campillo 1999 - influence of the dura-mater sinus

8/6/2019 CAMPILLO 1999 - Influence of the Dura-Mater Sinus

1/7

Influence of the Dura-Mater Sinus in the Morphologyof the Internal face of the Occipital squama

Domingo CAMPILLO, M.D.Head of the Paleopathology and Paleoanthropology Laboratori of the"Museu d'Arqueologia de Catalunya, Seu Central. Barcelona"Professor of the Science History of the "Universitat Autnoma de Barcelona".

In the evolutive processes which in the mammalians go to superior primates and to hominids, it is theoccipital bone that shows a larger variability, as for its position and for its morphology. The main changes aretwo: 1) position change of the occipital foramen which turns 90 round in posterior sense and from vertical tohorizontal; 2) the expansion of the squama which originate the occipital suprainial or neo-occipital. Thosechanges modify the situation of the venous sinus of the duramater in the occipital region, modifying at the time,the internal morphology of the occipital squama, especially in its suprainial portion.In the newborn, the digital markings are not perceived, and the impression of the grooves is usually veryattenuated or even imperceptible in the internal face of the occipital squama. The prints clearly appear from thefirst year on, after the fontanels having closed, as they have been produced by the expansion of the encephalon,which by compressing the meninges over the endocranial face of the bones, leaves the attenuated impression ofthe brain circumvolutions and of the venous sinus in the endocranial. At four years old, the prints reach theirmaximum and from 8 to 10 years old, the digital markings begin to attenuate and nearly completely disappearin the adult, modifying in some sectors the impression of the sinus.The morphological variation can be appreciated both in the child and in the adult, and in a previous work,when we reviewed 727 skulls, we summarize the vertex of the squama in three typologies and in four theendinion region, where the sagital sinus bifurcates. Those basical typologies, show some subvarieties. Othermorphologies can also be present, as the torcular fosae, the vermial fosae, the sagital infratentorial sinus and themarginal sinus, which circle the foramen magnum. The suprainial region is generally different in children inrespect to adults. We centered our study on this point, establishing a hypothesis.In all mammalians, the bifurcation of the sagital sinus gives origin to the laterals at inion level, under theendinion and they are inseparable structures of the tentorium, of the senus rectus and of the falx brain. To ourknowledge, the evolutive modifications are due to three causes: 1) The fixation of the meninges to the bone;2) The appearance of the suprainial occipital squama in the primates and in the hominids; 3) The structuresdevelopped to reinforce the cranium, when its expansion stops on reaching the adult age.The duramater fixes intensively in some points of the bone of the cranium base: a) endinion, point wherethe tentorium, the falx and the sagital sinus and rectus, join; 2) contact area of the latera l sinus. In themammalians, the lateral sinus, in their initial portion, pass over the joint parieto-occipital, while in theanthropomorphes and hominids, do completely over the occipital squama.In primates, hominids and actual man, the occipital suprainial squama appears grooved in the medium lineby the extension of the interparietal sinus or sagital, and the torcula remains close to the endinion in an ancestralposition.The print of the sagital sinus in the vertex of the occipital squama, shows the mentioned morphologies,but in infant individuals, the grooves framed by crests are much more frequent than in adult individuals; we pointout this difference based in various facts. Our hypothesis is: that on ceasing the encephalic pressure on the skull,when growth finishes, the cranial bone presents a progressive thickening, which does not stop in the adult ageand even persists in senility. Due to that thickening, the digital markings nearly disappear, and the sinus markget modified with more or less intensity, especially at the vertex of the squama level, where a larger thickeningoften takes place, constituting the Felizet posterior flying buttress, which reinforces the posterior region of theskull and follows the sagital line, finishing approximately in lambda, giving rise to that the morphology "VB",from Campillo and Barcel, is the most frequent, and also stating that the interparietal sinusal groove, attenuatesand even disappears, near the vertex of the squama, and often reappears about 10 mm. from the vertex onapproximating the endinion.

We verified these variations in the anthropomorphes, revising the published descriptions about Austraolopithecus,Homo habilis, erectus and sapiens fosilis, and despite the sample of the fosil register is scarce to evaluate theseaspects, we do not observe any differences to the mentioned patterns.

31


2/7

CAMPILLO, D.

2.5

2,0

1.5

1.0

O

".o,. "e \

O

o

Fig. 1. Aumento y disminucin en relacincon la edad de las impresiones digitatae, segnlas series de Maculay y las deDavidoff. (to-mado de Shapiro y Janzen, 1960).

0.5

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 1 12 ' 13 14'MEAR OF LIFE

Hg. 2. Esquema de la facies interna de la squama occipitalis, mostrando los distintos sectores en que la dividimos(Campillo y Barcel, 1988): V, rea que comprende el vertex de la squama, con los subsectores: SEC-1, situadaa 15 mm del vrtice se estudia en la fig. 3 y SEC-2, situada a 30 mm del vrtice se estudia en las figs. 4 a 7;H, rea que comprende el endinin, en cuya proximidad se implanta la confluens sinuurn; T, endinin, que enocasiones, comprende o se ve substituido, por la fosa torcular T'; I, lugar que ocupa la cresta o el surco sagitalinfra-endiniano, que en algunos casos se ve substituido por la fosa vermiana I'. (Dibujo, A. Bregante).

32


3/7

2

3

HD-0 HC-1 o 3 cm.

INFLUENCIA DE LOS SINOS VENOSOS DE LA MIME MATER ENCEPHALI EN LA MORFOLOGA DE...

1 1VA VB VC S EC-12 2

4

bHDCCcm .

Fig. 3. Los tres tipos de vrtice constatados, VA, VB y VC con sus variedades, segn la silueta de la seccin a15 mm del vrtice. R= lado derecho; a, b y c, forma en que se acomoda el seno sagital (S) segn las distintastipologas; H = hueso, D= duramadre y C= corteza cerebral. (Dibujo, A. Bregante).

Fig. 4.Variedad del rea H, con el endinin POI,con ausencia de crestas o surcos relacionables conlos senos venosos.Fig. 5. rea H formada solamente por crestasseas en relacionadas con los senos: POI,endinin; CS, cresta sagital supra-endoiniana;CLD, cresta lateral derecha; CLI, cresta lateralizquierda.

33


4/7

- e -SSHM-7 HM-8 HM-9

CS

PO I

CAMPILLO, D .

0 3cm .HS-1

HS-3

HS-5

HS-2

HS-4

Fig. 6.Variedades del rea H, con-formada por surcos: POI, endinin;HS-6 SS, surco sagital supra-endoiniano;

SLD, surco lateral derecho; SLI, sur-co lateral izquierdo.

HM-1 HM-2 HM-3

HM-4 HM-5 HM-6

Fig. 7. Variedades delrea H, conformadapor surcos y crestas:POI, endinin; SS,surco sagital; CS, crestasagital; SLD, surco la-teral derecho; CSD,cresta sagital derecha;SLI, surco lateral iz-quierdo; CLI, cresta la-teral izquierda.

SLD

34


5/7

ti

.)

J

INFLUENCIA DE LOS SINOS VENOSOS DE LA DURAS MATER ENCEPHALI EN LA MORFOLOGA DE...

Fig. 8. Los arbotantes de Felizet.

u

Fig. 9.Variedades morfolgicas angiogrficas de los senos de la duramadre en la regin occipital, segn Hollinshead(1961).35


6/7

7/

CAMPILLO, D.

aMHg. 10. Esquema de un seno sagitalque se continuasin interrupcin conel lateral derecho. Las secciones a, b yc, muestran corno la presta opuesta alsentido de giro es ms elevada, en elcaso representado la izquierda (IZQ).DER= lado derecho

Hg. 11. En punteado, reas en donde la duramadre seig. 12. Seccin sea transversal, con las variedadesadhiere con ms intensidad al hueso craneal, segn Walkerorfolgicas a nivel de la sutura parieto-parietal(1933).ue contacta con el seno sagital.

36


7/7

Fig. 13. Senos sigmoideos en un gorilamacho.

Hg. 14. Senos laterales en un chimpanc joven.

Fig. 15. El surco del seno sagital en la regin parieto-occipital en un nio de 8 aos de sexo masculino. L=lambda.Hg. 16. El surco del seno sagital en la re-gin parieto-occipital en un nio de 5 aos.L= lambda.

INFLUENCIA DE LOS SINUS VENOSUS DE LA DURAE MATEE ENCEPHALI EN LA MORFOLOGA DE...

37

campillo 1999 - influence of the dura-mater sinus

Documents