callitricid husbandry manual

8/10/2019 Callitricid Husbandry Manual

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C ALLITRICHIDH USBANDRY M ANUAL

VINCE SODARO AND NANCY SAUNDERS , E DITORSC HICAGO Z OOLOGICAL P ARK


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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would like to thank the following people and organizations for their work and support of this manual: AnneBaker, Andrew Baker, Melinda Pruett-Jones, Chicago oological Park, and the A A !eotropical Primate"a#on Ad$isor% &roup' I offer special thanks to Carol (odaro for her ad$ice a)out the trials and tri)ulations oforganizing a hus)andr% manual' "hanks to !anc% (aunders and *iane Ca$alieri of Chicago oological Parkfor editorial and design ser$ices, respecti$el%'

C ONTRIBUTORS

!oha A)ou-Madi, *'+'M', Cornell ni$ersit% Andrew J' Baker, Ph'*', Philadelphia oo (ue Crisse%, Ph'*',Chicago oological Park Jeffre% .' /ite, ni$ersit% of !e)raska at 0maha Jeffre% A' /rench, Ph'*',ni$ersit% of !e)raska at 0maha *onna M' Ialeggio, *'+'M', Philadelphia oological &ardens Bar)ara1intzenich, Chicago oological Park (uzan Murra%, *'+'M', /t' 2orth oo Anne (a$age, Ph'*', 3oger2illiams Park oo 4erri (lifka, Chicago oological Park +ince (odaro, Chicago oological Park Jac5uelineM' dziarski, *'+'M', Chicago oological Park'

6 7888 !eotropical Primate "a#on Ad$isor% &roup' (econd printing' All rights reser$ed'

/ront co$er: &olden-headed lion taramarin' 6 789 +ince (odaro

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T ABLE OF C ONTENTS


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;ousing Callitrichids and Callimico in oological Parks'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''7 Vince Sodaro, Chicago Zoological Park

;ousing and .#hi)iting Mi#ed (pecies of !eotropical Primates''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''< Vince Sodaro, Chicago Zoological Park

(ocial Management of Callitrichids and Callimico'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''=> Andrew J. Baker, Ph.D., Philadelphia Zoo; and Anne Savage, Ph.D., Roger William Park Zoo

3eproduction in Callithrichid Primates''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''?7 Je!!re" A. #rench, Ph.D., and Je!!re" $. #i%e, &niver i%" o! 'e(ra ka a% )maha

*iets for Callitrichids@Management &uidelines'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''>= S*e Cri e", Ph.D., Bar(ara +in% enich, and -erri Sli!ka, Chicago Zoological Park

.nrichment and 0perant Conditioning of Callitrichids''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ? ichelle #armerie, Don 'ei!!er, V D, and -aren Vacco, /he Pi%% (*rg Zoo

;andrearing Callitrichids and Callimico in oological Parks'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''8 Vince Sodaro and S*e Cri e", Ph.D., Chicago Zoological Park

;andrearing Callimico &oeldii in oological Parks'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''7 Vince Sodaro, Chicago Zoological Park

Pre$enti$e Medicine''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''7 > Jac0*eline . Zd iar ki, D.V. ., Chicago Zoological Park

3estraint and Anesthesia of !ew 2orld Primates'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''7 9 S* an *rra", D.V.., #%. Wor%h Zoo

;ematolog% and Clinical Chemistries''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''77 'oha A(o*1 adi, D.V. ., Cornell &niver i%"

2asting Marmoset (%ndrome''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''7 = Donna . 2aleggio, D.V. ., Philadelphia Zoological 3arden

Bi)liograph%''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''7 ?

!ew 2orld Primate !ecrops% Procedure'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''7?

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H OUSING C ALLITRICHIDS AND C ALLIMICO IN Z OOLOGICAL P ARKS

Vince Sodaro

INTRODUCTION

Callitrichids rose in popularit% as la)orator% animals in the earl% 78 s and, as a result, numerous descriptionsof cage size and design, temperature and humidit% parameters, feeding regimens, and other factors deemednecessar% for maintenance and )reeding were pu)lished ;ampton et al' 78 >, 78 .pple 78< D' "he housingand hus)andr% parameters that were esta)lished for la)oratories later )ecame the foundation for the successfulmaintenance and propagation of callitrichids in zoological institutions'

C AGING

(pace constraints within the la)orator% setting often led to cage housings that approached the minimum formaintenance and )reeding' &engozian et al' 78D pro$ided pairs of Callimico and Sag*in* with ple#iglass cages measuring ?9 # ? # = in' andsuggested that = in' was the minimum height that could pro$ide 5ualities of an ar)oreal en$ironment'

!e$ertheless, the space re5uirements needed to maintain sociall% well adEusted )reeding groups of callitrichidsare relati$el% modest' Both the &olden 1ion "amarin Management Committee 3ett)erg-Beck 788 D and theCotton-top "amarin ((P6 (a$age 788>D recommend a minimum cage size of = # # '> m for famil% groupsof these species'

B% contrast, man% modern zoological institutions are a)le to pro$ide callitrichid groups with optimumenclosure sizes and en$ironmental conditions that promote a full range of naturalistic )eha$iors, socialinteractions, and locomotor patterns' "he recent trend in Fsoft releasesF that was pioneered )% the !ationaloological Park for the golden lion tamarin reintroduction proEect Bronikowski et al' 7898D demonstrates thatno FenclosureF is too large for callitrichids, pro$ided that group mem)ers can )e monitored and easil% retrie$ed'Sag*in* oedip* ha$e also )een successfull% maintained in free-ranging groups in zoological park settingsPrice et al' 7898D'

2hile there is no strict definition of optimum or ideal e#hi)it size for callitrichids, such an enclosure shouldallow the animals to e#ercise the full range of their natural ph%sical acti$ities' "hese enclosures should pro$ideenough horizontal space for animals to leap up to se$eral feet )etween )ranches or other furnishings and shouldoffer as much height as possi)le' All genera of callitrichids are ar)oreal and normall% range to heights of up toat least 7 meters a)o$e the ground in their natural ha)itats 4leiman et al' 7899 Pook and Pook 7897(nowdon and (oini 7899 (oini 7899 (te$enson and 3%lands 7899D' "herefore, it is fairl% safe to sa% thatwithin the confines of an indoor e#hi)it no height is too great to )e used'

Man% callitrichid species are capa)le of rapid reproduction and increased famil% size within a relati$el% short period of time' +eon%opi%hec* in capti$it% are capa)le of producing three litters of twins in one %ear'DManagers should anticipate the possi)ilit% of increased stress and tension in rapidl% growing famil% groupshoused in smaller enclosures'

M ATERIALS

A $ariet% of materials suita)le for cage construction ha$e )een descri)ed Mallinson 78 Ganten 788&engozian et al' 78


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animals 3ett)erg-Beck 788 D' .nsure that cages constructed of wood are sealed' (*A regulations re5uirethat interior )uilding surfaces of nonhuman primate facilities )e imper$ious to moisture so that the% ma% )ereadil% sanitized (*A 788 D' ;ollow-steel tu)ing is also sometimes used for cage framing with partitions

)etween cages constructed of opa5ue P+C Mallinson 78D'

Man% modern zoological e#hi)its are constructed of te#tured rockwork concrete or epo#%D, which creates amore naturalistic appearance' "ree, $ines, and other features of these e#hi)its ma% also )e constructed ofconcrete or epo#%' "hese e#hi)its are often glass- or wire-fronted with fine semi-transparent mesh' 0there#hi)its displa% animals at distances far enough from pu)lic access areas that )arriers )ecome unnecessar%'

FURNISHINGS

2here$er possi)le, the primar% furnishings of callitrichid enclosures should consist of natural tree )ranchesarranged to create a $ariet% of ar)oreal pathwa%s leading to all of the principle features within the enclosure,including nest)o#es or sleeping sites, shel$ing, and food and water )owls' 0ther furnishings, such as rope or$ines, ma% also )e pro$ided'

/urnishings should include )oth rigid and fle#i)le, $ertical and horizontal supports of $ar%ing diameters placedat $ar%ing angles' 2hen furnishing an enclosure, a$oid placing )ranches directl% a)o$e food or water sources'"his will minimize the chance of contamination from urine and feces' Pro$ide as man% horizontal )ranches orother furnishings as possi)le in enclosures of minimum size' Callitrichids are adept at clim)ing or locomotingon diagonal or $ertical )ranches, )ut prefer le$el furnishings for resting and social acti$ities' ;orizontalfurnishings, such as natural )ranches, should )e a minimum of 7'>-inch diameter )ut prefera)l% -= inches toallow animals to sit or rest comforta)l% and to engage in normal social interactions, such as grooming' Man%adult callitrichids, with the possi)le e#ception of Ce(*ella , ha$e difficult% maintaining )alance on perches lessthan one inch diameter and will a$oid sitting or resting on them e#cept where the% meet a $ertical crosspiece towhich the% can cling for support'

3egardless of enclosure size, place ample furniture in the upper two-thirds of the e#hi)it or enclosure to pro$ideas much of an ar)oreal en$ironment as possi)le' 4eepers find enclosures furnished in this wa% are easil%cleaned and maintained'

In naturalistic e#hi)its, enclosures ma% also )e planted with a $ariet% of li$e plants or trees' ;owe$er, e#ercisecaution and a$oid the use of to#ic plants'

Pro$ide at least one nest)o# per enclosure for callitrichid groups' Although man% species in the wild ha$einfre5uentl% )een o)ser$ed to sleep in tree ca$ities (oini 7899 3%lands 789 (nowden and (oini 7899D,nest)o#es are readil% used )% se$eral species in capti$it% as sleeping sites or as retreats when stressed orstartled' (te$enson 78D reported that Calli%hri4 5acch* slept in a wooden nest)o# 9 # # cmD with anentrance hole 7 cm diameter' "he Cotton-top "amarin ((P6 (a$age 788>D recommends a nest)o# measuring= # = cm with a 7 # 7> cm hole cut in the middle of the )o#' /or +eon%opi%hec* ro alia, the &olden 1ion"amarin Management Committee recommends a minimum of two wooden nest)o#es per enclosure ofsufficient size to house a famil% group 3ett)erg-Beck 788 D' Ce(*ella at 4il$erstone 2ildlife Park Challis788=D did not use a nest)o# that was pro$ided for them' (imilarl%, Beck et al' 789 D found that Callimico didnot sleep in nest)o#es, )ut would use them for short-term seclusion or pla%' /or all species, the entrance to an%

nest)o# should )e large enough to permit adults carr%ing offspring to easil% enter or e#it'

Man% institutions that maintain callitrichids clean and replace )ranches, perches, and other features ofenclosures infre5uentl% to retain scent-mark secretions *uMond 78< (te$enson 78 Beck et al' 789Houng and Carroll 788=D' 3ett)erg-Beck 788 D recommends FspotF cleaning feces and food remains for

+eon%opi%hec* ro alia as opposed to maEor cleaning' (till, it is important to integrate such practices witheffecti$e cleaning and disinfecting protocols to minimize the risk of pathogenic infections' .pple 78< D foundthat occasionall% replacing )ranches, nest)o#es, and shel$es reduced the likelihood of self-infection )% parasitichelminthes'


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Although natural materials, such as tree )ranches, are preferred as enclosure furniture, callitrichids can )esuccessfull% maintained on a wide $ariet% of materials' Callimico goeldii at Brookfield oo were housed inenclosures furnished with plastic pipe '> to > cm in diameterD and perches of wood and wire mesh Beck et al'789 D' Cage furniture used later at Brookfield for Callimico, +eon%opi%hec* chr" omela , and Sag*in*oedip* consists of - and =-inch diameter P+C pipe' P+C FtreesF were gi$en a roughened te#ture to pre$entslipping and to retain scent-mark secretions' "hese furnishings were com)ined with corion shel$ing and naturaltree )ranches that could )e fre5uentl% replaced'

A $ariet% of su)strate materials can )e used in enclosures, including wood sha$ings or )ark chips' (olid floorsof sealed concrete can )e used' If )irths are anticipated, concrete floors should )e )edded with wood sha$ingsto pre$ent possi)le inEuries to infants'

T EMPERATURE AND H UMIDITY R EQUIREMENTS

Callitrichids inha)it warm and fre5uentl% humid areas of the neotropics' Capti$e animals are t%picall% pro$idedwith a range of temperatures and humidit% le$els that appro#imate those of natural conditions' A sample of

pu)lished recommendations Beck et al' 789 *uMond 78< ;ampton et al' 78 Mallinson 78 (a$age788> (te$enson 78 3ett)erg-Beck 788 D ranges from a minimum of / to 9> / with humidit% ranges of? -9 "a)le 7D' 1orenz 78< D reported decreased acti$it% in Callimico at temperatures a)o$e 9 C 9 /Dand found that the% )ecame lethargic at temperatures a)o$e => C 8> /D' Beck et al' 789 D found thathumidit% le$els )elow caused Callimico to wipe their faces on cage surfaces and to sneeze e#cessi$el%,while higher humidit% le$els resulted in saturated pelage and swollen e%es' ;umidit% le$els o$er 9 can alsoincrease fluidit% of scent secretions in +eon%opi%hec*, resulting in matted pelage and irritated e%es'

*espite the recommendations )% most authors to pro$ide callitrichids with a warm en$ironment, speciesmaintained outdoors in temperate climates ha$e, on occasion, pro$en remarka)l% tolerant of low temperaturesif pro$ided with suita)le shelter' Mallinson 78


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P HOTOPERIOD

In capti$it%, callitrichids should )e pro$ided with 7 to 7? hours of da%light' "he distri)ution ofcallitrichids in the neotropics where little $ariation in da% length occurs has led se$eral authors torecommend a 7 1:7 * photoperiod (nowdon et al' 789> (te$enson 78 (a$age 788> *uMond 78< D'Beck et al' 789 D preferred a photoperiod of 7?1:7 * for Callimico ' At least fi$e hours of light were

pro$ided after the afternoon feed' 3ett)erg-Beck 788 D recommends 7 to 7? hours of da%light for +eon%opi%hec* ro alia , as well as = to minutes of e#posure to ultra$iolet light to pro$ide +itamin * ='

F EEDING

"he nutritional aspects and management guidelines for callitrichid diets are addressed in a separate chapterof this manual see *iets for Callitrichids chapter, this $olumeD and will not )e addressed here'

Man% feeding schedules and practices ha$e successfull% maintained callitrichids in capti$it%' Although(te$enson 78D demonstrated that Calli%hri4 5acch* could )e maintained on one feeding per da%, at leasttwo dail% feedings are preferred for enrichment and stimulation' (nowdon et al' 789>D offered food toSag*in* oedip* three times dail%' "he main meal was offered at midda%' (upplemental feedings of fruitand high protein items were offered earl% in the morning and late in the afternoon' "hese feedings createdopportunities for caretakers to o)ser$e animals more fre5uentl%'

Beck et al' 789 D found that less than 7? hours of light pre$ented ade5uate food consumption forCallimico. 3ett)erg-Beck 788 D recommends feeding schedules for +eon%opi%hec* ro alia allow ? to >hours )etween feedings'

/or larger famil% groups, pro$ide multiple feeding stations at widel% spaced locations within an enclosureto insure that su)ordinate indi$iduals can feed without interference from more dominant group mem)ers'

1i$e pre% forms a significant part of the diet of all genera of callitrichids 4leiman et al' 7899 (nowdonand (oini 7899 (oini 7899 (te$enson and 3%lands 7899D and crickets and mealworms are commonl%offered to capti$e animals' Commerciall% raised hairless mouse pups FpinkiesFD ha$e also )een offered asli$e pre% items )ut ha$e recentl% )een implicated in fatal out)reaks of $iral callitrichid hepatitis Ballou

788=D at se$eral zoological institutions in !orth America' As a result, the &olden 1ion "amarinManagement Committee 3ett)erg-Beck 788 D recommends eliminating mouse pups from the diet of

+eon%opi%hec* ro alia.

P EST C ONTROL

Callitrichid hus)andr% programs should include rigorous pest control' Mice and cockroaches are common pests in zoos and can )ecome $ectors for a $ariet% of diseases affecting callitrichids' /eral mice ha$e )eenimplicated as $ectors of to#oplasmosis as well as callitrichid hepatitis, )oth of which ha$e )een contracted

)% +eon%opi%hec* ro alia that caught and ate mice in their enclosures Ballou 788=D' A fatal out)reak ofleptospirosis in Sag*in* la(ia%* in a zoo was also linked to the presence of rodents 3eid et al' 788=D'

Cockroaches ha$e )een identified as intermediate hosts for se$eral de)ilitating and often fatal diseases incallitrichids' "he &erman cockroach Bla%ella germanica was found to )e the intermediate host for lar$ae of the nematode P%er"goderma%i%e n"c%ice(i, which caused mor)idit% and mortalit% in +eon%opi%hec* ro aliaMontali et al' 789=D' B. germanica was also identified as the host of Pro %henorchi elegan in an out)reak at the tica oo that led to the deaths of two Sag*in* oedip* , and se$eral other primate species !ielsen789 D'

?


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G ENERAL H OUSING C ONSIDERATIONS

/or some ta#a, it is important to pre$ent $isual contact )etween neigh)oring groups of conspecifics housedin the same area' 4leiman 78 6* (andr" an*al , ed' A' (a$age, pp' +D7-7>' Pro$idence: 3oger 2illiams Park oo'

*uMond, /' 78< ' 3ecommendations for a )asic hus)andr% program for lion marmosets' In: Saving %he +ion armo e% , ed' *' Bridgewater' 2heeling, 2+:2AP"'

.pple, &' 78< ' Maintenance, )reeding, and de$elopment of marmoset monke%s CallitricidaeD in capti$it%' #olia Prima%ologica 7 :> -< '

&engozian, !', J' (' Bastson and "' A' (mith' 78- 9


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4leiman, *' &', J' *' Ballou and 3' /' .$ans' 789 ' An anal%sis of recent reproducti$e trends in capti$egolden lion tamarins, +eon%opi%hec* r. ro alia , with comments on their future demographicmanagement' 2n%erna%ional Zoo :ear(ook ' :8?-7 >'

4leiman, *' &', 3' J' ;oage and 4' M' &reen' 7899' "he lion tamarins, genus +eon%opi%hec* . In: $colog"and Behavior o! 'eo%ropical Prima%e +olume , eds' 3' A' Mittermeier, A' B' 3%lands, A' /' Coim)ra-/ilho and &' A' B' da /onseca, pp' 88-=? -7>>'

@@@' 78< ' Management and reproduction of the &oeldiKs Monke% Callimico goeldii "homas, 78 ?D'Callimiconidae, Primates' In: Saving %he +ion armo e% , ed' *' *' Bridgewater, pp' 8 -7 8' 2heeling,2+:2AP"'

Mallinson, J' 78' "he design of two marmoset comple#es at the Jerse% oological Park' Jer e" Wildli!e Pre erva%ion /r* % Ann*al Repor% 7 : 7- '

@@@' 789- >8'

3ett)erg-Beck, ed' 788 ' 6* (andr" pro%ocol !or golden lion %amarin +eon%opi%hec* ro alia ro alia


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H OUSING AND E *HIBITING M I*ED SPECIES OF NEOTROPICAL P RIMATES

Vince Sodaro

INTRODUCTION

;ousing or e#hi)iting !eotropical primates of different species together or housing and e#hi)iting !eotropical primates with other species of animals can ha$e se$eral )enefits' "hese com)inations can create moreinteresting e#hi)its and alle$iate cage-space pro)lems, as well as offer )eha$ioral and social enrichment to theanimals' Man% species of neotropical primates are s%mpatric o$er large areas of their ranges' Pol%specificassociations in the wild, either incidental or deli)erate, ha$e )een documented for se$eral species Pook andPook 789 3%lands 789 "or)orgh 789=D' (ome species com)inations ma% )e considered for mi#ed-specieshousing or e#hi)ition' Man% other com)inations, whether zoogeographicall% correct or not, ha$e )een tried at$arious zoological institutions with mi#ed results' "he success or failure of mi#ed-species introductions can )einfluenced )% se$eral factors, including e#hi)it size method of introduction group composition age and se#ratio of the animals and personalit% differences of indi$iduals'

A short 5uestionnaire was distri)uted in April 788> to appro#imatel% < A A-accredited institutions listed onI(I( as holding !eotropical primates' "o gather information a)out zoosL e#periences with mi#ed-speciescom)inations of !eotropical primates, the institutions were asked to descri)e mi#ed-species introductions'(pecificall%: 7D which species of neotropical primate sD were mi#ed successfull% D which species ofneotropical primatesD were mi#ed unsuccessfull% =D the age se# composition of the groups in$ol$ed in theintroductions and ?D the methods of introduction' "he respondents were asked the same 5uestions to descri)eintroductions )etween !eotropical primates and other species of animals'

3esponses demonstrate that there is no rule of thum) to predict which species com)inations are likel% to )esuccessful' Moreo$er, species com)inations that ha$e )een successful in some situations were unsuccessful inothers' "he responses further demonstrate that the social d%namics of mi#ed-species com)inations can changeo$er time, and that com)inations that appear successful in the short term ma% )reak down later'

C ALLITRICHIDS IN M I*ED +SPECIES E *HIBITS

Based on responses to the 5uestionnaire, callitrichid species are most fre5uentl% in$ol$ed in mi#ed-speciesattempts' Attempts to com)ine two or more callitrichid species or one or more species of callitrichid withanother species of animal are fairl% common and fairl% successful' "heir size, relati$el% modest spacere5uirements, and the ease with which the% can )e transferred into or out of enclosures make them well suitedto man% t%pes of zoo e#hi)its' Callitrichids are occasionall% e#hi)ited in mi#ed-species com)inations with$arious species of ce)idae and are no less likel% to )e successful pro$ided that the differences in dietar% andnutritional re5uirements can )e managed'

(i#teen species of callitrichids were reported )% institutions to ha$e )een tried in mi#ed-species com)inationsincluding :Callimico goeldiiCalli%hri4 melan*raCalli%hri4 5acch*Calli%hri4 geo!!ro"iCalli%hri4 k*hliCe(*ella p"gmaea

+eon%opi%hec* chr" omela +eon%opi%hec* ro alia

Sag*in* !* cicolliSag*in* geo!!ro"iSag*in* impera%or *(gri cecenSag*in* la(ia%*Sag*in* le*cop*Sag*in* midaSag*in* m" %a4Sag*in* oedip*


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C EBIDAE IN M I*ED +SPECIES E *HIBITS

Nuestionnaire respondents indicated that eight of the ele$en genera of Ce)idae ha$e )een attempted in mi#ed-species com)inations, including Alouatta, Aotus, Ateles, Callice)us, Ce)us, 1agothri#, Pithecia, and (aimiri'Com)inations of Ce)idae species with other species, primate or otherwise, are apparentl% less common inzoological institutions than mi#ed-species com)inations in$ol$ing Callitrichidae' A total of fifteen institutionsreported thirt%-fi$e accounts in$ol$ing Ce)idae in mi#ed-species e#hi)its' 0f these, onl% nine reportedcom)inations of two or more genera of Ce)idae and in onl% two of these were three species of Ce)idae mi#ed'"hirteen accounts reported com)ining Ce)idae species with callitrichid species' "went%-one of these thirt%-fi$eaccounts in$ol$ed species of animals other than primates, either alone or in mi#ed primate-speciescom)inations'

Alo*a%%a cara"a and Pi%hecia pi%hecia were the ce)idae species most fre5uentl% in$ol$ed in mi#ed-speciescom)inations'

(e$eral accounts of mi#ed-species attempts in$ol$ing Callice(* Sp. C. moloch or C. donacophil* D suggestthat this genus ma% not )e well suited for mi#ed-species e#hi)ition' Although a group of Callice)us wassuccessfull% com)ined with a group of +eon%opi%hec* ro alia , and also with "oproc%a pra%%i, Choloep*didac%"l* , and $*phrac%* e4cinc%* at the !ational oo, the% were se$erel% intimidated )% a group ofCalli%hri4 melan*ra that was introduced to them' In a separate incident at the !ational oo, -erodon r*pe %ri chased attacked, and )it titi monke%s Ganten 788 D' (imilarl%, a male titi monke% housed with =' Sag*in*impera%or at 1incoln Park oo was separated after the titi appeared intimidated )% the tamarins' A trio of '7 C.donacophil* at the Chicago oological Park were e#tremel% intimidated )% a handreared female callimico thatattacked them in their enclosure' Although separated from the callimico in less than a week, the stress of thisincident led to a chronic case of enteritis in one of the adult male titis'

NEOTROPICAL P RIMATES IN M I*ED +SPECIES C OMBINATIONS WITH NON +PRIMATE SPECIES

A $ariet% of )ird, mammal, and reptile species ha$e )een com)ined successfull% with !eotropical primates inmi#ed-species e#hi)its' "he maEorit% has )een mi#ed with callitrichid species or with Pithecia or Aotus ine#hi)its of small mammals' "hese species include appro#imatel% > )ird species, four reptile species, and 79mammal species' Man% others might also )e suita)le' Nuestionnaire respondents indicated few pro)lems with

)ird primate com)inations pro$ided that the )irds ha$e ample perches for resting, enough space to e$ade themonke%s, and can )e fed without pro)lems'

3eptile species mi#ed with !eotropical primates were limited to 2g*ana Sp ' and one species of tortoise3eocheloni car(onaira D' "amarins at the 2oodland Park oo in (eattle reportedl% chewed on the crests of

adult green iguanas, resulting in one %oung tamarin )eing )itten on the tail )% the iguana' "he possi)ilit% ofsalmonella contamination from reptiles to primates was a concern and led the zoo to separate the tamarins fromthe iguanas, although no e$idence of salmonella was actuall% found'

Mammal species e#hi)ited with !eotropical primates included:&olden-rumped agouti Da "proc%a cri %a%aD&reen acouchi "oproc%a pra%%iDChinchilla A(rocoma Sp.

Callice)us donacophilus 7Callithri# melanura 7

Callithri# melanura Callice)us moloch 7Callimico goeldii 7

1eontopithecus rosalia 7Callithri# Eacchus Ateles geoffro%i 7(aguinus oedipusPithecia pithecia 7

Callithri# geoffro%i Ce)uella p%gmaea 71eontopithecus chr%somelas 7(aguinus leucopus 7

Callithri# kuhli 1eontopithecus rosalia 7Ce)uella p%gmaea Callice)us moloch

Callithri# geoffro%i 71eontopithecus rosalia1eontopithecus chr%somelas 7(aguinus imperator 7(aguinus leucopus 7

1eontopithecus chr%somelas Callimico goeldii >Callithri# geoffro%iCe)uella p%gmaea 71eontopithecus rosalia 7(aguinus m%sta# 7(aguinus oedipus 7Alouatta cara%a 7 7Callice)us moloch 7Callithri# melanura 7Callithri# kuhli 7Pithecia pithecia 7(aguinus geoffro%i 7(aguinus midas midas

(aguinus imperator Ce)uella p%gmaea 7(aguinus la)iatus Ce)uella p%gmaea 7O

(aguinus oedipus 7(aguinus leucopus Callithri# geoffro%i 7(aguinus midas midas Alouatta cara%a 7

1eontopithecus rosalia(aguinus geoffro%i 7

(aguinus m%sta# 1eontopithecus chr%somelas 71eontopithecus rosalia 7

(aguinus oedipus Alouatta cara%a 7Callithri# Eacchus1agothri# lagotricha 71eontopithecus chr%somelas 7

Pithecia pithecia 7(aguinus la)iatus 7(aimiri sciureus 7

O An otherwise successful introduction at Philadelphia oo ended in a Ce)uella death )% 4' rupestris after fourda%s'

T ABLE 1B. S UCCESS FAILURE RATES OF MI*ED SPECIES COMBINATIONS OF C EBIDAE

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C#/%('# S"#$%# Su$$# F'%-u!#Alouatta cara%a Callice)us (p' 7

Ce)us al)ifrons 7Ce)us apella 71eontopithecus rosalia 7 7Pithecia pithecia

(aguinus midas midas 7(aimiri sciureus 7Aotus (aimiri (p' 7Ateles geoffro%i Callithri# Eacchus 7

Ce)us apella 7Cercopithecus diana 7(aimiri (p' 7

Callice)us (p' Alouatta cara%a 7Callimico 7Callithri# melanura 7Ce)uella p%gmaea1eontopithecus rosalia 7(aguinus imperator 7

Ce)us apella Alouatta cara%a 7Ateles geoffro%i 7Ce)us ;%)rid 7(aimiri (p' 7

Ce)us al)ifrons Alouatta cara%a 7(aguinus midas 7

1agothri# lagotricha Pithecia pithecia 7 7(aguinus oedipus 7(aimiri (p' 7

Pithecia pithecia Alouatta cara%aCallithri# Eacchus 71agothri# lagotricha 7 7(aguinus oedipus 7(aimiri (p' 7

(aimiri (p' Alouatta cara%a 7Aotus (p' 7Ateles geoffro%i 7Ce)us apella 71agothri# lagotricha 7Pithecia pithecia 7(aguinus oedipus 7

APPENDI* 1. R ESULTS OF MI*ED +SPECIES COMBINATIONS FOR C ALLITRICHIDAE

Callimico goeldii

Ch%$'0 Z - 0%$'- P'!

S*cce !*l 7' w 7' 1eontopithecus chr%somelas7' w 7' 1eontopithecus chr%somelas

C &t 3 "he same callimico was housed with two different tamarins' Paired in FneutralF cage to offsetan% dominance ad$antage that might result from pairing occurring in home territor% of either animal' !oserious pro)lems were o)ser$ed, )ut chasing of the tamarin from the food )owl )% the Callimico at feedingtime was initiall% a pro)lem' Pair is now gi$en two separate )owls'

7' w '7 1eontopithecus rosaliaC &t 3 Pair li$ed together for se$eral %ears with no pro)lems'

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&n *cce !*l 7'7 w 7'7 1eontopithecus chr%somelas

C &t 3 Callimico pair was introduced into the tamarinsK cage and interactions were closel% o)ser$edfor the first two hours' /emale callimico e#hi)ited prose#ual )eha$iors and directed pilo-solicit displa%towards male tamarin' "he following da% the female callimico and female tamarin fought resulting in ase$ere )ite wound to the tamarin' Pair was immediatel% separated'

'7 ;andreared w '7 Callice)us donacophilusC &t 3 "he callimico was $er% imprinted on people and had fought with conspecifics in se$eralhousing situations' (he )egan to attack the titis the da% after )eing introduced into their enclosure' "he%had shown no aggression towards her and seemed to )e intimidated )% her presence' (he was remo$edfrom their enclosure after less than one week'

D%$ #! 2 P'! ZS*cce !*l 7' w ' 1eontopithecus chr%somelas mother Eu$enile daughterD' father sonD w 7'7 1eontopithecus chr%somelas adult pairD

C &t 3 sed howd% stalls for appro#imatel% one month or so, depending on aggression or acti$it%'

&n *cce !*l 7' 2 =' 1eontopithecus ch%somelas

C &t 3 1' chr%somelas attacked callimico' "ried to howd% for appro#imatel% three months withoutsuccess'

D!#h#! P'! ZS*cce !*l '= w 7'7 1eontopithecus rosalia

C &t 3 Callimico group was first introduced to the male tamarin' /emale introduced later' Animalswere simpl% put together into the same e#hi)it without prior e#posure to each other'

N't% 2'- Z - 0%$'- P'!S*cce !*l &roup no num)ers gi$enD w ' ' 4erodon rupestris

C &t 3 4erondon chased the callimico )ut no aggression )% the %ounger rodents was e$er o)ser$ed'&rooming of the %oung 4' rupestris )% the callimico occurred dail% Ganten 788 D'

7' w 7' Callthri# melanura and 7' 1eontopithecus rosaliaC &t 3 ;oused in an outdoor e#hi)it during summer months' !o aggression o)ser$ed during earl%stage of introduction and animals were grooming and huddling together within two weeks' "rio did welltogether until separated after )eing )rought indoors to a$oid cold weather Ganten 788 D'

S'%2t L u% Z - 0%$'- P'!S*cce !*l 7'= pair and two daughtersD w ' 1eontopithecus chr%somelas si)lingsD

C &t 3 /irst introduced through mesh that separated holding cages' Actual introduction occurred one#hi)it to gi$e animals more room' (ome initial chasing of the tamarins )% oldest Eu$enile callimico, )ut

ne$er an% fights' Allogrooming has )een seen )etween species'

Callithrix melanura

N't% 2'- Z - 0%$'- P'!S*cce !*l 7' w 7' Callimico goeldii and 7' 1eontopithecus rosalia

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C &t 3 ;oused in an outdoor e#hi)it during summer months' !o aggression o)ser$ed during earl%stage of introduction and animals were grooming and huddling together with two weeks' "rio did welltogether until )eing separated after )eing )rought indoors to a$oid cold weather Ganten 788 D'

nspecified num)er of indi$iduals w M%oprocta pratti, 0ctodon degus Ganten 788 D

&n *cce !*l nspecified num)er of indi$iduals w 4erodon rupestris

C &t 3 4erodon chased the marmosets' Aggressi$e kerodon were remo$ed and replaced with%ounger animals' Com)ination worked for nearl% 7 months until these animals also )egan to chase themarmosets'

7'7 w 7'7 )reeding pair Callice)us moloch and 7'7 offspringC &t 3 Initiall%, )oth groups appeared to )e frightened of each other, )ut the marmosets settled downwithin two da%s' !o actual aggression o)ser$ed )ut the titis showed signs of )eing se$erel% intimidated )%the titis, spending all of their time at floor le$el in the e#hi)it' "he marmosets were remo$ed from thee#hi)it thereafter Ganten 788 D'

Callithrix jacchus

Au(u/ 2 Z - 0%$'- G'!(#2S*cce !*l '7 w ' Ateles (p'

C &t 3 Both species housed on an island during the da% and )rought into indoor holding cages atnight' 0riginal introduction was done )% putting the marmosets inside of a 7 K # 7 K cage with anest)o# and putting the cage on the spider monke% island' "his was done for two weeks, )ringing thespider monke%s into a holding area at night while lea$ing the marmosets on the island' "he% were thengi$en access to the island alone for two da%s' "he spider monke%s were then gi$en access to the islandwith the marmosets' Introduction was une$entful'

C -u&/u Z - 0%$'- G'!(#2S*cce !*l Adult )reeding pair w man% offspring com)inations w 7'7 two-toed sloth Choloepus didact%lusD

C &t 3 (loths placed in the e#hi)it after the marmosets had acclimated'

H'"") H -- 4 Z&n *cce !*l 7' w '7 (aguinus oedipus

O&'h'5 H#2!) D !-) Z&n *cce !*l 7' w 7'7 (aguinus oedipus

C &t 3 Both species were free ranging in large rainforest e#hi)it' "he marmosets were remo$ed afteraggressi$e attacks )% the tamarins'

V%!0%2%' ZS*cce !*l 7' w 7'7 prehensile-tailed porcupine Coendu prehensilisD and '7 green acouchi M%oprocta prattiD

C &t 3 "his com)ination is descri)ed as )eing successful although the marmoset sustained a )itewound on its arm which was )elie$ed to ha$e )een inflicted )% the acouchi' .#hi)it is appro#imatel% Klong # 7 K deep # 9K high'

L%tt-# R $ Z - 0%$'- G'!(#2&n *cce !*l 7'7'7 w 7'= Pithecia pithecia, 7' two-toed sloth species D

C &t 3 All three species li$ed in complete harmon%' "he male saki )ecame $er% protecti$e of themarmosets' "he sloth was in a nocturnal situation and onl% came out at night while primates were sleeping'"his com)ination failed onl% )ecause the marmosets preferred to eat the canned primate food that was

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intended for the sakis resulting in an im)alance of +itamin *=' 0riginall%, the marrmosets were placed inair kennel in e#hi)it for se$eral hours )efore releasing them' !o pro)lems were o)ser$ed'

Callithrix geoffroyi

Ph%-'(#-"h%' ZS*cce !*l =' si)lings@three %ear old and two-and-a-half-%ear-old twinsD w ' 1eontopithecus chr%somelas7' 9-%ear-old female and three-%ear-old male twinsD w ' 1eontopithecus chr%somelas

C &t 3 In )oth introductions, marmosets were )rought into the tamarin e#hi)it in a kennel case andremained there for a short period of time )efore )eing released' Beha$ior was closel% monitoredthroughout the da% following release'

7' one %ear old D w 7' si# %ear oldD (aguinus leucopus

&n *cce !*l 7' and 7' (aguinus leocopus w 7' Ce)uella p%gmaea

C &t 3 "his introduction was unsuccessful )ecause the other two animals intimidated the Ce)uella';e spent most of the time hiding in the e#hi)it' "he other two animals ate the special diet made for theCe)uella no matter where it was placed' Introduction was done with the Ce)uella )eing put into the e#hi)itin a howd% cage for a short time and then e$entuall% released'

?'> )reeding pair and se$en offspringD w 7'= si#-)anded armadillos .uphractus se#cinctusDC &t 3 0nl% pro)lem occurred when an inEured marmoset fell to the ground and was )itten )% thefemale armadillo'

7'7' famil% group' w '7 acouchi M%oprocta prattiDC &t 3 Com)ination worked well until two of the %ounger marmosets were )itten during theconfusion of two catch ups within da%s of each other' Acouchi was then mo$ed to a larger e#hi)it'

7 -7> group of large, mi#ed-se#, $arious-aged group w 7 saffron toucanet Baillonicus )ailloniDC &t 3 Marmosets attacked the toucanet'

7 -7> group of large, mi#ed-se#, $arious-aged group w kerodonsC &t 3 Com)ination worked well until the )reeding female marmoset ga$e )irth' "he marmosetsthen attacked the kerodons'

?'> w 7'7 si#-)anded armadillos and 7' kerodonC &t 3 Marmosets displa%ed minor aggression towards the kerodon' 4erodon remo$ed from e#hi)it

after one-and-a-half weeks'7' w 7' (aguinus leucopus and 7' kerodon

C &t 3 4erondon attacked the tamarin on two separate occasions, inflicting a )ite wound in one ofthem' 4erodon was remo$ed from the e#hi)it after one month' Callithri# geoffro%i has also )een reportedto ha$e )een successfull% e#hi)ited with Callice)us moloch, Ce)uella p%gmaea, 1eontopithecus rosalia,and M%oprocta pratti Ganten 788 D'

Callithrix kuhli

I2(%'2'" -% Z

S*cce !*l 7'7 adults w 7'7 adult 1eontopithecus rosalia, unspecified num)ers of Brazilian cardinals, saffron finches,tur5uoise tanagers, *s%procta, %ellow-footed tortoise

C &t 3 "he marmosets and tamarins were housed ne#t to each other in small cages )efore putintroduction in large e#hi)it' "he male marmoset was put in after the others were in the e#hi)it and wasreleased with no pre$ious e#posure to the others' !o pro)lems noted' "he marmosets ha$e caught andeaten one of the saffron finches'

Cebuella pygmaea

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L%2$ -2 P'! ZS*cce !*l '7 w 7'7 (aguinus imperator su)grisescens handreared twinsD w 7'7 (aguinus imperator su)grisescens)reeding pairD

C &t 3 Put into side-)%-side holding cages and then into the same holding cage' Allowed into e#hi)itfor first time together' "he tamarins are fed separatel% in holding to pre$ent them from eating themarmosetsK food'

F - & Ch%-(!#26 ZS*cce !*l nspecified num)er w Iguana iguana and red-footed tortoise &eocheloni car)onairaD

N't% 2'- Z - 0%$'- P'!S*cce !*l 7' w 7'7 adult and 7' Eu$enile 1eontopithecus rosalia

C &t 3 "he marmoset was sh% and spent a great deal of time during the first two months of theintroduction hiding from the tamarins in thick foliage' ;e e$entuall% )egan to run and interact with thetamarins as well as groom, huddle, and sleep with them'

&n *cce !*l 7'7 w 7'7 adult Callice)us moloch and 7'7 offspring

C &t 3 Both marmosets de$eloped intestinal inflammation that was considered to )e stress-related''7 w 7'7 adult Callice)us moloch and 7'7 offspring

C &t 3 Com)ination lasted onl% one da% )ecause one of the male marmosets was stressed )% attacks )% the other male marmoset Ganten 788 D'

Ph%-'(#-"h%' ZS*cce !*l '7 )reeding female and si# male offspringD w 7'7 1eontopithecus chr%somelas

C &t 3 "hese groups were first com)ined unsuccessfull% while the female marmosetKs mate and sireof the si# offspring was part of the group' (ee )elow under F nsuccessful'F


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Leontopithecus chrysomelas

Ch%$'0 Z - 0%$'- P'!S*cce !*l 7' w 7' Callimico goeldii7' w 7' Callimico goeldii

C &t 3 Both tamarins were housed with the same callimico on separate occasions' Paired in FneutralFcage to offset an% dominance ad$antage that might result from pairing occurring in home territor% of either animal' !o serious pro)lems were o)ser$ed, )ut chasing of the 1eontopithecus from the food )owl )% theCallimico at feeding time was initiall% a pro)lem' Pair is now fed in separate )owls'

7' w '7 (aguinus oedipusC &t 3 Pair copulates fre5uentl%' /emale is contracepted with melangesterol acetate implant'

&n *cce !*l 7'7 w 7'7 Callimico goeldii

C &t 3 Callimico pair was introduced into the tamarinsK cage and interactions were closel% o)ser$edfor the first two hours' /emale callimico e#hi)ited prose#ual )eha$iors and directed pilo-solicit displa%toward male tamarin' "he following da% the female callimico and female tamarin fought resulting in ase$ere )ite wound to the tamarin' Pair was immediatel% separated'

D%$ #! 2 P'! ZS*cce !*l ' mother and daughterD w 7' Callimico7'7 w ' father and sonD Callimico

C &t 3 howd% stalls for appro#imatel% one month, depending on aggression or acti$it%'

&n *cce !*l =' adultsD w 7' adult Callimico

C &t 3 Callimico was attacked )% the tamarins' Attempted to reintroduce )% housing the callimico inhowd% cage for appro#imatel% three months, )ut reintroduction failed'

F - & Ch%-(!#26 ZS*cce !*l

1eontopithecus chr%somelas no num)ers age se# composition citedD w green acouchi M%oprocta prattiD'1eontopithecus chr%somelas no num)ers age se# composition citedD w two-toed sloth Choloepus didact%lusD

C &t 3 Achouchis will eat new)orn tamarins that fall to the ground'7' w 7' 1eontopithecus rosalia and '7 (aguinus m%sta#'

C &t 3 !ew animal was put into air kennel for 7 da% and then released in e#hi)it' !o aggressiono)ser$ed'

Ph%-'(#-"h%' ZS*cce !*l 7'7 w '7 Ce)uella p%gmaea

C &t 3 "hese groups were first com)ined unsuccessfull% while the female marmosetKs mate and sireof the si# offspring was part of the group' (ee )elow under F nsuccessful'F' w =' Callithri# geoffro%i si)lings@three %ears old and one-and-a-half-%ear-old twinsD' w 7' Callithri# geoffro%i

C &t 3 In )oth introductions, marmosets were )rought into the e#hi)it of the tamarins in a kennelcase and remained there for a short period of time )efore )eing released' Beha$ior was closel% monitoredthroughout the da% following release'

&n *cce !*l 7'7 w < 7 Ce)uella p%gmaea

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C &t 3 (ame group of marmosets and tamarins as listed a)o$e )ut with the addition of )reeding malemarmoset' "his indi$idual periodicall% intensel% chased the female tamarin female that caused her to hideand pre$ented her from o)taining food' /or introduction, the tamarins were )rought into the e#hi)it in akennel and introduced as in the pre$ious cases'

S'%2t L u% ZS*cce !*l ' si)lingsD w 7'= Callimico goeldii )reeding pair and Eu$enile daughtersD

C &t 3 (ome initial chasing of the tamarins )% oldest Eu$enile callimico, )ut ne$er an% fights'Allogrooming has )een seen )etween species' "he tamarins were separated from the adult femalecallimico for se$eral weeks after she ga$e )irth and then reunited without pro)lems'

S#(04%$ C u2t) ZS*cce !*l 7'7 w ' Ce)uella p%gmaea and ;offmanKs two-toed sloth Choloepus hoffmanniD

C &t 3 "his tamarin pair is housed with the a)o$e species for short periods of time and thenalternated with 1' rosalia'

Leontopithecus rosalia

Au(u/ 2 Z - 0%$'- G'!(#2S*cce !*l 7' w 7'7 Alouatta cara%a and ' Pithecia pithecia

C &t 3 "he tamarin was first introduced to the female howler without incident in !o$em)er 788 '"he male howler was added to this com)ination in June 788=, again without incident' '7 sakis wereintroduced to the group in 0cto)er 788=' In !o$em)er 788=, the tamarin was o)ser$ed grooming andthrusting against the male howler' In *ecem)er 788=, the tamarin attacked the male howler, inflictingwounds on his hands and feet' "he tamarin )egan to chase the howler fre5uentl%' After a few weeks thehowler reesta)lished dominance and pro)lems ceased'

Bu!2#tt P'! ZS*cce !*l

7'7 w ' )lue-crowned motmot Momotus momotaD, 7'7 tinamou "inamus (p'D, 7'7 "roupial Icterus icterusD,7'7 %ellow-)illed cardinal Paroaria capitataD, and 7'7 crested cardinal Paroaria coronataDC &t 3 Birds were added to the e#hi)it with the addition of numerous perching sitesD singl% or in

pairs' "he tamarins show little interest in the )irds, )ut eat their food'

C'"# M') C u2t) ZS*cce !*l 7' w '7 (aguinus midas midas

C &t 3 "he 1' rosalia was put into a K # K # =K )ird cage which was then put into the


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at night where the% are fed' (loth remains in the e#hi)it at night and is fed there after the tamarins are )rought in' (loth inflicted a serious )ite wound on the hand of one of the tamarins resulting in fracture'"his has onl% occurred once' "amarins are no longer e#hi)ited with acouchis, )ut few interactions occurred

)etween the species when the% were together' "he island on which the tamarins and sloth are e#hi)ited is part of a much larger e#hi)it from which the island is isolated' (e$eral species of free-ranging )irds ha$e attimes li$ed in the e#hi)it and occasionall% land momentaril% on the island and are usuall% chased awa% )%the tamarins' "hese species ha$e included "oco toucans 3hamphastos tocoD, keel-)illed toucans3hamphastos sulfuratusD, cattle egrets Ardeola i)isD, red-crested cardinals Paroaria coronataD, Me#icancacic5ues Cassiculus melanicterusD, king $ultures (arcoramphus papaD, )are-throated )ell)irds ProcniasnudicollisD, tur5uoise tanagers "angara me#icanaD, sun conures Aratinga solstitialisD, piping guansAr)urria pipileD, saffron toucanet Baillonicus )ailloniD, plush-crested Ea%s C%anocora# chr%sopsD, )lue-crowned Motmot Momotus momotaD, and common trumpeters Psophia creptitansD'

' w 7' agouti *as%procta cristataDC &t 3 0ne of the tamarins routinel% FrodeF the agouti, clinging to its )ack' Agouti was $er% docileand no negati$e interactions occurred'

D!#h#! P'! ZS*cce !*l 7'7 w '= Callimico goeldii

C &t 3 "he male tamarin was introduced to the callimico group first' "he female was introducedlater' "he animals were simpl% put into the e#hi)it together without prior e#posure'

E- P' ZS*cce !*l ' w red-crested cardinals, green aracari Pteroglossus $iridisD, common trumpeters Psophia crepitansD, red-

rumped caci5ues Cacicus haemorrhousD, white-crown pigeon enaida asiaticaD and sil$er-)eakedtanagers 3amphocelus car)oDC &t 3 Also ha$e )een e#hi)ited with green acouchis M%oprocta prattiD' All animals put in the withthe tamarins are first introduced to the e#hi)it in Fhowd%F cage from -= da%s' Aggression has ne$er )een a

pro)lem' "rumpeters steal mealworms food from the tamarins and will occasionall% chase them or peck atthem' !o inEuries occurred to date'

F - & Ch%-(!#26 Z

S*cce !*l 1eontopithecus rosalia no num)ers age se# composition citedD w green acouchi M%oprocta prattiD1eontopithecus rosalia no num)ers agese# composition citedD w two-toed sloth Choloepus didact%lusD

C &t 3 !o special introductions' Acouchis will eat new)orn tamarins that fall to the ground'

Gu-7 B!##8# ZS*cce !*l 7' w 7' 1eontopithecus chr%somelas and '7 (aguinus m%sta#7' w 7' (aguinus midas midas

C &t 3 !ew animal was put in air kennel for 7 da% then released in e#hi)it' !o aggression o)ser$ed'

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I2(%'2'" -% ZS*cce !*l 7'7 w 7'7 Callithri# kuhli and unspecified num)ers of Brazilian cardinals, saffron finches, tur5uoise tanagers,das%procta species D, %ellow-footed tortoises

C &t 3 "he marmosets and tamarins were housed ne#t to each other in small cages )efore )eing puttogether in the large e#hi)it' "he male marmoset was put in after the others were the e#hi)it and wasreleased with no prior e#posure them'

N't% 2'- Z - 0%$'- P'!S*cce !*l 7' w 7' Callimico goeldii and 7' Callithri# melanura

C &t 3 ;oused in an outdoor e#hi)it during summer months' !o aggression o)ser$ed during earl%stage of introduction and animals were grooming and huddling together within two weeks' "rio did welltogether until )eing separated after )eing )rought indoors to a$oid cold weather Ganten 788 D'

'= )reeding pair and 7' Eu$enilesD w 7' Ce)uella, M%oprocta pratti, .uphractus se#cinctus, and Choloepusdidact%lus Ganten 788 D'

C &t 3 Ganten 788 D reports that 7' Ce)uella was introduced to 7'7 adult and 7' Eu$enile1eontopithecus rosalia' "he Ce)uella was sh% and spent a great deal of time during the first two months ofthe introduction hiding from the tamarins in thick foliage' .$entuall%, he )egan to run and interact with thetamarins as well as groom, huddle, and sleep with them'

/amil% group no num)ers age se# composition citedD w '7 Callice)us molochC &t 3 "he tamarins were housed in an outdoor enclosure separated from a hea$il% planted indoorenclosure )% a wiremesh introduction door' "he titis were put into the indoor enclosure' Introduction doorwas remo$ed after one week' "he titis were initiall% intimidated )% the tamarins, particularl% the males,who would rush towards them as a group' "he titis would spend time on the floor of the enclosure to a$oidthe tamarins )ut, after three weeks, shifted their perching area to another part of the enclosure where the%felt more secure' "his com)ination is reported to ha$e )een successful Ganten 788 D'

&n *cce !*l nspecified num)er w 7'7 Pithecia pitheca

C &t 3 Com)ination )roke down after appro#imatel% one %ear' Males of )oth species foughtresulting in inEuries to )oth'

O&'h'5 H#2!) D !-) ZS*cce !*l 7'7 w 7'7 (aguinus geoffro%i

C &t 3 (ee pre$ious entr%' "he pair of (aguinus geoffro%i seemed to coe#ist well with the goldenlion tamarins with $irtuall% no signs of aggression following the remo$al of the (aguinus midas pair untilthe golden lion tamarins died'

&n *cce !*l 7'7 w 7'7 (aguinus geoffro%i and 7'7 (aguinus midas midas

C &t 3 "his com)ination was successful for se$en months until the (' geoffro%i )egan attacking themale (' midas' "he (aguinus midas were remo$ed from the e#hi)it' A reintroduction was attempted )utwith the same results'

Pu#/- Z

S*cce !*l nspecified num)er w unspecified num)er of M%oprocta prattiC &t 3 Introduced in a Qhowd%R cage to see interactions' Interactions )etween the species wereapparentl% not pro)lematic )ut the acouchis were separated from the tamarins )ecause of health pro)lemsof the acouchis associated with the amount of marmoset diet that the% were eating'


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R 0#! W%--%'& P'! ZS*cce !*l nspecified num)er w red-capped cardinal Paroaria coronataD, )lue-gre% tanager "hraupis episcopusD,southern lapwing +anellus chilensisD, and green )asilisk

C &t 3 (maller animals were )riefl% placed in a Qhowd%R cage within the tamarinKs e#hi)it'

R%9#!/'2 Z&n *cce !*l nspecified num)er of animals w Alouatta cara%a and *as%procta cristata

C &t 3 Mi# reported to ha$e worked for a while, )ut the male tamarin was found se$erel% )itten'nknown which other species caused the wound )ut the tamarin was remo$ed'

S#(04%$ C u2t) ZS*cce !*l 7'7 w ' Ce)uella p%gmaea and two-toed sloth Choloepus hoffmanniD

Saguinus fuscicollis

R%9#!/'2 ZS*cce !*l (aguinus fuscicollis no num)ers agese# composition citedD w Phallanger g%mnotis

C &t 3 3eported to ha$e mi#ed these species without difficult%'

Saguinus geoffroyi

O&'h'5 H#2!) D !-) ZS*cce !*l 7'7 w7'7 1eontopithecus rosalia

C &t 3 (ee pre$ious entr% under F nsuccessful'F "he pair of (aguinus geoffro%i seemed to co-e#istwell with the golden lion tamarins with $irtuall% no signs of aggression following the remo$al of the(aguinus midas pair' "his com)ination was successful until the golden lion tamarins died'

&n *cce !*l 7'7 w 7'7 (aguinus geoffro%i and 7'7 (aguinus midas midas

C &t 3 "his com)ination was successful for se$en months until the (' geoffro%i )egan attacking themale (' midas' "he (aguinus midas were remo$ed from the e#hi)it' A reintroduction was attempted )utwith the same results'

7'7 w 7'7 (aguinus oedipus and 7'7 1eontopithecus rosaliaC &t 3 All three species were free ranging in rainforest e#hi)it' Cotton-tops remo$ed )ecause ofaggression towards the &eoffre%Ls tamarins'

7'7 w 7'7 1eontopithecus rosalia and 7'7 (aguinus midas midasC &t 3 "his com)ination was successful for se$en months' &eoffre%Ls tamarins )egan attacking themale (aguinus midas' "he (aguinus midas were remo$ed from the e#hi)it' A reintroduction was attempted

)ut with the same results'

Pu#/- ZS*cce !*l nspecified num)er w unspecified num)er of M%oprocta pratti

C &t 3 Introduced in a Qhowd%R cage to see interactions' Interactions )etween the species wereapparentl% no pro)lem, )ut the acouchis were separated from the tamarins )ecause of health pro)lems ofthe acouchis associated with the amount of marmoset diet that the% were eating'

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Saguinus imperator

L%2$ -2 P'! ZS*cce !*l 7'7 w '7 Ce)uella p%gmaea

C &t 3 Put in side-)%-side holding cages then into same holding cage' Allowed into e#hi)it for firsttime together' "he tamarins were fed separatel% in holding to pre$ent them from eating the marmosetsK diet'

Su2 #t Z - 0%$'- P'!S*cce !*l 7' w unspecified num)er of green acouchi M%oprocta prattiD, unspecified num)er of green iguana, andunspecified num)er of red-footed tortoise &eocheloni car)onairaD and unspecified num)er of emerald greentoucanets

C &t 3 "he e#hi)it in which all introductions took place was )uilt to house tamarins' /or eachintroduction of additional animals after the tamarins, the tamarins were placed in a Fhowd%F cage for atime such that the keepers and curatorial staff felt the other species in the e#hi)it had )ecome use to them'Potentiall% aggressi$e species were then put into the Fhowd%F cage' "he tamarins were released to allowthem to )ecome more familiar with the e#hi)it so that if aggression occurred the monke%s would knowwhere to go for securit% and so that the% would not panic and inEure themsel$es na$igating the e#hi)it' "heemerald green toucanets can )e aggressi$e' "here were some minor nips from them with onl% a torn nail asan% inEur% recorded' .$entuall% the tamarin )ecame )old enough and could face down the toucanets in aconfrontation' "he% continue to )e mildl% hostile towards each other'

Saguinus labiatus

Bu!2#tt P'! Z&n *cce !*l 7'7 w 7'7 (aguinus oedipus

C &t 3 Cotton-tops were too aggressi$e for the red-)ellied tamarins'

N't% 2'- Z - 0%$'- P'!S*cce !*l

&roup no num)ers age se# composition citedD w green acouchi M%oprocta prattiD, 1a Plata three-)andedarmadillo "ol%peutes matacusD, degus 0ctodon degusD, and 4erodon rupestris Ganten 788 D

Ph%-'(#-"h%' ZS*cce !*l 7'= 7?-%ear-old male and three female offspringD w ' golden-rumped agoutis *as%procta cristataD

C &t 3 "his group was a successful mi# to a certain e#tent' "here were no signs of aggression seen )etween the two species )ut there were two une#plained deaths of tamarins se$eral %ears apart' "he% wereo)$iousl% due to cage-mate aggression, )ut the source was unconfirmed'

&n *cce !*l 7'= w same group as a)o$eD w ' golden-rumped agoutis *as%procta cristataD and


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Ph%-'(#-"h%' ZS*cce !*l '7 w 7' Callithri# geoffro%i

&n *cce !*l '7 w 7' Callithri# geoffro%i and 7' 4erodon rupestris

C &t 3 4erodon attacked the tamarin on two separate occasions, inflicting a )ite wound in one ofthem' 4erodon was remo$ed from the e#hi)it after less than a month'

Saguinus midas midas

C'"# M') C u2t) ZS*cce !*l 7' w '7 1eontopithecus rosalia

C &t 3 "he golden lion tamarin was put into a K # K # =K )ird cage which was then put into the


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Gu-7 B!##8# ZS*cce !*l '7 w 7' 1eontopithecus rosalia and 7' 1eontopithecus chr%somelas

Saguinus oedipus

A ! 2 Z - 0%$'- P'!S*cce !*l 7'= w 7' green iguana and 7'7 chinchilla A)rocoma (p'D

C &t 3 All three species were put into the e#hi)it at the same time with no pro)lems'

Bu!2#tt P'! Z&n *cce !*l 7'7 w 7'7 (aguinus la)iatus

C &t 3 Cotton-tops were too aggressi$e for the red-)ellied tamarins'

Ch%$'0 Z - 0%$'- P'!S*cce !*l '7 w 7' 1eontopithecus chr%somelas

C &t 3 Pair copulates fre5uentl%' /emale contracepted with melangesterol acetate implant'

H'"") H -- 4 Z&n *cce !*l '7 w 7' Callithri# Eacchus

C &t 3 !o other information gi$en'

H u t 2 Z - 0%$'- G'!(#2S*cce !*l 7'7 handrearedD w 7'7 Alouatta cara%a

C &t 3 Both species are housed in a naturalistic e#hi)it during the da% and are trained to respond toseparate auditor% signals to come into separate holding cages at night' Both species are freel% offered

primate chow and canned diets )ut do not recei$e produce unless the% come off e#hi)it at night' "hetamarins are well trained and regularl% come off e#hi)it at night'

O&'h'5 H#2!) D !-) ZS*cce !*l 7'7 w 7' 1agothri# lagotricha, ' Pithecia pithecia, '? (aimiri (p', 7'7 "apiris terrestris, 7'7 American a$ocet3ecur$irosta americanaD, 7'7 spurwinged plo$er, 7'7 crested screamer Chauna tor5uataD, 7'7 green iguana, 7'tamandua "amandua tetradact%laD

C &t 3 Island-t%pe e#hi)it' Primar% introduction was done in holding areas prior to release on theisland' Inter- and intraspecies introductions alwa%s occur in the holding areas' Initiall%, the species aregi$en access to a common fence for limited periods, with keeper super$ision' As the integration

progresses, )oth species are allowed to in$estigate each otherKs cages and transfer alle%s' In most situations,the cages are set up in a pattern that allows for man% escape routes' In the final phase of the introduction,

each species is gi$en access to the island without the other species present' "his ena)les each group tofamiliarize itself with the ha)itat without the pressure of defending a territor%' "he species in holding cansee the other species on the island, and the groups are switched dail%' After the keepers are comforta)le, anintroduction is performed with super$ision throughout the da%' "he animals are separated at night in thesleeping 5uarters if an% antagonism is e#hi)ited'

&n *cce !*l

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7'7 w 7' Callithri# EacchusC &t 3 Both species free-ranging in large rainforest e#hi)it' Common marmosets were remo$ed after aggressi$e attacks )% the cotton-tops'

Pu#/- ZS*cce !*l nspecified num)er w unspecified num)er of M%oprocta pratti

C &t 3 Introduced in a Qhowd%R cage to see interactions' Interactions )etween the species wereapparentl% not pro)lematic )ut the acouchis were separated from the tamarins )ecause of health pro)lemsof the acouchis associated with the amount of marmoset diet that the% were eating'

R%9#!/'2 Z - 0%$'- P'! '2( B t'2%$'- G'!(#2&n *cce !*l 7'7 w sloths and acouchis M%oprocta prattiD

C &t 3 "amarins reported to ha$e attacked )oth species'

R 0#! W%--%'& P'! ZS*cce !*l ' '7 w two-toed sloth

C &t 3 Animals were all placed together in a new e#hi)it'

&n *cce !*l 7' w 7' Pithecia pithecia

C &t 3 Males were housed in adEoining enclosures for se$eral weeks' Animals were allowed accessto each otherLs enclosures under close o)ser$ation )% the keeper staff' 0n the first da%, male saki )ecameaggressi$e towards the tamarin' "he tamarin )ecame aggressi$e towards the saki on the second da%' 0n thethird da%, the two were separated after the saki suffered superficial inEuries'

nspecified num)er w golden-rumped agouti *as%procta cristataDC &t 3 Agouti killed a Eu$enile tamarin and inEured an adult' Animals were all placed together in anew e#hi)it'

S'%2t L u% Z - 0%$'- P'!S*cce !*l ' w 7'7 Pithecia pithecia

C &t 3 /irst introduction done through screen )etween holding cages' Actual introduction was doneon e#hi)it to gi$e animals more room' (ome chasing of the tamarins )% the male saki )ut no contact orfighting' (pecies were left together thereafter with no pro)lems' 1ittle interaction was o)sre$ed )etweenthe species' /ed separatel% due to separate diets'

Su2 #t Z - 0%$'- P'!S*cce !*l '7 w unspecified num)er of green acouchi M%oprocta prattiD, unspecified num)er of green iguana, and

unspecified num)er of red-footed tortoise &eocheloni car)onairaDC &t 3 "he e#hi)it in which all introductions took place was )uilt to house tamarins' /or eachintroduction of additional animals after the tamarins, the tamarins were placed in a Fhowd%F cage for atime such that the keepers and curatorial staff felt the other species in the e#hi)it had )ecome use to them'Potentiall% aggressi$e species were then put into the Fhowd%F cage' "he tamarins were released to allowthem to )ecome more familiar with the e#hi)it so that if aggression occurred the monke%s would knowwhere to go for securit% and so that the% would not panic and inEure themsel$es na$igating the e#hi)it'

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APPENDI* :. R ESULTS OF MI*ED +SPECIES COMBINATIONS FOR C EBIDAE

Alouatta

Au(u/ 2 Z - 0%$'- G'!(#2S*cce !*l 7'7 Alouatta cara%a w 7' 1eontopithecus rosalia And ' Pithecia pithecia

C &t 3 "he tamarin was introduced first to the female howler without incident in !o$em)er 788 '"he male howler was added to this com)ination in June 788=, again without incident' '7 sakis wereintroduced to the group in 0cto)er 788=' In !o$em)er 788=, the tamarin was o)ser$ed grooming andthrusting against the male howler' In *ecem)er 788=, the tamarin was o)ser$ed attacking the male howler,inflicting wounds on his hands and feet' "he tamarin )egan to chase the howler fre5uentl%' After a fewweeks the howler reesta)lished dominance and pro)lems ceased' "he howler saki introduction went well'"he male saki is an easil% intimidated animal and seemed stressed )% the male howlerKs acti$it%' (akis andhowlers are separated at night' A female saki was )orn into this group following the original introductionof '7 sakis to the howlers' "his indi$idual has no fear of the howlers and sits against them and tries to stealfood from their mouths'

F - & Ch%-(!#26 ZS*cce !*l Alouatta cara%a no num)ers se# gi$enD w meerkat (uricata suricataD adults of )oth species

C &t 3 Com)ination was an e#periment to determine how the howlers would react to another animal )ecause institution plans on mi#ing howlers with a callitrichid species in the future'

H u t 2 Z - 0%$'- G'!(#2S*cce !*l 7'7 Alouatta cara%a w 7'7 handreared (aguinus oedipus

C &t 3 Both species are housed in a naturalistic e#hi)it during the da% and are trained to respond toseparate auditor% signals to come into separate holding cages at night' Both species are freel% offered

primate chow and canned diets )ut do not recei$e produce unless the% come off e#hi)it at night' "hetamarins are well trained and regularl% come off e#hi)it at night'

7'7 Alouatta cara%a w 7' chickens &allus gallusD

C &t 3 Chickens were introduced as an e#periment to see how the howlers would do with )irds'0ccasionall%, the male howler would hang )% his tail and tr% to pla% with the rooster )% gra))ing feathers'"he chickens ha$e since )een remo$ed'

&n *cce !*l 7'7'7 Alouatta cara%a w ' '7 %ellow-kno))ed currasow Cra# dau)entoniD

C &t 3 ;owlers were instantl% aggressi$e to the currasow, possi)l% )eing protecti$e of infant'

L%2$ -2 P'! ZS*cce !*l 7' '7 Alouatta cara%a w ='= (aimiri sciureus

C &t 3 (aimiri were gi$en access to e#hi)it for a couple of da%s prior to the howlers )eing gi$enaccess' !o pro)lems were o)ser$ed with the introduction' .ach group enters and e#its e#hi)it through

separate shift doors' /ed main meal off e#hi)it in separate holding areas'

&n *cce !*l 7' Alouatta cara%a w 7' Callice)us (p'

C &t 3 "his pairing was successful for a)out one %ear' "iti monke% sustained wound on tail, )ut thecause was unknown' Pair was then separated'


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O&'h'5 H#2!) D !-) ZS*cce !*l ' Aloutta cara%a w 7'7 (aguinus midas midas, '7 agouti *as%procta agoutiD, ' ringed teal, ' white-facedwhistling duck, ' green iguana

C &t 3 Island-t%pe e#hi)it' Primar% introduction was done in holding areas prior to release on theisland' Inter- and intraspecies introductions alwa%s occur in the holding areas' Initiall%, the species aregi$en access to a common fence for limited periods, with keeper super$ision' As the integration

progresses, )oth species are allowed to in$estigate each otherKs cages and transfer alle%s' In most situations,the cages are set up in a pattern that allows for man% escape routes' In the final phase of the introduction,each species is gi$en access to the island without the other species present' "his ena)les each group tofamiliarize itself with the ha)itat without the pressure of defending a territor%' "he species in holding cansee the other species on the island, and the groups are switched dail%' After the keepers are comforta)le anintroduction is performed, with super$ision throughout the da%' "he animals are separated at night in thesleeping 5uarters if an% antagonism is e#hi)ited'

&n *cce !*l ' Alouatta w 7'= Ce)us al)ifrons and ' (aguinus midas midas

C &t 3 Ce)us were remo$ed from the e#hi)it after three months )ecause the howlers attacked them'Ce)us usuall% instigated confrontations with short, aggressi$e attacks on the howlers'

P%tt /u!0h ZS*cce !*l '7 Alouatta cara%a w 7'7 Pithecia pithecia

C &t 3 Animals ha$e )een together for four %ears, )oth species ha$ing reproduced' (pecies were puttogether off-e#hi)it first, then allowed up on e#hi)it' Introduction was not unusual or significant'

Alouatta cara%a w Pithecia pithecia and *as%procta cristata and Brad%pus (p'C &t 3 !on-primate species were introduced to the e#hi)it first' "his allowed them to getcomforta)le with the e#hi)it and to find their nest )o#es, etc'

R%9#!/'2 Z - 0%$'- P'!&n *cce !*l nspecified num)er of animals w unspecified num)er of 1eontopithecus rosalia and agoutis

C &t 3 (pecies were e#hi)ited together for an unspecified amount of time until a male tamarin wasfound se$erel% )itten' (ource of the )ite wounds was unknown, )ut the tamarins were remo$ed from thee#hi)it'

S'2t' A2' Z&n *cce !*l 7'7 Alouatta cara%a w 7' Ce)us apella

C &t 3 Introduced to a large, open, island-t%pe e#hi)it with >K trees, and a water-filled moat and a$ertical )ack wall with entr% tunnels for off-e#hi)it holding' "he two species were first indoors with wire

)etween them' .ach species was then gi$en an opportunit% to e#plore the outdoor e#hi)it' "he two specieswere then released together and were a successful com)ination for a)out one %ear until the groupcomposition changed' "he female howler attacked one of the female ce)us, causing a se$ere inEur%' "hisce)us then had to )e remo$ed to heal and it )ecame impossi)le to introduce an% ce)us thereafter'

Aotus

C'-(4#-- ZS*cce !*l 7'7 w 7'7 (aimiri (p'

C &t 3 Both Aotus were appro#imatel% 79 %ears old' "he female (aimiri was 77 %ears old and themale was under one %ear' "he% were kept side )% side for a short time prior to introducing the (aimiri tothe Aotus e#hi)it'


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nspecified num)er now housed with sloth'

Ch%$'0 Z - 0%$'- P'!S*cce !*l ' '7 w ' '7 Choloepus hoffmanni

C &t 3 Aotus used the sloth as a FhammockF and slept on its stomach as it hung upside down'

L%tt-# R $ Z - 0%$'- G'!(#2S*cce !*l 7'7 aotus sp' w 7'7 two-toed sloth

C &t 3 "he Aotus were released into the sloth e#hi)it after )eing held in a flight kennel in the e#hi)itfor se$eral hours' !o pro)lems o)ser$ed' "he Aotus ha$e actuall% )een o)ser$ed sleeping with and on thestomach of the sloths'

V%!0%2%' ZS*cce !*l 7'7' w 7' two-toed sloths Choloepus hoffmanniD and 7' green acouchi M%oprocta prattiD

C &t 3 Aotus ha$e )een o)ser$ed clinging to the stomachs of the sloths'

Ateles

Au(u/ 2 Z - 0%$'- G'!(#2S*cce !*l ' Ateles geoffro%i w '7 Callithri# Eacchus

C &t 3 Both species housed on an island during the da% and are )rought into indoor holding cages atnight' 0riginal introduction was done )% putting the marmosets inside of a 7 K # 7 K cage with anest)o# and putting the cage on the spider-monke% island' "his was done for two weeks, )ringing thespider monke%s into a holding area at night while lea$ing the marmosets on the island' "he marmosetswere then gi$en access to the island alone for two da%s' "he spider monke%s were then gi$en access to theisland with the marmosets' Introduction was une$entful'

Ch%$'0 Z - 0%$'- P'!

S*cce !*l ='> Ateles geoffro%i w group of up to (aimiri (p' of $arious age se# composition, group of up to 7? Ce)usaaella of $arious age se# composition, 7' M%rmacophagia tr%dact%lus and 7'7 "apirus terrestris

C &t 3 All species are e#hi)ited together in a large appro#imatel% K# L # < K highD naturalistice#hi)it with = - =>K tall gunite trees connected )% networks of $ines, with cliffs, waterfalls, and a ri$er' Allspecies are )rought into separate holding areas at night' Ateles were introduced to the e#hi)it after the(aimiri had first )ecome familiar with the e#hi)it and were relia)l% coming into their holding cages atnight' Ce)us apella were introduced to the e#hi)it after the (aimiri, followed )% the Ateles' "he tapirs andgiant anteater were introduced to the e#hi)it last' "his com)ination of primates and mammals has )eene#tremel% successful o$er the %ears' A post-reproducti$e female Ateles geoffro%i $ellerosus formerl%e#hi)ited de$eloped a mutuall% affiliati$e relationship with the (aimiri group and seemed to )e e#tremel%attracted to infant (aimiri' "he (aimiri are seasonal )reeders and each %ear after the infants had )een )ornit was difficult to get this female to come off of e#hi)it until after the (aimiri had gone into their holding

area' "he (aimiri adults as well as Eu$enilesD engaged in social interactions with her and fre5uentl% sat onher FlapF or clung to her )ack' "he female "apiris terrestris is a $er% docile animal and se$eral of the Atelesha$e )een o)ser$ed sitting on her )ack' "he &iant anteater is also a docile animal )ut neither the Ateles nor the other primates )other him' !egati$e interactions in$ol$ing the spider monke%s ha$e )een rare in thise#hi)it )ut one female chased separate male (aimiri out of the tops of trees in the e#hi)it on twoconsecuti$e da%s, resulting in the death of one of them' After o)ser$ing this )eha$ior, this particular femalewas kept off of e#hi)it for se$eral weeks to )reak her of this pattern of )eha$ior' An adult male Atelesgeoffro%i is $er% aggressi$e to two adult male Ce)us apella and cannot )e e#hi)ited with them' "hese twoCe)us are alternated dail% on e#hi)it with the male spider monke% so that the com)ination of these threeanimals is ne$er together'

9


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A $ariet% of )ird species ha$e also li$ed in the e#hi)it since its completion in 789?' "hese ha$eincluded "oco toucan 3amphastos tocoD, keel-)illed toucan 3amphastos sulfuratusD, cattle egret Ardeolai)isD, red-crested cardinals Paroaria coronataD, Me#ican Caci5ue Cassiculus melanicterusD, king $ulture(arcoramphus papaD, )are-throated )ell)irds Procnias nudicollisD, green and gold tanager "angaraschrankiiD, tur5uoise tanager "angara me#icanaD, sun conures Aratinga solstitialisD, piping guans A)urria

pipileD, saffron toucanet Baillonicus )ailloniD, plush-crested Ea% C%anocora# chr%sopsD, )lue-crownedmotmot Momotus momotaD, common trumpeters Psophia crepitansD, and )lack-faced dacnis *acnislineataD' "he large size of this e#hi)it makes interactions )etween the )irds and the other animals rare'

G!#'t P-'%2 ZS*cce !*l 7' Ateles geoffro%i 2 7' Cercopithecus diana

C &t 3 ;oused together in an off-e#hi)it area' !o special introduction, animals were simpl% puttogether'

L%tt-# R $ Z - 0%$'- G'!(#2&n *cce !*l 7'?' Ateles (p' w 7' Coatimundis !asua nasuaD

C &t 3 1i$ed together for appro#imatel% one %ear, after which the spider monke%s were o)ser$edcatching coatimundis )% the tails and lifting them off the ground' Coatimundis su)se5uentl% sustained

)roken and infected tails, which in one instance had to )e amputated'

Cacajao

Although there were no reports of CacaEao in mi#ed-species com)inations from institutions to which the5uestionnaire was sent, there are a few pu)lished accounts of $arious interspecific interactions )etween CacaEaocal$us ru)icundus and other species of neotropical primates at Monke% Jungle in &oulds, /lorida' "his specieswas formerl% e#hi)ited with (aimiri sciureus, Alouatta seniculus, Callimico goeldii, and (aguinus fuscicollis'

(ocial grooming )etween (aimiri and CacaEao has )een o)ser$ed in this e#hi)it A)ordo et al' 78D'Infants and Eu$eniles there reportedl% e#hi)ited pla% )eha$iors towards tamarins, while interactions

)etween adult CacaEao and Aloutta seniculus were descri)ed as hostile' Male uakaris fre5uentl% chased howlersand caused the death of one )% aggressi$el% chasing it and causing it to fall from a tree /ontaine 7897D'

Callicebus

Ch%$'0 Z - 0%$'- P'!&n *cce !*l 7' w '7 handreared callimico

C &t 3 "he handreared female callimico was $er% imprinted on people and had fought withconspecifics in se$eral housing situations' (he )egan to attack the titis on the da% after )eing introducedinto their enclosure' "he% had shown no aggression towards her and seemed to )e intimidated )% her

presence' (he was remo$ed from their enclosure after less than one week'

L%2$ -2 P'! Z

&n *cce !*l 7' w 7' Alouatta cara%aC &t 3 Both animals allowed to )ecome familiar with the e#hi)it while also )eing within $isualcontact of the each other' "his pairing was successful for a)out one %ear' "he titi monke% sustained woundon tail, )ut the cause was unknown' Pair was then separated'

7' w =' (aguinus imperator su)griscecensC &t 3 "he titi monke% appeared to )e intimidated )% the group of tamarins'

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N't% 2'- Z - 0%$'- P'!S*cce !*l '7 Callice)us moloch w unspecified num)er of 1eontopithecus rosalia

C &t : "he tamarins were housed in an outdoor enclosure separated from a hea$il% planted indoorenclosure )% a wiremesh introduction door' "he titis were put into the indoor enclosure' Introduction doorwas remo$ed after one week' "he titis were initiall% intimidated )% the tamarins, particularl% the males,who would rush towards them as a group' "he titis would spend time on the floor of the enclosure to a$oidthe tamarins )ut after three weeks shifted their perching area to another part of the enclosure where the%felt more secure' "his com)ination is reported to ha$e )een successful Ganten 788 D'

Callice)us moloch w unspecified num)ers of M%oprocta pratti, .uphractus se#cinctus, and Choloepusdidact%lus Ganten 788 D

&n *cce !*l 7'7 Callice)us moloch and 7'7 offspring w 7'7 Ce)uella p%gmaea

C &t 3 Both marmosets de$eloped intestinal inflammation that was considered to )e stress-relatedGanten 788 D'

7'7 Callice)us moloch and 7'7 offspring w '7 Ce)uella p%gmaeaC &t 3 Com)ination lasted onl% one da% )ecause one of the male marmosets was stressed )% attacks

)% the other male marmoset Ganten 788 D'7'7 Callice)us moloch and 7'7 offspring w 7'7 Callithri# melanura

C &t 3 Initiall%, )oth groups appeared to )e frightened of each other )ut the marmosets settled downin two da%s' !o actual aggression o)ser$ed )ut the titis showed signs of )eing se$erel% intimidated )% themarmosets, spending all of their time at floor le$el in the e#hi)it' "he marmosets were remo$ed from thee#hi)it thereafter Ganten 788 D'

nspecified num)er of Callice)us moloch w 4erodon rupestrisC &t 3 4erondon chased and attacked the titis causing )ite wounds Ganten 788 D'

Cebus

Ch%$'0 Z - 0%$'- P'!S*cce !*l &roup of up to 7? Ce)us apella of $arious age se# composition, ='> Ateles geoffro%i, group of up to (aimiri

(p' of $arious age se# composition, 7' M%rmacophagia tr%dact%lus and 7'7 "apirus terrestrisC &t 3 All species are e#hi)ited together in a large appro#imatel% K# L # < K highD naturalistice#hi)it with = - =>K tall gunite trees connected )% networks of $ines, with cliffs, waterfalls, and a ri$er' Allspecies are )rought into separate holding areas at night' (aimiri were introduced to the e#hi)it first,followed )% the Ce)us, and finall% the Ateles' "he tapirs and giant anteater were introduced to the e#hi)itafter the primates' "his com)ination of primates and mammals has )een e#tremel% successful o$er the%ears' "he ce)us rarel%, if e$er interact with the tapirs or giant anteater' !egati$e interactions among the

primates ha$e )een relati$el% rare in this e#hi)it' An adult male Ateles geoffro%i is $er% aggressi$e to twoadult male Ce)us apella and cannot )e e#hi)ited with them' "hese two Ce)us are alternated dail% one#hi)it with the male Ateles so that the com)ination of these three animals is ne$er together'(e$eral of the Eu$enile (aimiri ha$e also had close relationships with some of the Eu$enile Ce)us apellafemales and would often sit on their FlapsF and engage in pla% )eha$ior with them'

/or appro#imatel% se$en months from (eptem)er 788? through April 788> this e#hi)it was closed for

reno$ations' "hroughout this period, the two holding cages of the (aimiri, which are adEacent to the twoholding cages of the Ce)us, were opened )% a shift door to allow the two species to intermingle in all fourcages' !o negati$e interactions were e$er seen )etween the two species' "wo female Ce)us which aresu)ordinate in the group of se$en other Ce)us permanentl% share holding cages with the (aimiri )ecausethe% are too afraid to enter the holding cages of the Ce)us group'

A $ariet% of )ird species ha$e also li$ed in the e#hi)it since its completion in 789?' "hese ha$eincluded "oco toucan 3amphastos tocoD, keel-)illed toucan 3amphastos sulfuratusD, cattle egret Ardeolai)isD, red-crested cardinals Paroaria coronataD, Me#ican caci5ue Cassiculus melanicterusD, king $ulture(arcoramphus papaD, )are-throated )ell)irds Procnias nucicollisD, green and gold tanager "angaraschrankiiD, tur5uoise tanager "angara me#icanaD, sun conures Aratinga solstitialisD, piping guans A)urria

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pipileD, saffron toucanet Baillonicus )ailloniD, plush-crested Ea%s C%anocora# chr%sopsD, )lue-crownedmotmot Momotus momotaD, common trumpeters Psophia crepitansD, and )lack-faced dacnis *acnislineataD' "he large size of this e#hi)it makes interactions )etween the )irds and the other animals rare';owe$er, Ce)us apella in this e#hi)it seem to )e opportunistic predators and ha$e attacked ill or inEured

)irds that had landed on the ground'

H'"") H -- 4 ZS*cce !*l 7' Ce)us apella w '7 Ce)us h%)rid

O&'h'5 H#2!) D !-) Z&n *cce !*l 7'= Ce)us al)ifrons w ' Alouatta cara%a and 7'7 (aguinus midas midas

C &t 3 Ce)us were remo$ed after three months )ecause the howlers attacked them, although thece)us usuall% instigated confrontations with short, aggressi$e attacks on the howlers'

S'2t' A2' Z&n *cce !*l 7' Ce)us apella w 7'7 Alouatta cara%a

C &t 3 Introduced to a large, open island-t%pe e#hi)it with >K trees, and a water-filled moat and a$ertical )ack wall with entr% tunnels for off-e#hi)it holding' "he two species were first introduced indoorswith wire )etween them' .ach species was then gi$en an opportunit% to e#plore the outdoor e#hi)it' "hetwo species were then released together and were a successful com)ination for a)out one %ear until thegroup composition changed' "he female howler attacked one of the female ce)us, causing a se$ere inEur%'"his ce)us then had to )e remo$ed to heal and it )ecame impossi)le to introduce an% ce)us thereafter'

Lagothrix lagotricha

O&'h'5 H#2!) D !-) ZS*cce !*l 7' w 7'7 (aguinus oedipus, ' Pithecia pithecia, '? (aimiri (p', 7'7 "apirus terrestris, 7'7 American a$ocet3ecur$irosta americanaD, 7'7 spurwinged plo$er, 7' tamandua "amandua tetradact%laD

C &t 3 Island-t%pe e#hi)it' Primar% introduction was done in holding areas prior to release on theisland' Inter- and intraspecies introductions alwa%s occur in the holding areas' Initiall%, the species aregi$en access to a common fence for limited periods of time, with keeper super$ision' As the integration

progresses, )oth species are allowed to in$estigate each otherKs cages and transfer alle%s' In most situations,the cages are set up in a pattern that allows for man% escape routes' In the final phase of the introduction,each species is gi$en access to the island without the other species present' "his ena)les each group tofamiliarize itself with the ha)itat without the pressure of defending a territor%' "he species in holding cansee the other species on the island, and the groups are switched dail%' After the keepers are comforta)le anintroduction is performed, with super$ision throughout the da%' "he animals are separated at night in thesleeping 5uarters if an% antagonism is e#hi)ited'

&n *cce !*l &roup listed a)o$e under FsuccessfulF )ut with addition of 7' -%ear-old handreared Pithecia pithecia

C &t 3 "he wool% monke% attacked the handreared saki si# months after it was introduced to thegrouping listed a)o$e' "his saki did not socialize with an% of the other primates and spent most of his timeon the ground )% the tapirs'

P%tt /u!0h ZS*cce !*l nspecified num)er w unspecified num)er of Coendu prehensilis and *as%procta agouti

C &t 3 !on-primate species were introduced to the e#hi)it first' "his allowed them to getcomforta)le with the e#hi)it and to find their nest )o#es, etc'

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Pithecia pithecia

Au(u/ 2 Z - 0%$'- G'!(#2S*cce !*l ' w 7'7 Alouatta cara%a and 7' 1eontopithecus rosalia

C &t 3 "he tamarin was first introduced to female howler without incident in !o$em)er 788 ' "hemale howler was added to this com)ination in June 788=, again without incident' '7 sakis were introducedto group in 0cto)er 788=' ;owler saki introduction went well' "he male saki is an easil% intimidatedanimal and seemed stressed )% the male howlerKs acti$it%' (akis and howlers are separated at night' Afemale saki was )orn into this group following the original introduction of '7 sakis to the howlers' "hisindi$idual has no fear of the howlers and sits against them and tries to steal food from their mouths'

D'--' ZS*cce !*l 7'7 w 7' two-toed sloths Choloepus hoffmanniD

C &t 3 !o special introduction' Animals were simpl% put together in the same cage'

L%tt-# R $ Z - 0%$'- G'!(#2&n *cce !*l 7'= w 7'7'7 Callithri# Ecchus ad 7' two-toed sloth species D

C &t 3 All three species li$ed in complete harmon%' 7' Pithecia )ecame $er% protecti$e of themarmosets' (loth was in a nocturnal situation and onl% came out at night while primates were sleeping'"his com)ination failed onl% )ecause the marmosets preferred to eat the canned primate food that wasintended for the Pithecia resulting in an im)alance of +itamin *=' "he marmosets were placed in an airkennel in the e#hi)it for se$eral hours )efore releasing them' !o pro)lems o)ser$ed'

7'7'7 w '= 4erodon repestrisC &t 3 Com)ination was successful for appro#imatel% si# months' 4erodon )egan to chase the sakiscausing stressful situations' 4erodon killed infant saki'

N't% 2'- Z - 0%$'- P'!&n *cce !*l 7'7 w unspecified num)er of 1eontopithecus rosalia

C &t 3 Com)ination )roke down after appro#imatel% one %ear, resulting in a fight )etween the male

saki and a male tamarin' Both animals inEured'

O&'h'5 H#2!) D !-) ZS*cce !*l ' w 7' 1agothri# lagotricha, 7'7 (aguinus oedipus, '? (aimiri (p', 7'7 "apirus terrestris, 7'7 Americana$ocet 3ecur$irosta americanaD, 7'7 spurwinged plo$er, 7' tamandua "amandua tetradact%laD

C &t 3 Island-t%pe e#hi)it' Primar% introduction was done in holding areas prior to release on theisland' Inter- and intraspecies introductions alwa%s occur in the holding areas' Initiall%, the species aregi$en access to a common fence for limited periods of time, with keeper super$ision' As the integration

progresses, )oth species are allowed to in$estigate each otherKs cages and transfer alle%s' In most situations,the cages are set up in a pattern that allows for man% escape routes' In the final phase of the introduction,each species is gi$en access to the island without the other species present' "his ena)les each group tofamiliarize itself with the ha)itat without the pressure of defending a territor%' "he species in holding can

see the other species on the island, and the groups are switched dail%' After the keepers are comforta)le anintroduction is performed, with super$ision throughout the da%' "he animals are separated at night in thesleeping 5uarters if an% antagonism is e#hi)ited'

&n *cce !*l 7' two-%ear old handreared w ' other Pithecia pithecia, 7' 1agothri# lagotricha, 7'7 (aguinus oedipus, '?(aimiri (p', 7'7 "apirus terrestris, 7'7 American a$ocet 3ecur$irosta americanaD, 7'7 spurwinged plo$er, 7'tamandua "amandua tetradact%laD

C &t 3 "his animal was introduced to the same group listed a)o$e under FsuccessfulF and wasremo$ed after si# months after an attack )% the wool% monke%' "he saki was handreared and did not

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socialize with an% of the other primates including the other two sakisD' (pent most of his time on theground with the tapirs'

P%tt /u!0h ZS*cce !*l 7'7 w '7 Alouatta cara%a

C &t 3 Animals ha$e )een together for four %ears, )oth species ha$ing reproduced' (pecies were puttogether off-e#hi)it first, then allowed up on e#hi)it' Introduction was not unusual or significant'

Pithecia pithecia w Alouatta cara%a, *as%procta cristata, and Brad%pus (p'C &t 3 !on-primate species were introduced to the e#hi)it first' "his allowed them to getcomforta)le with the e#hi)it and to find their nest )o#es, etc'

R 0#! W%--%'& P'! Z&n *cce !*l 7' w 7' (aguinus oedipus

C &t 3 Males were housed in adEoining enclosures for se$eral weeks' Animals were allowed accessto each others enclosures under close o)ser$ation of keeper staff' /irst da% male saki )ecame aggressi$etowards the cotton-top' 0n the second da% the tamarin )ecame aggressi$e towards the saki' "he animalswere separated on da% three following superficial inEuries to the saki'

nspecified num)er of indi$iduals w golden-rumped agouti *as%procta cristataDC &t 3 Agouti inEured a saki' "he agouti had )een placed in a howd% cage

callitricid husbandry manual

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