cage culture review

8/3/2019 Cage Culture Review

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498

ISSN0429-9345

FAOFISHERIES

TECHNICALPAPER

Cage aquacultureRegional reviews and global overview


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Cage aquacultureRegional reviews and global overview

E yMatthias HalwartFy R O (Aq)Aq M C SFAO F Aq DR, Iy

Doris Soto

S Fy R O (Aq R M)Aq M C SFAO F Aq DR, Iy

J. Richard ArthurFAO CB

B C, C

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONSRome, 2007

FAOFISHERIES

TECHNICALPAPER

498


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T () y f FAO.

ISBN 978-9-5-105801-5

A . R - z y y y. R y .A :CE P Py S BC DFAOV T C, 0015 R, Iy y - :y@.

FAO 007


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iii

Preparation of this document

T FAO q , y C, A ( C), E, M, -S A, L A C, A O.T y . T 00 5 FAO S S C Aq R R G O A F Sy (AFS)S I Sy C Aq A (CAA), Hz, C, 8 Jy 006.

T FAO S S z y Aq M C S (FIMA) FAO F AqD y y -y , y J T F P T S Aq: S I G G P R F (FAO FC P).

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T y , M. H,D. S J.R. A.


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iv

Abstract

C q y y z q. T - y. I , q - , , .

T q . I z C, A ( C), E, M, -S A, L A

C, N A O. T z q y y q . E ,y , y q; ; ; , , - q / . T q ; z , y ; y q, y q y y .

Halwart, M.; Soto, D.; Arthur, J.R. (eds.)C q R .FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. N. 498. R, FAO. 007. 41 .


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v

Contents

P A C F

Cage aquaculture: a global overview 3Albert G.J. Tacon and Matthias Halwart

Introduction 4

Lack of statistical information 4

Major cultured species, cage culture systems and culture environments 5Perceived issues and challenges to cage culture development 8

The way forward 10

Concluding remarks 13

Acknowledgements 13

References 14

A review of cage aquaculture: Asia (excluding China) 21Sena S. De Silva and Michael J. Phillips

Introduction 22

Inland cage farming 22

Brackishwater and marine cage farming 26

Country profiles 33

Constraints and challenges to brackishwater and marine cageculture development in Asia 42

The way forward 45

Acknowledgements 46

References 47

A review of cage and pen aquaculture: China 53Jiaxin Chen, Changtao Guang, Hao Xu, Zhixin Chen, Pao Xu,

Xiaomei Yan, Yutang Wang and Jiau LiuBackground 54

History and origin of cage and pen culture in China 54

The current situation 55

Emerging issues in inland cage and pen culture 60

Constraints to marine cage culture 60

The way forward 61

Conclusions and recommendations 64

References 66


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A review of cage aquaculture: Latin America and the Caribbean 73Alejandro Rojas and Silje Wadsworth

Introduction 74

Projection for aquaculture development in the region 74

Salmonid production 76

Cage farming systems 88

Other marine species 94

The way forward 96

References 98

A review of cage aquaculture: North America 105Michael P. Masser and Christopher J. Bridger

Background and aim of study 106

History and current status of cage aquaculture in North America 106

Current situation of cage farming 109Regional issues 117

The way forward 120

Conclusions and recommendations 122

References 123

A review of cage aquaculture: northern Europe 129Jon Arne Grttum and Malcolm Beveridge

Background 130

History of cage culture in the region 130

The current situation regarding cage culture in Europe 131

Major regional challenges 138

The way forward 148

Conclusions 153

Acknowledgements 153

References 154

A review of cage aquaculture: Mediterranean Sea 159Francesco Cardia and Alessandro Lovatelli

Background and aim of the study 160

The Mediterranean Sea 160

Reared species 161Mediterranean cage aquaculture 165

National cage production overview 166

Cage models 180

Main issues 184

The way forward 186


References and suggested reading 187

A review of cage aquaculture: sub-Saharan Africa 191

Patrick Blow and Shivaun LeonardIntroduction 192



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vii

The way forward 202

Conclusions 205

Recommendations 206

References 207

A review of cage aquaculture: Oceania 211Michael A. Rimmer and Benjamin Ponia

Background and aim of study 212

History and origin of cage culture in the region 212


Major regional / country issues 223

The way forward 228

Conclusions 228


References 230

Annexes 233

1. The 2nd International Symposium on Cage Aquaculture in Asia 234

2. Agenda 236

3. List of FAO-sponsored participants/presenters 241


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viii

Contributors

Cage aquaculture: a global overviewA G.J. T Aq F L

4919 K Hy, K, HI 96744, U S AM H F Aq D, FAO, R 0015, Iy

A review of cage aquaculture: Asia (excluding China)

S S. D S N Aq C A-PPO B 1040, K P O, B 1090, T

M J. P N Aq C A-PPO B 1040, K P O, B 1090, T

A review of cage and pen aquaculture: China

J C Y S F R I, Q, CC G Y S F R I, Q, CH X Fy My I R I, S, CZ C Fy My I R I, S, CP X F F R I, W, CX Y F F R I, W, CY W N S Aq T E, B, C

J L N L Y C A, N, F P, C

A review of cage aquaculture: Latin America and the Caribbean

A R Aq R M LT 171, C 166, P V, C

S W B Cy, N-410, H, Ny

A review of cage aquaculture: North America

M P. M D W F S

T A&M Uy, C S, T, U S AC J. B Aq E G I.7A F S, S. A, N B, E5B 1Y9, C

A review of cage aquaculture: northern Europe

J A G N S F, PB 114, N-746 T, NyM B WF C, PO B 161, M, C, Ey

A review of cage aquaculture: Mediterranean Sea

F C V A. F 8, 00161 R, IyA L F Aq D, FAO, R 0015, Iy


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ix

A review of cage aquaculture: sub-Saharan Africa

P B L H, B , K, ZS L 68 J C, Cy, NC 7817, U S A

A review of cage aquaculture: Oceania

M A. R Q D Py I FN F C, PO B 596, C, Q, A

B P S P Cy

B.P. D5 98848, N C, N C

Photographic credits

T :P. Blow ( 190 )B. Branahl / Pixelio.de ( 7 )

J.C. Chen ( 5 )DigitalGlobe / GoogleEarth ( )M. Halwart ( 0 , 49, 69, 158 , 158 10)M. Heinemann / Pixelio.de ( 18 )Manuele De Mattia / Norwegian Seafood Export Council ( 18 )

J.F. Moehl ( 155 190 )NOAAs Fisheries Collection ( 17 , 17 , 104 104 )M. Phillips ( 0 )Sena S. De Silva ( 5 )D. Soto ( 7 , 101 101 )


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x

Foreword

T q y y 0 y y z q . R y 57 4 , y. R , z y , . W q y, - y. I , q - , ,

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Cage aquaculture production 2005

Data were taken from fisheries statistics submitted to FAO by themember countries for 2005. In case 2005 data were not available,2004 data were used.

Map background image Blue Marble: Next generation courtesy of NASAs Earth Observatory


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1

Cage aquaculture:


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Cage aquaculture: a global overview

Albert G.J. Tacon1 and Matthias Halwart2

Tacon, A.G.J. and Halwart, M.C q: . In M. H, D. S J.R. A (). Cage aquaculture Regional reviews andglobal overview, . 116. FAO F T P. N. 498. R, FAO. 007. 41 .

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Cage aquaculture Regional reviews and global overview4

INTRODUCTIONT - q y q . A

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FIGURE 1

Land-use transitions: will aquaculture follow a similar pathway?

100%

naturalecosystems

frontierclearings

subsistenceagriculture

and

small-scalefarms

0%

pre-settlement frontier subsistence intensifying intensive

intensiveagriculture

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protected/recreational lands

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stage in land use transitionSource: Modified after Foley et al., 2005


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Cage aquaculture: a global overview 5

7 (T 1).

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87 01 ).In terms of national or regional importance, total

cage culture production from China amounted to just2.3 percent of total reported aquaculture productionin 2005 (Chen et al., this volume; FAO 2007).

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TABLE 1

FAO member countries either reporting cage aquaculture production to FAO or otherwise known to be actively

engaged in commercial cage aquaculture production, but not currently reporting data on cage aquaculture

production to FAO

Countries reporting cage aquaculture to FAO Countries otherwise known to be actively engaged in commercialcage aquaculture

Latin America and the Caribbean region

Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Martinique(France), Panama, Uruguay

Brazil, Colombia, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua

North American region

Canada, United States of America)Northern European region

Bulgaria, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Iceland,Ireland, Norway, Poland, Russian Federation, Slovakia,Sweden, United Kingdom

Mediterranean region

Albania, Bosnia and Herzogovina, Croatia, Cyprus, Egypt,France, Greece, Israel, Italy, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Malta,Morocco, Portugal, Slovenia, Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia,Turkey

Spain

Sub-Saharan African region

Benin, Gabon, Ghana, Mauritius, Mayotte (France),Mozambique, Runion (France), Zambia, Zimbabwe

Cte dIvoire, Kenya, Madagascar, Nigeria, Rwanda, SouthAfrica, Uganda

Asia and Oceania

Azerbaijan, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Hong Kong SAR,Taiwan Province of China, Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Korea,Kuwait, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Nepal,Oman, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Viet Nam

Australia, Bangladesh, China, India, Iran (Islamic Republic of),Democratic People's Republic of Korea, New Zealand


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FIGURE 2

Major cage aquaculture producing countries globally

China29%

Norway

19%

Chile17%

Japan8%

Viet Nam4%

Canada3%

United Kingdom4%

Turkey2%

Greece2%

Indonesia2% Philippines

2%Korea

1% Denmark1%

Australia1%

Thailand1%Malaysia

1%

FIGURE 3

Worldwide cage aquaculture production

by fish family

Salmonidae66%

Sparidae7%

Carangidae7%

Pangasiidae6%

Cichlidae4%

Moronidae3%

Scorpaenidae1%

Cyprinidae1%

Centropomidae1%

FIGURE 4

Worldwide cage aquaculture production by fish species

Salmo salar51%

Dicentrarchus spp2%

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha1%

Dicentrarchus labrax2%

Pagrus auratus

3%

Sparus aurata4%

Oreochromis niloticus4%

Oncorhynchus kisutch5%

Seriola quinqueradiata7%

Oncorhynchus mykiss9%

Pangasius spp6%

Marine fishes nei1%

Salmo spp1%

Oreochromis (=Tilapia) spp1%

Lates calcarifer1%

Scorpaenidae1%

Cyprinus carpio1%


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TABLE 2

Total reported Atlantic salmon Salmo salaraquaculture production in 2005 (FAO, 2007)

Country Quantity in tonnes (and as percentage of global total)

Norway 582 043 (47.02%)

Chile 374 387 (30.24%)

United Kingdom 129 823 (10.49%)

Canada 83 653 (6.76%)

Faroe Islands 18 962 (1.53%)

Australia 16 033 (1.30%)

Ireland 13 764 (1.11%)

United States of America 9 401 (0.76%)

Iceland 6 488 (0.52%)

France 1 190 (0.10%)

Russian Federation 204 (0.02%)

Denmark 18

Greece 6

Total 1 237 977

Source: FAO, 2007


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PERCEIVED ISSUES AND CHALLENGES TOCAGE CULTURE DEVELOPMENTD

.

I , - y q / y q y, : ,

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TABLE 3

Top ten freshwater cage aquaculture by country

Country Quantity (tonnes) in percent of total

China 704 254 68.4

Viet Nam 126 000 12.2

Indonesia 67 672 6.6

Philippines 61 043 5.9

Russian Federation 14 036 1.4

Turkey 10 751 1.0

Lao People's Democratic Republic 9 900 1.0

Thailand 7 000 0.7

Malaysia 6 204 0.6

Japan 3 900 0.4

TABLE 4

Production of the top ten species/taxa in freshwater cage aquaculture (excluding PR China)

Species Quantity (tonnes) in percent of total

Pangasius spp 133 594 41.1

Oreochromis niloticus 87 003 26.7

Cyprinus carpio 21 580 6.6

Oreochromis (=Tilapia) spp 16 714 5.1

Oncorhynchus mykiss 14 625 4.5

Salmo spp 12 071 3.7

Channa micropeltes 11 525 3.5

Salmo trutta 8 551 2.6

Freshwater fishes nei 6 914 2.1

Acipenseridae 2 368 0.7


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) , , (FAO, 006; F et al., 007; H etal., 006; Ny et al., 005; S et al., 001);

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( y)

, , y y , y , y y,

TABLE 5

Production of the top ten marine and brackish water cage aquaculture countries

Country Quantity (tonnes) in percent of total

Norway 652 306 27.5

Chile 588 060 24.8

China 287 301 12.1

Japan 268 921 11.3

United Kingdom 131 481 5.5

Canada 98 441 4.2

Greece 76 212 3.2

Turkey 68 173 2.9

Republic of Korea 31 895 1.3

Denmark (including Faroe Islands) 31 192 1.3

TABLE 6

Production (tonnes) of the top ten species/taxa in marine and brackish water cage aquaculture (excluding PR China)

Species Quantity (tonnes) in percent of total

Salmo salar 1 219 362 58.9

Oncorhynchus mykiss 195 035 9.4

Seriola quinqueradiata 159 798 7.7

Oncorhynchus kisutch 116 737 5.6

Sparus aurata 85 043 4.1

Pagrus auratus 82 083 4.0

Dicentrarchus labrax 44 282 2.1

Dicentrarchus spp 37 290 1.8

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha 23 747 1.2

Scorpaenidae 21 297 1.0


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q. E y : W A y

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Expansion, intensification, environmentalpollution and the state of our oceans andinland watersD z q y, ( S-S A) y


25/259


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FIGURE 5

Major differences between conventional extensive, semi-intensive and intensive farming systems in terms of

production, resource use and potential/perceived environmental risks

Natural foodavailability &

supply

Polyculturefilter feedersherbivores

Use offeed inputs

Use of fishmeal & fish oil

Use of highvalue species

Ambient water& sediment

quality

Environmental& ecologicalsustainability

Farmed productquality &safety

Increased

farming &management skills

Increased

waste outputs &pollution impacts

Increased

disease risks &escapes/impacts

Increased

use of chemicals& therapeutants

EXTENSIVE

SEMI-INTENSIVE

INTENSIVE

FARMING SYSTEMS PRODUCTION

PLANTS, MOLLUSCS& FILTER FEEDERS

HERBIVORES & OMNIVORES

CARNIVORES

Production &profit/unit area

Land use & farm/pond size

Input costsper unit of

production

Water,aeration &

energy use

Source: adapted from Tacon et al. 1995


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Nutrients

Molluscs

Seaweeds

R F y - ( G I Sy GIS) z (.. Pz et al., 005),

y (Cet al., 005), (.. Z et al., 005).

Integrating the system: a multi-trophicapproach to cage cultureI y , y ( y z

: C et al., ; C et al., 006; Ky

A-Mz, 007; L, 006) -- , , (R et al., 007; R, 006; W et

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q y (L et al., 006; R et al., 007;

FIGURE 6Integrating the system: traditional finfish cage culture and co-culture of seaweeds in China


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9 y 050, q

.I , y

y y q y, ,y y y y y , , y q

. C q y ( ) , y y .

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTST y y , y J. A-Mz,

J.R. A, P. Bz, D. By, M. B,P. B, C.J. B, F. C, B. C,

J. C, Z. C, S.S. D S, J. F, S. F-S, J.A. G, C. G, M. H, H,S. L, J. L, A. L, A. L,M.P. M, J. M, M.J. P, B. P,M. R, M.A. R, A. R, D. S,R. S, S. W, Y. W, H. X,P. X X. Y.

R, 006; X et al., 006; Y, 006;Y X, 006). O q - q -

- y (.. ) - q . Py y .

CONCLUDING REMARKST

, y 97 . Y, 71 99 , y y 10 y .

I y ( 99 q: FAO, 006),

y y 1 y (FAO, 006); 5 y , 0 y , 17 -,7 , , 1 (FAO, 005).

Cy, 80 y,


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Foley, J.A., DeFries, R., Asner, G.P., Barford, C.,Bonan, G., Carpenter, S.R., Chapin, S.F., Coe,M.T., Daily, G.C., Gibbs, H.K., Helkowski,

J.H., Holloway, T., Howard, E.A., Kucharik,C.J., Monfreda, C., Patz, J.A., Prentice, I.C.,Ramankutty, N. & Snyder, P.K. 005. Gq . Science, 09: 570574.

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Goodland, R. 1997. E y : . Ecological Economics, :18900.

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Halwart, M. & Moehl, J.F. (.) 006.FAO RegionalTechnical Expert Workshop on Cage Culture inAfrica. Entebbe, Uganda, 20-23 October 2004. FAOF P. N. 6. R, FAO. 11 .( ://..//009/08/0800.)


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Hambrey, J. 006. A -q A, y, z. I M. H &

J.F. M (). FAO Regional Technical ExpertWorkshop on Cage culture in Africa. Entebbe,Uganda, 2023 October 2004, . 747. FAOF P. N. 6. R, FAO. 11 .

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Masser, M.P. & Bridger, C.J. ( ). A q: N A.

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Merican, Z. 006. M : , , y y C S A. AQUA CultureAsiaPacific Magazine, (): 4.

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18

Cage aquaculture production 2005Data were taken from fisheries statistics submitted to FAO by themember countries for 2005. In case 2005 data were not available, 2004data were used.

Map background image Blue Marble: Next generation courtesy of NASAs Earth Observatory


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21

A review of cage aquaculture:Asia (excluding China)

Sena S. De Silva1 and Michael J. Phillips1

De Silva, S.S. and Phillips, M.J.A q: A ( C). I M. H, D. S J.R. A (). Cage aquaculture Regionalreviews and global overview, . 1848. FAO F T P. N. 498. R, FAO. 007. 41 .

ABSTRACTC A , . F y M B . I y

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y . I , ,

,

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carpio) (Oreochromis .) I . O, -

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95 q . O - A -. M A , y

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A (Lates calcarifer) (Chanos chanos).

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INTRODUCTIONA q, y A M

B - . Cy A , . A q , , y .

T q q 004 45.5 - US$6.4 . W q , 59.4

US$70. . T q , 7.7 q 00, 6.6 y q . C -y 1994 004, q 7.9 (FAO, 006). O , 90 A.

I

q A, y , y q A. O ,8090 A y . I , , y . I , , , y

.This paper reviews cage culture in Asia, but onlybriefly that in China, which is covered elsewherein this volume by Chen et al.. Its focus is onbrackishwater and marine environments, since theinland sector has been dealt with by the same authorsin a review of inland cage farming in Asia (excludingChina) that was commissioned by FAO in 2004(Phillips and De Silva, 2006) and has been recentlypublished as a background paper for cage-culturedevelopment in Africa (Halwart and Moehl, 2006).

INLAND CAGE FARMINGI , . W

, y , y y, . H, , - A y q . S I M D. Cy, y .

A ,

A. I y , - , y (P 1). S y A y (B, 004). I y, y -y y , y, . T ,

C , (Channa .), - y C V N. H, , y (.. L P'D R), , y .

I y , y

y , y- y , y z . A y y , y - y A, y , , .


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A review of cage aquaculture: Asia (excluding China) 23

Grass carp farming in Vietcuomg Reservoirs, northern Viet Nam. Catfish farming in Nam Ngum Reservoir, Lao PDR.

Snakehead farming in the Tonle Sap, Cambodia (I). Snakehead farming in the Tonle Sap, Cambodia (II).

Chinese carp farming in Cai River, northern Viet Nam.Chinese carp farming in Kui Yang River, northern Viet Nam.

PLATE 1

Selected traditional, small scale, rural cage farming practices in Asia


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The importance of inland cage farming toAsiaA, M E, 56.

4.44 , yy 00 (://../_y/_/1_005.). T A-P R y ; 0.10 0.4 (UNEP, 000). I A . AA qy , y (F 1). T

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I y

q - y,y y(Ay, 006). F , A, - My (Maccullochella peelii peelii) y (G. Gy, ).

Examples of recent noteworthy developments

T , M D V N C W J, I, y y P D S (006) y y - . I V N, y - Pangasiushypophthalmus ( ) P. bocourti

( ), 450 000 005 800 000 y010 (L T H, ).H, , y y 0 . Iy , y 80 U S E U. Ty y y y 17 000 (H et al., 006; Ny, L Y, 006). T y V N , y

FIGURE 1

Total and per capita water availability

in each continent

2900

7890

4050

13510

12030

2360

4.23

17.40

5.723.92

38.20

82.20

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

Europe N&C America Africa Asia S America Austral ia &Oceania

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Total availabilityPer capita availability

Totalavailability(km/yr)

Percapitaavailability(m/yr)

Continent

Source: Nguyen and De Silva, 2006


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7 y U S A , . A -

(.. ) y , G V N y qy, V , . S , y V N , y , U

S A E U.T - y y (7 7 /5 ) C, W J, I, y y . H yqy , y

. T qy , . T y y yy . F C R y 0 000 . Iy y y. H, -y

, , y (Ay et al., 005). T qy.T y , - (K, Py D S, 006). A LB, P, (N, 006).

I , z

y, y y . I ,

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y . S ,, y . T y / , y - q (L M, 1987). I , T A R, V N, ,

.

Problems and constraints in inland cagefarmingA - y , -, (P ).T , - y y , y . H,

- y y y. T C S , y (Ay et al., 005). T , y , y y (KHV) (B-R, 004).

T - ,

T S, C C (Siniperca chuatsi), y - . A , - y /.O , - y, q y.

T y qy , y y . A


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, q , . T y

y, z .

T y A, y M D V N. I, y y , ,y y ,

, . C- y . T - , y -, (P ), - (H et al., 006; Ny, L Y,006). S - y y

z, y , y .

C MD y , .H q , .

By , -

, , M D I , y / . B yy , . A , y , - .

O y . F y , ,

y, y y( ) I , (.. Dy et al., 000)

.

BRACKISHWATER AND MARINE CAGEFARMINGB y A, J J y (Seriola quinqueradiata) (Pagrus major) (W, Dy N, 1989). O 0 y, q, y ,

A. T y C ( Cet al., ), I, T P C (T POC) V N. M q, y S A, , . W S A, q q. H, . I S A y y , (Epinephalus .)

I (P ), q. B ,y A (Latescalcarifer) (Chanos chanos), , y- y .

Production trendsFAO q , . T 1 y

A (T 1) 1.7 . T

A FAO (1997) Aq q , , q . F , , , , . F . F , q y y

q q y y , , .


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Cage farms using the lapis dua two cage systems in the CirataReservoir, West Java, Indonesia.

Cage farming in BatanAi Reservoir in Sarawak, East Malaysia.

Cage farming of red tilapia in the lower Mekong, SouthViet Nam.

Preparation of trash fish for feeding catfish.

Working with fishermen to identify the species used as trash fishfor cage farming in Cambodia.

Preparation of home made feeds for catfish cage farming usingtrash fish and other ingredients (I).

C

OURTESYDRLETHANGHUNG

FA

O/M.H

ALWART

PLATE 2

Clustered, relatively large-scale cage farming activites in Asia

FAO/M.H

ASAN


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q A F . B , C , y I, J P. TP C, R K V N y , 50 000 004. C

( F 4).

FIGURE 2

Production and value of marine and brackish

aquaculture in Asia

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

0

5

10

15

20

25Production Brackish Production Mariculture

Value Brackish Value Mariculture

Production

(106t

onnes)

Value(106U

S$)

TABLE 1

Farmed marine and brackishwater fish production from 1992 to 2004, based on FAO statistics

Country 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

China 58 716 71 672 101 110 144 957 182 155 254 97 9 306 697 338 8 05 426 957 494 725 560 404 519 158 582 566

Indonesia 193 136 215 065 208 824 212 733 250 617 195 54 3 232 708 265 5 11 278 566 308 692 314 960 316 444 315 346

Japan 263 503 259 273 271 351 279 182 256 223 255 77 4 264 018 264 4 37 258 673 263 789 268 405 273 918 262 281

Philippines 153 714 133 580 147 914 144 039 144 868 150 96 5 154 771 172 5 74 203 832 231 419 229 708 235 075 256 176

Taiwan POC 22 687 29 915 44 049 51 869 46 047 51 834 50 899 44 157 40 100 55 235 70 326 76 653 64 671

Korea, Republic of 4 595 5 471 6 643 8 360 11 384 39 121 37 323 34 382 27 052 29 297 48 073 72 393 64 195

Viet Nam - - - - - - - - - - - 51 893 57 739

Bangladesh 16 000 17 520 17 379 13 301 22 126 26 748 25 851 26 912 27 801 28 044 32 026 34 101 39 493

Australia 4 402 4 977 5 878 8 585 10 466 10 730 9 816 11 796 14 517 17 774 19 728 20 382 21 469

Thailand 3 832 3 794 5 293 5 131 6 235 5 616 8 761 7 359 9 300 9 497 12 238 14 598 16 978

Malaysia 3 561 6 508 5 999 5 767 5 943 6 215 7 548 8 302 9 267 9 508 10 110 11 802 11 969

New Zealand 2 800 3 300 3 800 4 800 6 200 4 200 5 500 5 400 5 685 7 887 6 989 4 800 5 196

India - - - - - 1 429 1 740 - - - - 2 644 2 778

Singapore 786 536 480 644 644 818 593 914 1 402 1 088 1 294 1 897 2 366

China, Hong Kong SAR 3 400 3 010 2 989 2 950 3 144 3 032 1 271 1 284 1 787 2 473 1 215 1 492 1 541

Brunei Darussalam 8 31 51 74 72 69 74 77 59 30 39 38 104

Kiribati 41 52 32 17 9 7 4 13 14 18 14 9 9

Tuvalu - - - - - - - - - - - 5 1

Cook Islands


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Grouper farming in Indonesia. Grouper farming in Thailand.

Grouper farming in Viet Nam. Cobia farming in Viet Nam.

Trash fish for feeding cobia in Cat Ba Island, Viet Nam.Preparation of trash fish for feeding grouper in Thailand.

PLATE 3

Cage-farming activities


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M, y , I P.T 70 A (T ). T (T ) - A 975 000 . C

y q A y.

Species culturedA A. A y - y , T.

TABLE 2

Farmed brackishwater fish production from 1992 to 2004, based on FAO statistics

Country 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Indonesia 193 136 215 065 208 824 212 733 250 617 195 543 232 708 263 262 275 979 300 155 303 213 302 025 305 424

Philippines 153 714 133 182 147 628 143 818 144 747 150 528 147 103 163 669 194 708 221 145 211 965 212 927 218 390

Taiwan POC 22 395 29 480 43 590 51 159 45 006 50 062 47 891 42 057 35 934 50 046 64 078 69 056 58 743

Viet Nam - - - - - - - - - - - 51 893 57 739

Bangladesh 16 000 17 520 17 379 13 301 22 126 26 748 25 851 26 912 27 801 28 044 32 026 34 101 39 493

Australia 4 067 4 341 4 603 6 658 8 453 8 546 8 117 10 194 11 786 13 699 15 716 16 882 17 439

Thailand 3 832 3 794 5 293 5 131 6 235 5 616 8 761 7 359 9 300 9 497 12 238 14 598 16 978

Malaysia 3 561 6 508 5 999 5 767 5 943 6 215 7 548 8 302 9 267 9 508 10 110 11 802 11 969

India - - - - - 1 429 1 740 - - - - 2 644 2 778

Brunei Darussalam 8 31 51 74 72 69 74 77 59 30 39 38 104

Singapore - - - - - - - 1 3 3 4 3 58

Kiribati 41 52 32 17 9 7 4 13 14 18 14 9 9

Cook Islands


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Major species production profilesT T 4 FAO FISHSTAT P(FAO, 006). T -

FAOSTAT -

( ). T y / . T

, , (A )

TABLE 4

Farmed production of major species groups from 1992 to 2004, based on FAO statistics but with brackishwater fish

statistical categories removed

Species 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Marine fishes nei 64 469 77 14 4 10 6 713 152 158 188 625 262 2 79 314 369 348 557 439 217 505 501 573 542 200 843 212 359

Japanese amberjack 148 988 141 799 148 390 169 924 145 889 138 536 147 115 140 647 137 328 153 170 162 682 157 682 150 113

Silver seabream 66 067 72 896 77 066 72 347 77 319 81 272 83 166 87 641 82 811 72 910 73 199 88 082 85 297

Japanese seabass - - - - 266 - - 797 605 873 2 006 81 124 82 475

Large yellow croaker - - - - - - - - - - - 58 684 67 353

Lefteye flounders nei - - - - - - - - - - - 36 227 57 270

Porgies, seabreams nei 156 253 278 296 357 320 372 385 636 728 1 637 45 610 49 514

Red drum - - - - - - - - - - - 44 925 43 506

Groupers nei 369 271 255 320 407 379 415 2 271 1 573 4 341 7 845 36 159 40 000

Milkfish - - - 166 78 1 197 7 693 9 070 9 548 10 597 18 437 23 314 39 211

Bastard halibut 10 327 10 804 12 562 13 578 16 553 34 857 29 882 28 583 21 202 23 064 29 569 40 473 37 382

Cobia - - - 3 13 9 961 820 2 626 3 224 2 395 20 667 20 461

Scorpionfishes nei - - - - 2 036 12 430 14 634 10 180 8 698 9 330 16 636 23 938 19 708

Puffers nei 4 068 4 427 3 456 4 031 5 552 5 961 5 389 5 100 4 733 5 769 5 231 14 602 19 190

Amberjacks nei - - - 2 20 69 406 154 97 119 292 11 847 12 751

Coho(Silver) salmon 25 519 21 148 22 824 13 524 8 401 9 927 8 721 11 148 13 107 11 616 8 023 9 208 9 607

Righteye flounders nei - - - - - - - - - - - 5 356 8 048

Chinook(Spring, King) salmon 2 800 3 300 3 800 4 800 6 200 4 200 5 500 5 400 5 685 7 887 6 989 4 800 5 196

Southern bluefin tuna 335 636 1 275 1 927 2 013 2 089 1 652 1 373 2 649 3 889 4 011 3 500 4 030

Flathead grey mullet


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. A , y -.

T M y

.T y y C, y y. T y C y ( C et al., ) y y y .

O y . I , y ,

, y J, y (F 5).

GroupersG A y FAO 004 58 000 . A V N ( y ) y 000 , 60 000 (R, P Y, 006). Py

70 y, . G y A, y - H K SAR C, y - (Sy L, 00) - -.

A y , y y

. Cromileptes altivelis, Epinephelusfuscoguttatus, E. coioides, E. malabaricus, E. akaara,E. lanceolatus, E. tukula, E. areolatus, E. tauvina E. polyphekadion (R,W P, 000; R, MB W, 004) y . M . G y z 0.51. , -z 850 ,q y .

SnappersT A, y .T q (Chrysophrys auratus), (Rhabdosargus sarba), y (Acanthopagrus schelgelii schlegelii) (Pagrus major). FAO 15 000 A 004. S y A . M y, yy E A. T z

50 450 . M .

Amberjacks and other CarangidsT J (Seriola quinqueradiata) A(F 5), 17 , 160 000 00 (FAO, 006). Ny J, y 140 000170 000

1980. M . O (Trachinotus blochii) (Pampus argenteus).

MackerelJ (Trachurus japonicus) . O (Pleurogrammus azonus) , y . S J E A.

FIGURE 5

Top five cultured marine fin fish species in Asia

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Japanese amber jack S ilver seabream Japanese seabass

Bas tard hal ibut Large yel low c roaker

Production(

x10tonnes)


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CobiaC (Rachycentron canadum) y , T P C,

C, My V N. P, , y y. M y C T P C 0 000 00 (FAO, 006).P - ( 6 y) y, y A A.

C q y y , T P C y

. S 1999 10 US$0.50 . T q , 68 ; z y y.C y y . T , 90 . M .

Barramundi

Production of barramundi (also known as Asianseabass, Lates calcarifer) increased during thepast ten years, and FAO statistics estimated that26 000 tonnes were produced in 2004 (FAO, 2006).Barramundi farming in Asia is carried out infreshwater, brackishwater and marine environments,with most production based on hatchery-reared stock.Global production has been relatively constant overthe past 10 years at around 20 00026 000 tonnes perannum, although production has decreased in Asiaand increased in Australia during this time. Most

barramundi is cultured in ponds and cages located inbrackishwater estuaries or coastal areas.

MilkfishM (Chanos chanos) A , I P 515 000 y FAO 004. P, 10 y, y y, y- y.M . Mq P, . I ,

y - . M I y J y. T P

I, K, N, P C I. A , .

Other speciesA , , , , , ,, , . My

.

COUNTRY PROFILESSouth AsiaS A I, S L, P, M B. T y ( FAO ), M I.

I I, y

A N , . T -y (.. RG C Aq T N C I B Aq C), y . A y M y 10 y 00; . N

006 y - A I, M P E D Ay(MPEDA).

T P B, y- , y.T M y , - . Fy M, y .


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Southeast AsiaS A B, My,T, My, S, P,I, C V N. T

y q, .

MyanmarG (Epinephelus .), y kyauk nga nga tauk tu, /z . L y H K S AR (SAR) , y My

y, y y . T 0 /y, , y 100 /y.M Ayyy D, R My. T , y- . S y T.

G y . F -

My (My A GT). Ay 0 My , y y - (E. coioides), y (E.tauvina), M (E. malabaricus) y (E. bleekeri).

N y My. A y

Ayyy D,

y. T q Ky S T Ty D.

ThailandS (Epinephelus coioides, E. malabaricus,E. areolatus, E. lanceolatus, E. fuscoguttatus Plectropomus maculatus) (Lutjanus argentimaculatus ), , q (Lizavaigensis) T.B (y E. coioides) 99 T, 85 (14 550 ) 004,

14 ( 95 )(T 5).M T

E C W C G T, A S C. T E W 0 0 T, y, A S C 50 . T A S Cy . Ey T ,

.S

T 5 6. B , , y .F , y . F y, y . I

, . H, y y

TABLE 5

Production (tonnes) from brackishwater and marine fish farming in Thailand

Species 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) 3 884 4 087 4 090 6 812 6 056 7 752 8 004 11 032 12 230 14 550

Groupers nei 674 774 793 1 390 1 143 1 332 1 443 1 170 2 338 2 395

Mossambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) 327 602 283 267 128 190 30 27 19 23

Squaretail mullet (Liza vaigensis) 246 363 295 288 32 26 20 9 11 10

Fourfinger threadfin (Eleutheronema tetradactylum) 409 155 4 - - - - - -

Total 5 131 6 235 5 616 8 761 7 359 9 300 9 497 12 238 14 598 16 978

Source: based on FAO (2006) statistics


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. I , y y , .B y B.

T 5 0006 000 T . F y D

F ( 000) T 6.M T -

, y . T US$0.15-0./, (FCR) . F- , . C ; , .

B y S My y . S ( y ) H KSAR C, , y . I00 -z (500600 ) US$.5-/ US$4-5/. A , y , , y , -, , ,

US$1 = 40 THB

z -z . F (.. 1 ) 600

800 .M -

y T ( T H K), y, y . W - T, y z. A N / T, , y

006.

MalaysiaI My, y y q, q . C . C , y P (6 ), J (1 ),P (0 ), S (0 ) S (9 ) (y 000 ).

T My , ,, y, , , (T 7).

TABLE 6

Production of barramundi and grouper in ponds and

cages in Thailand in 2000

Culturesystem

No. farms Area (m) Quantity(tonnes)

Value(million US$)

Barramundi

Pond 378 4 516 464 1 414.10 2.89

Cage 2 805 265 517 800 6 256.51 14.47

Total 3 183 270 034 264 7 670.61 17.36

Groupers

Pond 154 1 116 656 357.91 2.05

Cage 1 983 148 876 989.88 5.93

Total 2 137 1 265 532 1 347.79 7.98

Source: Department of Fisheries, Thailand

TABLE 7

Species of interest in Malaysian mariculture

Common name Scientific name

Barramundi Lates calcarifer

Yellowstreaked snapper Lutjanus lemniscatus

Mangrove red snapper L. argentimaculatusJohns snapper L. johnii

Crimson snapper L. erythropterus

Orange-spotted grouper Epinephelus coioides

Malabar grouper E. malabaricus

Sixbar grouper E. sexfasciatus

Brown-marbled grouper E. fuscoguttatus

Leopard coraltrout Plectropomus leopardus

Humpback grouper Cromileptes altivelis

Fourfinger threadfin Eleutheronema tetradactylum

Cobia Rachycentron canadum

Red tilapia Oreochromis sp.Snubnose pompano Trachinotus blochii

Source: Department of Fisheries, Malaysia


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F . T y y y, y

.B, ,

. S (L) ; y (Lutjanus lemniscatus), (L. argentimaculatus), J (L.johnii) (L. erythropterus).I . Cy - (Epinephelusfuscoguttatus), - (E. coioides)

M (E. malabaricus). O (Eleutheronematetradactylum), (Rachycentron canadum), (Trachinotus blochii) (Oreochromis .).

I My y -. P y - q y . H, , y y

- .S , My D

F . H, ; 005 100 q-y 6 6 1 y- 15 . A L I,

My . T - y.

U y y ,

y. A 00 004 1.0 q , 14 y00 (T 8). T y 1 400 1 600 y 00 00/004, y (T 8).T y - ( ) -z (6 6 ) .S 00 1 000 , 6-1 . B

y y, y, y y. My qy .

I y y . Fq qy y . D-

TABLE 8

Facilities and operators involved in Malaysian marine

fish culture from 2002 to 2004

Facilities 2002 2003 2004

Hatcheries (units) 12 59 56Cages (m) 940 948 1 034 664 1 110 221

Cage operators(individuals)

1 374 1 651 1 623


TABLE 9

Production statistics and wholesale value for marine and brackishwater fish farming in Malaysia, 20022004

Year 2002 2003 2004 2002 2003 2004

Fish species Production (tonnes) Value (Malaysian Ringgit)

Barramundi(Lates calcarifer)

4 003.73 4 210.93 4 000.54 46 220.13 49 260.86 46 241.57

Mangrove red snapper(Lutjanus argentimaculatus)

591.44 706.56 572.97 6 157.05 8 415.69 7 742.36

Yellowstreaked snapper(L. lemniscatus)

1 556.15 2 351.55 2 263.33 20 188.00 32 491.55 32 771.81

Crimson snapper(L. erythropterus)

989.68 1 402.09 1 162.85 12 951.31 18 513.27 14687.02

Groupers 1 210.43 1 977.33 2 283.59 30 385.26 49 954.09 54 628.69

Tilapias 283.97 222.07 264.42 1 683.98 1 049.09 1 387.08

Total 8 635.4 10 870.53 10 547.70 117 585.73 159 684.55 157 458.53



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.

I L, y T POC

. P . C- My (MyB), y T S S, - .

P y, y - (T 9).

IndonesiaI S A . A , q 91 000 - . P

0.17 45.4 , y, .T, q y y y .

T ,, (T 10). O y y(Caranx sexfasciatus), y (Gnathanodonspeciosus), (Cheilinus undulatus) (Thunnus .). T J y B, y.

A FAO , I

05 000 004. T (41 000 ), q (6 55 ), ( 900 ), .H, y , -- .

TABLE 10

Aquaculture species and the status of their development in Indonesia

Species Status of development1

Common name Scientific name Grow out Hatchery

Milkfish Chanos chanos D D

Barramundi Lates calcarifer D D

Mangrove red snapper Lutjanus argentimaculatus ED R/D

Emperor red snapper L. sebae ED R/D

Rabbitfish Siganus spp. D R/D

Humpback grouper Cromileptes altivelis LD D

Brown-marbled grouper Epinephelus fuscoguttatus LD D

Malabar grouper E. malabaricus ED R/D

Camoflage grouper E. polyphekadion ED D

Giant grouper E. lanceolatus ED R/D

Orange-spotted grouper E. coioides ED D

Leopard coralgrouper Plectropomus leopardus ED R/D

Humphead wrasse Cheilinus undulatus ED R/D

D = developed, ED = early development, LD = limited development, R/D = under research and development

Source: Directorate of Aquaculture, Indonesia

TABLE 11

Estimated annual production of fry and fingerlings of marine finfish from hatcheries in Indonesia

Species 1999 2000 2001 2002

Milkfish (Chanos chanos) 227 989 617 NA 240 000 000 NA

Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) 15 000 000 NA NA NA

Groupers (Cromileptes altivelis, Epinephelus spp.) 186 100 287 000 2 742 900 3 356 200

NA = not available

2001 data on milkfish are unpublished data from private hatcheries.

Data for grouper seed production are from Kawahara and Ismi (2003).


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M () y I. G y. G

- y-, y . B , yI , y 10 y. H, 001 9 00 4 000 5 000 .

G y I, , y L S. C

I, S, B, B, L, KS, B, J, L, K S. H, . R L y y y y- . T y y I T 11.M , 40 001. Hy , .56 00.

O .7 - (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus), 0.7 (Cromileptesaltivelis) - (E. coioides) L .

T y G B y 00. Iy y- , . T , y -

. T , . A , I y, y P L y - . A , .7 001 . 00.

C I , , y y, (y , VNN) , ) .

The PhilippinesI 004 P 54.5 14 94.4 . C

, (T 1).

M q y P. F y, y 194 0 000 69 90 004, 8.7 (T 1). F 10 ; (77.4 ) , y ,

1.6 , y.M

P qy , y qy y , , qy , y y , y , - .

Viet NamV N -y .G

TABLE 12

Marine fish production (tonnes) from cages and pens in

the Philippines in 2004

Culture system Total Milkfish Groupers Others

Fish cages 23 542.35 23 179.06 136.45 226.84

Fish pens 14 294.42 14 172.61 33.69 88.12

Total 37 836.77 37 351.67 170.14 312.96

Source: Philippine Fisheries Profile (2004)

TABLE 13

Philippine milkfish production (tonnes), 20002004

Year Production

2000 194 023

2001 225 337

2002 231 968

2003 246 504

2004 269 930

Source: Philippine Fisheries Profile (2004)


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00 000 y 010. V N, y - y.

M

V N: , 600 ; - , 900 ; , 1 100 , y 600 001. T My F y , 00 y 5 000 . T 00, y y

y.E V N (T 14). T , y -, , . T - M , - y .

M V N

. T y-, - . A D Aq (My F), 004 40 059 ( ). P y 005 5 000 1 795 , y. C y Q N, H P,

T H, N A, H T, P Y B RV T . T : 5 5 5 ,

N-y 910 N A V T T Ny (P y) N A y , 00 y . A - N y N T V N, y - N A (y 100 ). T

T VT V N, . T y T POC .

M 90 , ( 10 ) - , y .T .I 004 V N 0 81 000 q,

55 ; , y . Ny y q V N, (E,T A, 004).

V N , 00 000 yy 010. S , . T

, y , , . F y , y .

SingaporeS - y,y y .T 004 FAO y 66 , y ( 08 ) . M ,

TABLE 14

Main finfish species used for mariculture in Viet Nam

Species Sources of seed

Epinephelus coioides Hatchery + Wild

E. tauvina Wild + Hatchery

E. malabaricus Wild

E. bleekeri Wild

Rachycentron canadum Hatchery

Lates calcarifer Hatchery + Wild

Psammoperca waigensis Hatchery

Lutjanus erythropterus Wild

Rhabdosargus sarba Wild

Sciaenops ocellatus Hatchery

Siganus sp. Wild


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. Fy y .

A S ,

q. A M Aq C (MAC) S J I . T y - S . TC y y qy ; z S

y , ; qy y y z (.. ).

East AsiaE A C, R K,H K S A R (HK SAR), J T P C.T

q, A. A DP R K .

Hong Kong Special Administrative RegionT 1 400 z 50 5 500 -

y. C y q y H KSAR, . T y y, , C.T 001 468 HK$16 4.

T , y , H K SAR 19 00 001. Aq

4 HK$8=US$1.

y 1 ; 8. ; 74 , US$18.

T 14 H K SAR (T 15). G , 7 . T , 9 001.

Trash fish, moist diet and dry pellets are used forgrow-out culture. There are no precise data on thevolume of feed used. The price of trash fish is aboutHK$1/kg, while the price of dry pellets ranges from

HK$5-10/kg, depending on the nutritional content.T y HK SAR, G,C. A y/ H K SAR, y , T P C, T, P S A . T (E. chlorostigma) HK$8 1 (1015 ), ,

HK$1 ( .5 ). T H K SAR 001 US$7.8 .

TABLE 15

Major marine fish species cultured in Hong Kong SAR in

2001

SpeciesPercentage

of total

Greasy grouper (Epinephelus tauvina) 27

Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) 17

Russells snapper (Lutjanus russellii) 16

Brownspotted grouper (E. chlorostigma) 10

Red mangrove snapper (L. argentimaculatus) 5

White blotched snapper 5

Head grunt 5

Crimson snapper (L. erythropterus) 3

Goldlined seabream (Rhabdosargus sarba) 3

Japanese meagre (Argyrosomus japonicus) 2

Pompano 2

Red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) 2

Black porgy 1

Yellowfin seabream (A. latus) 1

Others 1


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ChinaT C ( C et al., ),

y y . C 18 400 1 q, 0.1 . T y , y C q. A , 50 . C , . I y

, y , y - .

JapanT

J , y 0 y qy.T J US$.8 . M , y, , Jy, . N

(Thunnus thynnus), (Veraspermoseri) (Epinephelus .).

T y J - .T y J q y . T y q.

Ry

J, , , -qy . T z. B J, H I . G J, y q ,y (VNN).

Taiwan Province of ChinaT P C - y . I 1998

64 ,90 y . T 004 58 000 . T , , ,y, , . R y, y.

S 000 T P

C, US$70 .I y T y y C . C F P y .

M y y yz , .. y , , y

y ( 6 TL) z.

T yy ( 100 - y) (- y) y . I y - . O y y y q. T - (Epinephelus coioides) . M y,

(E. lanceolatus), ( y). D , T y - y , y . I T 40 . A E. coioides, E. lanceolatus, Trachinotusblochii, Lutjanus argentimaculatus, L. stellatus Acanthopagrus latus. C T P C , y y .


56/259


Republic of KoreaT R K 64 000 004. L 000

001 . T O (Pleurogrammusazonus), (Paralichthys olivaceus), (Mugil cephalus), (Epinephelus .), J (Seriola quinqueradiata), J (Lateolabrax japonicus), q (Chrysophrysauratus) (Stephanolepiscirrhifer). FAO 004

(Paralichthys olivaceus) 141 (S) 19 708 .

C y , - y. T y qy , y - , (Paralichthys olivaceus) K (Sebastes schlegelii) (T 16). B

-.Cy,

q y R K.

CONSTRAINTS AND CHALLENGES TOBRACKISHWATER AND MARINE CAGECULTURE DEVELOPMENT IN ASIAT y

A . I , y, A y , , J, .

Availability of suitable sitesT z , , .

T y .E ,

N , y L I, My. T y q, qy y. O- A, J R K T P C,

y . T S CS, y q C, V N,My , y , y.Ay, - , C N .

A

- y z.

Fingerling suppliesT y y- y y . U I, T V N y - , y .T y y y y (N, 005).

TABLE 16

Finfish mariculture production and species produced in

the Republic of Korea in 2003

Species Quantity(tonnes)

Bastard halibut (Paralichthys olivaceus) 34 533

Rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) 23 771

Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) 2 778

Japanese amberjack (Seriola quinqueradiata) 114

Mullet (Mugil cephalus) 4 093

Red seabream (Sciaenops ocellatus) 4 417

Black porgy (Acanthopagrus schlegelii schlegelii) 1,084

Parrot fish (Oplegnathus fasciatus)

Puffer (Takifugu obscurus) 14

Filefish (Monacanthus spp.)

Convict grouper (Epinephelus septemfasciatus) 39

Okhostk atka fish (Pleurogrammus azonus)

Total 72 393

Source: The Fisheries Association of Korea (2004)


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T , , y . F , q (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus, E. coioides Cromolepis altivelis) y I, E. fuscoguttatus C. altivelis

y y .Epinephelus coioides E. fuscoguttatus T, V N (S, 006).A S (006) I y . E y 1015 , y y . I y y I T 17. H

y y 700 I (IDR)/5. Cy I y y y .

FeedsT Aq 4 y (E, T A, 004), C, H K SAR, I,T V N. T

5 8 500 IDR = US$1.

, y , y ( z z ), I

6 >17 (S, 006). A S (006) - I, T V N, y , y FCR (F 6). T y FCR - y , , y, qy

.W y J, y (W, Dy N, 1989). I , -y y

J . T z y (W, Dy N, 1989). O,

y . Cy -- A (R, MB W, 004).

TABLE 17

Average small-scale grouper hatchery operating costs

(as % total) in Indonesia

Operating expenses Gondol Situbondo Average

Brown-marbled grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus)Fertilized eggs 7.4 8.7 8.0

Feeds 41.7 49.6 45.7

Chemicals and drugs 4.7 5.6 5.2

Electricity and fuel 4.1 4.9 4.5

Labour 36.3 24.2 30.2

Maintenance andmiscellaneous

5.9 7.0 6.4

Humpback grouper (Cromileptes altivelis)

Fertilized eggs 10.3 13.3 11.8

Feeds 31.5 40.6 36.0

Chemicals and drugs 3.3 4.2 3.8

Electricity and fuel 2.9 3.7 3.3

Labour 47.9 32.8 40.4

Maintenance andmiscellaneous

4.1 5.3 4.7

Source: Sih, 2006

FIGURE 1

Relationship of cost of production to food conversion

rate (FCR) in grouper cage farming in Indonesia,

Thailand and Viet Nam using trash fishas the primary feed

y = 0.2921x + 5.215

R2 = 0.3585

$3.00

$4.00

$5.00

$6.00

$7.00

$8.00

$9.00

$10.00

$11.00

$12.00

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

CostofProduction(US$/Kg)

FCR

Source: Sih, 2006


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T , :

;

y , y;

y y ;

, y / q

y z .

DiseasesI A (B-R, K C, 00).

A O (1996) y

, , , , A. B-R,K C (00) : (VNN); -1 (GIV-1),

- (GIV-), S (SGIV) T (TGIV);

yy ;

; - ( y ); .

A , , z.

I y ,y A. W , , ,

y - .

Markets

O y , y , , y C, H K SAR S, .

T , - ,y (, y,.),

.H, - , y y 9/11 , yy (SARS) (S, 005).

I y, y. S-

.

Technological challengesFy A, , .F , 15 . T - .

M y

y - y , .I y qy .

V .

Gy A y .


59/259


THE WAY FORWARDT y A

, : M

,V N .T y y- q, ,

6

. T R K , - y.

B A y y , y .

A y q ,

, y y y y .

C y, A (Salmo salar) y q.

A A y - , y y

. T , . O q , y .

T y y A

6 F , A P E C (APEC) A - z y- q.

, y .

F y y . H-y y .

T .T y:

- y y y

, ;

- - y , , .;

- y y- ;

- y

.

E y .

I q y yy - y, .

I -. S y y -.

T y q y U S A E U, A y y q .

T q y , -


60/259


A .

G - ,

y y .

T .

C y ,

q q . Cy A q

y , y y. M - y y , y .

T A y y . T - .

O y A. H -, -, y -

E (.. Ny) S A (.. C) y A. I -, y, y y y . O- y A, y y yy , y y . D , A

y q A .

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSW M K Y, M. KN D. Ty Ny NACA FAO , y; MS Y S A, Fy FA P.D. ; D L T H H C M

A Fy Uy y M D, V N.


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50

Cage aquaculture production 2005

Data were taken from fisheries statistics submitted to FAO bythe member countries for 20051. In case 2005 data were notavailable, 2004 data were used.

1 Data for China were taken from this review. Map background image Blue Marble: Next generation courtesy of NASAs Earth Observatory


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51

A review of cage and pen

aquaculture: China


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53

A review of cage and pen aquaculture:China

Jiaxin Chen1, Changtao Guang1, Hao Xu2, Zhixin Chen2, Pao Xu3,Xiaomei Yan3, Yutang Wang4 and Jiafu Liu5

Chen, J., Guang, C., Xu, H., Chen, Z., Xu, P., Yan, X., Wang, Y. and Liu, J.A q: C. I M. H, D. S J.R. A (). Cage aquaculture Regional reviewsand global overview, . 5068. FAO F T P. N. 498. R, FAO. 007. 41 .

ABSTRACTC 6 y C,

1970. C/

y, y. D

y , y, ., / qy y 1970. I 005,

7 805 87 75 , y. T

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47 18 q , y, 005.T , z

. S 1990, y

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US$10 y,

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1 Y S F R I, Q, C Fy My I R I, S, C F F R I, W, C4 N S Aq T E, B, C5 N L Y C A, N, F P, C6 Pen: F, ; , ,

y y y . A y y .Cage: F y y , . I .


68/259


BACKGROUNDT y y F A Oz U N(FAO)

q S I Sy CAq A, Hz, C, 8

Jy 006.T y

q C, y C . D C y ,

. H, , y.

HISTORY AND ORIGIN OF CAGE AND PENCULTURE IN CHINAM C y 0 y, y 1970(H, 1991; W, 1991). D , C. I 005, / 1.46 ,

4.4 q y .9 y y (F B, 005). A y y q , z . A , C . A ,

/ y y . H, y , : () y q ; () - ; () q . C , y- .

Inland fish cage cultureC y . S 800 y , C y

y , -y 15 0 y (Z, 14).T y - y( - y 197) (H, 1991; X Y, 006). C (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) (Aristichthys nobilis) y (y) . T -

z (>1 ) y .T y. L, -y- .S 1977, q -z y. A , (Ctenopharyngodon idella), W (Megalobrama amblycephala) (Cyprinus carpio carpio)

.A y z

C , 1980. D , C : () y; () - y ; () y . A

y , -- y. S 1980, - q y .D () y - - () q y y.

I 1990, C -q. My ,


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A review of cage and pen aquaculture: China 55

.T C (Carassius carassius) W, y ,

(Oncorhynchus mykiss), (Oreochromis .) (Ictalurus nebulosus), , (Scortum barcoo), C (Siniperca chuatsi) A (Parabramis pekinensis).

W - , y . T

-y -q -qy q , y, , C .

History of pen cultureF 50 y, C q y y .

H, , , , y .I 1970, q -y (.. q z y q Chara, Isoetes, Ceratopteris, Alternanthera, . y ) q -y. I z q y,

q -y . I 1980, y y q. C y y . R : () - y;() q q y q y , y (.. ); () y

. S 1990, , y C (Eriocheir sinensis).

History of marine cage cultureI 1970, Hy Cy Z Cy,G P , , . T C (C X, 006; X Y, 006). By 1981 .A H K S AR (SAR) M S A

R, .B 1984 (.. F Z ) . A y, G, F Z 57 000, 40 . I y , . R y y 1990, y

q (Pagus major), J (Lateolabrax japonicus), (Rachycentroncanadum) (Larimichthyscrocea). T C y- y. Cy , C z: L, S,

J, Z, F, G H

G Zz AR. A , 000 .

THE CURRENT SITUATIONAdvantages of cage and pen cultureI C, q y: y y z

;

; (F , / y 69 111 J P 1995, q y


70/259


9 1 7 500 /.)

y , ;

-y ;(C , y y . M, y y z

, qy, , y y y.)

y y ;

y . (F

, 1985 G L, y y, 150 /. I 1990 , 495 /,

. y 1994 698.5 / 460 y [F 1].)

Present status of inland cage and pen cultureP , C, y . C y, y . O

q . P , -y y, y . W 1 , y q . Ty -y q C .

I 004, C

99 700 , 1 689 600 77 400 , - y 1 147 000 , 051 000 77 000 , y(T 1). W 5 10 , y 59 , 01 900 ,y 487 751 . I y y . T, ,

- q y .

T y q y z:

Species cultured in freshwaterT A 1. F- y , , C, , , , , C A .N- , .

FIGURE 1

Increase in fish yield in Gehu Lake resulting from the

introduction of pen-culture technology

0

200

400

600

800

kg/ha

1985 1990 1995

Year

System Acreage(A) (ha)

Yield(Y) (tonnes)

Open waters

Lakes 939 700 1 147 000

Reservoirs 1 689 600 2 051 000

Rivers 377 400 773 000

Subtotal 3 006 700 3 971 000

Open water production (Y/A) 1.32 tonnes/ha

Cages 5 310 592 300

Cage production (Y/A) 111.54 tonnes/ha

Pens 301 900 487 700Pen production (Y/A) 1.61 tonnes/ha

Source: Fisheries Bureau, 2004; Xu and Yan, 2006

TABLE 1

Fish yields from natural waterbodies in China


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A review of cage and pen aquaculture: China 57

H y .A 8590 W , ,, C .

Size and typeT y 44.5 55.5 -z 1.5 1.5 . A , - , . I C, y z ; y . B-

.

cage culture review

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