Lead in1 Name any of the people you recognize in the photos.

Guess who is related and what the relationships are.

2 Compare your answers to 1 in pairs. Say which physical features a–g helped you to guess.

a skin tone (fair/dark/tanned)b hair colour (black/fair/blond/red)c hairstyle (curly/straight)d eye colour (blue/green/hazel/brown) e eyebrows (bushy/thin)f nose (large/small/hooked/turned up)g mouth (full/thin lips)

3 Turn to page 153 to find out the answers to 1.

4 Work in pairs. Find out from your partner whether

• theylooklikeoneorbothparents.• theylooklikeanotherrelativeinsomeway.• theyhaveasimilarpersonalityto

aparentorsibling(brotherorsister).

Unit 1

The circle of life

9

1

2

3

5

7

1

4

6

8

FCER1SB.indb 9 19/05/2014 14:12

ReadingPart 5 Multiple choice

1 Would you like to have an identical twin? What advantages and disadvantages might there be?

2 Read the text opposite quickly. What do cases like the ‘Jim twins’ tell scientists: a, b or c?

a whysomewomengivebirthtoidenticaltwinsb which physical features we inherit from which parentc how much of our personality we inherit from our

parents

how to do itRead the text quickly for general meaning.

Read the questions first. Don’t read the options (A–D) yet.

Underline the parts of the text that contain the information you need.

Read the options and look again at the relevant part of the text. Cross out any options that are clearly wrong.

If you can’t decide between two options, make an intelligent guess.

3 Read the how to do it box. Then read the text again carefully, and for questions 1–6, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best, according to the text.

1 Unlike non-identical twins, identical twinsA are more common among Asians than

Africans.B arebecomingmoreandmorecommon.C aremorecommonamongoldermothers.D are no more frequent in one geographical

areathananother.

Unit 110

2 Scientists are particularly interested in identical twins whoA havebeenraisedbydifferentfamilies.B haven’tbeenstudiedbefore.C lookandbehaveinverysimilarways.D arenotalikeintermsofpersonality.

3 While they were growing up, twins Jim Lewis and Jim SpringerA wereinregularcontact.B knewabouttheirtwin,buthadnocontact.C didnotknowtheyhadeverhadatwin.D werepreventedfromseeingeachotherby

theiradoptivefamilies.4 When the two Jims met as adults, how did they

react to the similarities between them? A Theyhadalwaysexpectedthem.B Theyfoundthemveryamusing.C They did not realize how similar

they were until the researchers toldthem.

D Theywereverysurprised.5 As adults, the twins

A bothhadonlyonechild.B eachhadtwowives.C hadpetswiththesamename.D married women who were

identicaltwins.6 How do other cases of twins

raised apart compare with the ‘Jimtwins’?A Theyarealljustassurprising.B They are less surprising, but

often show interesting coincidences.

C Manyofthemareevenmore surprising.

D Most of them show that other pairs of identical twins are not verysimilar.

FCER1SB.indb 10 19/05/2014 14:12

Unit 1 11

You take it for granted that you are a unique person, different from everybody else on Earth, and you understand that everybody else is also

unique. Identical twins are fascinating because they challenge this notion: they are unique people, of course, but they’re also unnervingly similar to each other – and not only in terms of appearance. They often share opinions, mannerisms and personality traits.

Identical twins are rare, occurring in about three out of every 1,000 births. They seem to occur at random, regardless of the age or ethnic background of the mother (unlike non-identical twins which are, for example, far more common among Africans than Asians). Although there may be tiny differences in physical appearances between two identical twins, which allow family and close friends to tell them apart, they do have exactly the same DNA. This is because they develop from a single egg, which divides in two during the very early stages of pregnancy.

For most scientists, it’s the non-physical similarities between identical twins that are the most interesting: are they the result of growing up together

in the same home, or are they the result of their identical DNA? By studying identical twins who have not grown up together, researchers can see which similarities remain and which disappear. In other words, they can learn which aspects of a person’s identity are determined by genes and which are influenced by the environment. The Minnesota Twin Study is probably the best-known twin study to date. The study provides information about how our environment and genes work together to influence everything from attitudes, talents and abilities, to job selection, falling in love, aging and health.

Identical twins Jim Lewis and Jim Springer were only four weeks old when they were separated; each infant was taken in by a different adoptive family. At age five, Lewis learned that he had a twin, but he said that the idea never truly ‘soaked in’ until he was 38 years old. Springer learned of his twin at age eight, but both he and his adoptive parents believed the brother had died. The two Jims were finally reunited at age 39.

The similarities the twins shared not only amazed each other, but also amazed researchers at the University of Minnesota. The very fact that both twins were given the same name was a big coincidence. But there’s more:

• As youngsters, each Jim had a dog named ‘Toy’.

• Each Jim had been married twice – the first wives were both called Linda and the second wives were both called Betty.

• One Jim had named his son James Allan and the other Jim had named his son James Alan.

• Each twin had driven his light-blue Chevrolet to the same beach in Florida for family vacations.

• Both Jims had at one time held part-time posts as sheriffs.

• Both were fingernail biters and suffered from migraine headaches.

While not as eerily similar as the Jim twins, many more instances of strange likenesses can be found among twins who were raised apart. For example, identical twins Tom Patterson and Steve Tazumi had very different upbringings. Raised in a Christian family by two janitors in rural Kansas, Tom still managed to choose the same career as his brother, Steve, who lives in Philadelphia and was raised in a Buddhist household. Both men own body-building gyms.

It’s obvious from these twins’ stories that genetics are a major factor in shaping who we are. In fact, research so far indicates that characteristics such as personality are mainly related to genes. This means that our character traits as adults are largely determined before we are born – and there is very little that we, or anybody else, can do to change them.

4 Discuss your reaction to the final sentence in the text, giving reasons. Do you believe it, and if so, do you think it is a good or bad thing?

5

30

35

40

45

10

15

20

25

50

55

60

65

70

75

In the Reading and Use of English Paper you have 1 hour 15 minutes to complete 7

sections. Make sure you don’t spend too much time on each section. If you don’t know or can’t guess an answer, move on and come back to it if you have time at the end.

tip

FCER1SB.indb 11 19/05/2014 14:12

VocabularyDescribing personality

1 In pairs, discuss whether the personality adjectives in the box below are

a goodb badc either good or bad

argumentativearrogantbossyeasy-going

eccentric honest loyal narrow-minded

open-mindedsensiblesensitive

2 1 Listen to five people describing a friend or relative. Choose the best adjective from 1 to sum up their description.

Speaker 1 thinks that her uncle is .

Speaker 2 thinks that his brother is .

Speaker 3 thinks that her friend is .

Speaker 4 thinks that her cousin is .

Speaker 5 thinks that his father is .

3 Read the tip box then think of three people you know well and describe them to a partner. Use adjectives from 1 and give examples of their behaviour.

Example Mysister,Belinda,isverysensible.Forexample, she always goes to bed early if shehasabusydaythenextday.

GrammarTalking about the future GR p165

1 Choose the best verb form (a–c) to complete sentences 1–7.

1 By the time we get to the nightclub, most people home.a will gob are goingc willhavegone

2 The train to London at6.13,solet’smeetatthestationat6o’clock.a isgoingtoleaveb leavesc isleaving

3 AssoonasIsaveenoughmoney, youalaptop.a I buy b I’llbuyc I’llhavebought

4 Bythetimesheleavesmusicschool, she thepianofor12years.a will studyb will be studyingc willhavebeenstudying

5 Louiswon’tbeatschooltomorrow because inaswimmingtournament.a he’stakingpartb he’lltakepartc he takes part

6 This time next month, we around Thailand.a willtravelb aretravellingc willbetravelling

7 Mysisterdoesn’tfeelwell,so at home thisafternoon.a she’llhavestayedb she staysc she’sgoingtostay

You may be asked to describe somebody’s character in Writing Part 2 or Speaking Part 1.

When we use personality adjectives to describe somebody, we often use them with modifying adverbs like very, a bit, rather, quite, etc.

tip

Unit 112

FCER1SB.indb 12 19/05/2014 14:12

2 Complete sentences a–g with the tenses below, and match them with the sentences in 1. Check your answers in the Grammar Reference.

future continuous future perfect simple

future perfect continuous going to future

present continuous present simple will future

a We use the to talk about things that we’vearrangedtodointhefuture.

b We use the to talk about things that we’vepersonallydecidedtodointhefuture.

c We use the to make offers and promisesandpredictions.

d We use the to talk about actions in progressinthefuture.

e We use the to talk about completed actionsinthefuture.

f We use the to talk about future eventsthatarepartofascheduleortimetable.

g We use the to say how long future actionswillhavebeeninprogress.

3 Work in pairs. Tell your partner about something that

a humanscan’tdonowbutyouthinkthey’llbeabletodoby2050.

b takesplacenextsummer.c existstodaybutwillhavedisappearedbythe

year2050,inyouropinion.d you’regoingtodoassoonasyoucanaffordit.e you’redoingnextweek.

4 Read the dialogue below. Underline any verb forms that you think are unnatural and replace them with better alternatives.

Martin Hi, is Jacqui there?Lucy Yes,sheis.Waitamoment,I’mjust

gettingher.Martin Thanks!Jacqui Hi,it’sJacquihere.Martin ThisisMartin.Listencarefully,Ihaven’t

gotmuchtime.Canyoumeetmeattheport in one hour? The next boat to Tripoli willleaveat7.35.

Jacqui Ican’t!I’llhavedinnerwithsomepeoplefromworkthisevening.I’vejustarrangedit.

Martin Butwemustleavetonight!Bytomorrow,the newspapers are going to get hold of thestory.Wewon’thavebeenabletomovewithoutattractingattention.

Unit 1 13

Jacqui Whatstory?Areyoutellingmewhat’sgoing on?

Martin Iexplaineverythingassoonaswe’llgettoTripoli.Trustme.

Jacqui Can’tyouexplainnow?Martin There’snotime.Butifyoudon’tdoasIsay,

thenbythistimetomorrow,everyjournalistintownwillknockatyourdoor.

5 Read these predictions, ignoring the underlining. Say which ones you believe are true or false for you. Give reasons.

a Idon’tthinkI’lleverappearontelevision.b IreckonI’ll writeanovelone day.c Idon’timagineI’ll be earning much money in

fiveyears’time.d I guessI’llbelivinginthistownintenyears’

time.

6 In pairs, talk about your ideas for your future using the questions below. Try to use some of the underlined phrases from 5 in your answers.

a Doyouthinkyou’llever• experiencespacetravel?• work abroad?• haveaface-lift?• become a politician?• ownaFerrari?

b Infiveyears’and25years’time, what kind of• housewillyoubelivingin?• clothes will you be wearing? • hobbies will you be doing? • holiday will you be going on? • job will you be doing?

FCER1SB.indb 13 19/05/2014 14:12

Unit 114

ListeningPart 4 Multiple choice

1 Imagine that scientists could develop an ‘immortality pill’ that allowed people to live for ever. Discuss these questions.

a Would you take it? Why/Why not?b Wouldyouwanteveryonetotakeit?Why/Whynot?

how to do itYou will have one minute to look at the questions. Read as much as you can in that time.

As you listen for the first time, mark the options that you think are correct.

Use the second listening to check your answers.

2 2 You will hear an excerpt from a radio programme about living for ever. Read the how to do it box, then listen and choose the best answer for 1–7.

1 According to some scientists, technology that allowspeopletoliveforthousandsofyearsA alreadyexists.B willexistwithin30years.C willbecausingarguments30yearsfromnow.

2 According to the speaker, why are scientists closer to finding this technology?A They are beginning to understand why and

howourbodiesage.B Medicaltechnologyisimprovingquickly.C Therearemoreoldpeopleinoursocieties.

3 SomepeoplearguethatimmortalitywouldhaveanegativeeffectonourplanetbecauseA wewouldsoonuseupalltheearth’snatural

resources.B everybodywouldstopcaringaboutthe

environment.C theearthwouldbecomeveryovercrowded.

4 Whatmightpeoplehavetoagreetodo,beforetheywouldbeallowedtoliveforever?A suggestwaysofdealingwithover-populationB nothavetoomanychildrenC not commit any serious crimes

5 If you were immortal, you might find it difficult to get up in the morning becauseA you would be exhausted after thousands of

othermornings.B you would know there were going to be

manymoremornings.C thetechnologythatkeptyoualivemight

makeyouveryweak.6 Some people say that immortality would be

pointless becauseA onlytheveryrichwouldbeabletoaffordit.B youwouldn’tuseyourtimecarefully.C youwouldonlyrememberapartofyourlife.

7 Youmightneverfallinloveifyouwereimmortal becauseA the most powerful human feelings come from

knowingthatwewillnotbehereforever.B youwouldgetboredwitheverybodythat

you’vemet.C the technology would change the way in

whichyourbrainexperiencesemotions.

3 Discuss what age you would choose to be if you could stay the same age for ever. Give reasons. Think about the following.

• appearance• dailyroutine• independence

• health• wealth• wisdom

FCER1SB.indb 14 19/05/2014 14:12

Unit 1 15

SpeakingPart 1

1 Read questions a–f below, then match each one with a pair of words (1–6) that you might hear in the answer.

a Do you enjoy spending time alone? (Why/Why not?)

b What do you use the Internet for?c Tellmeaboutaclosefriend.d Tell me about the most beautiful place you

have evervisited.e Tell me about something you found difficult

but managedtosucceedin.f What’syourfavouriteTVprogrammeandwhy?

1 research downloading2 scenery spectacular3 dramas plot 4 share solitary5 easy-going loyal6 satisfyingachievement

2 3 Listen to six different students answering the questions in 1. Put questions a–f in the order that you hear the answers, using the words you matched them with to help you.

1 2 3

4 5 6

3 Choose the correct word to complete these phrases from the listening in 2. Then say whether each phrase shows the end of an answer or a contrast.

a … from/inmyview,anyway.b Havingsaidit/that, …c That’smyopinion/thought,anyway.d But on another/the other hand …e So, at/in short …f But at the one/same time, … g Although I must admit/advise that …h Andthat’saboutit/that,really.i So all for/in all …

4 Write two questions on each of these topics.

a future plansb familyc daily routined whereyoulive

5 Read the how to do it box, and in pairs ask and answer questions from 1 and 4.

how to do itListen carefully to the question and try to repeat at least one of the key words in your reply.

Speak clearly and look at the person you are talking to.

Try to include some set phrases like the ones in 3.

FCER1SB.indb 15 19/05/2014 14:12

Unit 116

Use of EnglishPart 4 Key word transformations

1 Read the tip box below, then match the underlined phrases in sentences a–f with 1–6.

a More than 200 countries will take part in the nextOlympicGames.

b Whenpreparingforahike,it’simportanttotake into accountwhattheweatherwillbelike.

c At the age of one, a baby is just starting to make sense oftheworldaroundhim.

d Marianne agreed to be home by midnight becauseshedidn’twantto havearow with her parents.

e It’sarroganttomake fun ofotherpeople’sachievements.

f Severalfactorsplay a part in the success or failureofafilm.

1 argue2 consider3 be a cause of

4 laugh at5 join in6 understand

3 Rewrite each sentence a–f keeping the meaning the same. Use two to five words including the word given.

a Students at the summer school are expected to participateinleisureactivities. part

Students at the summer school are expected to leisureactivities.

b Stubborn people often find it difficult to apologizefortheirmistakes. sorry

Stubborn people often find it difficult theirmistakes.

c Considering that my grandmother is so old, her memoryisamazing. account

If you old my grandmotheris,hermemoryisamazing.

d ContactingadoctoronaSundaycanbedifficult. touch

It can be difficult to withadoctoronaSunday.

e WhenhefirstmovedtoLondon,someofthechildrenatschoolusedtolaughathisaccent. make

WhenhefirstmovedtoLondon,someofthechildren at school used to hisaccent.

f Whensheinvitedusfordinner,wepromisedthatwewouldn’tbelate. word

Whensheinvitedusfordinner,we thatwewouldn’tbelate.

Phrases like those underlined in 1 usually appear in dictionaries under the noun rather

than the verb. You may have to read the entry carefully to find them.

tip

2 Using a dictionary, find verbs to replace 1–6 in the text below.

Last weekend, I organized an 80th birthday partyformygrandfather.Twoofmybrothersagreed to 1lend a hand withthepreparations.Our sister Rachel was out of the country atthetime.Mygrandfatherhassomanygrandchildren now, he sometimes 2loses track of their names, but Rachel has always been afavourite.I3let her know about the party, and she 4got in touch with our grandfather on the day to 5say sorryfornotbeingthere.She 6gavehimherwordthatshewouldvisithimassoonasshereturnedhome.

FCER1SB.indb 16 19/05/2014 14:12

Unit 1 17

VocabularyUsing a dictionary

1 Read the two dictionary entries opposite. Find at least one example of a–h.

a a synonym (a word with the same meaning)b an oppositec an idiomd a meaning which only exists in British Englishe anAmericanEnglishequivalentf an informal expressiong aphrasalverbh an impolite expression

2 Match the underlined words in a–f with the relevant part of the dictionary entries. Give the part of speech and number.

a NASA is planning to send a probe to explore the asteroid belt.

b WhenJuliearrivedhome,shelookedpale and worried.

c The palewintersunprovidedlittlewarmth.d A police car came belting round the corner with

itssirenon.e Idon’tthinkgivingtheTVabelt is going to

make it work!f Unusually, she has dark skin and paleblueeyes.

3 Rewrite sentences a–f replacing the underlined words with one of the dictionary entries opposite.

Example Whenhiscarwouldn’tstart,hehitit.

Whenhiscarwouldn’tstart,hegaveit abelt.

a Driversandpassengersshouldfasten their seatbeltsevenforshortjourneys.

b Just shut up!Ican’thearmyselfthink!c His salary is nothing in comparison with the

amountofmoneyhiswifeearns.d Someofthecomedian’sjokeswerecompletely

unacceptable.e Thevanwastearing along the motorway

at140kph.f As the last song of the concert, the band loudly

performed America the Beautiful.

erty and personal belongings x She packed her few belong-ings in a bag and left. a SYNONYMS at thing

beAloved adj., nounS adj. ( formal)1 MbILlVvd/~ by/of sb loved very much by sb;very popular with sb: the deep purple flowers so beloved byartists 2 MbILlVvId/ [only before noun] loved very much: inmemory of our dearly beloved son, John

S noun MbILlVvId/ (old use or literary) a person who is lovedvery much by sb: It was a gift from her beloved.

below k MbILl@U; NAmE bILloU/ prep., adv.S prep.1 k at or to a lower level or position than sb/sth: Hedived below the surface of the water. x Please do not writebelow this line. x Skirts will be worn below (= long enoughto cover) the knee. 2 k of a lower amount or standardthan sb/sth: The temperatures remained below freezing allday. x Her work was well below average for the class. 3 k ofa lower rank or of less importance than sb/sth: A policesergeant is below an inspector.

S adv. 1 k at or to a lower level, position or place: They liveon the floor below. x I could still see the airport buildings farbelow. x See below (= at the bottom of the page) for refer-ences. x The passengers who felt seasick stayed below (= on alower deck ). 2 (of a temperature) lower than zero: Thethermometer had dropped to a record 40 below (= �40 de-grees). 3 at a lower rank: This ruling applies to the ranks ofInspector and below.

be%low-the-"fold adj. not in a position where it is seenfirst, for example on the bottom part of a newspaper pageor web page: below-the-fold links x That story would havebeen better in a less prominent, below-the fold-position.a compare above-the-fold i see fold n.

belt k Mbelt/ noun, verbS noun 1 k a long narrow piece of leather, cloth, etc. thatyou wear around the waist: to do up/fasten/tighten abelt x a belt buckle a VISUAL VOCAB page V51 a see alsoblack belt, lifebelt, seat belt, suspender belt2 a continuous band of material that moves round and isused to carry things along or to drivemachinerya see alsoconveyor belt, fan belt 3 an area with particularcharacteristics or where a particular group of people live:the country’s corn/industrial belt x We live in the com-muter belt. x a belt of rain moving across the countrya see also green belt 4 (informal) an act of hitting sth/sb hard: She gave the ball a terrific belt.

i below the Lbelt (of a remark) unfair or cruel: That wasdistinctly below the belt! Kbelt and Lbraces (informal) tak-ing more actions than are really necessary to make surethat sth succeeds or works as it should: a belt-and-bracespolicy have sth under your Lbelt (informal) to have al-ready achieved or obtained sth: She already has a coupleof good wins under her belt. a more at tighten

S verb 1 ~ sb/sth (informal) to hit sb/sth hard: He belted theball right out of the park. x I’ll belt you if you do that again.2 [I] + adv./prep. (informal, especially BrE) to move veryfast s tear: A truck came belting up behind us. 3 [T]~ sth to fasten a belt around sth: The dress was belted atthe waist.

p Kbelt sthPLout (informal) to sing a song or playmusic loudly Kbelt Lup (BrE) 1 (NAmE Kbuckle Lup )(informal) to fasten your seat belt (= a belt worn by apassenger in a vehicle) 2 (informal) used to tell sb rudelyto be quiet s shut up: Just belt up, will you!

beltAed MLbeltId/ adj. with a belt around it: a belted jacketbeltAway MLbeltweI/ noun (US) a ring road, especiallythe one around Washington DC

beAluga Mb@LluFg@/ (pl. beAluga or beAlugas) noun 1 [C] atype of small whale 2 [C] a type of large fish that lives inrivers and lakes in eastern Europe 3 (also beKluga Lca-viar ) [U] a type of caviar (= fish eggs), from a beluga

beAmoan MbILm@Un;NAmE bILmoUn/ verb~ sth ( formal) tocomplain or say that you are not happy about sth: They satbemoaning the fact that no one would give them a chance.

beAmused MbILmjuFzd/ adj. showing that you are con-fused and unable to think clearly s bewildered: a be-mused expression/smile d beAmuse verb ~ sb be-musAedAly MbILmjuFzIdli/ adv.

bench MbentS/ noun 1 [C] a long seat for two or morepeople, usually made of wood: a park bench a VISUAL VO-

CAB page V16 2 the bench [sing.] (law) a judge in court orthe seat where he/she sits; the position of being a judge ormagistrate: His lawyer turned to address the bench. x Shehas recently been appointed to the bench. 3 [C, usually pl.] (inthe British Parliament) a seat where a particular group ofpoliticians sit: There was cheering from the Oppositionbenches. a see also back bench, the front bench4 the bench [sing.] (sport) the seats where players sitwhen they are not playing in the game: the substitutes’bench 5 [C]= workbench: a carpenter’s bench

benchAmark MLbentSmAFk; NAmE -mAFrk/ noun, verbS noun something that can be measured and used as astandard that other things can be compared with: Tests atthe age of seven provide a benchmark against which thechild’s progress at school can be measured.

S verb ~ sth (against sth) to judge the quality of sth in rela-tion to that of other similar things: Projects are assessed andbenchmarked against the targets.

"bench press noun an exercise in which you lie on araised surface with your feet on the floor and raise aweight with both arms

benchAwarmAer MLbentSwOFm@(r); NAmE -wOFrm-/ noun(NAmE, informal) a sports player who is not chosen to playin a particular game, but is available if their team needsthem s substitute

bend k Mbend/ verb, nounS verb (bent, bent Mbent/) 1 k [I, T] (especially of sb’s bodyor head) to lean, or make sth lean, in a particular direction:He bent and kissed her. x + adv./prep. fields of poppies bend-ing in the wind x His dark head bent over her. x She bentforward to pick up the newspaper. x Slowly bend from thewaist and bring your head down to your knees. x ~ sth(+ adv./prep.) He bent his head and kissed her. x She wasbent over her desk writing a letter. 2 k [T, I] ~ (sth) if youbend your arm, leg, etc. or if it bends, you move it so thatit is no longer straight: Bend your knees, keeping your backstraight. x Lie flat and let your knees bend. 3 k [T] ~ sth toforce sth that was straight into an angle or a curve: Markthe pipe where you want to bend it. x The knives were bentout of shape. x He bent the wire into the shape of a square.4 k [I, T] to change direction to form a curve or an angle;to make sth change direction in this way: The road bentsharply to the right. x ~ sth Glass and water both bend light.

i bend sb’s Lear (about sth) (informal) to talk to sb a lotabout sth, especially about a problem that you have bendyour Lmind/Lefforts to sth ( formal) to think very hardabout or put a lot of effort into one particular thing bendthe Ltruth to say sth that is not completely true on bend-ed Lknee(s) if you ask for sth on bended knee(s), you askfor it in a very anxious and/or humble way a more atbackwards, rule n.

p Lbend sb to sth ( formal) to force or persuade sb to dowhat you want or to accept your opinions: He manipulatespeople and tries to bend them to his will (=make them dowhat he wants).

S noun 1 k [C] a curve or turn, especially in a road or river:a sharp bend in the road a see also hairpin bend 2 thebends [pl.] severe pain and difficulty in breathing experi-enced by a diver who comes back to the surface of thewater too quickly

i round the bend/twist (informal, especially BrE) crazy:She’s gone completely round the bend. x The kids have beendriving me round the bend today (= annoying me verymuch).

bendAer MLbend@(r)/ noun (slang) a period of drinking a lotof alcohol or taking a lot of drugs: to go on a bender

bendy MLbendi/ adj. (BrE, informal) 1 that can be bent eas-ily s flexible 2 with many bends: a bendy road

"bendy bus noun (BrE, informal) a long bus that bends inthe middle so that it can turn corners more easily

beAneath k MbILniFT/ prep. ( formal)1 k in or to a lower position than sb/sth; under sb/sth:

u actual | aI my | aU now | eI say | @U go (BrE) | oU go (NAmE) | OI boy | I@ near | e@ hair | U@ pure

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

127 beneath

hands (= sb who can be relied on to do a job well). inLpairs k in groups of two objects or people: Studentsworked in pairs on the project. I’ve only got one pair ofLhands (informal) used to say that you are too busy to doanything else a more at safe adj.

S verbb MAKE GROUPS OF TWO 1 [T, usually passive] to put people orthings into groups of two: ~ A with B Each blind studentwas paired with a sighted student. x ~ A (and B) (together)All the shoes on the floor were neatly paired.

b OF ANIMALS/BIRDS 2 [I] (technical) to come together in orderto breed:Many of the species pair for life.

p Kpair Loff (with sb) | Kpair sbPLoff (with sb) tocome together, especially in order to have a romantic rela-tionship; to bring two people together for this purpose: Itseemed that all her friends were pairing off. x He’s alwaystrying to pair me off with his cousin. Kpair Lup (with sb) |Kpair sbPLup (with sb) to come together or to bring twopeople together to work, play a game, etc.

pairAing MLpe@rIN; NAmE Lper-/ noun 1 [C] two people orthings that work together or are placed together; the actof placing them together: Tonight they take on a Chinesepairing in their bid to reach the final tomorrow. 2 [U] (inthe British Parliament) the practice of an MP agreeing withan MP of a different party that neither of them will vote ina debate so that they do not need to attend the debate

paisa MLpaIsAF; -s@/ noun (pl. paise M-seI; -s@/) a coin ofIndia, Pakistan and Nepal. There are one hundred paisein a rupee.

paisAley MLpeIzli/ noun [U] a detailed pattern of curvedshapes that look like feathers, used especially on cloth: apaisley tie

PaiAute MLpaIuFt/ noun (pl. PaiAute or PaiAutes) a memberof a Native American people many of whom live in thesouth-western US

paAjaAmas (NAmE) (BrE, CanE pyAjaAmas ) Mp@LdZAFm@z;NAmE -LdZ&m-/ noun [pl.] a loose jacket and pants/trousersworn in bed a VISUAL VOCAB page V51

pak choi MKp&k LtSOI/ (BrE) (NAmE Kbok Lchoy ) noun [U] atype of Chinese cabbage with long dark green leavesand thick white stems

PakAeha MLpAFkIhAF/ noun (NZE) a white person from NewZealand (that is, not a Maori)

Paki MLp&ki/ noun (BrE, informal, taboo) a very offensiveword for a person from Pakistan, especially one living inBritain. The word is often also used for people from Indiaor Bangladesh.

paAkora Mp@LkOFr@/ noun a flat piece of spicy S Asian foodconsisting of meat or vegetables fried in batter

PAL Mp&l/ noun [U] a television broadcasting system that isused in most of Europe a compare NTSC, SECAM

pal Mp&l/ noun, verbS noun 1 (informal, becoming old-fashioned) a friend: We’vebeen pals for years.a see also pen pal 2 (informal) used toaddress a man in an unfriendly way: If I were you, pal, I’dstay away from her! d pally adj.: I got very pally (= friend-ly) with him.

S verb (-ll-)p Kpal aLround (with sb) (informal, especially NAmE) todo things with sb as a friend: I palled around with him andhis sister at school. Kpal Lup (with sb) (BrE) (NAmE KbuddyLup (to/with sb ) ) (informal) to become sb’s friend: Theypalled up while they were at college.

palAace k MLp&l@s/ noun1 k [C] the official home of a king, queen, president, etc:Buckingham Palace x the royal/presidential palacea VISUAL

VOCAB page V13 2 (often the Palace) [sing.] the peoplewho live in a palace, especially the British royal family:The Palace last night refused to comment on the reports. x aPalace spokesman3 [C] any large impressive house: The OldTown has a whole collection of churches, palaces andmosques. 4 [C] (old-fashioned) (sometimes used in the

names of buildings) a large public building, such as a hotelor cinema/movie theater: the Strand Palace Hotel

%palace "coup (also Kpalace revoLlution ) noun a situ-ation in which a ruler or leader has their power takenaway from them by sb within the same party, etc.

palaeo- (especially BrE) (NAmE usually paleo- ) MLp&li@U;LpeIl-; NAmE -ioU/ combining form (in nouns, adjectivesand adverbs) connected with ancient times

palaeAogAraphy (BrE) (NAmE paleAogAraphy ) MKp&li-LQgr@fi; KpeIl-; NAmE -LAFg-/ noun [U] the study of ancientwriting systems d palaeAogArapher (also paleAog-rapher) MKp&liLQgr@f@(r); KpeIl-; NAmE -LAFg-/ noun

PalaeoAlithAic (especially BrE) (NAmE usually Paleo- )MKp&li@LlITIk; KpeIl-/ adj. from or connected with the earlypart of the Stone Age

palaeAonAtoloAgist (especially BrE) (NAmE usuallypaleo- ) MKp&liQnLtQl@dZIst; KpeIl-; NAmE KpeIliAFnLtAFl-/noun a person who studies fossils

palaeAonAtology (especially BrE) (NAmE usually paleo- )MKp&liQnLtQl@dZi; KpeIl-; NAmE KpeIliAFnLtAFl-/ noun [U] thestudy of fossils (= the remains of animals or plants inrocks) as a guide to the history of life on earth

palAais MLp&leI/ (also Kpalaisde Ldanse MKp&leI d@ LdAFns/ )noun (BrE) (in the past) a large public building used for dan-cing; a dance hall

palAatAable MLp&l@t@bl/ adj. 1 (of food or drink) having apleasant or acceptable taste2 ~ (to sb) pleasant or accept-able to sb: Some of the dialogue has been changed to make itmore palatable to an American audience. o unpalatable

palAatal MLp&l@tl/ noun (phonetics) a speech sound madeby placing the tongue against or near the hard palate ofthe mouth, for example /j/ at the beginning of yesd palAatal adj.

palAatAalAize (BrE also -ise) MLp&l@t@laIz/ verb ~ sth(phonetics) to make a speech sound by putting your tongueagainst or near your hard palate d palAatAalAizAation,-isAation MKp&l@t@laILzeISn/ noun [U]

palAate MLp&l@t/ noun 1 the top part of the inside of themouth: the hard/soft palate (= the hard/soft part at thefront/back of the palate )a see also cleft palate 2 [usu-ally sing.] the ability to recognize and/or enjoy good foodand drink: a menu to tempt even the most jaded palate

paAlaAtial Mp@LleISl/ adj. [usually before noun] (of a room orbuilding) very large and impressive, like a palaces splendid

paAlatAinAate Mp@Ll&tIn@t/ noun 1 [C] the area ruled by aCount Palatine (= a ruler with the power of a king orqueen) 2 the Palatinate [sing.] the land of the GermanEmpire that was ruled over by the Count Palatine of theRhine

palAatAine MLp&l@taIn/ adj. [only before noun] 1 (of an offi-cial, etc. in the past) having the power in a particular areathat a king or queen usually has 2 (of an area of land)ruled over by sb who has the power of a king or queen

paAlaAver Mp@LlAFv@(r); NAmE also -Ll&v-/ noun (informal)1 [U, sing.] (BrE) a lot of unnecessary activity, excitementor trouble, especially caused by sth that is unimportants fuss:What’s all the palaver about? x What a palaver itis, trying to get a new visa! 2 [U] (NAmE) talk that does nothave any meaning; nonsense: He’s talking palaver.

paAlazzo pants Mp@Ll&ts@U p&nts; NAmE p@LlAFtsoU/noun [pl.]women’s trousers/pants with wide loose legs

pale k MpeIl/ adj., verb, nounS adj. (paler, palAest) 1 k (of a person, their face, etc.) hav-ing skin that is almost white; having skin that is whiterthan usual because of illness, a strong emotion, etc: a palecomplexion x pale with fear x to go/turn pale x You lookpale. Are you OK? x The ordeal left her looking pale anddrawn. 2 k light in colour; containing a lot of white: paleblue eyes x a paler shade of green x a pale sky o dark,deep 3 k (of light) not strong or bright: the cold pale lightof dawn a see also pallid, pallor d paleAly MLpeIlli/adv.: Mark stared palely (= with a pale face) at his plate.paleAness noun [U]

S verb [I] ~ (at sth) to become paler than usual: She (= her

b bad | d did | f fall | g get | h hat | j yes | k cat | l leg | m man | n now | p pen | r red

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

pairing 1096

face) paled visibly at the sight of the police car. x The blue ofthe sky paled to a light grey.

i Lpale beside/next to sth | Lpale in/by comparison(with/to sth) | Lpale into insignificance to seem less im-portant when compared with sth else: Last year’s riots palein comparison with this latest outburst of violence.

S nouni beKyond the Lpale considered by most people to beunacceptable or unreasonable:His remarks were clearly be-yond the pale.

paleAface MLpeIlfeIs/ noun (used in film/movies, etc.) aname for a white person, said to have been used by NativeAmericans

paleo- (NAmE)= palaeo-palAette MLp&l@t/ noun 1 a thin board with a hole in it forthe thumb to go through, used by an artist for mixing col-ours on when paintinga VISUAL VOCAB page V35 2 [usual-ly sing.] (technical) the colours used by a particular artist:Greens and browns are typical of Ribera’s palette.

"palette knife noun a knife with a blade that bends eas-ily and has a round end, used by artists and in cookinga VISUAL VOCAB page V23

paliAmony MLp&lIm@ni/ noun [U] (informal, especiallyNAmE) money that a court orders sb to pay regularly to aformer partner when they have lived together withoutbeing married a compare alimony

palAimpAsest MLp&lImpsest/ noun 1 an ancient docu-ment from which some or all of the original text has beenremoved and replaced by a new text 2 ( formal) somethingthat has many different layers of meaning or detail

palAinAdrome MLp&lIndr@Um; NAmE -droUm/ noun aword or phrase that reads the same backwards as for-wards, for examplemadam or nurses run

palAing MLpeIlIN/ noun [C, usually pl.,U] a metal or woodenpost that is pointed at the top; a fence made of these posts

palAisAade MKp&lILseId/ noun 1 a fence made of strongwooden or metal posts that are pointed at the top, espe-cially used to protect a building in the past 2 palisades[pl.] (US) a line of high steep cliffs, especially along ariver or by the sea or ocean

pall MpOFl/ noun, verbS noun 1 [usually sing.] ~ of sth a thick dark cloud of sth: apall of smoke/dust x ( figurative) News of her death cast apall over the event. 2 a cloth spread over a coffin (= abox used for burying a dead person in)

S verb [I] (not used in the progressive tenses) ~ (on sb) tobecome less interesting to sb over a period of time becausethey have done or seen it too much: Even the impressivescenery began to pall on me after a few hundred miles.

palAlaAdium Mp@LleIdi@m/ noun [U] (symb. Pd) a chemicalelement. Palladium is a rare silver-white metal that lookslike platinum.

"pall-bearer noun a person who walks beside or helps tocarry the coffin at a funeral

palAlet MLp&l@t/ noun 1 a heavy wooden or metal basethat can be used for moving or storing goods 2 a clothbag filled with straw, used for sleeping on

palAliAasse MLp&li&s; NAmE p&lLj&s/ noun a cloth bagfilled with straw, used for sleeping on s pallet

palAliAate MLp&lieIt/ verb ~ sth ( formal) to make a diseaseor an illness less painful or unpleasant without curing it

palAliaAtive MLp&li@tIv/ noun 1 (medical) a medicine ormedical treatment that reduces pain without curing itscause2 ( formal, usually disapproving) an action, a decision,etc. that is designed to make a difficult situation seem bet-ter without actually solving the cause of the problemsd palAliaAtive adj. [usually before noun]: palliative treatmentx short-term palliative measures

palAlid MLp&lId/ adj. 1 (of a person, their face, etc.) pale,especially because of illness: a pallid complexion 2 (of col-ours or light) not strong or bright, and therefore not at-tractive: a pallid sky

palAlor MLp&l@(r)/ noun [U] pale colouring of the face, es-pecially because of illness or fear: Her cheeks had an un-healthy pallor.

pally MLp&li/ adj. a palpalm MpAFm/ noun, verbS noun 1 the inner surface of the hand between the wristand the fingers: He held the bird gently in the palm of hishand. x sweaty palms x to read sb’s palm (= to say whatyou think will happen to sb by looking at the lines on theirpalm ) a VISUAL VOCAB page V48 2 (also Lpalm tree ) astraight tree with amass of long leaves at the top, growingin tropical countries. There are several types of palm tree,some of which produce fruit: a date palm x a coconut palmx palm leaves/fronds/grovesa VISUAL VOCAB page V8

i have sb in the Kpalm of your Lhand to have com-plete control or influence over sb a more at cross v.,grease v.

S verb~ sth to hide a coin, card, etc. in your hand, especiallywhen performing a trick

p Kpalm sbPLoff (with sth) (informal) to persuade sbto believe an excuse or an explanation that is not true, inorder to stop them asking questions or complaining KpalmsthPLoff (on/onto sb) | Kpalm sbPLoff (with sth) (infor-mal) to persuade sb to accept sth that has no value or thatyou do not want, especially by tricking them: She’s alwayspalming the worst jobs off on her assistant. x Make sure hedoesn’t try to palm you off with faulty goods. Kpalm sth Loffas sth (informal) to tell sb that sth is better than it is, espe-cially in order to sell it: They were trying to palm the tableoff as a genuine antique.

PalmAcordAerTM MLpAFmkOFd@(r); NAmE -kOFrd-/ noun asmall camcorder (= video camera that records picturesand sound) that can be held in the palm of one hand

palAmetto Mp&lLmet@U; NAmE -toU/ noun (pl. -os) a smallpalm tree that grows in the south-eastern US

palmAist MLpAFmIst/ noun a person who claims to be ableto tell what a person is like and what will happen to themin the future, by looking at the lines on the palm of theirhand

palmAisAtry MLpAFmIstri/ noun [U] the art of telling what aperson is like and what will happen to them by looking atthe lines on the palm of their hand

"palm oil noun [U] oil obtained from the fruit of sometypes of palm tree, used in cooking and in making soap,candles, etc.

%Palm "Sunday noun [U, C] (in the Christian Church) theSunday before Easter

palmAtop MLpAFmtQp; NAmE -tAFp/ noun a small computerthat can be held in the palm of one hand

palmy MLpAFmi/ adj. (palmAier, palmiAest) used to describea time in the past when life was good: That’s a picture of mein my palmier days.

paloAmino MKp&l@LmiFn@U; NAmE -noU/ noun (pl. -os) ahorse that is a cream or gold colour with a white maneand tail

palpAable MLp&lp@bl/ adj. that is easily noticed by themind or the senses: a palpable sense of relief x The tensionin the room was almost palpable. d palpAably M-@bli/ adv.:It was palpably clear what she really meant.

palApate Mp&lLpeIt/ verb ~ sth (medical) to examine partof the body by touching it d palApaAtion noun [U]

palApiAtate MLp&lpIteIt/ verb [I] (of the heart) to beat rap-idly and/or in an irregular way especially because offear or excitement

palApiAtaAtions MKp&lpILteISnz/ noun [pl.] a physical con-dition in which your heart beats very quickly and in anirregular way: Just the thought of flying gives me palpi-tations (=makes me very nervous).

palsy MLpOFlzi/ noun [U] (old-fashioned) paralysis (= loss ofcontrol or feeling in part or most of the body), especiallywhen the arms and legs shake without control a see alsocerebral palsy d palAsied MLpOFlzid/ adj.

palAtry MLpOFltri/ adj. [usually before noun] 1 (of an amount)too small to be considered as important or useful smeagre: This account offers a paltry 1% return on your

s see | t tea | v van | w wet | z zoo | S shoe | Z vision | tS chain | dZ jam | T thin | D this | N sing

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

1097 paltry

OxfordAdvancedLearner’sDictionary,8thedition

FCER1SB.indb 17 19/05/2014 14:12

WritingPart 2 An informal email

1 Read the task below and Megan’s reply. Underline eight words in Megan’s email which are too formal and think of less formal alternatives.

Unit 118

2 Read Megan’s email again and say which of these activities she is planning to do during the summer holidays.

a buy some new clothesb do nothing for a weekc do some schoolworkd go abroade hang out with friendsf learn to surfg look for a jobh take exams

3 Divide the main part of Megan’s email into these four paragraphs.

a the immediate futureb a trip abroadc getting a jobd questions for Chloe

4 Find a formal word in each of a–d and replace it with a less formal expression.

a AllIhavetodoisassistwithhouseworkwhileI’mthere.

b I’veeveninformedmyfriendsthatIdon’twantto go out that week!

c You know, the one who resembles Penelope Cruz.

d I need to earn some funds before the next schoolyearbegins.

5 Decide where sentences a–d in 4 could go in Megan’s email. (There is one per paragraph.)

6 Add phrases a–f to the language boxes. Which phrases are in the emails in 1?

a Keepintouch.b Thanks so much for your …c Love/Lotsofloved It was a nice surprise to get your …e Takecare.f Emailagainsoon.

You have received an email from your English friend, Chloe. Read this part of the email and then write your email to Chloe.

Dear Chloe

Thanks so much for your email. It’s great to hear from you! I finish my end-of-year examinations on 14th June, and then I’m on holiday for eight weeks! I can’t wait! I’ll really need a good rest, therefore I’m going to spend the first week doing absolutely nothing! Later in the summer, I’ll be visiting my uncle, who resides in Italy, for a couple of weeks. I haven’t got sufficient money for the plane ticket, but luckily my uncle has offered to purchase it for me. He’s so generous! He’ll be working while I’m there, so I’ll have his house (and swimming pool) to myself! As soon as I get back from Italy, I’m going to look for employment. My brother will have left his job at the leisure centre to commence his university degree, so hopefully they’ll be looking for somebody to replace him! Please write and tell me what your plans are for the summer. Are you going to visit that Spanish girl you encountered at Easter? Email again soon.

Lots of love

Megan

Anyway, that’s enough about me. What are your plans for the summer? Are you going to work at all? Any trips abroad planned? Please email and tell me.

Take care

Chloe

Emails can be formal or informal, depending on who is writing to whom. Use language

appropriate to the context and do not mix formal and informal registers.

tip

FCER1SB.indb 18 19/05/2014 14:12

Unit 1 19

Reacting to the input

Great to hear from you.

Finishing an email

Look forward to seeing you soon.

Signing off

Best wishes

7 Make a list of activities, real or imaginary, that you plan to do this summer. Try to think of three for each of these topics.

a travelb sports and hobbiesc work and studyd time with friends

8 Make a paragraph plan. Choose the most interesting of the three ideas for each topic in 7. Then add notes to give more details of times, places, people, etc.

9 Imagine you received an email from an English-speaking friend, ending like Chloe’s in 1. Read the how to do it box, then write your own answer in 140–190 words to the task in 1, using your plan from 8.

how to do itBegin by saying something about the email you have received.

Divide what you want to say into different topics in separate paragraphs.

Make sure you’ve included all the information required.

Check the number of words you have written.

Don’t forget to read your work through carefully and check the spelling and grammar. You will lose

marks if there are mistakes.

tip

FCER1SB.indb 19 19/05/2014 14:12

Review1 Complete sentences a–f with the most appropriate

adjective from 1–6.

1 bossy 4 argumentative2 loyal 5 sensitive3 sensible 6 easy-going

a BecarefulwhatyousaytoHarry–he’squite andgetsupsetveryeasily.

b You’realwaystellingmewhattodo.Iwishyouweren’tso !

c Hannahisavery friend – I know I canalwaysrelyonhertobethereforme.

d Kelly is so thatsheneverreallygetsangryorupsetaboutanything.

e Judyisvery –she’llasksomebodythetimeandthendisagreewiththem.

f Thinkcarefullybeforeyoumakeadecision.Iknowthatyouwill,you’revery .

2 Correct any mistakes with the underlined verb forms in five of these sentences.

a Let’smeetatthetheatretonight.Theplay is startingat7.30.

b I’llprobablybeexhaustedbythetimeIreachEdinburgh because I’llhavebeendrivingallmorning.

c Ican’tgoshoppingwithyoutomorrowmorning– I’llhavemyhaircut.

d By the time the next World Cup comes around, some of our most talented footballers won’thaveplayedanylonger.

e I’llbestanding here until you apologizeforwhatyoujustsaid.

f Willyouhavebeenleaving by the time we get to the hotel?

3 Complete the sentences with the present or future simple of the verb in brackets.

a As soon as we (arrive),we’llletyouknow.

b It’simpossibletobesure,butIdon’tthinkshe (lose)herjob.

c I (be)amazedifRealMadriddon’twintonight’smatch.

d The doctors are keeping me in hospital until they (know)whattheproblemis.

e The more money you spend now, the less you (have)foryourholidaynextweek.

f Do you think your brother (help) us with our homework, if we ask him nicely?

4 Complete the text with the missing verbs.

5 Rewrite each sentence a–d keeping the meaning the same. Use two to five words including the word given.

a Before we made a final decision, we considered everybody’sopinion.

account We before making a final

decision.b Willyoupromisemethatyouwon’ttellanybody? word Will you thatyouwon’t

tell anybody?c I contacted an old school friend after seeing his

detailsonawebsite. touch Havingseenanoldschoolfriend’sdetailson

a website, I him.d Onlypeoplewhohaveparticipatedinatriathlon

canfullyunderstandtheexcitement. part The only way to understand fully the excitement

of a triathlon is one.

ur relationships with our friends 1 an important part

in our lives, and help us to 2 sense of the world. Megan has been a close friend of mine since primary school, and we’re always together. In fact, some of our classmates 3 fun of us, saying that we’re like identical twins. Occasionally, we 4 a row, but we never really fall out. The important thing is being able to 5 sorry, if you know you are in the wrong.

Unit 120

FCER1SB.indb 20 19/05/2014 14:12