can we plant our way out of the pollinator health crisis? · 2019-11-05 · 3. avoid neonicotinoids...

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Can we Plant our way out of the Pollinator Health Crisis?

Gerardo Camilo, Ph.D. Department of BiologyDamon Hall, Ph.D. Center for Sustainability

Paige Muñiz, Department of BiologySaint Louis University

Bee‐Pollinated Crops

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Damon Hall‐May 2000

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Gerardo Camilo – May 1986

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“If the bee disappears from the surface of the earth, man would have no more than four years to live.”

Albert Einstein 6

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Pollinating by Hand

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Koh, I., Lonsdorf, E. V., Williams, N. M., Brittain, C., Isaacs, R., Gibbs, J., & Ricketts, T. H. 2016. Modeling the status, trends, and impacts of wild bee abundance in the United States., 113(1), 140‐145. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Declines in the Abundance of Wild Bees

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Causes of Insect Pollinator Losses

1. Habitat Loss

• Rural lands to sub‐urban/urban

• Changes in Agricultural Practices

• Land Use Intensification

2. Chemical Industry Advances

3. Bee Diseases & Pests

4. Lack of Flowers

5. Others‐ known & unknown

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1. Habitat Losses

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2. NeonicotinoidsNeo‐ Nic‐ O‐ Tin‐ Oids

• Class of Nicotine‐based chemicals introduced in 1990s

• “Systemic” insecticide

• Effective for many pests (Japanese Beetles, aphids, etc.)

• Currently 1/3 of all global Insecticide use is a Neonicotinoid

• “Wild bees, and particularly solitary bees, may be much more strongly affected than domestic honeybees.” (Goulson 2013; 2015)

• Banned in the European Union in 2013• Largest producers Syngenta (Swiss) & Bayer (GER)

Goulson, D., Nicholls, E., Botías, C., & Rotheray, E. L. 2015. Bee declines driven by combined stress from parasites, pesticides, and lack of flowers. Science, 347(6229), 1255957.

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2. Neonicotinoid Use‐ Imidacloprid Use by Year & Crop

(I‐Mid‐ A‐ Clo‐ Prid)

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Source: U.S. Geological Survey. 2016. National Water‐Quality Assessment Program. https://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/pnsp/usage/maps13


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Declines in the Abundance of Wild Bees

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24bumblebee (Bombus impatiens), hornfaced bee (Osmia cornuta)

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2013 August 19. Time.

IPBES. 2016.

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National Strategy for Pollinator Health Task Force

• June 20, 2014‐ Presidential Memorandum creating a Pollinator Health Task Force (14 Federal Agencies)

• May 19, 2015‐ National Strategy Released

• June 22, 2016‐ Action Plan Released

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Our Question: Can we Plant our way out of this Pollinator Health Crisis?

• What roles can cities play?

• How can we develop communities in a way that adds bee habitat? Can we plant intelligently/strategically?

• This project aims to test this question at a neighborhood scale.

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Workshop Outline

1. Introducing the Question (Damon & Camilo)

2. The Research‐ The Bees of St. Louis (Camilo)

3. Bee Biology 101 (Camilo & Paige)

4. Bee Identification 101 (Paige)

5. This Study: What can residents do to enhance habitat?

(Camilo & Damon)

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2016 Study Sites

• Community Gardens• Urban Farms• Prairie Pockets• Vacant Lots

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Morning Pre‐Sampling Meeting

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Sampling

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General Findings:Cities have diverse populations of native bees• Berkeley, CA (Frankie et al. 2005; 2016), Chicago, IL (Tonietto et al. 2011; Lowenstein et al. 2014),New York City, NY (Matteson et al. 2008; Matteson & Langellotto 2009), Phoenix, AZ (Cane et al. 2006), San Francisco, CA (McFrederick & LeBuhn 2006), St. Louis, MO (Camilo et al. 2016)

• Berlin, Germany (Saure et al. 1998), • Birmingham, Bristol, Cardiff, Dundee, Edinburg, Glasgow, Hull, Leeds, Leicester, London, Northampton, Reading, Sheffield, Southampton, Swindon, United Kingdom (Goulson et al. 2008; Baldock et al. 2015; Sirohi et al. 2015),

• Melbourne, Australia (Threfall et al. 2015), • Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica (Frankie et al. 2013), • Vancouver, Canada (Tommasi et al. 2004),

In several cases, more diverse and abundant populations of native bees live in cities than in nearby rural landscapes

(Baldock et al. 2015; Cane et al. 2006; Frankie et al., 2009; Matteson et al. 2008; Osborne et al. 2008; Verboven et al. 2014; Sirohi et al. 2015)

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Somehow… Cities are a Refuge for bees

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Bee Biology

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Pollination and Pollinators

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Pollen Collection

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FAQs

1. How do bees see?

2. How far bees fly; Average forage ranges?

3. Lifespan?

4. What are the signs that my plants are not getting pollinated?

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What questions do you have?

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• In the US there are roughly 4,500 bee species

• Missouri has ~450 bee species in 6 distinct families

• St. Louis has some 150 species

Bee Basics

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Bee Basics

• Most bees are solitary (90% NA) • No queen‐worker caste system

• No colony

• Solitary vs social (eusocial)

• Nest location• Ground nesters: 70% NA

• Specialist vs generalist

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60Spevak EM & Arduser M. 2016. Missouri bee identification guide. St. Louis Zoo. Missouri Dept. of Conservation, & Pollinator Partnership. Available at: https://www.stlzoo.org/files/9413/3303/3161/MO_Bee_Guide_w_boarder.pdf

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Spevak EM & Arduser M. 2016. Missouri bee identification guide. St. Louis Zoo. Missouri Dept. of Conservation, & Pollinator Partnership. Available at: https://www.stlzoo.org/files/9413/3303/3161/MO_Bee_Guide_w_boarder.pdf


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Stinging

•All bees do not sting.•Only females have stingers and among those, not all have a hive or colony to defend.

•Bees will always be more interested in pollinating flowers than bothering to sting you.

•A 1997 study showed that over 90% of emergency room visits due to stings were caused by wasps, NOT bees.

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The Consistent Driver of Pollinator Health is…

• Floral resources – The Presence of Flowers for forage!

Scheper J, Holzschuh A, Kuussaari M, Potts SG, Rundlöf M, Smith HG, Kleijn D. 2013. Environmental factors driving the effectiveness of European agri‐environmental measures in mitigating pollinator loss–a meta‐analysis. Ecology Letters, 16(7):912–920.

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Project Question: Can Neighborhoods Plant enough Flowers to Increase Bee Species Diversity?

Long‐term Sampling Sites

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Ward 23

Lowest bee Species Diversity in the city

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Holly Hills

2nd Lowest bee Species Diversity in the city

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Holly Hills (2015 Season) Ward 23‐Mallinckrodt

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1. Plant flowers with high Food Value to Pollinators

Aim is to provide flower resources:

• Early in the Spring

• Late in the Fall

• Different flower sizes attract different sized bees

• Patience…it takes time for native flower beds to establish

Stingless bee

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From this…

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To this…

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Plant flowers

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2. Lawns

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Creeping Charlie, Ground ivyGlechoma hederacea

White Clover, Trifolium repens

Selfheal, Prunella vulgaris

Creeping Thyme, Prunella vulgarisYellow Wood Sorrel, Oxalis stricta

Common Violet, Viola sororia

Buckhorn/Narrowleaf plantain, Plantago lanceolata

Purslane, Portulaca oleracea

Dandelion, Taraxacum officinale

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2. Slow your Mow: Lawns can have valuable forage

2014 Study, Homeowners Mowed:

1. Once every week

2. Once every 2 weeks

= 60% increase in bees species

3. Once every 3 weeks

=300% increase in bee species

90Lerman, S. B., & Milam, J. (2016). Bee Fauna and Floral Abundance Within Lawn‐Dominated Suburban Yards in Springfield, MA. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, pre‐print.

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It does not have to be like this…

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3. Avoid Neonicotinoids

Red cross‐outs contain Imidacloprid; Yellow contain Acetamiprid

A. Insecticide sprays on Shelves B. Plants treated with Neonics

Larson, J. L., Redmond, C. T., & Potter, D. A. 2013. Assessing insecticide hazard to bumble bees foraging on flowering weeds in treated lawns. PLoS ONE, 8(6):1‐7.

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4. Bare Ground

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4. Leave bare ground near plants you want pollinated.

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5. Native Bee Condos

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Summary of Research

We:

• Sample areas for bee diversity before interacting with participants

• Document existing yard management practices

• Encourage residents to plant, reduce mowing,

• Continuously sample; Measure effectiveness in terms of bee species diversity (not just area planted) bi‐weekly

• Monitor bee populations several years in the future

• Suggest management practices that work evidenced by the numbers

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A Tale of Two GardensLindenwood Park Community Garden vs. Tower Grove East Community Garden

4 bee species found 20 species found

3 miles

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Lindenwood Park Community Garden Tower Grove East Community Garden

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Lindenwood Park Community Garden vs. Tower Grove East Community Garden

4 species found 20 species found

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Additional Steps

1. Sign up through our website: www.SustainabilityScienceLab.org/Bees

2. If you are in the study area & you are managing for pollinators,

Would you like a yard sign? See Molly.

3. Do you have a Pollinator‐Lovers Yard,? Email us Pics!!

4. If you are in the study area, tell your neighbors about this study. Take extra materials for them. Have them sign up via website for more info.5. More Resources: http://www.sustainabilitysciencelab.org/ 103

www.SustainabilityScienceLab.org/Bees104

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Acknowledgements

• Missouri Department of Conservation, Society for Conservation Biology, Saint Louis University, University of Michigan, Cornell University, Oakland University

• Mike Arduser, Peter Bernhardt, Ph.D., Erin Shank, Michael Quartuch, Ph.D., Hannah Reinhart, Ivette Perfecto, Ph.D., Ed Spevak, Ph.D.

• The Billiken Bee Lab: Chris Banatoi, Rena Black, Rachel Brandt, Andrea Burr, Ken Fujita, Ji‐Hey Kim, Molly Laycob, Tierra Leilard, Haley Letherbarrow, Lauren Merchant, Angela Myers, Anne Nora, Jordyn Riehn, Camille Buckley, Brian Abboud, Jessica Von Bockel, Alex Rader, Emily Pfifier, Gabby Pouncil, AmanadaSebesta, Nicole Schaeg, Daniel Starvos, Rebecca Tonietto, Ph.D., Alex Vavra, David Wilton, Paul Winiecki

• BeeCampusUSA, Pop‐Up Prairie, Sustainable Backyard Tour, STL Beekeepers, BrightSide St. Louis, Gateway Greening, St. Louis Zoo, Pure Air Natives & DJM Ecological, International Institute of St. Louis, Tamm EcoVillage, EarthDanceFarms,

• Christy Cunningham, Joel Walker, Amy Hereford, Pastor Bill Wilson, Timothy Lutheran Church, Holly Hills Neighborhood Improvement Association, Greg Mick, Joe Vaccaro, Annette Bridges, the neighbors of Holly Hills and Ward 23

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Signs Available to the most Active participants within the Study Sites

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can we plant our way out of the pollinator health crisis? · 2019-11-05 · 3. avoid neonicotinoids...

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