© Copyright – Institute for Security Studies – 22 June 2015

CAN VIOLENT CITIES DELIVER ECONOMIC GROWTH?

LESSONS FROM SOUTH AFRICA AND COLOMBIA

Governance, Crime & Justice Division, ISS Pretoria

8 June 2015

Building Safety through the

Community Safety Improvement Partnership (CSIP)

for

Institute of Security Studies Seminar :

Can Violent Cities Deliver Economic Growth,

Lessons From South African and Colombia8 June 2015 Pretoria

Western Cape: Building safer communities in response to crime and

violence

o Overview

o Legislation

o Portfolio

o Challenges

Community Safety

Improvement Partnership

Alleged 28s gang boss found guilty of seven murdersThese include two state witnesses while he was behind bars.

'Geweld' and 17 others appeared at the Western Cape High Court facing 166 chargesincluding murder, attempted murder, conspiracy to commit murder. Picture: ThomasHolders/EWN

OVERVIEW

Legislation/ Policy

• Secretariat for Police Act – 2 of 2011

• IPID: Independent Police Investigative Directorate Act – 1 of 2011

• WCCS: Western Cape Community Safety Act – 3 of 2013

• NDP: National Development Plan – Vision 2030

OTHER:• Application of PoCA (Prevention of Criminal Activity) Act

• Khayelitsha Commission of enquiry - Recommendations

5

Strategic intent

Increasing safety …free of fear of crime

Promoting Professional Policing

through Effective Oversight

Make Public Buildings and Spaces safe

Build Capacity

through the establishment of Safety Partnerships

7

Portfolio of Projects

• Chrysalis Youth Development Programme

• Safety Kiosk

• Promote Professional Policing (PPP)

• Policing Needs and Priorities (PNP)

• Expanded Partnership Works (EPP)

• Youth Safety and Religion Programme (YSRP)

• School Safety Volunteers

• Western Cape Community Safety Act 3 of 2013 (WCCSA)

8

Portfolio of Projects

Project Description

Chrysalis Youth Development Programme• Enhancement of the programme with linking

current Chrysalis Graduates with EPWP work placements for safety .Last three years placed more than 1450 young people. Target to place 1 520 in 2014/2015 and total of 5 040 over MTEF period.

• Currently developing Wolwe kloof Youth Academy.

Unlocking EPWP opportunities for young people working for safety in competent partnerships

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Community Safety KiosksAbout/Aim: the Department is rolling out safety kiosk’s, which includes a radio and fixed

cellphone, to the CCIDs and other competent partners, to strengthen their ability to deploy

safety/security persons. Communities can access basic services such as certification of

document, a safe place for victims of violence whilst waiting for SAPS or emergency services

and a link with local police station, NHW’s and CPF’s. Units are mobile and easily relocated.

MOUs are signed which includes Chrysalis students with a 9month stipend provided. The MOU

with the municipalities includes an extended stipend period paid by the municipality

Partnerships: Municipalities and CCIDs, CBO’s

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Promote Professional Policing (PPP)

About/Aim: The Department provides the platform for ordinary citizens to PPP.

Communities are called upon to formally report on either good or bad service

received from SAPS by sending an SMS with the word ‘report’ or ‘reward’ which

comes at a cost of R1. The Department contacts the citizen within 24 hours to listen

to the compliment/complaint, and in turn escalates the issues. Alignment to

Ombudsman

Partnerships: Institute for security studies (ISS)

Policing Needs and Priorities (PNPs)

About/Aim: Section 206 (1) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa,1996

read with Section 23 of the Community Safety Act 3 of (2013), provides for the

Department to determine the Policing Needs and Priorities of every community in

the province. With Sections 206 (2) providing for different policing plans for different

provinces (communities) moving away from the one-size-fits-all policing strategy. .

This process is aimed at broad consultation to achieve this objective. Specific PNPS

meetings are held by the MEC in all sectors of South African Police Service,

representing 150 police stations

Partnerships: CPFs, NHWs, CBOs, NGOs, SAPS

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Expanded Partnership Programme (EPP) for CPFs

About/Aim: The EPP is a priority programme of the Dept. It is

aimed at enhancing the efficiency and sustainability of CPFs in

the province. It intends to promote the activities and functions of

the CPF's, building strong civil society structures which is critical to

the success of safer communities. A funding mechanism based

on reports from the CPFs is used. (up to R30,000 pa. per CPF).

Additional funding is also available.

Partnerships: CPFs and SAPS NB CPFs covered by SAPS act

Youth Safety & Religion Programme (YSRP)

About/Aim: During 2013 the Department successfully launched

the YSRP in 10 crime hotspot areas for religious organizations to

run programmes aimed at keeping youth occupied during

school holidays, mainly using their facilities . More than 30 000

young people involved.

Partnerships: 96 organisations from various religious communities,

religious organisations. Facilities are everywhere.

Activities: School holidays (June 2014 R1.8 million, Dec 2014

estimated R2.5 million) 12

School Safety Volunteers

About/Aim: This project was initiated in 2006. It contributes to PSO 5 by

increasing safety as volunteers are deployed to 200 schools in high risk

areas, as identified by WCED and DOCS. Each volunteer is paid a

stipend. Safety volunteer’s responsibilities range from ensuring that

children are placed safely on school transport facilities, to reporting any

high risk activities to authorities.

Partnerships: The Western Cape Education Department and City of

Cape Town with (check)

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Neighbourhood Watch (NHW)

About/Aim: Provide a two day NHW training course within communities

throughout the WC. Upon completion of the training course NHW

groups are capacitated with jackets, reflective vests, torches and

bicycles, depending on availability. Now includes fire fighting and DNA

training.

Partnerships: SAPS, CPFs, Free DNA Project

NB NHW are not covered by legislation

Watching Briefs

About/Aim: Members of the Watching Briefs Unit in partnership with

University law students/postgraduates, attend courts to observe the

procedures in court to detect and report on police inefficiencies. The

report is then inter alia referred to the SAPS Provincial Commissioner for

attention and action and thereafter to the Standing Committee on

Community Safety. The Provincial Commissioner will then respond to the

Department or may be requested by the Standing Committee to appear

before it and to account for the inefficiencies.

Partnerships: The SLA with University law faculties.

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Western Cape Community Safety Act 3 of 2013 (WCCSA)

Implementation of the Western Cape Community Safety Act 3 of 2013.Sections 1, 2, 3, 25 to 28 and 33 promulgated in October 2013. Funds allocated for the remainder of the Act – focus on Ombudsman, NHW

accreditations, Safety Advisory Board.

Watching Briefs: Results

Of 625 criminal cases monitored 71 that were scrapped from the court roll,DOCS identified as considered to be due to poor police performance.

31 (44%) of the 71cases, as a result of this intervention, were reinstated on t

court rolls, and in 28 (39%) of the cases, SAPS instituted disciplinary actions

Crime category: Reporte

dScrapp

ed

Reinstat

e

Member/

s

Discipline

d

Murder 3 2 2

Attempted Murder 3 2 1

Robbery aggravated circums. 4 2 1

Rape 2 2 1

Drug related crimes 22 15 11

Under the influence of alcohol 21 0 0

Defeating the Ends of Justice 1 1 1

Assault 4 2 4

Theft 6 3 5

Other 5 2 2

Total: 71 31 2815

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WESTERN CAPE POLICE OMBUDSMAN

Mandate

Monitoring police conduct

Overseeing the effectiveness and efficiency of the police

service

Promoting good relations between the police and the

community, in terms of Section 206(3) of our Constitution

Ombud and office operational as from the 1 December 2014

Pilot Project on Smart APP

About/Aim: It is an android application that runs on any smartphone. It is a

smart policing phone application that records videos and uploads the

footage to a server when charging. Remote laptop realtime access to

incident scenes.

Partnership: IGRAPE INSTITUTE, Brazil, Google International

17

Nyanga Yethu

About/Aim: In Nyanga, at the Zolani Centre, a programme of ‘pro-social

activities’, started by the Safety Lab and DOCS, ranging from free screenings

of recent cinema releases, ‘open mic’ and yoga sessions. The platform is

branded for appeal, not as ‘safety programming’. It attracts up to 300 kids

on weekend afternoons, and consistently draws close to 150 older

teenagers to ‘open mic’ on Friday evenings.

Partnership: Cape Town Partnership

Measuring the impact of programmes

• Measure outputs by means of ;

– Improvement in local crime stats (from baseline study);

– Reducing the number of preventable injuries (alcohol/ substance abuse related) recorded; (Violence and Health, the “Burden of Disease Study Report”

– Increase the perception of safety by the introduction of the “Community Safety Confidence Index”.

– Increase the number of sustainable Safety Partnerships that exist within communities.

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Challenges

o Effective partnerships

o Coordination between role-players

o Directing limited resources. Funding local initiatives meaningfully for economic opportunities/alternative income for young

o Limitations of social crime prevention initiatives when measured against violent gang / organised crime.

New: Local Area Services Crowding

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DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY SAFETY

35 WALE STREET CAPE TOWN

TEL 021-4833929 /0836804471

Hod.Comsafe@westerncape.gov.za

Dr Gilbert Lawrence: Office of Head of Department

20

© Copyright – Institute for Security Studies – 22 June 2015

CLICK ON THE IMAGE BELOW TO OPEN THE ‘PREZI’ BY ALDERMAN JP

SMITH

22

• PART A• Background

• Lessons

• Legacy

• PART B • Challenges – Re-Thinking Safety

ISS Seminar: Can violent

cities deliver economic

growth? Lessons from SA

City of Joburg – City Safety

Strategy (JCSS)

Background

Part A

BACKGROUND

• First City of Joburg (CoJ)

comprehensive safety

strategy (JCSS) in 2003.

• JCSS formulated in response

to Joburg 2030 Economic

Development Strategy

• Fear of crime identified as

major obstacle to investment

in the City

• Informed by local and

international legislation and

policy

Policy Environment

Part A

LEGISLATIVE

& POLICY

ENVIRONMENT

The development of the Joburg City Safety Strategy was

informed by key policy and legislation such as:

• The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996

• The South African Police Service Act 68 of 1995

• The National Prosecuting Authority Act

• The Prevention of Organised Crime Act

• The National Crime Prevention Strategy, 1996

• The White Paper on Safety and Security, 1998

• The Gauteng City Improvement Districts Act 12 of 1997

In particular, the development of the Strategy was informed

by the National Crime Prevention Strategy of 1996 and the

White Paper on Safety and Security of 1998

NCPS

Key City level initiative to implement the principles of the National

Crime Prevention Strategy (NCPS) of 1996 and the White Paper

on Safety and Security (1998) which together introduced a new

paradigm for addressing crime and safety

•An integrated and holistic approach to crime prevention and

safety

•Key role of local government in creating a safe environment

•Key role of City leadership

•Multi-agency and multi-disciplinary approach

NATIONAL

GOVERNMENT

PROVINCIAL

GOVERNMENTLOCAL

GOVERNMENT

Local

Government

• Ensure crime prevention

informs planning in all

municipal departments

•Develop and initiate

targeted local social crime

prevention programmes

(with support from

provincial and national

government)

•Co-ordinate crime

prevention activities

CPF • Information sharing

•Co-operation with local

government

•Participation in problem-

solving

Station Commissioner

has more autonomy

over strategies to meet

priorities, and is

involved in initiating

local policing

partnerships

SAPS

•Policing road traffic and

related laws

•Policing municipal by-

laws

•Performs visible policing

and crime prevention

functions

MunicipalPoliceservice

Strong co-ordination

Key Strategy Components &

programmes

Part A

Guiding principles of the JCSS1. Geographically focused approach 2. Emphasis on information-driven problem solving!

Identificationof tasks and implementation

Diagnostic

analysis

Monitoring and evaluation

Joburg CBD

• A focused, multi-disciplinary approach to specific

crime issues

• Each of the programs addressed one or more of the

elements of crime, through a combination of law

enforcement, social development, and situational

crime prevention

• Implemented in specific geographic focus areas

(GFAs)

• Introduce a local focus and local accountability to

crime prevention to ‘win back the streets’ in GFAs

• Problem solving methodology (Toolkit)

KEY STRATEGY

COMPONENTS &

PROGRAMMES

KEY AREAS

FOCUS

• Liquor – multi-agency operations

• Firearms- firearm action plan

• Organised crime – trade in stolen goods

• Youth- youth diversion programmes

• Visible policing and surveillance- CCTV

KEY AREAS

FOCUS

• Creating an Orderly City- By-law enforcement &

Urban Management

• Safer Environmental Design – CPTED

• Holistic approach to safety in GFAs helped to

mainstream this approach in the City

• Many of the issues and approaches of the JCSS in the

GFAs are mainstreamed in Jo’burg 2040 GDS.

Lessons Learnt

LESSONS LEARNT

• Translating western models of crime prevention

to local contexts

• Implementation of the JCSS shifted as local

processes of interpretation, co-option or

resistance to the Strategy, has led to different

phases of implementation.

• Fluid institutional environment, changing

political and institutional leadership with diverse

understandings of the JCSS

CROSS CUTTING

ISSUES

• Changing levels of co-operation

• Changing departmental focus

• Ownership of safety mandates

• Accountability : City agencies not evaluated in terms of the implementation of the JCSS

• Expansion of implementation to new stations

• Changing station commanders

• Institutional Restructuring: Establishment of Urban

Management

• Unclear roles and mandates

RESOURCE

ISSUES

• Lack of alignment between departmental

priorities and budgets and the JCSS

• Lack of dedicated budgets for crime prevention

• Budgeting according to departments

• Inhibits integrated crime prevention approach

MULI-AGENCY

APPROACH

• Challenges to implementation in local and international context

• Need for departments to deliver on core mandates-multi-

agency cooperation in addition

• Danger of incorporating all areas of governance into crime

prevention

• City leadership crucial to overcome challenges

• Multi-agency approaches require on-going work in a fluid

environment

• Programme staff crucial to build relationships and networks

• Unclear mandates between law enforcement agencies, JMPD

and SAPS re crime prevention

• Unclear mandates of City role-players and departments with

provincial and national mandates

LegacyLegacy

LEGACY

• The City has laid a good foundation for entrenching a

‘safer cities’ approach

• A valuable legacy of interdepartmental cooperation

has been built at a local level in the GFAs of Moroka

and Norwood/Orange Grove and have been

incorporated into Joburg 10+

• Safety institutionalised through the GDS 2040 and

operationalised through the IDP priority

implementation plan.

GDS 2040 –

Translating the new

safety approach • The city is seen as a centre for business and industry but also

as place for everyday life.

• As a result the GDS, the safety approach is not only linked to

issues of regulation, law enforcement and urban management

– but also to issues of “justice”, “fairness”, and “engagement”.

• In addition, the GDS stresses the need to empower local

residents and communities along with other stakeholders.

• Safety is cross-cutting and has direct impacts on the social,

environmental, spatial, economic and institutional aspects of

city life

• Evidence based solutions - information collection and sharing,

data analysis and capacity – smart safety

ChallengesRe-thinking Safety

Part B

Fragmented Urban

StructureFragmented Open

Space Structure

Shortcomings of the

City’s Spatial System:

Fragmentation

Shortcomings of the

City’s Spatial System:

Spatial Inequality

Population

Density

Job Density

Possible focus for the

future

6/22/2015 47

POSSIBLE FOCUS

FOR THE FUTURE

• The NDP and the Draft IUDF seem to be driving closer to this

vision,

• but National government and the international community need

to build a sound evidence base for urban safety policies- which

include crime & violence prevention policies

• But more importantly, there must be recognition that local

governments need the skills, resources and institutional

arrangements to manage the mandates assigned to them in

various safety policies

• The private sector and civil society can play an important role

in successful implementation of sustainable urban safety

policies.

THANK YOU

International Committee of the Red Cross

Mandate and action in situations of violence under

the threshold of armed conflict

Experience from Colombia

08.06.15

ICRC Mission

The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is an impartial,

neutral and independent organization whose exclusively humanitarian

mission is to protect the lives and dignity of victims of armed conflict

and other situations of violence and to provide them with assistance.

• The ICRC also endeavours to prevent suffering by promoting and

strengthening humanitarian law and universal humanitarian

principles.

• Established in 1863, the ICRC is at the origin of the Geneva

Conventions and the International Red Cross and Red Crescent

Movement. It directs and coordinates the international activities

conducted by the Movement in armed conflicts and other

situations of violence.

ICRC Mandate

International armed conflict

GC III 126 and GC IV 143

Non-international armed conflict

GC I-IV common article 3 and AP I

(offre de service – State consent)

Other Emergencies

Statutes of the International Red Cross

and Red Crescent Movement

(right of initiative – State Consent)

What law applies to situations

below the threshold of armed

conflict ?

• International human rights law and domestic

legislation apply

• IHL is not applicable.

• In OSV Non-State protagonists of the

violence are not bound by obligations under

international law

• The State continues to hold a de jure

monopoly on Use of Force

MISSING

PEOPLE

LIMITED

ACCESS TO PUBLIC

SERVICES

PEOPLE

MENTALLY

AFFECTED

RESTRICTION

OF

MOVEMENTS

THREATS

POVERTY

Colombia

Urban Violence in Colombia

Risk reduction in schools

Access to Health services

Support to victims of sexual

abuses

Missing People and their family

Economic Security

Training of the use of force

Visit to Juveniles delinquents

Added Value of ICRC action in

Urban Violence

• ICRC’s principles, approach, security concept are

relevant and pertinent in situations of violence that

do not reach the threshold of armed conflict

• Proximity with communities & need based integral

approach

• Dialogue with weapon bearers to enhance

protection of communities

• Partnerships with State authorities and Movement

components are a key success factor to heighten

the anticipated impact on the people affected

(replication/long term sustainability)

THANK YOU

Gracias!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dbzn

KBw6yO8

© Copyright – Institute for Security Studies – 22 June 2015

© Copyright – Institute for Security Studies – 22 June 2015

CAN VIOLENT CITIES DELIVER ECONOMIC GROWTH?

LESSONS FROM SOUTH AFRICA AND COLOMBIA

Governance, Crime & Justice Division, ISS Pretoria

8 June 2015