cairan tubuh
DESCRIPTION
kuliahTRANSCRIPT
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INTAKE DAN OUTPUT CAIRAN TUBUH
- DALAM KEADAAN “STEADY STATE”
VOLUME C, TUBUH, ZAT-ZAT YANG TERLARUT
DAN KONSENTRASINYA RELATIF KONSTAN
HOMEOSTASIS
- INPUT OUTPUT
- INTAKE : 1) MINUM + MAKAN
2) HASIL OKSIDASI MAKANAN
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- OUTPUT : 1) INSENSIBLE LOSS :
- KULIT
- PARU-PARU
2) KERINGAT
3) FESES
4) URINE
- TERGANTUNG DARI IKLIM, KEBIASAAN
DAN AKTIFITAS FISIK
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KOMPARTEMEN CAIRAN TUBUH
1. C. EKSTRASEL
– C. PLASMA (3,0 1) 20% BB
- C. INTERSTISIAL (11,0 1) 60%BB
2. C. INTRASEL (28,0 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40% BB
3. C. TRANSELULAR (1-2 1)
DARAH : - C. INTRASEL
- C. PLASMA
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KOMPOSISI C. EKSTRA DAN INTRASEL
DONNAN EFFECT
- CATION DALAM PLASMA (2%) > C.
INTERSTISIAL
- ANION DALAM C. INTERSTISIAL > C. PLASMA
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PENGUKURAN VOL. CAIRAN PADA BERBAGAI KOMPARTEMEN TUBUH
INDICATOR – DILUTION PRINCIPLE
VOL A x Kons A = Vol B x Kons B Vol B = Vol A x Kons A
Kons B
MISAL : Vol B = 1 ml x 10 mg/ml = 1000ml
0,01 mg/ml
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SYARAT PENGUKURAN :
1. INDIKATOR TERDISPERSI SECARA MERATA
KESELURUH BAGIAN KOMPARTEMEN
2. DISPERSI INDIKATOR HANYA DALAM KOMPARTEMEN YANG DIUKUR
3. INDIKATOR TIDAK DIMETABOLISIR ATAU DIEKSKRESI
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VOL. C. TUBUH TOTAL
- TRITIUM ³H2O MASUK KE
- DEUTERIUM ²H2O BBRP JAM INTRA &
EKSTRASEL
- ANTIPYRINE
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VOL. C. EKSTRASEL
- Na RAD AKTIF - DISPERSI KE DALAM
- Cl RAD AKTIF PLASMA & CAIRAN
- IOTHALAMETE RAD AKTIF INTERSTITIAL
- ION SHIOSULFAT - TIDAK MASUK C.INTRASEL
- INULIN - WAKTU 30 – 60 MENIT
SODIUM SPACE
BBRP DARI ZAT MASUK INTRASEL
INULIN SPACE
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VOL. C. INTRASEL
= Vol. C. tubuh – vol. C. ekstrasel
VOL. PLASMA
- 125 I. ALBUMIN
- EVANS BLUE (T – 1824)
VOL. INTERSTITIAL
= vol. C. ekstrasel - vol. plasma
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VOL. DARAH
= Vol. Plasma = 31 = 5, 01
1 – hematokrit 1.0 – 0.4
INJEKSI b.d. MERAH DENGAN LABEL RAD AKTIF (51 Cr)
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REGULASI PERTUKARAN CAIRAN DAN EQUILIBRIUM OSMOTIK ANTARA C. INTRA DAN EKSTRASEL
- JUMLAH C. EKSTRASEL YANG TERBAGI
KEDALAM PLASMA DAN C. INTERSTISEL
DITENTUKAN OLEH BALANS DARI TEK.
HIDROSTATIK DAN KOLOID OSMOTIK MELALUI
MEMBRAN KAPILER
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- DISTRIBUSI CAIRAN ANTARA INTRA DAN
EKSTRASEL DITENTUKAN TERUTAMA OLEH
EFEK OSMOTIK DARI Na, Cl DAN ION LAIN
TERHADAP MEMBRAN SEL MEMBRAN
SEL SANGAT PERMIABEL UTK AIR, TETAPI
RELATIF IMPERMIABEL UNTUK ION-ION AIR
MASUK DENGAN CEPAT MELALUI MEMBRAN
SEL CAIRAN INTRA DAN EKSTRASEL
ISOTONIS
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PRINSIP DASAR OSMOSIS DAN TEKANAN OSMOTIK
OSMOSIS
= DIFUSI AIR DARI “HIGH WATER
CONCENTRATION KE LOW WATER
CONCENTRATION”
= DIFUSI AIR DARI “LOW SOLUTE
CONCENTRATION KE GIGH SOLUTE
CONCENTRATION”
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JUMLAH PARTIKEL DALAM LARUTAN DIUKUR DALAM OSMOL
1 OSMOL 1 MOL
LARUTAN MNGANDUNG 1 MOL GLUKOSA/l KONS. 1 OSM/1
LARUTAN MNGANDUNG 1 MOL NaCl/l KONS. 2 OSM./l
LARUTAN MNGANDUNG 1 MOL Na2SO4/l KONS. 3 OSM/l
JADI OSMOL MENUNJUKKAN OSMOTIK AKTIF
DARI PARTIKEL DLM AIR. BIASA DIPAKAI
MILIOSMOL (mOm) = 1/1000 OSMOL
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- OSMOLALITAS OSMOL/kg AIR
- OSMOLALITAS OSMOL/l LARUTAN
- TEK. OSMOTIK = TEK. YANG DAPAT
MENGHAMBAT OSMOSIS BERLAWANAN
ARAH DENGAN OSMOSIS UKURAN INDIREK
DARI AIR DAN KONS. ZAT YANG TERLARUT
- MAKIN TINGGI TEK. OSMOTIK SUATU
LARUTAN :
- KONS. AIR MAKIN RENDAH
- KONS. ZAT TERLARUT MAKIN TINGGI
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- TEK. OSMOTIK OSMOTIK AKTIF DARI
PARTIKEL DALAM LARUTAN- OSMOTIK EFEK 1 MOL ALBUMIN (b.m. 70000) =
OSMOTIK EFEK 1 MOL GLUKOSA 9b.m. 180)- OSMOTIK EFEK NaCl 2x OSMOTIK EFEK
ALBUMIN/GLUKOSA- TEK. OSMOTIK OSMOLARITAS
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- VAN’T HOFF’S : TEK. OSMOTIK ( ) = CRT
C = KONS. ZAT DALAM OSMOL
R.= KONSTANTA GAS
T = TEMPERATUR ABSOLUT DALAM
DERAJAT KELVIN (273 + 37 = 310° K)
- UNTUK LARUTAN DENGAN KONS.
1,0 Osm/l = 19300 mmHg
1,0 m0sm/l = 19,3 mmHg
- LARUTAN NaCl 0,9 0,9 gr/100ml 9 gr/l
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-BM NaCl = 58,5 gr/mol MOLARITAS LARUTAN
9/58,5 = 0,154 mol/l
OSMOLARITAS = 2 X 0,154 = 0,308 Osm/l = 308 m0sm/l
TEK. OSMOTIK = 308 m0sm/l x 19,3 mmHg/m0sm/l
= 5944 mmHg
- FAKTOR KOREKSI OSMOTIC COEFFICIENT
NaCl = 0,93 OSMOLARITAS NaCl 0,9 %
= 308 x 0,93 = 286 m0sm/l
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OSMOLARITAS CAIRAN TUBUH
EQUILIBRIUM OSMOTIK ANTARA C.INTRA DAN EKSTRASEL
- PERUB. KECIL KONS. EKSTRASEL
PEMBENTUKAN TEK.OSMOTIK YANG BESAR
PADA MEMBRAN SEL (1 m0sm ~ 1,93 mmHg)
- SEL (280 m0sm/1) DIMASUKKAN KE DALAM AIR
MURNI TEK.OSMOTIK = 5400 mmHg
TEKANAN UTK DIFUSI AIR
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- PERUB. SEL BILA DIMASUKKAN KE DLM LAR.
IMPERMIABEL YANG :
- ISOTONIS
- HIPOTONIS TGT KONS ZAT YG TERLARUT
- HIPERTONIS YG IMPERMIABEL
- ISOSMOTIK
- HIPEROSMOTIK TDK PEDULI APAKAH ZAT
- HIPOSMOTIK YG TERLARUT PERMIABEL
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ABNORMALITAS VOLUME DAN OSMOLALITAS DARI C. INTRA DAN EKSTRASEL
FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI :
• INGESTI AIR, DEHIDRASI, INFUS BERBAGAI
LARUTAN i.v.
• KEHILANGAN CAIRAN DARI :
- G.I. TRACT
- KERINGAT
- GINJAL
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PRINSIP DASAR YANG HARUS DIINGAT :
1. AIR BERGERAK SECARA CEPAT MELALUI MEMBRAN SEL OSMOLARITAS C. INTRA DAN EKSTRASEL TETAP SAMA
2. MEMBRAN SEL HAMPIR KOMPLIT IMPERMIABEL UNTUK BERBAGAI ZAT JUMLAH OSMOL DALAM C. INTRA DAN EKSTRASEL TETAP KONSTAN, KECUALI DITAMBAH LARUTAN KEDALAM C. EKSTRASEL ATAU HILANG DARI C. EKSTRASEL
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EFEK PENAMBAHAN LARUTAN GARAM KEDALAM C. EKSTRASEL
ABNORMALITAS REGULASI VOL. CAIRAN
HIPONATREMIA :
- KELEBIHAN AIR (OSMOTIC
OVERHYDRATION)
- KEHILANGAN Na (HYPOSMOTIC
DEHYDRATION)
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• KEHILANGAN NaCl :
- KERINGAT YG BERLEBIHAN
- DIARE
- MUNTAH
- PEMAKAIAN DIURETIK YG BERLEBIHAN
- PENY. GINJAL SODIUM LOSS
- PENY. ADDISON
• KELEBIHAN AIR :
- SEKRESI ADH YG BERLEBIH - LEBIHAN
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HIPERNATREMIA :
-KEHILANGAN AIR DARI C. EKSTRASEL
(HYPEROSMOTIC DEHYDRATION)
-KELEBIHAN NaCL DALAM C.EKSTRASEL
(HYPEROSMOTIC OVERHYDRATION)
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•KEHILANGAN AIR :
- KEGAGALAN SEKRESI ADH EKSKRESI
AIR TINGGI D. INSIPIDUS
- PENY. GINJAL : TIDAK RESPON THD ADH
NEPHROGENIC D.INSIPIDUS
- INTAKE AIR < AIR HILANG
BERKERINGAT TINGGI
•KELEBIHAN NaCL
- PEMBERIAN NaCL TINGGI
- SEKRESI ALDOSTERON TINGGI
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EDEMA
INTRASEL
EDEMA
EKSTRASEL
UDEM INTRASEL
1. DEPRESI SISTEM MET. JARINGAN
2. NUTRISI SEL YANG ADEKUAT
3. INFLAMASI JARINGAN
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UDEM EKSTRASEL
1. KEBOCORAN LARUTAN DARI PLASMA KE INTERSTISIAL MELALUI KAPILER
2. KEGAGALAN SISTEM LIMFE UNTUK MENGEMBALIKAN CAIRAN DARI INTERSTISIAL KE DALAM PLASMA
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FAKTOR YANG MENYEBABKAN FILTRASI KAPILER TINGGI
FILTRASI = Kf ( Pc – Pif - c + if )
Kf = COEF. FILTRASI KAPILER
- PERMEABILITAS
- LUAS PERMUKAAN KAPILER
Pif = TEK. HIDROSTATIK C. INTERSTITIAL
c = TEK. COLL. OSM. PLASMA
if = TEK. COLL. OSM. INTERSTITIAL
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BLOKADE LIMFE
PROT. PLASMA YG BOCOR KE INTERSTITIAL TIDAK DAPAT KEMBALI
- LIMFADENITI : FILARIA
- CANCER
- PASCA BEDAH
EDEMA PADA KEADAAN LAIN
- GAGAL JANTUNG
- RETENSI GARAM DAN AIR
- PENURUNAN PROTEIN PLASMA
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FAKTOR PENGAMAN YANG MENCEGAH UDEM
SECARA NORMAL :
1. COMPLIANCE YANG RENDAH DARI INTERSTISIAL (Gb. 25 – 7)
2. KEMAMPUAN PENAMBAHAN ALIRAN LIMFE SAMPAI 10 – 50 x
3. “WASHDOWN” KONS. PROTEIN DALAM C. INTERSTISIAL
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SELURUH FAKTOR PENGAMAN TERHADAP UDEM = 17 mmHg
•COMPLIANCE JARINGAN YG RENDAH = 3 mmHg
•PENAMBAHAN ALIRAN LIMFE = 7 mmHg
•“WASHDOWN” PROTEIN = 7 mmHg
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CAIRAN DALAM RUANGAN POTENSIAL TUBUH
-R. PLEURA
-R. PERIKARDIUM
-R. PERITONIUM
-R. SYNOVIA - R. SENDI
- BURSA
PERMUKAAN DARI R. POTENSIAL SALING MENEMPEL SEHINGGA RUANGAN DIANTA-RANYA MERUPAKAN LAPISAN CAIRAN TIPIS
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PERTUKARAN CAIRAN ANTARA KAPILER DAN R. POTENSIAL
• MEMBRAN PERMUKAAN DARI R. POT. TIDAK
PUNYA TAHANAN CAIRAN, ELEKTROLIT
MAUPUN PROTEIN DAPAT KELUAR MASUK
DGN MUDAH ANTARA R. POT. DAN
INTERSTISIAL R. POT. R. INTERSTISIAL
YANG LUAS• CAIRAN KAPILER BERDEKATAN DENGAN R.
POTENSIAL - DIFUSI KE C. INTERSTISIAL
- DIFUSI KE R. POT.
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DRAINASE PROTEIN DARI R. POT KE DLM KAPILER OLEH PEMBULUH LIMFE
-TIAP R. POT SECATA DIREK/INDIREK
BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN PEMBULUH LIMFE
- DLM R. PLEURA DAN PERITONEUM, PEMB.
LIMFE BERASAL DARI RUANG TERSEBUT
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C. UDEM DLM R. POT = “EFFUSION”
- MEKANISME = UDEM INTRASEL
- FILTRASI KAPILER TINGGI
- BLOKADE SIST. LIMFE
- DLM CAV. ABDOMINAL = ASCITUS DAPAT
SAMPAI 20 l
- TEK. CAIRAN DLM R. POT NON EDEMA ADALAH
NEGATIF
- DLM R.PLEURA : -7 S.D. –8 mmHg
- DLM R.SENDI : -3 S.D. –5 mmHg
- DLM R.PERIKARDIUM : -5 S.D. –6 mmHg
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TABEL 27.1 Water Balance-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Daili Input-----------------------------------------------------------------------Water content of foof 1000Water comsumed as liquid 1200Metabolik water during catabolism 300 Total 2500 ml
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Daili Output-----------------------------------------------------------------------Urine 1200Evaporation at skin 750Evaporation at lungs 400Lost in feces 150
Total 2500 ml
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Tabel 1. : Nilai Rata-rata Komposisi Zat-zat didalam Cairan
Ekstraseluler dan Cairan Interseluler (mEq / Liter)
I O N
Cairan Ekstraseluler
Plasma Cairan Interstitial
Cairan
IntraselulerNaKCaMg
140 143 4,5 4 5 3 2,5 2 152 152
10 135 10 25 182
ClHCO3
HPO4SO4As.OrganikProtein
110 133 24 27 2 2 1 1 6 7 18 2 152 152
5 10 100 5 10 50 180
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TABEL 2: KEBUTUHAN DAN KEHILANGAN CAIRAN TUBUH PADA KEADAAN NORMAL SETIAP HARI.
BERAT BADAN (KG)
KEBUTUHAN
Ml/Orang ml/Kg
KEHILANGAN Urin Fases Keringat/ Uap
BAYI (2-10) Anak-anak (10-40) DEWASA (60)
300–500 200-500 1000-1800 100 – 45
1800-2500 45 – 30
200-500 25-40 75-300 (1,3m/Kg/Jam)500-800 40-100 300-600
800-1000 100 600-1000 (0,5m/Kg/Jam)
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Tabel 27.1 Total Body Water As A Precentage
Of Body Weight
Age Total Body Water, % body weightNewborn 776 months 722 years 6016 years 6020-39 years Male 60 Female 5040-59 years Male 55 Female 47
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FUNCTION OF WATER
WATER HAS MANY IMPORTANT AND INTERRELATED
FUNCTIONS IN THE BODY. SOME OF THE MAJOR ONES
ARE THE FOLLOWING:
1. IT TRANSPORTS NUTRIENTS TO CELLS AND CARRIES WASTE PRODUCTS FROM CELLS.
2. IT PREVIDES A LIQUID MEDIUM FOR INTRACELLULAR CHEMICAL REACTIONS, INCLUDING OVERALL CELLULAR METABOLISM.
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3. IT ACTS AS A SOLVENT FOR ELECTROLYTES AND
OTHER SOLUTES
4. IT HELPS MAINTAIN BODY TEMPERATURE, AIDS
DIGESTION, AND PROMOTES PROPER EXCRETION.
5. IT TRANSPORTS ENZYMES, HORMONES, BLOOD
CELLS, AND MANY OTHER SUBSTANCES.