can apes ape? and what do they know about the mind? dr fenja ziegler c82 sad lecture 3
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Can apes ape? and what do they know about the mind? dr fenja ziegler c82 sad lecture 3](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062804/56649f175503460f94c2eb60/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
can apes ape?and what do they know about the mind?
dr fenja zieglerc82 sad • lecture 3
![Page 2: Can apes ape? and what do they know about the mind? dr fenja ziegler c82 sad lecture 3](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062804/56649f175503460f94c2eb60/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
unique to humans?
• children display a very early understanding of others’ psychological states
• what about our closest relatives?
![Page 3: Can apes ape? and what do they know about the mind? dr fenja ziegler c82 sad lecture 3](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062804/56649f175503460f94c2eb60/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
apes... good apers?
• will the chimp become more human?
• before age 2: .... superior at all tests (apart from imitation)
• after age 2: reversal in test performance (language?)
Gua & Donald Kellogg
![Page 4: Can apes ape? and what do they know about the mind? dr fenja ziegler c82 sad lecture 3](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062804/56649f175503460f94c2eb60/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
here’s looking at.......what you’re looking at
• why the eyes? why not mouth...?
• 6 months: can track if head shifted
• 12 months: track eyes but only if in own field of vision
• 18 months: even turn around to look behind
Butterworth & Jarrett, 1991
![Page 5: Can apes ape? and what do they know about the mind? dr fenja ziegler c82 sad lecture 3](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062804/56649f175503460f94c2eb60/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
what’s good about tracking gaze?
• social referencing (Source et al. 1985)
• Language development (Baldwin, 1994)
• communication (Robinson & Mitchell, 1992)
![Page 6: Can apes ape? and what do they know about the mind? dr fenja ziegler c82 sad lecture 3](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062804/56649f175503460f94c2eb60/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
can chimps follow gaze?
• chimp looks to spot behind her
• chimp tries to look behind screen
• target cannot be what I cannot see
Povinelli & Eddy (1996)
![Page 7: Can apes ape? and what do they know about the mind? dr fenja ziegler c82 sad lecture 3](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062804/56649f175503460f94c2eb60/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
i like (don’t like) what you’re looking at
![Page 8: Can apes ape? and what do they know about the mind? dr fenja ziegler c82 sad lecture 3](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062804/56649f175503460f94c2eb60/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
adults’ gaze followingLobmaier et al. 2006
• so, we’re good at gaze following...
• ... but ...biased by presence of objects
![Page 9: Can apes ape? and what do they know about the mind? dr fenja ziegler c82 sad lecture 3](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062804/56649f175503460f94c2eb60/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
are we really special?• are chimps
capable of empathy?
• Premack and Woodruff (1978): Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind?
• do you need empathy to give the right answer?
![Page 10: Can apes ape? and what do they know about the mind? dr fenja ziegler c82 sad lecture 3](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062804/56649f175503460f94c2eb60/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
good cop...bad cop...understanding deception
• good cop gives, bad cop does not... where do you point? (Woodruff and Premack, 1979)
• after 50 trials
• search where the informed person points
• chimps distinguish between bucket/ no bucket Povinelli et
al.
![Page 11: Can apes ape? and what do they know about the mind? dr fenja ziegler c82 sad lecture 3](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062804/56649f175503460f94c2eb60/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
who to ask?• gets around training
study
• who would you ask for food?
• who has food
• who has knowledge of food
• beg if face visible
• no special importance to eyes
![Page 12: Can apes ape? and what do they know about the mind? dr fenja ziegler c82 sad lecture 3](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062804/56649f175503460f94c2eb60/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
non-verbal fb taskCall and Tomasello, 1999
![Page 13: Can apes ape? and what do they know about the mind? dr fenja ziegler c82 sad lecture 3](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062804/56649f175503460f94c2eb60/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
so, do chimps have a ToM?
• reports of tactical deception in the wild (cover that chimphood!)
• failure to solve tasks in lab
• negative evidence
• difference?
• cooperation vs competition
![Page 14: Can apes ape? and what do they know about the mind? dr fenja ziegler c82 sad lecture 3](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062804/56649f175503460f94c2eb60/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
so, do chimps have a ToM?
• reports of tactical deception in the wild (cover that chimphood!)
• failure to solve tasks in lab
• negative evidence
• difference?
• cooperation vs competition
![Page 15: Can apes ape? and what do they know about the mind? dr fenja ziegler c82 sad lecture 3](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062804/56649f175503460f94c2eb60/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
successful behaviour = intention
• unsuccessful attempts and accidents:
• respond to goal or behaviour
• chimps imitate rationally
• chimps understand goals, intentions
![Page 16: Can apes ape? and what do they know about the mind? dr fenja ziegler c82 sad lecture 3](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062804/56649f175503460f94c2eb60/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
altruistic helping
![Page 17: Can apes ape? and what do they know about the mind? dr fenja ziegler c82 sad lecture 3](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062804/56649f175503460f94c2eb60/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
out of reach
![Page 18: Can apes ape? and what do they know about the mind? dr fenja ziegler c82 sad lecture 3](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062804/56649f175503460f94c2eb60/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
out of reach
![Page 19: Can apes ape? and what do they know about the mind? dr fenja ziegler c82 sad lecture 3](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062804/56649f175503460f94c2eb60/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
physical obstacle
![Page 20: Can apes ape? and what do they know about the mind? dr fenja ziegler c82 sad lecture 3](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062804/56649f175503460f94c2eb60/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
wrong result
![Page 21: Can apes ape? and what do they know about the mind? dr fenja ziegler c82 sad lecture 3](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062804/56649f175503460f94c2eb60/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
wrong means
![Page 22: Can apes ape? and what do they know about the mind? dr fenja ziegler c82 sad lecture 3](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062804/56649f175503460f94c2eb60/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
altruistic helpingWarneken & Tomasello, 2006
• children and chimps both willing to help
• no reward
• differ in ability to interpret others’ need for help?
![Page 23: Can apes ape? and what do they know about the mind? dr fenja ziegler c82 sad lecture 3](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062804/56649f175503460f94c2eb60/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
chimps know what others know....and what they believe?
• competitive game
• take turns to choose from 3 containers with 1/2 pieces of food
• understand ignorance but not false belief
has seen one but not the
other hiddenhas made one
choice
has been misled about the
location of the food
can you predict the choice?
select hidden more often if 2nd
![Page 24: Can apes ape? and what do they know about the mind? dr fenja ziegler c82 sad lecture 3](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062804/56649f175503460f94c2eb60/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
brainy birds• dealing with
thieves
• strategies to prevent theft
• only those who had thieved understood about thieving others
• Clayton et al.
![Page 25: Can apes ape? and what do they know about the mind? dr fenja ziegler c82 sad lecture 3](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062804/56649f175503460f94c2eb60/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
social dog... rational ape
Bräuer et al. 2006
![Page 26: Can apes ape? and what do they know about the mind? dr fenja ziegler c82 sad lecture 3](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062804/56649f175503460f94c2eb60/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
nature’s psychologists• social animals have to
become nature’s psychologists
• must come up with way of doing psychology
• introspection, modelling, reasoning by analogy
• elements of social cognition seem to have evolved separately
• animals have ToM ... in some sense
![Page 27: Can apes ape? and what do they know about the mind? dr fenja ziegler c82 sad lecture 3](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062804/56649f175503460f94c2eb60/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
• Bayliss, A. P., Frischen, A., Fenske, M. J., & Tipper, S. P. (2007). Cognition, 104, 644-653.
• Call, J. & Tomasello, M. (2008). Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12(5), 187-192 (review article)
• Kaminski, J., Call, J. & Tomasello, M. (2008). Cognition, 109 (2), 224-234.
• Kellogg, W. & Kellogg, L. (1933) The ape and the child. New York: McGraw-Hill
• Povinelli, D.J. and Vonk. J. (2003) Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7.4, 157–160.
• Tomasello, M., Call, J. and Hare, B. (2003) Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7- 153-156.
• Warneken, F. & Tomasello, M. (2006) Science, 311, 1301-1303
selected key references