cadastral strategic plan april 2017 - national...

CadastralStrategicPlan-April2017Page1

ThemeStrategicPlanfor

CadastralTheme

BureauofLandManagement-CadastralSurvey

FederalGeographicDataCommittee(FGDC)

2017–2021

April2017


Cadastral(Cadastre)ThemeFY2017ImplementationPlanReport

ThemePersonnelThemeLead(Co-Leads): Don Buhler and Robert AderThemeLeadAgency(ies): Bureau of Land Management (BLM) - Cadastral

Survey/GeosciencesExecutiveThemeChampion(s): Tod Dabolt

ExecutiveChampionAgency(ies): Department of Interior CadastralThemeNGDADatasets NGDAAgencyU.S.ArmyCorpsofEngineersCivilWorkLandData DOD-USACEBIAIndianLandsDataset(IndianLandsoftheUnitedStates) DOI-BIAPublicLandSurveySystem(PLSS)DatasetCatalog DOI-BLMDepartmentofDefenseLandParcelsandSites DOD-AT&LBLMNationalSurfaceManagementAgency:AreaPolygons,WithdrawalAreaPolygons,andSpecialPublicPurposeWithdrawalAreaPolygons DOI-BLMFSNationalForestDataset(USForestServiceProclaimedForests) USDA-USFSFWSInterest DOI-FWSNPSNationalParksDataset DOI-NPSOuterContinentalShelfActiveRenewableEnergyLeases DOI-BOEMOuterContinentalShelfBlockAliquots DOI-BOEMOuterContinentalShelfLeaseBlocks-AlaskaRegionNAD83 DOI-BOEMOuterContinentalShelfLeaseBlocks-AtlanticRegionNAD83 DOI-BOEMOuterContinentalShelfLeaseBlocks-GulfofMexicoRegionNAD27 DOI-BOEMOuterContinentalShelfLeaseBlocks-PacificRegion-WestCoastNAD83 DOI-BOEMOuterContinentalShelfOfficialProtractionDiagrams-AlaskaRegionNAD83 DOI-BOEMOuterContinentalShelfOfficialProtractionDiagrams-AtlanticRegionNAD83 DOI-BOEMOuterContinentalShelfOfficialProtractionDiagramsAndLeaseMaps-GulfOfMexicoRegionNAD27 DOI-BOEMOuterContinentalShelfOfficialProtractionDiagrams-PacificRegion-WestCoastNAD83 DOI-BOEMProtectedAreasDatabaseoftheUnitedStates(PAD-US) DOI-USGSNon-FederalPublicLands-acknowledgedbutnotreportedinthisplan States,RegionalAgencies,and

LocalgovernmentsPrivatelyownedlands-acknowledgedbutnotreportedinthisplan Localrealestatetaxauthorities

StrategicThemePlan:http://nationalcad.org/download/StrategicPlanCadastral-Submitted.pdf


Thisplandoesnotintendtoduplicatetheexistingandongoingagencymission,goals,andworkplans.Manyagencieshavecadastralandlandrelatedactivitiesaspartoftheirnormalcourseofbusiness.Becausethecadastraldataaremaintainedacrossmanylandmanagementagencies,thedatasetsthatindividualagenciesmaintainfortheirbusinessoperationsareidentifiedbyagencyinGoal4.TheoffshorecadastraldatasetsobjectivesandactionsarelistedinGoal3.Thisplanhas6goals.

Goal1:CadastralReference-IncludingthePubicLandSurveySystem(PLSS)andOthersGoal2:PublicLandsSurfaceAgencyManagementGoal3:FederalSubsurfaceManagementAreas-IncludingoffshoreandcontinentalGoal4:LandManagementAgencyCoordination-FederalLandManagementAgencyCadastralCoordinationGoal5:ParcelData-IncludingFederalRightsandInterestsandcoordinationofnon-federaldatasetsGoal6:Coordination-AcrossThemesandLevelsofGovernmentandthePrivateSector


Goal1:CadastralReference-IncludingthePubicLandSurveySystem(PLSS)andOthersIdentifystateandfederaldatastewardsforCadastralReference,coordinateandsupporttheeffectivecollectionandmaintenanceoftheCadastralReferenceNationalGeospatialDataAsset(NGDA)Datasets,facilitatesharinganddataavailabilitysocializationoftheCadastralReferencedatasets,andprovideoutreachandcommunicationmechanismsfordatastewards.

Objective1.1CompletePLSSDataStewardProgram

AcommercialofftheshelfsoftwarepackagehasbeenselectedforPLSSmaintenanceandpublication.Thisobjectiveistocompletetheidentificationofdatastewards(s)forall30PLSSstatesincludingedgematchingatstateboundaries,publicationschedule,sharedcustodianship,ifneeded,andfeedbackandsocialization.AnticipatedOutcomes.MaintainedPLSSdatasetsforall30publicdomainstates,updatedatleastannualasneeded,establishingasingleauthoritativePLSSdatasetforeachstate.

Action1.1.1ContinuousupdateofPLSSdatasets(BLMCadastralSurvey)Action1.1.2PublishupdatesofPLSSdatatoNGDAservices

Objective1.2Completenon-PLSSCadastralReferenceDataSetDefinitions

UsingthesamecommercialpackageasthePLSS,develop,review,andadoptacadastralreferencesystemforeachofthe20non-PLSSstates.AnticipatedOutcomes.Define,review,andadoptacadastralreferencesystemforeachofthe20non-PLSSstates.Maintainablepublishedcadastralreferencedatasetforeachofthe20non-PLSSstateswithdatadocumentation.Thisisnotafundedactivitythereforeestablishingmilestonesandprojectedcompletionisnotfeasible.Volunteercontributionsfromnon-federalstakeholdersandtheprivatesectorarebeingadvancedvoluntarily.

Action1.2.1Establishanon-PLSScadastralreferencecommunityAction1.2.2Developandsocializedraftnon-PLSScadastraldatasettogatherinputfromnon-PLSSdatastewards.Action1.2.3Finalizenon-PLSScadastralreferencedatasetwithdocumentationandpublishtonationalcad.org

Goal2:PublicLandsSurfaceAgencyManagementCoordinatewiththeUSGeologicalSurvey(USGS)indevelopingtheProtectedAreasDatabaseoftheUS(PAD-US),arepresentationoffederallyownedlandsandmanagementdesignations.ProvideBLMmanagedsurfacelandsupdatestoPAD-US,whilecontinuingtodevelopthelandtitleandlandrecordsbaseddatasetfortheSurfaceManagementAgency(SMA),supportthepublicationofPAD-USdatabaseanddatasetstoNGDAservices,facilitatesharinganddataavailabilitysocializationoftheSMAandPAD-USinformation,andprovideoutreachandcommunicationmechanismsfordatastewards.


Objective2.1StandardizeBLMSubmissionstothePAD-US

PAD-USisworkingwithallfederallandagenciesaswellasstateandnon-governmentalagencydatastewards(TrustforPublicLands,DucksUnlimited,TheNatureConservancy,etc.)tocompileanannualrepresentationofpublicopenspaceandotherprotectedareas.

AnticipatedOutcomes.AnautomatedandconsistentworkflowanddatasubmissionforPAD-USupdatesonanannualbasisfromBLMNationalOperationsCenter(NOC).

Action2.1.1:DocumentdatasubmissionrequirementsforBLMStateOfficesAction2.1.2:ReviewcurrentBLMlandmanagement(SMA)datasets,updateandmaintenanceandsubmissionprocedures.IdentifyaBLMleadofficeforcoordinationandsubmissions.

Objective2.2Complete,maintain,anddistributetheauthoritativePAD-US.TheUSGeologicalSurvey(USGS)GapAnalysisProgramistheleadforthisdatasetandthisobjective.Anticipatedoutcomesrequiretheprovisionofadditionalresourcesthroughpartnershipsand/ornewinvestment.ThisobjectiveisdirectlyrelatedtoandcoordinatedwiththeGovernmentalUnitsStrategicPlan-Objective3.3-TheFederalLandsSubgroup(FLS)developsadatastandardandtheorganizationalstrategiesforfederallymanagedlands.Actionitemsidentifiedherereflectthecadastralcomponentofthismulti-agencydataset.

AnticipatedOutcomes.Acompleteinventoryofallpublicopenspaceandotherprotectedareasavailableby2020tosupportconservation,recreationandpublichealthassessments,planning,research,policyandmanagement.

Action2.2.1Federaldata:(3.3.3fromBWGPlan)Aggregatefederallandownershipandmanagementdesignationsfromauthoritativesourcestomeetcommonagencyneeds,anddelivertoUSGSforpublicationofPAD-USinamultiplefeatureclassstructuretobettermanageoverlaps.Action2.2.2Agencynamedatabase:(3.3.4fromBWGPlan)Evaluatefederalnamingstandardstoimprovethefederaltheme.Action2.2.3BoundaryReconciliation(3.3.5fromBWGPlan)Completeboundaryadjudicationeffortwithallapplicablesourcesandagenciestoreducetopologyerrors(overlapsandgaps)betweenagencydatasets.

Goal3:FederalSubsurfaceManagementAreas-Includingoffshoreandcontinental

Therearetwofederalagenciesresponsibleforfederalsubsurfacerightsmanagement,theBLMoncontinentallandsandBureauofOceanandEnergyManagement(BOEM)foroffshorelands.DevelopaneffectiveaggregationandpublicationofBLMsubsurfacerecordsandcoordinatewithBOEMoffshoresubsurfacerecords,facilitatesharinganddataavailabilitysocializationoftheSubsurfaceManagementAreasdatasets,andestablishongoingcoordinationmechanisms.


Objective3.1Developanonshore(continental)nationwidefederalsubsurfacerightsdatasetEstablishthestandardsofachievementintermsofaproportionateimprovementintheexistingcondition.Objectivesshouldbespecific,measurable,audience-orissue-directed,realistic,andtime-bound.

AnticipatedOutcomes.Anationwidedatasetthatdelineateslandswherethereisafederalinterestinthemineralsorothersubsurfacecontinentaloronshoreresources.

Action3.1.1:Developacoreoressentialdatasetcontentforsubsurfacerights.Action3.1.2:Developpilotdatasetsforeastern(non-PLSS)andwestern(PLSS)andAlaskadatasetsanddistributeforreviewandfeedbackAction3.1.3:Developstrategicplanandidentifiedrequirementstocompletenationwidesubsurfacedataset

Objective3.2DevelopanoffshorenationwidefederalsubsurfacerightsdatasetforpublishingandaccessthroughtheNGDAservices.ThiseffortistheresponsibilityofBOEM.ThefollowingaretheNGDAdatasetsandactivities.

AnticipatedOutcomes.Anationwidedatasetthatdelineateslandswherethereisafederalinterestinthemineralsorothersubsurfaceoffshoreresources

Action3.2.1:ImportNAD27OuterContinentalShelf(OCS)LeaseBlocksfortheGulfofMexicoRegionintogeodatabasesandpublish.Action3.2.2:GenerateandpublishWGS84OCSLeaseBlocksandOfficialProtractionDiagramsoftheprincipalislandsofHawaii.Action3.2.3:UpdateOfficialProtractionDiagramstoreflectthe200nauticalmileboundary(ExclusiveEconomicZoneboundary).Action3.2.4:GenerateandpublishWGS84OCSLeasesBlocksandOfficialProtractionDiagramsofGuamandtheNorthernMarianaIslands.Action3.2.5:GenerateandpublishNAD83OfficialProtractionDiagramsofPuertoRicoandtheU.S.VirginIslands.Action3.2.6:GenerateNAD83OCSLeaseBlocksforExtendedContinentalShelfareas.

Goal4:LandManagementAgencyCoordination

Providecoordinationwithotherlandmanagementagenciesandsupportcollection,maintenance,standardization,access,andpublicationwithinthescopeandresponsibilitiesofA-16.Theobjectivesandactionitemsareidentifiedandaretheresponsibilityoftheleadagencylistedintheobjective.

AnticipatedOutcomes.Coordinationwithotherfederalandtriballandmanagementagencytosupportstandardizationandaccesstopublisheddatasets.ThisgoalisNOTintendedtointerferewithanyagenciesinternalprogramsandmissions.Thisgoalaimedat


providingadviceonpossiblemaintenancesolutionsthathavebeensuccessful,providingguidanceondatacontentsandstandardizationforpublishedorpublicdatathatcanbesharedbeyondtheinternalagency,andsupportingverticalintegration(commonpointsofcontrol)acrossandbetweenagencycommonboundaries.

Objective4.1NationalParkService(NPS)NPSiscommittedtoprovidingregularupdatestothebestavailablegeospatialdatarepresentingboththelegislativeboundaryandparcelownershipinformationforallparksystemareas.NPSwillcontinueeffortstoimprovethemaintenanceandstandardizationofthisauthoritativedatainsupportofeffortsliketheProtectedAreasDatabasefortheUS(PAD-US)and,overtimethelandtitlebasedSMA.NPSwillcontinuetoactivelyparticipateininter-agencygroupswhosegoalistoimprovecommunicationandcoordinationofmulti-agencycadastraldata.

Action4.1.1:NPSwillcontinuetopublishanationalsetofNGDAboundariesonGeoplatform.govalongwithadatacollectionrecordcontaininglinkstoownershipdatalayersandparkspecificmetadataforeachindividualNPSunit.Action4.1.2:NPSwillcontinuetoprovideparkspecificdownloadsoflegislativeboundaries,primaryownershipdata,andparkspecificmetadataontheNPSdataclearinghouse,(IRMA).(https://irma.nps.gov/Portal)Action4.1.3:NPSwillcontinuetoupdatethisNGDAdataquarterlyaswellasprovidenotificationtotheFederalgeospatialdatacommunitywheneverthedataisupdated.Action4.1.4:NPSwillcontinueworkwithFWSandUSGSGapAnalysisProgramtorefinePAD-UStranslationroutinesasnecessary.NPSwillworkwithFWStofinalizeanddistributedocumentationofthiseffortinordertoprovidepotentialguidancetootheragencies.Action4.1.5:NPSwillcontinuetobeanactiveparticipantininter-agencygroupsthatarededicatedtothesharingandstandardizationofcadastraldataliketheNBG,theFGDCCadastralSubcommittee,andtheFLS.

Objective4.2DepartmentofDefense(DoD)

Action4.2.1:USACEDevelopandmaintaintheboundarylimitsofArmyMilitaryLandTractsandCivilWorksLandData.DataareaccessibletoDODwithlimitedavailabilitytooutsideagenciesandorganizations.Action4.2.2:TheGeospatialInformationOfficer(GIO)forDoDEnergy,Installations,andEnvironmentcoordinatesaDepartment-widelandparcelsubmissiontotheGeospatialPlatform(andsimilardatasourcessuchasPAD-US).TheGIOforDoDwillalsodevelopacoordinatedapproachforcontrollingsensitiveportionsofsuchparceldata.Action4.2.3:DoDwillcontinuetobeanactiveparticipantininter-agencygroupsthatarededicatedtothesharingandstandardizationofcadastraldataliketheNBG,theFGDCCadastralSubcommittee,andtheFLS.

Objective4.3ForestService(FS)


Action4.3.1:ContinuetoprovideupdatestoFSmanagedlandstoPAD-US,forcitizenaccessonwebsites,andotheragenciesorrequesters.Action4.3.2:ContinuetomaintaintheFSLandStatusRecordSystem(LSRS)datasets.Action4.3.3:FSwillcontinuetobeanactiveparticipantininter-agencygroupsthatarededicatedtothesharingandstandardizationofcadastraldataliketheNBG,theFGDCCadastralSubcommittee,andtheFLS.Action4.3.4:ExploreregisteringtheFSLSRStoPLSSCadNSDIonacontinuingbasis

Objective4.4FishandWildlifeService(FWS)

Action4.4.1:ContinuetoprovideupdatestoFWSmanagedlandstoPAD-US,forcitizenaccessonwebsites,andotheragenciesorrequesters.Action4.4.2:ContinuetomaintaintheFWSlandsdatasets.Action4.4.3:FWSwillcontinuetobeanactiveparticipantininter-agencygroupsthatarededicatedtothesharingandstandardizationofcadastraldataliketheNBG,theFGDCCadastralSubcommittee,andtheFLS.

Objective4.5BureauofIndianAffairs(BIA)TheLandBuy-BackProgramforTribalNationsimplementsthelandconsolidationcomponentoftheCobellSettlement,signedintolawbyPresidentBarackObamathroughtheClaimsResolutionActof2010.TheSettlementprovides$1.9billiontopurchasefractionalinterestsintrustorrestrictedlandfromwillingsellersatfairmarketvalue.Consolidatedinterestsareimmediatelyrestoredtotribaltrustownershipforusesbenefitingthereservationcommunityandtribalmembers.Thereareapproximately245,000ownersofnearlythreemillionfractionalinterestsacrossIndianCountrywhoareeligibletoparticipateintheBuy-BackProgram.TheProgramiscurrentlyplanningtocontinuethepurchaseoffractionatedinterestsuntiltheendof2022;howeverSecretaryJewellisinterestedinexploringoptionsforextendingthetimeframeoftheProgram.Inadditiontoconsolidatingfractionatedinterest,theProgramhasdesignatedupto$60millionfortheCobellEducationScholarshipFund.

Action4.5.1:BIAMappingProjects-TheBLMwillcontinueexecutingthemappingprojectfortheBuyBackProgrambyprovidingthetechnicalrequirements,products,andservicesformappingtheparcels.TheinformationneededtocomplimentthemappingisprovidedbytheBIATrustAccountingandManagementSystem(TAAMS).AlthoughtheparceldataissuppliedbytheBIA,theBLMisprovidingthisservicebecauseoftheBLM’sexpertiseinprovidingsimilarmappingfunctionsforthePLSSandtheCadastralNationalSpatialDataInfrastructure(CadNSDI).Action4.5.2:BuyBackProgramSupport-TheBLMwillcontinuetoworkcollaborativelywiththeBuy-BackProgram,theOfficeofAppraisalServices(OAS),theDivisionofMineralsEvaluation(DME),andtheBIAtocoordinatetheflowofinformationandservices.


Goal5:ParcelData-IncludingFederalRightsandInterestsandcoordinationofnon-federaldatasetsFederalagenciesdonothavetheauthoritytocollectormaintainparceldataonnon-federallymanagedlands.Fornon-federallandsfacilitateaninventoryofavailableparceldataandfacilitatestateaggregatedstandardizeddata.Forfederallymanagedlands(includingtriballandsandoffshore)coordinatewiththemanagingagencytoidentifyfederalrightsheldormanagedandfacilitatesharinganddataavailabilitysocializationofdatasets,andprovideoutreachandcommunicationmechanismsforfederallandmanagementagencies.

Objective5.1Completeaparceldatawebservicestandard

Webservicesprovideaccesstodatasetonarelativelycontinuousbasisandtypicallyoriginatefromthedataproducers.Theseservicescanbedefinedasatemplatethatincludestheexpecteddataelements,securityorloginrequirements,anddatadownloadorretrievallimits.Webservicescanbeusedtoprovideauthoritativedatafromlocaldataproducerstomapservices.AnticipatedOutcomes.Adefinitionandtemplateforparcelwebservicesthatcouldbedeployedbydataproducers(localgovernments)ordataaggregators(stategovernments).

Action5.1.1Formaworkinggrouptorefineandscopethiseffort.Action5.2.2DevelopadraftstandardforreviewbydataproducersandcommercialprovidersAction5.2.3Publishaparcelwebservicesstandard

Goal6:Coordination

Cadastraldatabyitsnatureisusedbymanyotherthemesandalsoconsumesdatafromotherthemes.Wehaveidentifiedseveralcoordinationagenciesandthemesandwillcontinuetoworkwiththeseotherthemestoensureconsistentstandardization,verticalalignment,andappropriatecurrency.

Objective6.1Inputs-Identifythemesthatcollectdatathataffectcadastraldata

AnticipatedOutcomes.Continuousimprovementandupdateofcadastraldatathemesandverticalintegrationwithotherthemes.

Action6.1.1:IdentifyUpdatestoInternationalboundariesandincorporatechangesinPLSSandcadastraldata(InternationalBoundaryCommissions)Action6.1.2:Defineandpilottheaccommodationofnon-PLSSboundariesthatmayormaynotbesurveyedbutareneededtomapparcelswithfederalinterestsandmayormaynothavecoincidentboundarieswithfederalauthoritysurveys(e.g.,boundariesthatreferenceculturalorphysicalfeatures).


Objective6.2Outreach-IdentifyandestablishconnectionswithDataStewardsandknownandnewdatausers.

AnticipatedOutcomes.Providedataupdatestodatausers,trackhowthedataareused,identifyfeedbackfromusers,andprovideupdates.

Action6.2.1:-CoordinateandworkwiththeGovernmentUnitsStrategicPlanObjective3.1Action3.1.4andAction3.1.5-Collaborationonidentifyingcadastralandboundarycoincidence.Action6.2.2:Provideaccesstoupdateddatasetsonaneasilyaccessiblewebsite.Socializetheavailabilityofupdatesthroughsocialmediaoutletsanddirectemailing.Action6.2.3:Identifystateleveldatastewardsandtheirneedsandcapacitytosupportupdates.

Objective6.3CommunicationandEducation-establishcommunicationmechanismsanddevelopeducationalmaterialsrelatedtocadastraldatathemes

AnticipatedOutcomes.Ongoingcommunicationandeducationalmaterialssupporttheestablishmentofauthoritativedataandreduceduplicationofeffort.

Action6.3.1:ContinuetomaintainthePLSSeditingGeonetforumincludingrespondingtoquestionsandpostingupdates(BLMCadastralSurvey)Action6.3.2:ContinuetomaintaintheCadNSDITwitteraccountbypostingupdates(BLMCadastralSurvey)Action6.3.3:Continuetodevelopandpostvideosanddocumentationrelatedtocadastraldatacontent,standards,maintenance,andstewardship.(BLMCadastralSurvey)


ExternalFactors,Challenges,andOpportunitiesWhatimportanttrendscouldinfluencethestrategicplansimplementation-technology,standards,committees,management,workforce,initiatives,policy/legalissues,etc.?Whatchallengesexist?WhatopportunitiesexisttosupporttheTheme’sgoals?

ThecadastraldatathemehasmanyexternalfactorsandchallengesthatareuniqueamongNGDAdatasetsandthemes.Forcadastralreferencedatasomeoftheseexternalfactorsareasfollows.

• In the Public Land Survey System (PLSS) states the cadastral reference is typically the rectangular PLSS features, although every state has non-rectangular areas such as land grants. Other than Oklahoma, where the initial aggregation and collection is not complete, and Louisiana, which is complicated with extensive French claims and lots in the southern third of the state, the remaining 28 states have at least a rudimentary PLSS data set in a standardized form.

o There are often many jurisdictions contributing updated information on PLSS corner locations and surveys. These updates need to be coordinated to provide an authoritative and current PLSS data set.

o Statewide PLSS data sets are big data sets, approaching 1 gigabyte per state as a zipped file. These are even bigger files when expressed in a maintainable format or in a published feature format.

o PLSS corner locations are linked to geodetic control and there is a need to have companion data sets with geodetic control that can be linked to the correct PLSS corners

• In the non-PLSS states (20) the land description cadastral reference framework is typically survey-by-survey or parcel-by-parcel. For classification and viewing the reference frameworks are defined by civil division (county, city, town, etc.) and then further divided to subdivisions, condominiums, or tracts. These frameworks provide context and setting for the land description, even if they are not the survey framework found in the PLSS states.

Forparceldatasomeoftheseexternalfactorsareasfollows.

• In the U.S. approximately 7,000 separate data producers manage cadastral data. These range in size from New England towns, to counties, to cities, to individual federal land management agencies, and tribes.

• The BLM is neither authorized nor budgetary equipped to manage or direct activities on non-federally managed lands or lands that have another federal agency authorized to manage it, including tribal interest lands.

• The primary parcel data set maintained by local and state agencies is the tax parcel. Tax parcel format, rules, and standards are established by each state. Therefore, aggregating tax parcel data to the state level is a reasonable approach.

• Parcel data changes fairly rapidly. Empirical evidence suggests that between 5 and 15 percent of parcels in any jurisdiction will change hands in any year, averaging about 7 percent nationally. New tax parcels are added at a rate between 3 and 7 percent year depending on the economy, population change, and other growth or decline factors.

• Tax parcel data collection, maintenance, and access are often controlled by local assessors, which are elected officials in many jurisdictions. Local data fees, privacy limitations, or other local data ownership or access policies may limit access to locally produced data.

The opportunities for published, maintained, current cadastral data are numerous. There are applications for cadastral data in nearly every branch of government and in a multitude of applications. The questions


for cadastral data have never been how would it be used? The question has always been how do we get it, what attributes does it have, and how current is it? Therealopportunityforcadastraldataistoprovideasetofwebservicesthatsourcedatadirectlyfromauthoritativeproducersthatcanbeconsumedonanasneededbasisbythedatausers.Becausecadastraldatachangesfrequently,stockpilingorbuildingadatawarehouseofparcelorcadastraldataislessofanopportunitythanwebbasedservices.Thereareimpedimentstouniversalwebservicesincludinglocaldataproducerresourcerequirements,localincomefromdatasales,technicalresourcestosupportwebservices,andlimitationsonsourcebroadbandcapacity

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