1

CALL FOR TOURISM or AGROTORUISM CLUSTERS TO INCREASE

SPENDING ON COMMUNITY-BASED EXPERIENCES AND

SUSTAINABLE FOOD CHAINS

AWARDS: USD100,000 to USD400,000 in technical assistance grants

Deadline for submitting Project Concept Note (PCN): January 5th, 2020

Visit www.competecaribbean.org for templates and resources including the Community-Based

Tourism (CBT) toolkit

OPPORTUNITY The Compete Caribbean Partnership Facility (CCPF) is looking to support cluster initiatives that

foster inclusive and sustainable economic development in 13 Caribbean countries1. The CCPF will

allocate technical assistance that can be used to help community-based tourism destinations

improve their product offering, marketing or digital systems, thereby increasing revenues in

underprivileged and/or remote areas. Technical assistance may be used for but not be limited to:

Product/tours/package development: food & beverage tours, festivals, culinary experiences, farm-to-table, health & wellness, etc.

Local sourcing of natural or organic produce: organic production or certification, traceability, procurement, logistics, etc.

Digital integration/transformation: online booking/payment, mobile wallets technologies, artificial intelligence, virtual reality, crowdfunding, data analysis, etc.

Coordination and training: partnership agreements, performance and operational improvements, hospitality and community-based tourism tour guide services, etc.

Licensing and certification: MSMEs registration, food handling, insurance, etc.

Market research and marketing: online advertising, social media, farm tours, market fair, etc.

1 Antigua & Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Saint Kitts & Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint

Vincent & the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad & Tobago

Our consumer

research targeted at

American visitors

published in 2019

revealed that they

have a higher

willingness to pay for

food experiences

that are: a) locally

sourced; b) organic;

c) authentic; and d)

a mixture of the

above.

2

ELIGIBILITY

1. The project must be presented by at least three collaborating entities, of which two (2) must be private firms, to ensure that the cluster initiative is private sector-led and market-driven if selected for implementation. Interested participants must submit the following required documents before the deadline of January 5th, 2020:

a) 1-page Project Concept Note (PCN) using the template provided b) Tourism Asset Inventory (relevant sections only) c) Results from the assessment of the current situation (diagnostic) d) A letter of commitment from the entity(ies) responsible for obtaining the 20%

counterpart contributions, half of which must be provided in cash. 2. The entities should be operating in any of the following 13 eligible countries: Bahamas,

Barbados, Belize, Guyana, Jamaica, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, St. Lucia, St. Kitts and Nevis, and St. Vincent and the Grenadines.

3. All relevant IDB policy requirements will apply to all applicants, including integrity standards, sanctions procedures and environmental and social requirements (see here).

PROCESS & TIMELINE

The information submitted in the first step will be assessed to shortlist eight cluster projects with the highest potential impact on employment and revenues in the short and long term.

The projects short-listed will receive assistance from a professional consultant to transform the concept note they submitted into a detailed funding proposal called a Cluster Development Plan (CDP). During this 3-month process of preparing the CDP,

various stakeholders will be consulted, workshops will be organized, information will be analysed, and support will be provided to reach consensus on the most promising path towards sustainable and inclusive growth for the cluster. The CDP also includes a collection of data and development of documents required by Compete Caribbean and IDB to process approval.

Strategic &

implementation plan,

budget, etc

Partnership agreement

with counterpart

contributions clarified

Baseline data

Cluster Development Plan (CDP)

Assessment of

current situation

1-page Project

Concept Note

(PCN)

Investment Panel (IP)

Independent

panel of judges

Project

evaluation and

selection

IDB Contract

Letter of

Agreement

Other

conditional

requirements

+1 month

Implementation

Recruit and

manage

consultants

Monitor and

evaluate progress

24 months 3-month 1 day 2-month

Nov-Dec

2019

Feb–April

2020

June 2020

(to be confirmed)2020-2022

Application: Project Concept Note (PCN)

PCN

(Assessment)

CDP

(Co-design)

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Once the consultant has collected the necessary information and finalized the CDP for the cluster, the cluster will be invited to pitch the project before an independent panel of judges. The Investment Panel (IP) – composed of experts and accomplished

individuals from the private sector in the Caribbean, as well as from the IDB – will evaluate, score, and debate the funding merit of each CDP to optimise overall impact.

Based on the recommendations of the Investment Panel, CCPF will work with the projects selected to move forward with the IDB approval and contracting process. If selected, a cluster project manager will be contracted to coordinate the implementation of the project with the stakeholders and to monitor/report progress towards the targets established.

AWARD The maximum grant amount to be allocated by Compete Caribbean is USD 400,000 per project and must not exceed 80% of the total project’s budget. The stakeholders involved in the cluster must provide 20% counterpart contribution, at least half of which must be in cash. The purpose is to ensure that there is co-investment with the cluster members, and that all stakeholders are working together on a cohesive growth plan and are committed to its success. Table 1 - Example of budget with counterpart contributions

Total budget of cluster project $500,000

Maximum amount allocated by CCPF (80%)

(Technical assistance only – no purchase of equipment)

$400,000

Estimated contribution in-kind (10%) by cluster stakeholders (eg: staff time of cluster

members, office space, etc.)

$50,000

Minimum contribution by cluster in-cash (10%). The cash contribution can be used to

finance infrastructure improvement or purchase goods/equipment for the stakeholders. This

contribution is tracked to ensure that stakeholders are investing in their own businesses. It is

not disbursed in a separate account.

$50,000

EVALUATION CRITERIA The cluster projects proposed will be evaluated according to the following criteria:

Job creation (25%) in the short and long term – the extent to which the cluster project will create new jobs, including for women and other vulnerable or marginalised groups.

Revenue generation (25%) especially for businesses or farms in remote areas – the extent to which the cluster project will affect the revenues of stakeholders in underprivileged or remote areas.

Increased foreign exchange (25%) the extent to which this project will generate additional spending from foreign visitors (new or current).

IP

(Selection)

IDB

Contacting

Implemen-

tation

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Catalytic and sustainable impact (25%) – the extent to which the project will affect inclusive economic growth over time, as well as impact on sustainable development and climate change.

HOW TO APPLY Step 1: Complete and submit the following mandatory documents:

1. Project Concept Note (PCN) including main objectives, activities and budget 2. Tourism asset inventory (use link) 3. Diagnostic result (use link) 4. Letter(s) of commitment from entity(es) responsible to obtain the counterpart contributions

(see template provided) Optional documents to upload may include:

The link to a short video illustrating the activities of your cluster.

A PowerPoint presentation with photos to facilitate understanding

Step 2: Upload Documents Upload the Project Concept Note and appendices on the CCPF website www.competecaribbean.org and email to competecaribbean@iadb.org with the subject: PCN from (name of lead entity). Proposals should be submitted in English and will be examined only if they are complete. CCPF

reserves the right to contact applicants at any time during the application process.

RESOURCES

In the first phase of Compete Caribbean, the program provided nearly $5 million in grant funding

for cluster projects, which together involved more than 500 businesses and created nearly 6,000

jobs. In the second phase, the CCPF invested additional resources into cluster capacity building in

collaboration with business support organisations (BSOs) and the Caribbean Tourism Organisation

(CTO) to expand the benefits of cluster initiatives in vulnerable areas.

To that end, a community-based tourism (CBT) toolkit2 was developed and is being disseminated

through various channels including the Ministry of tourism in each country. These tools can help

stakeholders design and implement projects with greater positive impact in remote communities.

2 The CBT toolkit and training manuals are available for download on www.competecaribbean.org and www.onecaribbean.org

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1. TOURISM ASSET INVENTORY : TEMPLATE TO PREPARE AN INVENTORY OF ASSETS FOUND IN THE

COMMUNITY WHICH ARE VALUABLE FOR COMMUNITY-BASED TOURISM DEVELOPMENT.

The tourism asset inventory helps communities identify the list of valuable assets that they have in

their community, which could be the basis for community-based tourism products. It is one of the

tools available in the CBT toolkit to foster community tourism development. It is a very easy to use

excel spreadsheet that provides templates to document the number and types of businesses,

experts and infrastructure found in a community. These six categories of tourism assets can be

used to attract and support visitors. The templates also capture information relevant for donors and

partnering agencies to facilitate project design and fundraising.

List of businesses, experts and infrastructure in the community

I. Accommodations II. Attractions III. Services IV. Experiences V. Experts VI. Infrastructure

1.1 Bed & breakfast 1.2 Cabin / lodge / ecolodge 1.3 Campground 1.4 Apartment / villa 1.5 Guest house/ inn 1.6 Homestay 1.7 Hostel 1.8 Hotel

2.1 Festivals & events 2.2 Culture & heritage attractions 2.3 Natural attractions 2.4 General attractions

3.1 Food & beverage 3.2 Shopping & markets 3.3 Transportation

4.1 Culture & Heritage 4.2 Water-based Adventure 4.3 Land-Based Adventure Local

5.1 Tourism 5.2 Natural and Cultural Heritage 5.3 Performing Arts 5.4 Visual Arts

6.1 Security 6.2 Health 6.3 Visitor 6.4 Other

The CBT toolkit includes 5 tools that business support organisations and entrepreneurs can use to achieve specific purpose

Tool Description

COMMUNITY TOURISM DEVELOPMENT

Use

A frame of reference to assess the community’s

capacity/needs for CBT based

on key success factors (KSFs).

ENTERPRISEDEVELOPMENT

Template to prepare an inventory of tourism assets

found in the community

(businesses, experts ,

infrastructure, natural sites, etc.)

Document and assess the number, range & quality of

tourism assets that can be

used to increase tourism

revenues.

Tourism Assets Inventory

Assess market readiness and gaps to identify priorities that

can be included in a project

plan and/or funding proposal

CBT Diagnostic

+/-2-page template to collect information about the types of

experiences found in the

community to attract visitors.

MARKET DEVELOPMENT

Promote the diversity of CBT opportunities in the

Caribbean

CBT Profiles

Database of CBT profiles in the

Caribbean?

CBT Enterprise handbook

User-friendly business guide to develop profitable CBT

enterprises that return benefits to

communities as well.

Start, improve, formalize and expand CBT business

operations

Community-Based Tourism (CBT) toolkit

Purpose

Assessment of willingness-to-pay of American visitors for

experiences that can be

offered by Caribbean MSMEs.

PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

Refine, expand and price the

product offerings

to increase tourism

spending

Consumer research in

American

market by

Euromonitor

1

2

3

4

5

Files

CBT Enterprise

Handbook.pdf

Repository of Business

Support Services.pdf

Training manual.pdf

Handouts.doc

Consumer research.pdf

Training manual.pdf

Power presentation.ppt

Destination profile template.doc

10 destination profiles

already created

Tourism Asset Inventory.xls

Diagnostic tool: Questionnaire and

CBT framework.xls

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1.9 Other

2. DIAGNOSTIC TOOL : QUESTIONNAIRE TO (1) ASSESS THE MARKET READINESS OF A DESTINATION BASED ON

KEY SUCCESS FACTORS; (2) IDENTIFY GAPS; AND (3) DISCUSS PRIORITIES FOR PROJECT DEVELOPMENT AND

FUNDRAISING.

The diagnostic tool is essentially a frame of reference for community leaders or business support

organisations (BSOs) to assess the situation in a community interested in developing tourism.

There is a list of simple questions categorized into seven dimensions to facilitate discussion among

cluster stakeholders about what is there and what might be missing. For each question, a score

can be given using a simple 2-point scale: 0 (not in place); 1 (partially); or 2 (currently in place).

This assessment of nearly 30 CBT success factors can then be used to identify gaps and discuss

priorities for project design and long-term development.

1. Governance and Leadership

a) CBT integrated in local economic planning

b) Representative governance

c) Partnerships established with government and non-government agencies

d) Independent administration for CBT development

2. Community Participation

a) Community interest in CBT (or lack of resistance)

b) Knowledgeable community members of CBT benefits and implications

c) Community consultation and engagement for buy-in and greater spillover effect

d) Protocols for visitors to prevent problems and respect community assets and people

3. Access to Resources

a) Access to land for CBT development

b) Protected CBT assets (eg: species of animals, natural sites, cultural sites, etc.)

c) Access to business support services

d) Access to finance

e) Access to capital investments

f) Access to technical training

4. Infrastructure & Services

a) Accessibility to the destination via reliable transport, safety protection at critical points

b) Basic infrastructure (water, waste, electrical, communication and financial services)

c) Health and medical services in case of emergency

d) Security to protect visitors (police, wardens, security service, community watchmen)

5. Human Resources available in the community for expanding CBT

a) Management skills (finance, marketing, IT, HR, performance management)

b) Operational skills to implement activities (eg: drivers, guides, cleaners/housekeepers, cooks,

mechanics, etc.)

c) Licenses and credentials needed (eg: boat captain, food handling, commercial driver's license,

guide license, etc)

6. Tourism Assets

a) Asset inventory completed to document the businesses, experts and infrastructure.

b) Signage to indicate where to find places in the community and avoid getting lost

c) Retail/shops available (eg: grocery stores, convenient stores)

7. Product Development and Marketing

a) Market research completed to understand the characteristics and interest of visitors

b) Product base of experiences or services already offered in the community

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c) Marketing material developed (eg: brochures, videos, etc.)

d) Industry linkages with tour operators or other intermediaries established

3. CBT ENTERPRISE HANDBOOK : USER-FRIENDLY GUIDEBOOK TO HELP ENTREPRENEURS DEVELOP PROFITABLE

CBT ENTERPRISES THAT RETURN BENEFITS TO COMMUNITIES.

This Caribbean Community-Based Tourism (CBT) Enterprise Handbook is for anyone who operates or wants to develop a community-based tourism (CBT) business. The business can be owned by the community, local groups, families, and be joint ventures, partnerships or entrepreneurial ventures. The handbook provides useful tips to facilitate planning, product development and pricing, online marketing, and financial management of typical CBT businesses. It is a comprehensive document that also covers aspects specific to running a business in the tourism sector.

TABLE OF CONTENT

1. The Global Travel Industry Many Different Parts The Global Scene Impacts of Tourism Global Tourism Trends

2. Understanding CBT What is Community-Based Tourism (CBT)? What are the Benefits and Drawbacks of CBT? Community-Based Tourism in the Caribbean Types of CBT Experiences in the Caribbean

3. Protecting and Involving Your Community What is Cultural Authenticity? How Can You Protect and Benefit Your Community?

4. Planning your CBT Business What is a ‘Market Ready’ Tourism Business? What are the Steps to Starting a CBT Business? What Goes into a Business Plan? Where Can I Get Help for My Business Plan?

5. Understanding Your Markets What is Market-Driven Research? Which Types of Visitors Have the Most Potential? Who is my Ideal Guest? 6. Developing Your Product What is Packaging? What Types of CBT Packages Do Visitors Buy? What are the Essential Qualities of a CBT Product? What Product Can I Offer? What are the Steps in Product Development?

7. Pricing Your Product How Does the Travel Distribution System Work? What Commissions Do the Travel Trade Expect? What are Net and Retail Rates?

How Do I Calculate My Net Rate? How Do I Calculate My Retail Rate?

8. Meeting Visitor Expectations What is Values-Based Guest Hospitality? How Can I Create a Sense of Place? What is Genuine Hosting? How Should I Prepare Guests for Their Visit? How Can I Learn from Feedback?

9. Marketing Your Product What are the 4 Ps of Marketing? What Goes into a Marketing Plan? Why is Branding Important? How Do I Make a Marketing Content Library? Why is Online Marketing Important? What are the Best Ways to Market?

10. Developing Financial Management Skills Why Do I Need Financial Management? How Do I Estimate My Start-up Costs? How Do I Prepare an Annual Operating Budget How Will I Finance My Business? What are the Essential Financial Statements? What about Taxation and Reporting? Why Should I Get Professional Assistance? Checklist for Financial Success

11. Building Your Support Network Building Your Support Network

Glossary Appendix 1: References and Resources Appendix 2: NTOs and CBT Development Appendix 3: Experience Development Template Appendix 4: Example Code of Conduct

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Additionally, 13 independent documents (one representing each country) were created to identify

relevant business support services specific to each country.

4. CONSUMER RESEARCH : ASSESSMENT OF WILLINGNESS-TO-PAY OF AMERICAN VISITORS FOR EXPERIENCES

THAT CAN BE OFFERED BY CARIBBEAN MICRO, SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (MSMES).

This newly completed CCPF-financed research conducted by

Euromonitor International can be an important resource for

businesses in the tourism sector in the Caribbean. It reveals

important business opportunities that can expand the benefits of

tourism spending to remote areas beyond the tourism industry,

such as agriculture, agroprocessing, culture, transport, logistics,

health & wellness, etc, while also diversifying the product offering

in a more sustainable and socially responsible way. The results

provide details about 15 products prioritized based on their

potential revenues for Caribbean MSMEs and the interest of the

American visitors. Some of the key highlights include:

1. Most visitors are willing to pay as much as USD$100 for traditional cuisine3. The current average price offered in the Caribbean is USD$10. This represents an opportunity to increase spending of $90 which could be distributed among diverse stakeholders including farmers, transport, cooks, etc.

2. Many are willing to pay a lot more for their meals if they know that the ingredients are sourced locally, without chemicals and/or organic. They must hear, read and see it to know and feel.

3. Visitors are interested in visiting the farms or processing facility where their food/drink was made if the logistics is organized for them, and if this activity is combined with something else.

4. Offering customized (“VIP”) services can also lead to an increase in willingness-to-pay of 100%.

5. Tiered pricing often encourages consumers to opt for middle-priced options while also capturing the highest willingness-to-pay.

6. Over half are willing to pay more if they know the project benefits the community. 7. Safety and hygiene are critical. Certifications show that standards have been met and provide

credibility for US tourists. 8. Tourists strive to experience more during travel; for example, tourists seek all-encompassing

experiences such as creating their own ceramic pot with an artisan as opposed to simply purchasing a pot. 43% of global consumers prefer spending money on experiences

9. Tourists like to plan, reserve and pay for all aspects of their trip online prior to trip departure. Therefore, MSMEs must have a way of marketing their product digitally, as well as having digital payment options to allow credit card purchases.

10. Mobile wallet payment options can also drive revenues for community members while visitors are on site and discovering what is offered. Travel purchased via smartphone increased to 31% in 2019, compared to 22% in 2017.

3 See p.32 of the consumer research for details

Only 21% of American

tourists were familiar with

Community-Based Tourism

(CBT) experiences

available in the Caribbean,

but 79% said they were

willing to try once they

became aware.

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5. CBT DESTINATION PROFILE : 2-PAGE MARKETING TEMPLATE TO COLLECT INFORMATION ABOUT THE TYPES

OF EXPERIENCES FOUND IN THE COMMUNITY TO ATTRACT VISITORS.

This 2-page Word marketing tool is useful for community-based destinations that are ready to receive international visitors because their products are well developed and they have the organisational capacity to deliver in a consistent manner. It is essentially a template to enable the Caribbean Tourism Organisation and Ministries of Tourism to capture standard information about the rich cultural diversity and variety of CBT experiences offered at the national and regional levels. The marketing tool can be used for promotion with tour operators and travelling agents in international markets.

About the Compete Caribbean Partnership Facility (CCPF)

The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), the United Kingdom’s Department for International

Development (DFID), the Caribbean Development Bank (CDB) and the Government of Canada

have established a co-financing facility called “The Compete Caribbean Partnership Facility”

(CCPF), which is a continuation of the Compete Caribbean Program that funded over 100 private

sector development projects over the period 2010-2016 in the Caribbean. These projects

generated nearly 12,000 jobs, a 23% increase in exports (USD$37M) and a 41% increase in the

revenue of participating firms and clusters (USD$153M), as well as an improvement in the

business climate for some countries through policy or regulatory reforms. The purpose of the

CCPF is to drive inclusive and sustainable economic growth through greater competitiveness and

innovation in the private sector.

See examples of previously funded clusters for more information: Cluster 1 | Cluster 2 | Cluster 3].

See Frequently Asked Questions (FAQS) on www.competecaribbean.org

ACTIVITIES NOT ELIGIBLE FOR FUNDING AND DISCLAIMER

The IDB reserves the right to eliminate participants at any part of the process and this decision shall be final and binding.

The IDB may decide to not select an applicant if the submissions did not meet the requirements or did not have sufficient quality.

The IDB may search for publicly available information regarding participants, and may seek to verify details referenced in the application.

The IDB reserves the right to cancel the competition at any time.

All decisions of the IDB are final and binding, with no process for appeal.

Participants that submit content that is offensive, illegal, etc. and those that disparage the Bank or other sponsors will be eliminated.

IDB will not consider participants who are ineligible to participate in Bank projects or contracting under its sanctions protocol.

Participants must attest that the submittal is original and that they are not infringing on any copyrights or other intellectual property. Any such infringement may result in disqualification.

The IDB will not be responsible to maintain the intellectual property of the proposals submitted.

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Winning participants whose projects are approved, in order to receive IDB funding, must sign an agreement with the IDB which includes relevant commitments, representations, and grants of indemnity by the project company.

IDB reserves the right to disseminate and share the identity of the applicants and any other information deemed relevant.

These terms and conditions may be updated at any time and will be made available to all participants online.

The CCPF does not grant funding for projects or companies involved in the production, trade or

use of products, substances or activities set forth in the list below.

1. Those that are illegal according to the laws and regulations of the host country, or pursuant to international conventions and treaties ratified by this.

2. Weapons and ammunition. 3. Tobaccoi 4. Gambling, casinos and equivalent companiesii 5. Animals and wild plants or products derived from them are regulated in accordance with the

convention on international trade in endangered species of wild flora and fauna (cites)iii 6. Radioactive materialsiv 7. Not caked asbestos fibresv 8. Projects or forestry operations that are not consistent with the environmental policy and

observance of safeguards of the bank (document gn-2208-20) 9. Compounds of bifenilopoliclorado (pcbs) 10. Pharmaceuticals products subject to phase-out or international ban vi 11. Pesticides and herbicides subject to phase-out or international banvii 12. Ozone-depleting substances subject to phasing out internationalviii 13. Fishing in the maritime environment with drag nets exceeding 2.5 km in length. 14. Transboundary movements of waste and waste productsix except non-toxic waste intended

for recycling. 15. Persistent organic pollutantsx 16. Breach of the fundamental principles of workers and rights at workxi

i Does not apply to sponsors (sponsors) are not substantially involved in these activities. "Not substantially involved" means that the activity is ancillary to the main activities of the sponsor's operations.

ii Not apply to sponsors (sponsors) are not substantially involved in these activities. "Not substantially involved" means that the activity is ancillary to the main activities of the sponsor of operations.

iii See http://www.cites.org

iv Does not apply to the purchase of medical equipment, quality control equipment (metering) and other equipment that can prove that the radioactive source is insignificant and/or is properly covered.

v Does not apply to the purchase and use of sheets of cement asbestos caked in which the asbestos content < 20%.

vi Pharmaceutical products subject to phasing out or banning in United Nations, Banned Products: Consolidated List of Products Whose Consumption and/or Sale Have Been Banned, Withdrawn, Severely Restricted or not Approved by Governments (latest version 2008). http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality_safety/safety_efficacy/who_emp_qsm2008.3.pdf .

vii Pesticides and herbicides subject to phase-out or international ban

viii Ozone-depleting substances are chemicals that react with stratospheric ozone and deplete it, giving as a result the widely spread "ozone holes". The Montreal Protocol lists these substances and their planned reduction and phase-out dates. The chemicals regulated by the referred Protocol include aerosols, refrigerants, fire extinguishing blowers for foams, solvents and agents. (http://ozone.unep.org/Publications/6ii_publications%20handbooks.shtml). The fundamental principles and rights at work means: i) freedom of Association and the freedom of Association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining; (ii) the prohibition of all forms of forced or compulsory labour; (iii) the prohibition of child labour, including, without limitation, which it the

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prohibition that persons under 18 years of age working in hazardous conditions (including construction), performing night work and are declared suitable to work on the basis of a medical examination; and (iv) the Elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation, in which discrimination is defined as any difference, exclusion or preference based on race, color, sex, religion, political opinion or national or social origin. (Organization International Labour, http://www.ilo.org )).

ix Defined by the Basel Convention (http://www.basel.int). x Defined by the International Convention on reduction and elimination of polluting organic persistent (September 1999) that currently includes the pesticides aldrin, chlordane, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, mirex and toxaphene, as well as the chemical chlorobenzenes for industrial use (http://chm.pops.int/).

xi (Principles and fundamental rights at work means: i) the freedom of Association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining; (ii) the prohibition of all forms of forced or compulsory labour; (iii) the prohibition of child labour, including, without limitation, the prohibition of persons under 18 years of age work in hazardous conditions (including construction), performing night work, are declared fit for work on the basis of a medical examination; and (iv) the Elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation, in which discrimination is defined as any difference, exclusion or preference based on race, color, sex, religion, political opinion or national or social origin. (Organization International Labour, http://www.ilo.org).