1. Energy Storage in the Fleetwood Region Preesall Salt Cavern Energy Storage Potential 20/08/2013

2. Presentation Outline Introduction Wyre Energy Ltd Compressed Air Energy Storage CAES Examples ADELE Adiabatic Project Huntorf CAES Plant McIntosh CAES Plant Preesall Salt Field Failed Proposals for Preesall Wyre Energy Proposal Conclusion 20/08/2013Wyre Energy Ltd - Preesall Salt Field CAES Proposal 2 3. Introduction Government plan to introduce many Gigawatts of renewable power generation to the national grid by 2030. These renewable technologies are highly volatile and, with the exception of tidal power, are virtually unpredictable. The problem is that power is often generated when not required, and vice versa. Only storage in the UK is Dinorwigg Hydro Pumped Storage System. 20/08/2013Wyre Energy Ltd - Preesall Salt Field CAES Proposal 3 4. DREAMS Ltd 20/08/2013Wyre Energy Ltd - Preesall Salt Field CAES Proposal 4 5. Current Compressed-Air Energy Storage (CAES) Technology When power is abundant, its drawn from the grid to compress air into an underground geological structure. The air temperature rapidly increases in proportion with the gas laws and hence it must be cooled before entering the ground. When demand is high (peak load times), the stored air is released back to the surface where it is heated and expanded. In contrast, the decrease in pressure cools the air and hence this must be heated before it enters the turbine. 20/08/2013Wyre Energy Ltd - Preesall Salt Field CAES Proposal 5 6. Current Compressed-Air Energy Storage (CAES) Technology 20/08/2013Wyre Energy Ltd - Preesall Salt Field CAES Proposal 6 7. ADELE Adiabatic Storage Project Problem: Temperature of the air following compression vastly increases, up to around 600C which must be dissipated. Conversely, thermal energy is lost following air expansion and hence air must absorb heat before entering the turbine. RWE Power, General Electric, Zblin and DLR are currently researching possible ways to absorb, store and then reuse the thermal energy in the compressed air. They are proposing highly insulated thermal towers made up stone, gravel and ceramics through which the newly compressed air will travel, exchanging its thermal energy. Before the air from the ground passes into the turbine, it will pass through this tower absorbing some of the thermal energy, in a pre- heat operation. 20/08/2013Wyre Energy Ltd - Preesall Salt Field CAES Proposal 7 8. ADELE Adiabatic Storage Project 20/08/2013Wyre Energy Ltd - Preesall Salt Field CAES Proposal 8 9. ADELE Adiabatic Storage Project Estimated to increase efficiency up to 70%. Take the compressed air at 600C and store the thermal energy in towers up to 40m high. Now delayed pilot plant to be built capable of: Storing 360MWh Generating 360MW electricity The equivalent to 50 ultra-modern wind turbines spinning for 4 hours. 20/08/2013Wyre Energy Ltd - Preesall Salt Field CAES Proposal 9 10. Huntorf CAES Plant Built in 1978 in Huntorf, Germany as the first CAES plant worldwide. Paired with a Nuclear plant and conventional Natural Gas Turbine plant. Compressed air from cavern mixed with natural gas and expanded through a turbine to produce electricity. One cavern operates diurnally while the other is a Black start asset, providing protection for a shut-down of the Nuclear plant. 20/08/2013Wyre Energy Ltd - Preesall Salt Field CAES Proposal 10 11. Huntorf CAES Plant Facts and Figures Cavern volumes: 140,000m3 170,000m3 Total 310,000m3 Cavern Depth Top 650m Bottom 800m Air Flow Rates Turbine 417 kg/s (Comparatively quick) Compressor 108 kg/s Pressure Operational Pressure 70 Bar 20/08/2013Wyre Energy Ltd - Preesall Salt Field CAES Proposal 11 12. Huntorf CAES Plant Facts and Figures Power output Power 321,000kW Duration 3 hours Energy Output 963,000kWh Cycle efficiency 46% 20/08/2013Wyre Energy Ltd - Preesall Salt Field CAES Proposal 12 13. McIntosh CAES Plant Built in 1992 in McIntosh, Alabama. Part of a factory consisting of two conventional gas turbines. Start-up time of 14 minutes when first built. Dresser-rand now boast 10 minutes to full power generation (5 minutes in emergency) and only 4 minutes to full compression operation. 20/08/2013Wyre Energy Ltd - Preesall Salt Field CAES Proposal 13 14. McIntosh CAES Plant Facts and Figures Cavern volume: 580,000m3 Cavern Depth Top 450m Bottom 750m Pressure Operational Pressure 70 Bar Cost 1991 - $65million = 43million Today $108million = 71million 20/08/2013Wyre Energy Ltd - Preesall Salt Field CAES Proposal 14 15. McIntosh CAES Plant Facts and Figures Power Output Power 110MW Duration 26 hours Energy Output 2,860,000kWh Cycle Efficiency 54% 20/08/2013Wyre Energy Ltd - Preesall Salt Field CAES Proposal 15 16. Preesall Salt Field Production began as a result of the British Armys exploration for water sources. As a result of the discovery, exploration wells were sunk, with production beginning around the 1890s continuing for the next 100 years. Over 130 wells produced up to 3,500 tonnes of salt a week in 1900, peaking at 140,000 tonnes in 1906, making it the biggest salt producer in Britain. 20/08/2013Wyre Energy Ltd - Preesall Salt Field CAES Proposal 16 17. Failed Wyre CAES Applications Cantaxx Lancashire County Council rejected enquires in 2003, 2004 and 2008. Opposition from local residents Unsatisfactory geological surveys, failing to prove the area was suitable for high-pressure storage. Halite Energy Group (Cantaxx Ancestor). Further rejection in April, 2013 despite recommendation of approval by the examining authority, the Planning Inspectorate. Appeal currently underway. 20/08/2013Wyre Energy Ltd - Preesall Salt Field CAES Proposal 17 18. Cantaxx/Halite Proposal Construct 19 caverns of varying sizes via a leaching process Total Volume of caverns: 14,580,917m3 Gas Capacity: Storage capacity: 900,000,000m3 Working capacity: 600,000,000m3 20/08/2013Wyre Energy Ltd - Preesall Salt Field CAES Proposal 18 19. Wyre Energys CAES Solution Due to the strong opposition from the public and unsatisfactory geological surveys from Halite, Wyre Energy plans to use compressed air as a means of energy storage, CAES. This means there will not be a 1 million tonne gas bomb stored underground, such that we will gain support of local residents A feasibility study will be conducted, which will concentrate on the geological study. This means of energy storage will provide clean, renewable energy. 20/08/2013Wyre Energy Ltd - Preesall Salt Field CAES Proposal 19 20. Turbo-Expander Generators Atlas Copco Manufacturer of Turboexpander-Generators (TEGs). Provided two TEG trains to Turkish energy company Celikler Jeotermal Elektrik Uretim A.S, capable of producing 45MW of clean energy in a Binary Geothermal Plant. Currently analysing data provided by Wyre Energy Ltd in order to determine available power from such a turbine. 20/08/2013Wyre Energy Ltd - Preesall Salt Field CAES Proposal 20 21. Energy figures Average volume of the 19 caverns: 0.767 Mm3 Installed capacity per cavern: ~ 2990 MW Load factor: 70% Averaging at 2 hours peak generating per day, 365 days per year Annual output per cavern: ~ 1528 GWh 20/08/2013Wyre Energy Ltd - Preesall Salt Field CAES Proposal 21 22. Expenditure Figures Cost of feasibility study Cost of planning Construction of 16 caverns over a 14 year period Total Cost of installation 20/08/2013Wyre Energy Ltd - Preesall Salt Field CAES Proposal 22 1,000,000 4,000,000 224,000,000 229,000,000 23. Profit Figures Year 4 Year 10 Year 20 Year 30 Year 40 20/08/2013Wyre Energy Ltd - Preesall Salt Field CAES Proposal 23 95,930,321 306,414,213 970,776,365 1,308,511,317 1,762,398,851 24. Conclusions Energy storage is becoming a necessity for the United Kingdom. Compressed air energy storage is being heavily researched and will play a vital role in the energy makeup of the grid in future years to come. Wyre Energy Ltd are proposing Compressed Air Energy Storage with production capabilities of 1528GWh per cavern installed, at a cost of 229,000,000. 20/08/2013Wyre Energy Ltd - Preesall Salt Field CAES Proposal 24 25. Thank you 20/08/2013Wyre Energy Ltd - Preesall Salt Field CAES Proposal 25