Vacuole

�� Membrane bound Membrane bound cytoplasmiccytoplasmic spacesspacescontaining materials.containing materials.

VacuoleTwo TypesTwo Types::

�� Food vacuoleFood vacuole----store and digest store and digest ingested food ingested food

�� Contractile vacuoleContractile vacuole--pumps pumps excess water from cells excess water from cells maintaining homeostasismaintaining homeostasis

9

Vacuole

Food VacuoleFood VacuoleFood VacuoleFood VacuoleFood particlesFood particlesFood particlesFood particlesContractile VacuoleContractile VacuoleContractile VacuoleContractile VacuolePlant Cell Animal Cell: Amoeba Vacuole

Cell (Plasma) MembraneCell (Plasma) Membrane

�� A bilayer lipid surrounding nucleus.A bilayer lipid surrounding nucleus.

�� "Fat sandwich“"Fat sandwich“

�� Is Is SEMISEMI--PERMEABLEPERMEABLE

�� Selectively regulates the flow of materials Selectively regulates the flow of materials to and from the cell to maintain chemical to and from the cell to maintain chemical homeostasishomeostasis. .

LysosomeLysosome

��Small round membrane Small round membrane (pouch) containing (pouch) containing digestive enzymes.

��Digest bacteria and foods.Digest bacteria and foods.

LysosomeLysosome Mitochondrion Mitochondrion

��""PowerhousePowerhouse of the cell" of the cell"

��Carries on Carries on cellular respirationcellular respiration(contains respiratory (contains respiratory enzymes that make enzymes that make ATPATP) ) (energy molecule)(energy molecule).

10

MitochondrionMitochondrion MitochondrionMitochondrion

Mitochondria: Cellular RespirationGolgi apparatus (complex)Golgi apparatus (complex)

�� Synthesizes, packages, and secretesSynthesizes, packages, and secretescellular products for STORAGE & cellular products for STORAGE & later use.later use.

�� PackagesPackages waste & harmful waste & harmful materials.materials.

Golgi Apparatus

http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/cm1504/nucleus.htmCytoskeletonCytoskeleton

�� Protein filaments forProtein filaments for shapeshape and and allowallow movementmovement within the cellwithin the cell.MicrotubulesMicrotubulesMicrotubulesMicrotubulesMicrofilament Microfilament Microfilament Microfilament (Actin)(Actin)(Actin)(Actin)

11

Wrap Up: ANIMAL CELLWrap Up: ANIMAL CELLActivityActivityActivityActivityActivityActivityActivityActivity::::::::Label 1Label 1Label 1Label 1Label 1Label 1Label 1Label 1--------1313131313131313 Answers

Animal cell- Organelles:

(1) Nucleolus (2) Nucleus (3) Ribosome (4) Vesicle(5) Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)(6) Golgi apparatus(7) Cytoskeleton(8) Smooth ER(9) Mitochondria(10) Vacuole(11) Cytoplasm(12) Lysosome (13) Centrioles

Animal Cell

ANIMAL CELL ORGANELLEANIMAL CELL ORGANELLE ONLYONLY

CentrioleCentriole

�� Cylindrical structure in the Cylindrical structure in the cytoplasm.cytoplasm.

�� Functions during cell division.Functions during cell division.

Centrioles

Plant Cell

12

PLANT CELL ORGANELLESPLANT CELL ORGANELLES ONLYONLY

Cell WallCell Wall

�� Surrounds cell Surrounds cell

��Made mostly of cellulose Made mostly of cellulose

��Gives Gives structurestructure & & supportsupport

Cell Wall

Cell WallChloroplasts: Plant Cell

��GreenGreen in colorin color

��Double membrane that contains Double membrane that contains the green pigment the green pigment chlorophyllchlorophyllwhich carries on which carries on photosynthesisphotosynthesis.

�� Uses the sun’s energy to make food Uses the sun’s energy to make food for the plant.for the plant.

ChloroplastsChloroplasts

Photosynthesis Photosynthesis

�� Chlorophyll converts Chlorophyll converts light energy light energy toto chemical energychemical energy in the in the chloroplasts. chloroplasts.

��Overall Net equation for Overall Net equation for photosynthesisphotosynthesis::6 Water + 6 Carbon dioxide glucose + 6 oxygen6 Water + 6 Carbon dioxide glucose + 6 oxygen(when catalyzed by chlorophyll in the presence of sunlight) (when catalyzed by chlorophyll in the presence of sunlight)

Questions: Answer in Notebook1. What are ribosomes made of?

_______________Proteins & RNA2. Where are ribosomesribosomesribosomesribosomesmade or produced?_________________3. What do ribosomesribosomesribosomesribosomes produce or manufacture?_________________4. Where are ribosomesribosomesribosomesribosomes found? ________________________Where do these functions take place?RNA synthesis = ________________Protein synthesis = _______________NucleolusProteinsCytoplasm, Nucleus, ERNucleolusRibosomes

13

Extra Slides

Cell (Plasma) MembraneCell (Plasma) Membrane

�� A bilayer lipid surrounding nucleus.A bilayer lipid surrounding nucleus.

�� "Fat sandwich“"Fat sandwich“

�� Is Is SEMISEMI--PERMEABLEPERMEABLE

�� Selectively regulates the flow of materials Selectively regulates the flow of materials to and from the cell to maintain chemical to and from the cell to maintain chemical homeostasishomeostasis. .

��HydrophilicHydrophilic--attracts waterattracts water

��HydrophobicHydrophobic--repels waterrepels water

Cell (Plasma) MembraneCell (Plasma) MembraneCell (Plasma) MembraneCell (Plasma) Membrane

Not found in plant cellsNot found in plant cellsNot found in plant cellsNot found in plant cellsCell (Plasma) MembraneCell (Plasma) Membrane

14

Types of transport in CellsTypes of transport in Cells1. Passive transport1. Passive transport

oo Movement of substances through a Movement of substances through a membrane from a high to a low membrane from a high to a low region of concentration.region of concentration.

oo No energy needed (ATP)No energy needed (ATP)

ExamplesExamples::

1.1. DiffusionDiffusion

2.2. OsmosisOsmosis

2. Active transport2. Active transportoo Movement of substances Movement of substances through a membrane from a low through a membrane from a low concentration to a region of high concentration to a region of high concentration.concentration.

oo Requires cellular energy (ATP)Requires cellular energy (ATP)

oo Whether passive or active transport Whether passive or active transport is needed depends on the is needed depends on the

CONCENTRATION GRADIENTCONCENTRATION GRADIENT.

�� The concentration gradient is the The concentration gradient is the

differencedifference in the concentration of a in the concentration of a substance in two different spaces.substance in two different spaces.

Concentration Concentration

oo The amount of a particular The amount of a particular substance in a contained area substance in a contained area compared with the amount of the compared with the amount of the same substance in another area.same substance in another area.

ExampleExample:

�� Amount of something in a space Amount of something in a space (water, salt, sugar, iron).(water, salt, sugar, iron).

15

PROCESSES OF THE PLASMA PROCESSES OF THE PLASMA

MEMBRANEMEMBRANE

Passive TransportPassive Transport: :

(Diffusion and Osmosis)(Diffusion and Osmosis)

��GoalGoal-- to reach to reach EQUILIBRIUMEQUILIBRIUMwithin the cell for diffusion & within the cell for diffusion & osmosis.osmosis.

�� Equilibrium is a condition in Equilibrium is a condition in which the which the movementmovement in onein onedirectiondirection is is equalequal to the to the movement in another directionmovement in another direction

DiffusionDiffusion

�� the tendency of molecules to the tendency of molecules to move from an area of move from an area of higher higher concentrationconcentration to an area of to an area of lower concentrationlower concentration

�� (concentration gradient(concentration gradient-- diff in diff in conc. between 2 regions)conc. between 2 regions)

OsmosisOsmosis

�� movement of water through a membrane movement of water through a membrane from a region of higher to lower con.from a region of higher to lower con.

�� SoluteSolute -- substance being dissolved in a substance being dissolved in a liquid (ex. salt) liquid (ex. salt)

�� SolventSolvent -- substance doing the dissolving substance doing the dissolving (ex. water) (ex. water)

�� PermeabilityPermeability -- the extent to which a the extent to which a membrane will allow particular sized membrane will allow particular sized molecules to pass molecules to pass

�� SemiSemi--permeable membranepermeable membrane (selectively (selectively permeable)permeable)--allows some molecules to pass allows some molecules to pass but not others but not others

�� So, describe how “KoolSo, describe how “Kool--Aid”® is Aid”® is made with regard to the terms made with regard to the terms

“solute” and “solvent”. What is the “solute” and “solvent”. What is the “universal solvent”?“universal solvent”?

�� When comparing two solutions there are When comparing two solutions there are three possible relationships, We Identify three possible relationships, We Identify the relationships by determining what the relationships by determining what would happen if a cell were placed in the would happen if a cell were placed in the solution.solution.

�� HypertonicHypertonic-- A solution that causes a A solution that causes a cell to cell to shrinkshrink because of osmosis. because of osmosis. Meaning water leaves the cell.Meaning water leaves the cell.

�� HypotonicHypotonic-- A solution that causes a cell A solution that causes a cell to to swellswell because of osmosis meaning because of osmosis meaning water rushes into the cell. water rushes into the cell.

�� IsotonicIsotonic--A solution that causes A solution that causes no no changechange in cell size. Meaning there is no in cell size. Meaning there is no movement of water.movement of water.

16

If the fluid outside

the cell has…

Then the outside

fluid is…

Water moves… Effect on the cell?

…less water than is

present inside the cell

…more water than is

present inside the cell

…same amount of

water as inside the cell

�� So, answer this question…. Why do So, answer this question…. Why do “establishments” offer free popcorn, “establishments” offer free popcorn,

peanuts, and pretzels to their peanuts, and pretzels to their patrons if they are serving patrons if they are serving

beverages? What changes are beverages? What changes are taking place in the body to initiate taking place in the body to initiate the need for more beverages?the need for more beverages?

Active TransportActive Transport--

�� the movement of a substance the movement of a substance against the concentration against the concentration gradient. (uphill) gradient. (uphill)

�� Active transport requires cell to Active transport requires cell to USE ENERGYUSE ENERGY

�� Sodium pump Sodium pump -- transports three transports three sodium ions out of the cell and sodium ions out of the cell and two potassium ions into the celltwo potassium ions into the cell

�� Both are against the Both are against the concentration gradientconcentration gradient

�� The energy needed to perform The energy needed to perform this activity is supplied by ATP this activity is supplied by ATP (adenosine tri(adenosine tri--phosphate) phosphate)

�� ATP is a unit of energy made by ATP is a unit of energy made by the cellthe cell

�� EndocytosisEndocytosis-- the movement of a the movement of a substance into the cell by a vesicle. A substance into the cell by a vesicle. A vesicle is a form of packaging that is vesicle is a form of packaging that is used by cells.used by cells.

�� ExocytosisExocytosis-- the movement of a the movement of a substance out of the cell by a vesicle.substance out of the cell by a vesicle.

�� PhagocytosisPhagocytosis-- cytoplasm of cell cytoplasm of cell surrounds and engulfs particlesurrounds and engulfs particle----ex. ex. ameba and white blood cellameba and white blood cell

�� PinocytosisPinocytosis-- plasma membrane plasma membrane "pinches in" to permit entry of molecules "pinches in" to permit entry of molecules too large to diffuse throughtoo large to diffuse through

17

� http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/insidethecell/chapter1.html