calculating electrode consumption for pipe per weld

8/6/2019 Calculating Electrode Consumption for Pipe Per Weld

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Calculating Electrode Consumption for Pipe Per Weld

Lets say we have a 12 inch pipeline which needs to be welded.Kg of Electrode Required per Weld = (Dia of Pipe/2) * 0.1 = (12/2)* 0.1 = 0.6 kg

This is only a rough thumbrule calculation for calculating the quantity of electrodeper weld.

Common Work Tasks

y Operate safety equipment and use safe work habits.

y Weld components in flat, vertical, or overhead positions.

y Ignite torches or start power supplies and strike arcs by touching electrodes to metals being welded, completing

electrical circuits.

y Clamp, hold, tack-weld, heat-bend, grind or bolt component parts to obtain required configurations and positions

for welding.

y Detect faulty operation of equipment or defective materials and notify supervisors.

y Operate manual or semi-automatic welding equipment to fuse metal segments, using processes such as gastungsten arc, gas metal arc, flux-cored arc, plasma arc, shielded metal arc, resistance welding, and submerged arc

welding.

y Monitor the fitting, burning, and welding processes to avoid overheating of parts or warping, shrinking, distortion, or

expansion of material.

y Examine workpieces for defects and measure workpieces with straightedges or templates to ensure conformance

with specifications.

y Recognize, set up, and operate hand and power tools common to the welding trade, such as shielded metal arc

and gas metal arc welding equipment.

y Lay out, position, align, and secure parts and assemblies prior to assembly, using straightedges, combination

squares, calipers, and rulers.

y Chip or grind off excess weld, slag, or spatter, using hand scrapers or power chippers, portable grinders, or arc-cutting equipment.

y Analyze engineering drawings, blueprints, specifications, sketches, work orders, and material safety data sheets to

plan layout, assembly, and welding operations.

y Connect and turn regulator valves to activate and adjust gas flow and pressure so that desired flames are

obtained.

y Weld separately or in combination, using aluminum, stainless steel, cast iron, and other alloys.

y Determine required equipment and welding methods, applying knowledge of metallurgy, geometry, and welding

techniques.

y Mark or tag material with proper job number, piece marks, and other identifying marks as required.

y Prepare all material surfaces to be welded, ensuring that there is no loose or thick scale, slag, rust, moisture,

grease, or other foreign matter.

y Select and install torches, torch tips, filler rods, and flux, according to welding chart specifications or types and

thicknesses of metals.

y Remove rough spots from workpieces, using portable grinders, hand files, or scrapers.

y Position and secure workpieces, using hoists, cranes, wire, and banding machines or hand tools.

y Clean or degrease parts, using wire brushes, portable grinders, or chemical baths.

y Repair products by dismantling, straightening, reshaping, and reassembling parts, using cutting torches,

straightening presses, and hand tools.



y Fill holes, and increase the size of metal parts.

y Dismantle metal assemblies or cut scrap metal, using thermal-cutting equipment such as flame-cutting torches or

plasma-arc equipment.

y Check grooves, angles, or gap allowances, using micrometers, calipers, and precision measuring instruments.

y Signal crane operators to move large workpieces.

y Gouge metals, using the air-arc gouging process.y Guide and direct flames or electrodes on or across workpieces to straighten, bend, melt, or build up metal.

y Estimate materials needed for production and manufacturing and maintain required stocks of materials.

y Develop templates and models for welding projects, using mathematical calculations based on blueprint

information.

y Cut, contour, and bevel metal plates and structural shapes to dimensions as specified by blueprints, layouts, work

orders, and templates, using powered saws, hand shears, or chipping knives.

y Preheat workpieces prior to welding or bending, using torches or heating furnaces.

y Use fire suppression methods in industrial emergencies.

y Melt lead bars, wire, or scrap to add lead to joints or to extrude melted scrap into reusable form.

y Set up and use ladders and scaffolding as necessary to complete work.

y Join parts such as beams and steel reinforcing rods in buildings, bridges, and highways, bolting and riveting asnecessary.

y Hammer out bulges or bends in metal workpieces.

y Mix and apply protective coatings to products.

y Operate metal shaping, straightening, and bending machines, such as brakes and shears.

y Operate brazing and soldering equipment.

Emerging Tasks

y Clean and maintain tanks, filter beds, and other work areas using hand tools and power tools.

y Maintain production equipment and machinery.

y Operate machinery and heavy equipment such as forklifts.

y Package finished products and prepare them for shipment.

y Perform quality checks on products and parts.

y Review work orders and blueprints to ensure work is performed according to specifications.

y Shovel, sweep, or otherwise clean work areas.

y Supervise assemblers and train employees on job procedures.

Work Activities

y Analyzing Data or Information: Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by breaking

down information or data into separate parts.

y Assisting and Caring for Others: Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other

personal care to others such as coworkers, customers, or patients.

y

Coaching and Developing Others: Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherwise helping others to improve their knowledge or skills.

y Communicating with Persons Outside Organization: Communicating with people outside the organization,

representing the organization to customers, the public, government, and other external sources. This information

can be exchanged in person, in writing, or by telephone or e-mail.

y Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates: Providing information to supervisors, co-workers,

and subordinates by telephone, in written form, e-mail, or in person.



y Controlling Machines and Processes: Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate

machines or processes (not including computers or vehicles).

y Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others: Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish

tasks.

y Developing and Building Teams: Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team

members.y Developing Objectives and Strategies: Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and

actions to achieve them.

y Documenting/Recording Information: Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in

written or electronic/magnetic form.

y Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment: Providing documentation,

detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to tell others about how devices, parts, equipment, or structures

are to be fabricated, constructed, assembled, modified, maintained, or used.

y Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships: Developing constructive and cooperative working

relationships with others, and maintaining them over time.

y Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products,Events, or Information: Estimating sizes, distances,

and quantities; or determining time, costs, resources, or materials needed to perform a work activity.y Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards: Using relevant information and individual

judgment to determine whether events or processes comply with laws, regulations, or standards.

y Getting Information: Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sources.

y Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates: Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including

setting performance standards and monitoring performance.

y Handling and Moving Objects: Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials,

and manipulating things.

y Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events: Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing

differences or similarities, and detecting changes in circumstances or events.

y Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Material: Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the

cause of errors or other problems or defects.y Interacting With Computers: Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to

program, write software, set up functions, enter data, or process information.

y Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others: Translating or explaining what information means and how

it can be used.

y Judging the Qualities of Things, Services, or People: Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or

people.

y Making Decisions and Solving Problems: Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best

solution and solve problems.

y Monitor Processes, Materials, or Surroundings: Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or

the environment, to detect or assess problems.

y

Monitoring and Controlling Resources: Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.

y Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment: Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles

or mechanized equipment, such as forklifts, passenger vehicles, aircraft, or water craft.

y Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work: Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and

accomplish your work.

y Performing Administrative Activities: Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining

information files and processing paperwork.



y Performing for or Working Directly with the Public: Performing for people or dealing directly with the public.

This includes serving customers in restaurants and stores, and receiving clients or guests.

y Performing General Physical Activities: Performing physical activities that require considerable use of your

arms and legs and moving your whole body, such as climbing, lifting, balancing, walking, stooping, and handling of

materials.

y

Processing Information: Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying informationor data.

y Provide Consultation and Advice to Others: Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other

groups on technical, systems-, or process-related topics.

y Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment: Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or

testing machines, devices, and equipment that operate primarily on the basis of electrical or electronic (not

mechanical) principles.

y Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment: Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines,

devices, moving parts, and equipment that operate primarily on the basis of mechanical (not electronic) principles.

y Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others: Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving

grievances and conflicts, or otherwise negotiating with others.

y

Scheduling Work and Activities: Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.y Selling or Influencing Others: Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds

or actions.

y Staffing Organizational Units: Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an

organization.

y Thinking Creatively: Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, systems, or

products, including artistic contributions.

y Training and Teaching Others: Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or

training programs or classes, and teaching or instructing others.

y Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge: Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your

job.

Detailed Work Activities

y adjust welding equipment

y analyze technical data, designs, or preliminary specifications

y analyze test data

y apply cleaning solvents

y apply protective coating to products

y attach or mark identification onto products or containers

y braze metal parts or components together

y burn (cut), trim, or scarf metal objects

y clean or degrease weld, or parts to be welded or soldered

y climb ladders, scaffolding, or utility or telephone poles

y compute production, construction, or installation specifications

y construct patterns or templates for welding projects

y determine equipment requirements

y erect scaffold

y estimate materials or labor requirements

y examine products or work to verify conformance to specifications

y explain work orders, specifications, or work techniques to workers

y fabricate beams



y fabricate, assemble, or disassemble manufactured products by hand

y file, sand, grind, or polish metal or plastic objects

y identify base metals for welding

y identify properties of metals for repair or fabrication activities

y lay out machining, welding or precision assembly projects

y maintain records, reports, or files

y maintain safe work environment

y maintain welding machines or equipment

y measure, weigh, or count products or materials

y mix paint, ingredients, or chemicals, according to specifications

y monitor production machinery/equipment operation to detect problems

y monitor the quantity of assembly output

y monitor worker performance

y move or fit heavy objects

y operate hoist, winch, or hydraulic boom

y operate metal or plastic fabricating equipment/machinery

y perform detailed welding techniques

y perform safety inspections in industrial, manufacturing or repair setting

y perform welding techniques over lengthy time span

y plan or organize work

y position, clamp or assemble workpiece prior to welding

y preheat metal before welding, brazing, or soldering

y read blueprints

y read production layouts

y read specifications

y read technical drawings

y read work order, instructions, formulas, or processing charts

y recognize characteristics of alloys

y recognize characteristics of metalsy recognize welding symbols

y requisition stock, materials, supplies or equipment

y setup welding equipment

y sharpen metal objects

y signal directions or warnings to coworkers

y solder metal parts or components together

y understand technical operating, service or repair manuals

y use acetylene welding/cutting torch

y use arc welding equipment

y use braze-welding equipment

y

use combination welding proceduresy use fire suppression equipment

y use gas welding equipment

y use hand or power tools

y use knowledge of welding filler rod types

y use non-destructive test equipment

y use precision measuring tools or equipment

y use soldering equipment

y use spot or tack welding techniques



y use thermal-cutting equipment

y weld in flat, horizontal, vertical, or overhead position

y weld together metal parts, components, or structures

y use x-ray or magnetic inspection techniquesTools & Technology Used on the Job

y Air chiselsy Air drills

y Air scalers

y Angle finders

y Anvils

y Arc voltage measurement instruments

y Arc welders

y Bandsaws

y Brakes

y Brazing equipment

y Buffers

y Calipers

y Clamps

y Comealongsy Computerized numerical control CNC programmable welding robot controllers

y Current converters

y Cutoff saws

y Desktop computers

y Dies

y Direct current DC sources

y Dive suits

y Drill presses

y Electric overhead hoists

y Electric pipe threaders

y Electrode wires

y EZ Pipe software

y Face shieldsy Files

y Fillet weld gauges

y Forklifts

y Gas flow measurement instruments

y Goggles

y Grinding machinery

y Hand chipping hammers

y Hand pipe threaders

y Hand shields

y Heliarc welding equipment

y Hydraulic jacks

y Hydraulic presses

y Hydraulic truck lifts

y Impact wrenches

y Ladders

y Laser printers

y Laser welders

y Lathes

y Levels

y Light trucks

y Metal benders



y Metal inert gas MIG welders

y Metal markers

y Micrometers

y Milling machines

y Mobile welding units

y Motorized cutting torches

y

Nibblersy OmniFleet Equipment Maintenance Management

y Overhead cranes

y Oxyacetylene welding equipment

y Pattern cutting torches

y Personal computers

y Pinchbars

y Pipe cutters

y Plasma welders

y Portable gas operated arc welders

y Portable magnetic drill presses

y Power chippers

y Power drills

y Power grindersy Power saws

y Power wire brushes

y Protractors

y Pry bars

y Punch presses

y Punches

y Ratchets

y Recordkeeping software

y Resistance welding equipment

y Respirator hose masks

y Rod ovens

y Scaffolding

y Scientific Software Group Filter Drain FDy Scribers

y Self-contained breathing equipment

y Semi-automatic flame-cutting equipment

y Shears

y Slitters

y Socket sets

y Soldering irons

y Squares

y Steamers

y Storage ovens and hot boxes

y Straightedges

y Swing stages

y Tapsy Temperature measurement instruments

y Tungsten inert gas TIG welding equipment

y Two way radios

y Ultrasonic welding equipment

y Underwater electrode holders

y Underwater electrodes

y Underwater welding equipment

y Unishears



y Vernier tools

y Waterproof gloves

y Welding current measurement instruments

y Welding electrode holders

y Welding electrodes

y Welding guns

y

Welding lensesy Welding robots

y Welding shields

y Welding tips

y Welding torches

y Winches

y Wire brushes

y Wire cutters

y Wire feed rate measurement instruments

y Wirefeed welders

y Wrenches

y Pry bars

y Punches

y Radial arm sawsy Radial drills

y Ratchets

y Recoilless rivet hammers

y Respirators

y Ring filing wheels

y Ring squeezers

y Rivet guns

y Roll benders

y Rotating mandrels

y Rubber mallets

y Safety glasses

y Safety gloves

y Scaffoldingy Scribers

y Setup templates

y Sine bars

y Sledgehammers

y Snap ring pliers

y Socket wrenches

y Soldering guns

y Soldering irons

y Spanner wrenches

y Spline wrenches

y Spot welding equipment

y Spreadsheet software

y Squeegeesy Steel rules

y Straight screwdrivers

y Straightening presses

y Surface gauges

y Swaging tools

y Tack welding equipment

y Taps

y Tensiometers



y Projected growth (2006-2016): 5.06%

y Projected need (2006-2016): 20,708

y Employment (2006): 409,024

General Layout of a Thermal Power Plant Ricky Published Jan 22, 2009

The coal which you use in your backyard for barbeque performs much more important functionssuch as generating electricity for us in thermal power plants. Learn about the layout of these plants in this article.

Introduction

With the world on a development spree, there is shortage of power in most places whilst the

demand seems to be in a never ending upward spiral. There are several answers to this challenge

such as the nuclear power plants, but the conventional thermal power plants also play an equallyimportant role in this power equation. Learn about these power plants in this article.

General Layout of the Plant

Though each plant is unique in itself in terms of specific features and functionalities, still there is

a broad outline to which all thermal power plants confirm to and in this article we will studyabout the general layout of a typical power plant.

There are four main circuits in any thermal power plant and these are

1. Coal & Ash Circuit this circuit deals mainly with feeding the boiler with coal f or combustion

purposes and taking care of the ash that is generated during the combustion process and

includes equipment and paraphernalia that is used to handle the transfer and storage of coal

and ash.

2. Air & Gas Circuit we know that air is one of the main components of the fire triangle and

hence necessary f or combustion. Since lots of coal is burnt inside the boiler it needs a sufficient

quantity of air which is supplied using either f orced draught or induced draught fans. The

exhaust gases from the combustion are in turn used to heat the ingoing air through a heat

exchanger bef ore being let off in the atmosphere. The equipment which handles all these

processes fall under this circuit.

3. Feed Water & Steam Circuit this section deals with supplying of steam generated from the

boiler to the turbines and to handle the outgoing steam from the turbine by cooling it to f ormwater in the condenser so that it can be reused in the boiler plus making good any losses due to

evaporation etc.

4. Cooling Water Circuit this part of the thermal power plant deals with handling of the cooling

water required in the system. Since the amount of water required to cool the outgoing steam

from the boiler is substantial, it is either taken from a nearby water source such as a river, or it is

done through evaporation if the quantity of cooling water available is limited.



The above breakdown of the plant would give you a clear idea about the components of the plant but a complete picture shown below would be more useful in getting an idea how these circuits

are integrated together to form the complete power plant.

Read more: http://www.brighthub.com/engineering/mechanical/articles/23141.aspx#ixzz1Rv9NMeS5

Induction heating: how it works

Induction heating systems employ non-contact heating. They induce heat electromagnetically rather thanusing a heating element in contact with a part to conduct heat, as does resistance heating. Inductionheating acts more like a microwave oven; the appliance remains cool while the food cooks from within.

In an industrial example of induction heating, heat is induced in the part by placing it in a high-frequencymagnetic field. The magnetic field creates eddy currents inside the part, exciting the part's molecules andgenerating heat. Because heating occurs slightly below the metal surface, no heat is wasted.

Induction heating's similarity to resistance heating is that conduction is required to heat through thesection or part. The only difference is the source of heat and the temperatures of the tool. The inductionprocess heats within the part and the resistance process heats on the surface of the part. Depth of heating depends on the frequency. High frequency (e.g., 50 khz), heats close to the surface, while lowfrequency (e.g., 60 Hz) penetrates deeper into the part, placing the heating source up to 3 mm deep,allowing heating of thicker parts. The induction coil does not heat-up because the conductor is large forthe current being carried. In other words, the coil does not need to heat-up to heat the workpiece.

Induction heating system components

Induction heating systems can be air- or liquid-cooled depending on application requirements. A keycomponent common to both systems is the induction coil used to generate heat within the part.

Air-cooled system

A typical air-cooled system consists of a power source (5kW or 25kW), induction blanket, and associatedcables. The induction blanket consists of an induction coil surrounded by insulation and sewn into a hightemperature, replaceable Kevlar sleeve. This type of induction system can include a controller to monitor

and automatically control temperature. A system not equipped with a controller requires the use of atemperature indicator. The system could also include a remote on-off switch. Air-cooled systems can beused for applications up to 400 degrees F, designating it as a pre-heat only system.

Liquid-cooled system

Because liquid cools more efficiently than air, this type of induction heating system can be used forapplications requiring higher temperatures, such as high-temperature preheating and stress relieving.



The principle differences are the addition of a water cooler and the use of a flexible liquid-cooled hosethat houses the induction coil. Liquid-cooled systems also generally use a temperature controller andbuilt-in temperature recorder, particularly important components in stress relieving applications. Thetypical stress relieving procedure requires a step to 600-800 degrees F, followed by a ramp or controlledtemperature rise to a soak temperature of approximately 1250 degrees F. After a hold time, the part iscontrol-cooled to between 600-800 degrees F. The temperature recorder collects data on the part's actualtemperature profile based on a thermocouple input, a QA requirement for stress relieving applications.The actual procedure will be determined by the type of work and the applicable code.

Induction heating benefits

Compared to conventional preheating and stress relieving methods, induction heating offers numerousadvantages, including improved heat uniformity and quality, reduced cycle time, and lower consumablescosts. Induction heating is also safe, reliable and easy to use, and scores higher than alternativetechnologies in power efficiency and versatility.

Uniformity and quality

Induction heating is not particularly sensitive to coil placement or spacing. Generally, the coils should beevenly spaced and centered on the weld joint. On systems so-equipped, a temperature controller canestablish the power requirement in an analog fashion, providing just enough power to maintain thetemperature profile. The power source provides power during the entire process.

Reduced cycle time

The induction method of preheating and stress relieving provides significantly quicker time-to-temperature. On thicker applications, such as high pressure steam lines, induction heating can slash twohours from cycle time. It is conceivable to reduce cycle time from the control temperature to soak

temperature. When combined with other usability factors, it is not uncommon to expect a 50 percent total cycle time reduction.

Reduced consumables costs

The insulation used in induction heating is easy to attach to work pieces and can be reused many times.Conversely, ceramic fiber insulation used in resistance heating can be used only once or twice before it has to be discarded, requiring a large inventory of insulation and incurring significant costs for disposal of potentially hazardous material. In addition, in comparison to resistance system components, inductioncoils are robust and don't require fragile wire or ceramic materials. Also, because the induction coils andconnectors don't operate at high temperatures, they are not subject to degradation, as are ceramic

heating pads.

Ease-of-use

A major benefit of induction preheating and stress relieving is its simplicity, which contributes to easyuse. Insulation and cables are simple to install, usually taking less than 15 minutes.http://inductionheater.netÂ has shown boilermakers and pipefitters how to use the induction equipment with just one day of training.



Power efficiency

The inverter power source is 92 percent efficient, a critical advantage in an era of skyrocketing energycosts. Additionally, the induction heating process is more than 80 percent efficient. Regarding powerinput, the induction process only requires a 40 amp line for 25kW of power.

Safety

Preheating and stress relieving through the induction method is extremely worker-friendly. Inductionheating does not require hot heating elements and connectors. Very little airborne particulate isassociated with the insulation blankets, and the insulation itself is not exposed to temperatures over 1800degrees F, which can cause insulation to break down into dust and then breathed by workers .

Reliability

One of the most important factors impacting productivity in stress relieving is not interrupting the cycle.In most instances, cycle interruption means the heat treat will need to be re-run, which is significant

when a thermal cycle can take a day to complete. The induction heating system components make cycleinterruptions unlikely. The cabling for induction is simple, making it less likely to fail. Also, no contactorsare used to control the heat input to the part.

Versatility

The Duolin Induction Heat Treatment System was originally designed for preheating and stress relievingof pipe. Now, users of induction heating systems have adapted the process for weldolets, elbows, valves,and other parts. One of the aspects of induction heating that makes it attractive for complex shapes isthe ability to adjust the coils during the heating process to accommodate unique parts and heat sinks.The operator can start the process, determine the affects of the heating process in real-time and modify

the coil position to change the result. Lastly, the induction cables can be moved without waiting for aircooling at the end of the cycle.

Induction heating in welding applications

DUO LIN Induction Heating Systems, Co, Ltd., the manufacturer of induction heating systems for weldingapplications, has proven its technology on a number of projects, including oil and gas pipelines, heavyequipment construction and maintenance and repair of mining equipment. Summaries of various projectsare presented below.

Oil pipeline

A North American oil pipeline maintenance operation had used a combination of propane torches andelectrical resistance to heat pipe before welding encirclement repair sleeves or STOPPLE fittings to thepipeline's 48-inch girth. While many repairs could be made without having to stop oil flow or drain it fromthe pipe, the presence of the crude itself hampered welding efficiency due to the heat sink effect of theflowing oil. Propane torches required constant interruption of welding to maintain heat, and resistanceheating - while providing continuous heat - often couldn't meet required weld temperatures.



The maintenance company turned to induction heating as a solution. On encirclement sleeve repairs, two25kW systems were employed with parallel blankets to obtain a preheat temperature of 125 degrees F. As a result, cycle time was reduced from 8-12 hours to 4 hours per girth weld. Preheating for a STOPPLEfitting (a "T" junction with valve) repair had been even more challenging due to the fitting's greater wallthickness. With induction heating however, the company used four 25kW systems with a paralleledblanket set-up. Two systems were used on each side of the "T". One system was used on the mainline topreheat the oil and the second was used to preheat the "T" at the circumferential weld joint. The preheat temperature was 125 degrees F. The weld time was reduced from 12-18 hours to seven hours per girthweld.

Natural gas pipeline

A natural gas pipeline construction project entailed building a 36 in. diameter, .633 in. pipeline from Alberta, Canada to Chicago. On one spread of this pipeline, the welding contractor used two 25kW powersources mounted on a tractor with the induction blankets attached to booms for speed and convenience.The power sources were used to preheat both sides of the pipe joint. Critical to this process was speedand reliable temperature control. As alloy content increases in materials to reduce weight and weld time,

and to increase part life, controlling preheat temperatures becomes more critical. In this inductionheating application, it required less than three minutes to obtain the 250 degrees F preheat temperature,versus approximately five minutes using traditional preheating methods. In addition, temperatureuniformity and operator safety were improved.

Heavy Equipment

A heavy equipment manufacturer often welds adapter teeth onto its loader bucket edges. Previously, thetack welded assembly was moved back and forth to a large furnace, requiring the welding operator towait while the part was reheated repeatedly. The manufacturer opted to try induction heating to preheat the assembly to prevent movement of the product. The material is 4 in. thick with a high required

preheat temperature due to alloy content. Duolin Electric worked with the customer to developcustomized induction blankets to meet the application requirements. The insulation and coil designprovided the added benefit of shielding the operator from the part's radiant heat. Overall, operationswere considerably more efficient, reducing welding time and maintaining temperature throughout thewelding process.

Mining equipment

A mine had been experiencing cold cracking problems and preheating inefficiency using propane heatersin its repair operations of mining equipment. Welding operators had to remove a conventional insulatingblanket from the thick part frequently to apply heat and keep the part at the correct temperature. The

mine opted to try induction heating using flat, air-cooled blankets to preheat the parts before welding.The induction process applied heat to the part quickly. It also could be used continuously during thewelding process. Weld repair time was reduced by 50 percent. In addition, the power source wasequipped with a temperature controller to keep the part at the target temperature. This virtuallyeliminated rework due to cold cracking. The customer reported an annual savings of $80,000.

Power plant



A power plant builder was constructing a natural gas power facility in California. Boilermakers andpipefitters had been experiencing construction delays due to the preheating and stress relieving methodsthey were employing on the plant's steam lines. One of the biggest problems on this job was reliability of the electrical resistance equipment, which suffered from contactor and connector failures and brokenwires on the heating pads during stress relieving. Extensive rework as a result, combined with longheating cycles, was delaying construction significantly. The company brought in induction heatingtechnology in an attempt to increase efficiency, particularly for work on medium to large steam lines, asthese pieces take the most heat treating time required on a job site.

On a typical 16 in. weldolet with a 2 in. wall thickness, resistance preheating and stress relieving used totake five-and-a-half hours to complete. Induction heating was able to shave two hours off the time-to-temperature (600 degrees F) and another hour to reach soak temperature (600 degrees F to 1350degrees F) for stress relieving. The simplicity of wrapping the induction blankets around complex shapesfurther reduced the time to perform the heat treat. It took the fitters 15 minutes to wrap a joint that would have required two workers two hours to prepare using a resistance set-up.

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INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE METHODS OF TEACHING

Author: prabhat marwaha INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE METHODS OF TEACHING

Students have different intellectual capacities and learning styles that favour or hinder knowledge

accumulation. As a result, teachers are interested in ways to effectively cause students to understandbetter and learn. Teachers want to bring about better understanding of the material he/she wants tocommunicate. It is the responsibility of the educational institutions and teachers to seek more effectiveways of teaching in order to meet individualâs and societyâs expectations from education.Improving teaching methods may help an institution meet its goal of achieving improved learningoutcomes.

Teaching methods can either be inductive or deductive or some combination of the two.

The inductive teaching method or process goes from the specific to the general and may be based onspecific experiments or experimental learning exercises. Deductive teaching method progresses fromgeneral concept to the specific use or application.

These methods are used particularly in reasoning i.e. logic and problem solving.

To reason is to draw inferences appropriate to the situation.

Inferences are classified as either deductive or inductive.



For example, âRam must be in either the museum or in the cafeteria.â He is not in the cafeteria;therefore he is must be Â in the museum. This is deductive reasoning.

As an example of inductive reasoning, we have, âPrevious accidents of this sort were caused byinstrument failure, and therefore, this accident was caused by instrument failure.

The most significant difference between these forms of reasoning is that in the deductive case the truthof the premises (conditions) guarantees the truth of the conclusion, whereas in the inductive case, thetruth of the premises lends support to the conclusion without giving absolute assurance. Inductivearguments intend to support their conclusions only to some degree; the premises do not necessitate theconclusion.

Inductive reasoning is common in science, where data is collected and tentative models are developed todescribe and predict future behaviour, until the appearance of the anomalous data forces the model to berevised.

Deductive reasoning is common in mathematics and logic, where elaborate structures of irrefutable

theorems are built up from a small set of basic axioms and rules. However examples exist where teachingby inductive method bears fruit.

EXAMPLES: Â (INDUCTIVE METHOD):

1)Â Â Â Â Â MATHEMATICS:

A)Â Â Ask students to draw a few sets of parallel lines with two lines in each set. Let them construct andmeasure the corresponding and alternate angles in each case. They will find them equal in all cases. Thisconclusion in a good number of cases will enable them to generalise that âcorresponding angles areequal; alternate angles are equal.â This is a case where equality of corresponding and alternate

angles in a certain sets of parallel lines (specific) helps us to generalise the conclusion. Thus this is anexample of inductive method.

B)Â Â Â Ask students to construct a few triangles. Let them measure and sum up the interior angles ineach case. The sum will be same (= 180Â°) in each case. Thus they can conclude that âthe sum of the interior angles of a triangle = 180Â°). This is a case where equality of sum of interior angles of atriangle (=180Â°) in certain number of triangles leads us to generalise the conclusion. Thus this is anexample of inductive method.

C)Â Â Â Let the mathematical statement be, S (n): 1 + 2 + â¦â¦+ n =. It can be proved that if theresult holds for n = 1, and it is assumed to be true for n = k, then it is true for n = k +1 and thus for all

natural numbers n. Here, the given result is true for a specific value of n = 1 and we prove it to be truefor a general value of n which leads to the generalization of the conclusion. Thus it is an example of inductive method.

2)Â Â Â LANGUAGES:

A)Â Â Â Development of a story from a given outline is an example of inductive method because thestudent may develop any story from the given outline (specific) based on his/her imagination.



1)Â Â Â Â Â MATHEMATICS:

A)Â Â Â We have an axiom that âtwo distinct lines in a plane are either parallel or intersectingâ(general). Â Based on this axiom, the corresponding theorem is: âTwo distinct lines in a plane cannot have more than one point in common.â (Specific). Thus this is an example of deductive method.

B)Â Â Â Â We have a formula for the solution of the linear simultaneous equations as Â and(general).The students find the solutions of some problems like Â based on this formula (specific). Thus this is anexample of deductive method.

2)Â Â Â LANGUAGES:

A)Â Â Writing a summary of a passage known as prÃ©cis writing is an example of deductive methodbecause for the given passage (general) we always have certain key points which are included in thesummary (specific).

B)Â Â Â Explaining a poem in prose with reference to context is an example of deductive method

because the poem being given (general), we always try to pen the specific idea or thought of the poet inprose. Hence it is an example of deductive method.

3)Â Â Â CHEMISTRY:

The experiment of salt analysis is an example of deductive method because here, we firstly perform thepreliminary test also known as dry test (general) to ascertain as to which group it may probably belong.The group being ascertained, we proceed to perform specific confirmatory test to identify the particularsalt. Thus it proceeds from general to specific.

4)Â Â Â PHYSICS:

By using the properties of semi-conductors (general), we make several instruments like diodes andtransistors which have (specific) uses like the light emitting diode (LED) is used in remote controlinstruments; the photo diode is used for counting the exact number of people present in a stadium at aparticular interval of time. As it proceeds from general to specific thus this is an example of deductivemethod.

5)Â Â Â BIOLOGY:

a)Â Â Â Â Â Â This method can best be made use of in the study and understanding of diseases wherethe symptoms and precautionary measures of various diseases caused by bacteria, virus and other

organisms can be explained and children are asked to identify the same on the basis of theirunderstanding.

b)Â Â Â Â Â Classification of animals into chordate and Non-Chordate on the basis of their differences.Since, the differences are general in nature, and the classification as mentioned above is particular innature, it proceeds from general to particular. Thus this is an example of deductive method.

The examples cited above are not exhaustive. Many more examples can be given and from variety of subjects as well.



Logic and Problem solving are two more areas where these methods find extensive usage.

The major task of logic is to establish a systematic way of deducing the logical consequences of a set of sentences. In order to accomplish this, it is necessary first to identify or characterize the logicalconsequences of a set of sentences. The procedures for deriving conclusions from a set of sentencesthen need be examined to verify that all logical consequences and only these are deducible from that set.

From its very beginning, the field of logic has been occupied with arguments, in which certainstatements, the premises, are asserted in order to support some other statement, the conclusion. If thepremises are intended to provide conclusive support for conclusion, the argument is a deductive one. If the premises are intended to support the conclusion, only to a lesser degree, the argument is calledinductive.

A logically correct argument is termed âvalidâ, while an acceptable inductive argument is calledcogent. The notion of support is further elucidated by the observation that the truth of the premises of avalid deductive argument necessitates the truth of the conclusion. It is impossible for the premises to betrue and the conclusion false. On the other hand, the truth of the premises of a cogent argument confers

only a probability of truth on its conclusion: it is possible for the premises to be true but the conclusion isfalse. For example let the premise is: âAll teachers are scholarsâ and the conclusion be: âThereare some scholars who are not teachersâ. Let the premise be true then obviously, the conclusion isfalse. Hence it is a cogent. Again let the premise is âno policeman is a thiefâ and the conclusion beâno thief is a policemanâ. Let the premise be true then the conclusion is also seen to be true. Thusit is a valid (deductive) argument.

Problem solving is another area where inductive and deductive processes may be used.

In inductive thinking, one considers a number of particular or specific items of information to developmore inclusive or general conceptions. After aspirin was synthesized, for example, some people who

swallowed the substance reported that it relieved their particular headaches. Through induction thereports of these specific individuals were the basis for developing a more inclusive notion: âaspirinmay be helpful in relieving headaches in generalâ.

âDeductionâ is reasoning from general propositions âor hypotheses-to more specific instances orstatements. Thus, after the general hypothesis about the effectiveness of aspirin had been put forward,physicians began to apply it to specific, newly encountered headache cases. The deduction was that, if aspirin is generally useful in managing pains in the head, it might also be helpful in easing painselsewhere in the body.

Although a person may deliberately choose to use induction or deduction, people typically shift from one

to the other depending on the exigencies of the reasoning process.

Finally let me compare these two methods.

S.NO

INDUCTIVE METHOD

DEDUCTIVE METHOD



1.

It gives new knowledge

It does not give any new knowledge.

2.

It is a method of discovery.

It is a method of verification.

3.

It is a method of teaching.

It is the method of instruction.

4.

Child acquires first hand knowledge and information by actual observation.

Child gets ready made information and makes use of it.

5.

It is a slow process.

It is quick process.

6.

It trains the mind and gives self confidence and initiative.

It encourages dependence on other sources.

7.

It is full of activity.

There is less scope of activity in it.

8.

It is an upward process of thought and leads to principles.

It is a downward process of thought and leads to useful results.



To conclude, we can say that inductive method is a predecessor of deductive method. Any loss of timedue to slowness of this method is made up through the quick and time saving process of deduction.Deduction is a process particularly suitable for a final statement and induction is most suitable forexploration of new fields. Probability in induction is raised to certainty in deduction. The happycombination of the two is most appropriate and desirable.

There are two major parts of the process of learning of a topic: establishment of formula or principlesand application of that formula or those principles. The former is the work of induction and the latter isthe work of deduction. Therefore, friends, âAlways understand inductively and apply deductivelyâand a good and effective teacher is he who understands this delicate balance between the two. Thus:âhis teaching should begin with induction and end in deduction.â

Cookware for Induction Cooktops

Author: Lynn Porter Some people may never have heard of induction cooking, so choosing cookware for induction cooktops isway out of the question. Induction cooking is not a new technology. People have been using inductioncooktops around the world for quite some time. Many restaurants have been using induction cookingsurfaces for years, for many reasons. The faster cooking times, they generate less heat in the kitchen,and they are much safer than a traditional gas stove just to name a few. The popularity of inductioncooktops in the home for personal use is growing at a rapid pace due to the consistent dropping in price.If you are going to invest in an induction cooktop, then you are going to want to purchase some reallygood quality cookware for induction cooktops.

Induction cookware is different from regular cookware in more than just the name. Induction stoves workby using electromagnetic heating sent through a cooper coil. Cookware that is to be used on an inductioncooktop needs to be ferrous, which means it has to be magnetic. Only magnetic cookware will work onan induction cooktop.

If you are shopping for induction cookware, there are a few things that you should be aware of in orderto make sure that you get the most for your money. There are not too many things that you need toknow, but the few that you do need to know are important. When you are out looking for cookware forinduction cooktops, make sure that all of your pots and pans come with a flat bottom. This is because theinduction cooktops work by the contact of the pan to the magnetic surface of the cooking surface. Youwant to ensure that you are getting direct even contact. The other thing is make sure that the surface of the induction cookware has a very large magnetic surface. The induction cooking surface uses magneticheat, so the more magnetic that your pots and pans are, the more heat you will receive.

There are many manufactures that are making cookware for induction cooktops. Induction cookwaretends to cost more than regular cookware. Even though you can find some decent induction cookware onsale, the best way to ensure that you are getting good quality cookware is bring a magnet with you.When you see something that you like, pull out your magnet and see if it sticks. If does stick, you aregood to go. Next, see how much of the surface is magnetic. Take your magnet and run it across thebottom of the pot or pan. The wider the surface, the better it will heat.



Also, keep in mind that cast iron cookware is an excellent choice as induction cookware. This is becausecast iron is very ferrous.

Induction cooktops are seemingly becoming the new way to go when it comes to cooking because of itsmany benefits. Many people really are sold on the fact that the cooktop itself does not become hot, onlythe area where the pans sits heats up. No matter what your reason is for purchasing a induction cooktop,when purchasing cookware for induction cooktops, remember these few simple things and you should behappy with your purchase. The prices will vary. What you actually spend will all depend on yourcookware budget, but if you are new to this method of cooking, you will need to replace all of your potsand pans with induction cookware.

Â

Induction cookers and Induction cooktops have become affordable

Author: Brett Heppolette Induction cookers and Induction cooktops have become affordable and have deservedly grown inpopularity over recent years.Â Â Â After years of living with a slow electric cooker I fully intended tochange to a gas hob when the kitchen was revamped but a little research soon convinced me that induction hobs are far superior.Â An induction cooker is easily as fast as gas, bringing the contents of apan to the boil with impressive speed and, just like a gas cooker, responds instantly when a reduction intemperature is required.

The first obvious advantage of induction cookers over gas cookers, halogen hobs and ceramic hobs is

that of safety â especially important if there are children or elderly users to consider.Â The inductionhob works by using magnetism to heat the pan itself â the rings do not heat up â consequently therisk of burns from naked flames and hot surfaces is reduced to practically zero.Â (There is some residualheat when a pan is lifted off but this is nothing like the temperature of a conventional hob).

Still on the subject of safety, even when switched on, an induction ring only starts to work when asuitable metal pan is placed on it, so no worries about a stray spoon left on the hob becomingdangerously hot.Â Also, the induction rings automatically switch off after a short delay when a pan hasbeen removed, so no more forgetting to switch the cooker off.

Another advantage of the induction hob not getting hot itself is ease of cleaning.Â It is possible to wipesplashes up during cooking without any danger at all and the whole hob can be wiped over in seconds assoon as you take the pans off.Â Food splashes and spills do not stick to the surface of the inductioncooker as it remains cool, so no more time wasted dismantling gas hobs or using abrasives and chemicalsto remove stubborn, burnt on food residue.

Induction cooking is also very economical.Â You are only using the energy you need to heat a pan,virtually no heat is wasted.



I was warned that it would cost a fortune to buy new pans for my induction hob (cookware must have ahigh iron content) but this proved to be completely wrong.Â All you need is a magnet â if it sticksfirmly to the base of a pan, the pan will be perfect for induction cooking.Â Take two minutes to test all of your pans and you may be surprised to find how many of them can be used on an induction hob âsome cheap ones as well as expensive cast iron cookware such as Le Creuset were all fine.ÂManufacturers are producing more and more cookware suitable for use on induction hobs and I was ableto buy the one or two extra pans I need at very reasonable cost from a supermarket.

If you have a special pan that will not work on an induction cooker, it is possible to purchase an inductioncooking adapter, which is a cast iron plate to sit on the hob.Â The idea is that the plate gets hot and willheat any pan placed on top of it.Â These do work, but you lose many of the advantages of speed andsafety as the plate gets extremely hot and takes a long time to cool â perhaps better just to buy a newpan.

Induction cookers come in a variety of designs, with rings of different shapes and sizes.Â My Boschinduction hob is a basic four ring model, the largest ring being 21cm diameter and has proved to be anexcellent buy. It is possible to buy models with extra large or specially shaped rings for fish kettles, but I

would think carefully about how much you will actually use these features before going to theÂ extraexpense.

I love to cook and am delighted with my new hob and thoroughly recommend induction cookers.

Â

EMPTY YOUR CUP - The Key to Induction Training Author: Vikram Karve EMPTY YOUR CUPTHE KEY TO INDUCTION TRAINING Tips for the Induction Trainer By VIKRAM KARVE I have participated in, designed and conducted all types of training programmes - formal, informal,programmed instruction, cognitive, affective, simulation, tailor-made, on-the-job (OJT), even peripatetictraining, but the one that I found most rewarding and satisfying was Induction Training. My inductiontrainees too feel the same way. So here are some musings on the Art of Induction Training.EMPTY YOUR "CUP" The first thing I tell a fresh batch of induction trainess is this famous Zen Story â EMPTY YOUR CUP The Japanese master Nan-in gave audience to a professor of philosophy. Serving tea, Nan-in filled hisvisitor's cup, and kept pouring. The professor watched the overflow until he could restrain himself nolonger: "Stop! The cup is over full, no more will go in." Nan-in said: "Like this cup, you are full of yourown opinions and speculations. How can I show you Zen unless you first empty your cup?"The aim of induction training is to facilitate seamless integration of newly inducted employees into anorganization by achieving harmony and a sense of alignment between individual values andorganizational values.Good induction training will make it easy for the new employee to seamlessly blend into the corporateculture of the organization, and also for the organization to smoothly absorb the new employee within itsfold.FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS OF INDUCTION TRAINING Are you a dog lover? Do you have a pet dog?



Have you ever trained dogs? If your answer is YES, then I am sure you know key to Induction Trainingâ¦! Just as you welcome a newdog into your home, help him adapt, acclimatize, socialize, feel comfortable, settle in and integrate intoyour family, in the same way, induction training comprises acclimatizing new employees into theorganization with the objective of integrating individuals into an effective whole. While a puppy dogusually settles in very quickly and adapts to the new environment quite easily, an adult dog often takes

longer to acclimatize and may experience adjustment problems.Similarly there is a difference between the attitudes of "freshers" recruited directly from college campusesand lateral inductees at senior levels who already have work experience in other organizations and mayhave to "unlearn" some of their earlier ways before learning the new. Both categories must "empty theircups" - the freshers must realise that they are no longer students and those with work experience must try anf unfreeze some of their attitudes formed in earlier organizations. There are two facets to trainingdogs â obedience training and behavioural training â one pertaining to logical "left half" of thebrain and the other facet relating to the intuitive "right half" of the brain. Similarly induction trainingtoo has two aspects:

1. The "hard" left-brain domain specific training with the objective of identifying andeliminating knowledge and skill gaps by inculcating in the trainee the required domain

specific knowledge and specialized skill sets and proficiencies to make good gaps in domainknowledge and cover up specialized skill deficiencies in order to bridge the knowledge, skilland performance gaps to enable the inductee to fit into his role and efficiently perform hisdesignated tasks in the organization, and

2. The "soft" right- brain value based training t o f a ci litat e sea mless int egrati on of n ewlyin duct ed employees int o an organi zati on by a chi eving har mon y an d a sen se of a lign ment bet ween in di vi dua l va lues an d organi zati ona l va lues by r educing va lue mi smat ch es an den couraging va lue congr uen ci es.

To put it succin ct ly, the aim of induction training is to add value to the trainee in order toenable the trainee to add value to the organization. As r egar ds th e "hard" part of inductiontraining i s con cern ed, it can be design ed using structured training design methodology

in cor porating n eed ana lysi s, r equir ement s for mulati on a ppr oa ch an d i mplement ed an d eva luat edsyst emati ca lly. Li ke I dr ew th e ana log y with dog training , thi s "har d" a spect of in ducti on training i s a kin t o for ma l obedi en ce training for dog s. Now you wi ll train th e dog depen ding on th e r ole you int en d for th e dog â g uar d dog , wat ch dog , g ui de dog , sni ffer dog , det ecti on dog , poli ce dog , sear ch an d r escuedog , wor king dog , sh eph er d ( li vest ock g uar dian ) dog , f a mi ly dog , compani on , th era py dog , la p dog et câ an d you can clear ly a ssess th e train ee an d eva luat e th e eff i ca cy of th e training . Thi s "har d" a spect of training ma y entai l quantitati ve training eva luati on metri cs t o a ssess an d qua li fy th e train ees an d a lso g et an i dea of th e eff i ca cy of training an d th e train er s. Of cour se, you must r emember that n o t wo dog s ar eth e sa me an d th er e ar e br eed- speci f i c trait s t ooâ¦! Th e objecti ve of th e "soft" a spect of inductiontraining i s t o facilitate seamless integration of newly inducted employees int o an organi zati on by a chi eving har mon y an d a sen se of a lign ment bet ween in di vi dua l va lues an d organi zati ona l va lues.INDUCTION TRAINING PEDAGOGYLearning compri ses t wo pedag ogi c pr ocesses:Getting knowledge that is inside to move out, an d Getting knowledge that is outside to movein. Th us th e approach to induction training must be two pronged: Encourage and mentor thetrainees to look inwards, intr ospect , r uminat e an d discover th eir own personal values [inside --out] an d Clearly acquaint, a ppri se, educat e, edi fy an d enlighten th e train ees a bout organizationalvalues [outside -- in] an d tr y t o inculcate organizational values in th e n ew in duct ees. Thi s wi llena ble th e train er an d train ees t o i denti fy th e degr ee of value congruence (harmony) an d valuedissonance (mi smat ch es) bet ween in di vi dua l an d organi zati ona l va lues an d th en by suita bly employing t echni ques li ke Force Field Analysis or Soft Systems Methodology we can mut ua lly a chi evestrengthening of value congruencies whi lst mitigating value dissonance th er eby enabling



harmonious induction of the new employee into the organization. Thus, induction training willmake it easy for the new employee to seamlessly blend into the corporate culture of the organization.ORGANIZATIONAL VALUES and CORPORATE CULTURE Organizational Values may becategorized into: 1. Stated Values 2. Visible Values 3. Invisible Values Stated Organizational

Values can be ascertained by studying various documents, HR, Quality and Operating Procedures,service rules and regulations, vision and mission statements pertaining to the organization. For example,

Organizational Ethical Values will be enshrined in the Code of Conduct. If the organization valuespunctuality there will exist laid down penalties for late-coming and absenteeism and, maybe, certainpositive incentives for regularity in attendance and timely completion of work. What constitutesmisconduct and proper workplace demeanour will be clearly stated where discipline is valued. Visible Organizational Values are evident from visible manifestations like Dress Code (Formal, Informal,Functional, Uniform), Titles and Job Descriptions, Organizational Structure (Flat versus Hierarchical),Work Culture (traditional, line-staff, bureaucratic, functional, process, time-based, network, matrix,scientific temper, family), Salary, Perks and Compensation Structure, Workplace Environment (interpersonal relationships, feedback, grievance redressal mechanism and its implementation, gendersensitivity, encouraging environment for innovation, creativity and feedback, and a positive happy friendlyworkplace atmosphere). Invisible Organizational Values can be sensed as "vibes" and can bederived from intangibles like morale, undercurrents, office politics, private conversations, an atmosphereof intrigue, secrecy and rumours, an air of complacency, attitudinal issues, or even positive

manifestations like "feel good factor". It is important for the induction trainee to explore all threemanifestations of organizational values â Stated, Visible and Invisible Values â anddiscover congruencies and mismatches. For example, a Stated Organizational Value may be"People are our most important asset" but Visible and Invisible indicators may reveal a different story... INDIVIDUAL or PERSONAL VALUESPersonal Values comprise: 1. Instrumental Values, and 2. Terminal Values Instrumental Values are core values, permanent in nature, comprise personal characteristics and character traits.Instrumental Values refer to preferable modes of behaviour and include values like honesty,sincerity, ambition, independence, obedience, imaginativeness, courageousness,competitiveness, and also some negative traits too.Instrumental Values are difficult to change. Terminal Values are those things that we tend towork towards or we think are most important and we feel are most desirable â terminal values aredesirable states of existence.Terminal Values include things like happiness, self respect, family security, recognition,freedom, inner harmony, comfortable life, professional excellence, etc.Unlike Instrumental Values, which a permanent in nature, Terminal Values are amenable to change and it is here that both the induction trainer and trainee must focus in order to derive optimal benefit forboth the employee and the organization. In a nutshell, Terminal Values signify the objectives of thelife of a person â the ultimate things the person wants to achieve through his or her behaviour ( thedestination he wants to reach in life ) whereas Instrumental Values indicate the methods anindividual would like to adopt for achieving his life's aim (the path he would like to take to reach hisdestination).

VALUE BASED INDUCTION TRAINING The aim of induction training is to create an alignmentbetween personal values and organizational values. As an induction trainer you cannot "set"organizational values, you can only help the trainees discover them. Also you cannot "install" new

core instrumental values into people â but you can surely through proper induction training instildesirable terminal values in the trainees. Creating alignment is a two-part process: The first isidentifying and correcting misalignments, and The second is creating new alignments. Theaim of value based induction training is to reinforce mutually desirable instrumental valuesand instil appropriate terminal values to strengthen the harmony between individual andorganizational values in order to facilitate seamless integration of the new employee into theorganization.Induction training will also help the trainee and the trainer identify rare cases where there exists anirreconcilable disconnect between organizational values and personal instrumental values,



which cannot be resolved, and in such cases help facilitate amicable exit of the trainee from theorganization at the earliest stage, well before the trainee begins his career in the new organization as thiswill be mutually beneficial and in the interest of both the organization and the trainee.To sum up, induction training makes it easy for new employees to seamlessly blend into the corporateculture of an organization, and also facilitates the organization to smoothly and harmoniously absorb newemployees within its fold.

VIKRAM KARVE

Copyright Â© Vikram Karve 2010 Vikram Karve has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designsand Patents Act 1988 to be identified as the author of this work. Â© vikram karve., all rightsreserved Academic and Creative Writing Journal Vikram Karve: http://karvediat.blogspot.com Professional Profile of Vikram Karve:Â http://www.linkedin.com/in/karve

Induction Cooking? What are the Advantages and Disadvantages?

Author: Marcia Klun While induction cooking has been popular in Europe and Australia for a number of years, this technologyis just beginning to become popular in the United States.Â What is induction cooking?Â It is oftenreferred to as heatless cooking because it does not require an open gas flame or red-hot electriccoils.Â Instead, heat is generated by electromagnetic currents in the burners that respond to metalcooking pots and pans.Â Â

When you cook on an induction cooktop, only the pan and food contained within it become hot.Â Assoon as the pot or pan is removed from the burner, the cooktop surface becomes almost cool to thetouch.Â

Advantages of Induction Cooking

Efficiency.Â The biggest difference between induction cooking and other methods is where the heat isactually generated.Â Gas and electric stovetops produce heat on a burner.Â This heat is thentransferred to a cooking pan and then its contents.Â In contrast, induction stove tops generate heat inthe vessel.Â There is no transfer from the burner to the pan.Â Thus there is virtually no wasted heat.Â According to studies, induction cooking is about 90% efficient, compared to electric and gas cooking that have 47% and 40% energy efficiency rating respectively.Â

Safety.Â Safety is a major selling point.Â With induction cooking, the burners stay cool (roomtemperature), eliminating the worry of burning your hands, using hot pads, or dangerous fumes beingadmitted into the air.Â

Time-saving.Â Induction cooktops achieve extremely high temperatures in a short period of time.ÂDuring the cooking process, any adjustments to the heat are precise and almost instantaneous.Â Gasheat is fairly precise as well, but it takes longer for the burners to heat the pan to the initial temperature.

Comfort.Â Induction burners wonât heat up your kitchen.Â This appeals to chefs, caterers, andeven home cooks.



The sales performance of Induction Cooking Unit is promising and got great market potential.

Gas Price High in China A Better Alternative is Induction Cooktop

In the recent gas price increases, Induction Cooktop turns out to be a "new favorites.

In induction cooking, heat is transferred from the cooktop to the pot by way of a magnetic force. Inpowerful commercial units, cooking is two to three times faster than in electric or gas ranges. The smallerhome version is less impressive for speed: it takes about four minutes to boil two cups of water, which isonly marginally faster than a home gas range.

Yet the induction cooktop is intriguing to many cooks for other reasons. For one, the cooking surfaceremains cool to the touch as heat is conducted magnetically to the pot. Morevover, chefs say heat can beturned up and down much faster and more precisely, which is important when making sauces.

Psychological Obstacles Preventing Chinese People Using this Kitchen Implements

There are two major factors that seem not to be good news to the induction cooktop industry.Traditionally, Chinese Like Big Fire, Not Quite Used to The Frying Pan with Electric Power, and they arealso afraid of the the Heat Radiation Problem, which are not stated clearly in any authorized paper. Sothe idea of heat radiation is vague, people wonder the quality of the induction cooktop and worried that if it would do harm to their health.

Quality Testing Lacking National Standard for Radiation Problem

Induction cooking units radiation parameters are not yet compulsory national accreditation standards.

It is understood that for domestic induction cooking unit to enter EU, American and other markets, it must go through some local authentication, such as the European Union CE, Germany GS, electronics,room CB, American ETL certification. With the certification, the market is "Pass". Currently, only a fewbrands for export induction cooktop will enforce international standards.

For the domestic market, consumers should "polish" the eyes, weigh the merits and selectively buying.Under the existing national standardized management system, our GB are not keeping pace with thepace of international standard. IEC standards have not been developed. The consumer should betterchoose some well-know brand in china to better avoid the quality problem.

Popular Brand for Induction Equipment in China

Midea;Galanz;GREE

Induction Cooking Combines High Performance, Energy Efficiency

Benefits of Induction Cooking

Better Heat



Induction cooktops are on par with gas and higher than electric stovetops in terms of heat output. Thebest induction models can achieve up to 3,500W output. In addition, almost no heat is wasted. A typicalinduction stovetop applies approximately 85 percent of its heat output to cooking, while a gas cooker canonly achieve about 40 percent.

PrecisionHeat levels can be adjusted to very fine increments and instantaneously.

Easy Clean-up As is the case with most smoothtops, cleaning is a cinch, especially since there is no need to wait for theunit to cool down.

SafetyHeat is generated only in the pot or pan itself, so burns are less likely. Also, induction uses electricity, sothere is also no danger of a gas leak.

Disadvantages of Induction Cooking

Cookware

Because it uses electromagnetism, induction cooking requires the use of ferrous (containing iron)cookware, which is often marked as induction friendly on its label. Copper and ceramic wont work onmost current models, though induction stovetops that can handle any type of metal are being developed. A drawback of induction cooking is that it works only with pots and pans that contain iron or somemagnetic material. Cast-iron pots work, but most stainless steel and copper ones do not (the new line of All-Clad pans is an exception). J. P. Prince sells Mauviel's line of heavy-gauge pots and pans with an ironcore. The pots are expensive, though: a 9 1/2-inch saucepan costs $105, a 9 1/2-inch saute pan $82.50.

Energy Saving

2000 watts induction cooktop boil water of 1 kg only take less than three minutes, saving meal cost, onthe other hand, the traditional gas stove will need more time and energy to get the job done. Heatingelements under a ceramic-glass surface use electricity to produce a magnetic field that heats only thecooking container, and the cook is able to go from extremely low to extremely high settings and backagain nearly instantly. Food heats much faster, which saves energy. Induction cooking is about 90%energy-efficient, while gas and electricity are about 50% and 60% efficient, respectively.

Not Mainstream in Houseware & Kitchenware Industry Right Now But Got Big Potential

Induction cooking is not some radical new technology: it has long been widely used around the world.But, for some reason (perhaps a lack of adequate information and explanation), when first introduced toNorth America some years ago it never quite caught on. Till quite recently, few outside professionalcircles had even heard of it, and those who had were often confused about just what it is. But, more orless all of a sudden, that is finally changing. Indeed, some familiar with the field are suggesting that within five to ten years induction cooktops may almost completely capture the field for new installations,worldwide.With recent improvements in technology, induction-cooking equipment is now better than ever while yet being more affordable than ever.



Market Future

Although enterprises should improve technology and prevent the induction cooktop from electromagneticleakage, but the industry standard solution to this problem is still fundamental. I think the relevant Chinese department should take this matter seriously as soon as possible.

Experts believe that the induction cooking unit may replace traditional gas stoves and microwave ovens inall of the millions of families in china. So if it becomes true, its a amazing large market that you canimage, just think how much family china had.

China manufactures or suppliers are now competing against each other fiercely in the domesticmarket. Focusing on the quality, safety concerns and creative design are the most important issue in myeyes.

Induction Cookers Versus Conventional Cookers

Author: Vaiv Jais The innovative cooking concept using an induction cooker has a number of benefits over conventionalcooktops. An induction cooker combines the simplicity and rapid heating quality of electric stoves withresponsive temperature control. Unlike conventional cooktops that make use of a gas element or aheating coil, the induction cookers utilize magnetic energy for cooking. Induction cookers make use of induction heating to generate heat directly in the cookware without any need of warming the burner.

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The following sections discuss some of the main benefits of induction cookers:

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Adjusting the Cooking Heat

The induction cooker manufacturers design these cooktops with controls for instant heat adjustments. By adjusting the cooking heat instantly and with great precision, one can enjoy someserious cooking with induction cookers. Cooking heat increments in an induction cooker are fineenough to achieve as low a cooking-heat level as possible.

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Energy Efficient

Induction cookers are energy efficient cooking appliances as they utilize maximum amount of heat generated to cook the food. An easily established fact is that with conventional cooking only about 40



percent of the generated heat contributes towards cooking. On the other hand, more than 80 percent of the heat generates in an induction cooker is utilized for cooking.

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No Heated-up Surroundings

Conventional cooking leads to kitchens and burners turning hot due to a good fraction of the cookingheat wasted to the surroundings. Induction cookers on the other hand keep the stovetops and kitchenscooler by utilizing more of the cooking heat to cook the food. The arrangement makes cooking a goodexperience for the cook.

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Safety Features

Induction cookers consist of a number of safety features that reduce the cooking accidents to a good

extent. The induction cooker suppliers should demonstrate these safety features at the time of purchase. Some of the safety features are discussed below:

y Plastic utensils are safe to be used on an induction cooker. As no heat is supplied at thebottom of the plastic cookware, there is no possibility of them to melt and cause anyaccident.

y Fire accidents caused due to dropping or spilling on the stovetop are significantly reduced,as the burner itself is not heated in the process.

y Most of the induction cookers come with automatic feature that shut off the cook top in

case the oil in the cookware starts reaching its ignition temperature.

y Burns due to directly touching the stovetops are reduced as well. This feature is of great significance if you have children at home.

y Even if a child manages to reach the induction cooker and turn it on, the cooking heat doesn't become active until and unless a cooking utensil is placed on it.

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Other Advantages

An induction cooker is easy to install and looks attractive from outside. The homes with no gaspipelines make use of electricity to have clean and efficient cooking advantage with induction cookers.Finally, it is easy to clean the induction cooker and maintain its performance for long.

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Induction cookers heat the food more evenly and ensure that sensitive and expensive foods are cookedcarefully. All these benefits make them superior over conventional cooking appliances and methods.



7 Ways To Improve Safety Attitudes Through Induction Training

Author: arun Here's a simple fact â poor safety training results in higher workplace incidents and injuries. So it's fairto claim that the quality of your safety induction training system can reflect in your organisation's overallsafety statistics.Contractor and Employee inductions should aim to increase two key aspects of safety engagement;awareness and attitude. While most induction training programs will be geared to educating inductees onspecific safety issues, many do not make a concerted effort to instill a culture of care around safety.However, attitude towards safety is just as important as knowledge of safety issues. When an inducteecan see that the company places great value on safety, they are more likely to adopt the same attitude.But how are these attitudes fostered and maintained by a company?

7 ways to improve your inductees' attitudes towards safety Â1.Â Â Â Show them you mean business! By showing inductees that the induction process is important to the company, they will receive a clearsafety message from the very get-go. Don't just throw a book at them and ask them to read it, or plonkthem in front of a DVD. Create a branded, robust program that speaks of your company's dedication toproviding a safe working environment.

2.Â Â Â Engage them through an interactive process As soon as your inductees are required to actively participate with the induction training process its self,they are required to think! This will not only help them receive information â it will help themremember it. (There are a few good quality online induction programs that use an interactive questioning

process that enables inductees to respond to information as they take the course.)

3.Â Â Â Make the content interestingWell written material is well read! The clearer it is, the easier it is to remember. Real life examples arealso a useful technique to help inductees both understand and retain information. While induction coursescontain a lot of vital information, simply including it isn't enough, you need to make it interesting andengaging to make it memorable.

4.Â Â Â Induct them before they come on siteMany companies are now providing their inductees with the ability to take their induction in their ownhomes. The only effective way to do this is with online inductions â but it's the best way to go. Whenan inductee can take their safety training in their own time and at their own pace studies have shownthat they are more likely to retain information. This method can also be very helpful for inductees whohave English as second language.

5.Â Â Â Create a consistent messageNo matter how many departments, divisions, sites or projects your organisation has, it is important that every employee and contractor share the same level of safety awareness. While each area of yourbusiness may require specific safety training, delivering an overall message of safety throughout theorganisation will improve workplace attitudes.



6.Â Â Â Automate your re-induction and training scheduleOne of the most common mistakes around safety inductions is neglect to renew training. By automatingyour system, you can receive reminders whenever an employee or contractor needs to be re-inducted. If your induction system is connected to an automated swipe card system, you can even control site entryuntil the re-induction has been completed.

7.Â Â Â Maintain control over course content Having the flexibility to make changes to course content on the fly enables you keep your inductiontraining up to date. Information can become out of date very quickly and unless your induction coursecontent reflects this immediately, safety becomes immediately compromised.Induction training programs that enable the inductee to interact with the information directly, andempower them to study at a pace that best suits their learning style, are fast becoming the standard.Some organisations go to the trouble to build their own system and deliver it through their intranet, but there are a number of online solutions that are fully hosted. These are probably the easiest option andeliminate any IT issues and costs.

Get Your New Employees Off to a Fantastic Start With a Great Induction!

Author: Jan Springthorpe Induction should be a compulsory process for every new employee and for all existing staff when theymove into a new job role.

Employers have a duty to ensure that all new starters are given the best possible start in their job and

that people new to a job role are supported in adapting to it.

A good induction is vital for employees and very important to the business. Responsibility for inductionbegins and ends with the line manager and neglecting induction means that the organisation is failingnew employees and those new to a job role.

What is induction? It is a simple but vital process of introduction, information giving and planned training which enablespeople to become comfortable and productive in their new job role in the shortest possible time.

Why is it necessary?

to provides new starters with important information about the organisation and get them off to a goodstart

to introduce them to their working environment and their job and to integrate them into their team

to equip them with the knowledge and skills they need to do their job so that they can become effectivein a short space of time



to help those who are new to a job role (for example first time managers) to settle confidently and easilyinto it and to become effective as quickly as possible

Who is responsible for it? Induction is the responsibility of the line manager for the new, returning or redeployed employee.

It needs to be:

carefully planned

well structured

tailored to meet the employeeâs individual needs

Who should be involved in induction? As soon as the need for induction arises the line manager should:

decide who will be involved

convene a planning meeting

develop the Induction Plan

assign responsibility for delivery

monitor and review the induction

The line manager for the new employee should lead the planning of the induction process and decidewho will be involved in it. A contribution should be made by other members of the team.

Line managers do not have to personally deliver every part of the programme although they must beinvolved and they are responsible. Team members and other support staff can all play an active part ininduction.

This helps the new starter to integrate and form good working relationships at an early stage. It alsospreads the workload involved in the induction process. The more people that are involved, the quickerthe new employee will settle and become effective in their job.

A âbuddyâ within the team should also be appointed. The role of the buddy is to provide a helpinghand to the new employee, answering questions, offering advice and information and guiding the personthrough the first few weeks in their role.

The buddy, along with others in the team, may also be involved in delivering one to one training for thenew starter.

An induction planning meeting should take place at least a week before the new employee starts. Theline manager and others who will contribute to the induction of the new employee should meet to:



assign a buddy

brief those involved in the induction

agree what aspects they will be responsible for

allocate timed slots and venues for each topic

The outcome should be an Induction Plan which caters for the new employeeâs needs for up to thefirst few weeks of their employment.

Towards the end of the first 2 weeks, a progress review should be made by the line manager and, if required, the plan should be adapted. We all learn and assimilate information differently and some peoplemay take longer than others to settle into their role.

New starters are keen to learn as much as possible about their new employer so sending them

information before they start is welcomed and appreciated. There are a number of advantages in doingthis:

it enables the new employee to learn something about the organisation, in their own time and at theirown pace

it gives them an opportunity to think about questions they might want to ask when they start theiremployment

it helps to overcome the common problem of âinformation overloadâ once they are in post

A visit to the office or place of work before the formal start date has the following benefits:

the employee is able to meet their line manager and immediate colleagues

they can see the office environment and the area they will be working in

they can check out their journey times and route to the office

it may help to overcome first day nerves or apprehension

It is recommended that the line manager should take responsibility for conducting this visit, introducing

the new employee to their immediate team members, showing the new employee around the office andanswering any questions.

On the first working day the line manager should meet and greet the new starter on the first day of employment and spend time putting the employee at ease, making them feel welcome and explainingthat they will go through the Induction Programme.

The Induction Plan should be shared with them and the line manager should conduct the tour of theoffice and make introductions to their immediate team members. The line manager can then hand over



One of the most common reasons for high turnover of staff and people leaving a job shortly after theystarted is because there is no planned induction and they are left to fend for themselves. Donât let this happen to your organisation!

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