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Biodegradable Scale Inhibitors Our biodegradable scale

inhibition technology responds well to the need for environmentally

responsible products. Kemira's KemEguard products are designed to biodegrade

quickly reducing the potential for chemical accumulation. This novel technology isnot only a response to market needs, but also our aim to minimize the chemical

ecological footprint of our products.

Green, environmentally friendly products are certainly a topic for

discussion in oileld operations today. Unfortunately, the terms

are not always well dened. At Kemira, we take the concept of

environmental responsibility seriously by developing products

that respond to a wider range of environmental concerns.

Biodegradability is the most often identied green target. Also of

great concern are the ecotoxicity and bioaccumulation associated

with the system mass balance. Kemira introduces a new series of

scale inhibitors that broadens our current product portfolio. This

new technology provides excellent biodegradability, ecotoxicity,

and low bioaccumulation.

Kemira has a strong commitment to the environment across

all of our product lines as we continue to develop products

that meet an everchanging environmental landscape for all

aspects of oileld operations. In addition to scale inhibitors,

please ask your sales representative for more information on

environmentally benign chemistries used in drilling, completio

and stimulation, production, and EOR/IOR. Kemira products als

show advantages when used jointly in various oileld processe

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Biodegradability and ecotoxicity of products used in the

oil and gas industry are of particular concern, and scale

inhibitors are no exception. Environmental legislation in

recent years has signicantly reduced the number of available

chemistries for use in scale inhibition to prevent inorganic

scale formation during the production and separation of

crude oil from produced water. It is generally recognized that

Norway currently has the most restrictive regulation in the

market. With these regulations, the use of phosphonates

is often severely impeded, while many polymers fail

to meet minimum biodegradation requirements.

Norway strongly favors the use of scale inhibitors for North

Sea oil well applications that have high biodegradability in

seawater. The current target is 60% or higher in 28 days as

tested according to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation

and Development (OECD) Guideline 306 Closed Bottle Test.

The United Kingdom also favors at least a minimum of 20%

biodegradability as judged by the same 28-day test. Convention

organophosphonates and polymeric products typically exhibit le

than 10% biodegradability in a standard 28 day OECD Guideline

306 Closed Bottle Test. In addition, Kemiras KemEguard product

line complies with the guidelines of The Convention for the

Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic

(known as the "OSPAR Convention") for >60% biodegradability.

Furthermore the new technology provides the ability to solve th

most vexing scaling problems encountered in oileld conditions.

KemEguard 2593 Barium Sulfate Scale Inhibitor

KemEguard 2593 is a biodegradable hybrid of the leading KemGuard 269 antiscalant developed for harsh

barium sulfate scaling conditions of the North Sea. With increasing amounts of oil production coming from

offshore elds operating at greater depth, an effective scale inhibitor is needed. Moreover, with the onslaught of

environmental regulations and the need to meet certain harmonized standards to register products prior to their

use, product performance and its footprint on the environment are of utmost importance. KemEguard 2593 is

designed to meet these requirements. The following biodegradability data was developed for KemEguard 2593

by a recognized , independent laboratory.

Biodegradable Product Range

Product DescriptionSpecifcGravity Mw pH

TypicalViscosity Application

KemEguard 2593 Polycarboxylic acid/polysulphonate

1.34

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In Heidrun North Sea eld conditions with moderate barium

sulfate scaling potential, KemEguard 2593 outperforms

a pentaphosphonate at pH of 6.5, the most favorable

condition for a pentaphosphonate. Additionally, the

pentaphosphonate efciency is greatly diminished when

the temperature reaches sea bed level of 4C. Under these

same conditions, KemEguard 2593 continues to provide a

high level of efcacy at the same dosage as at 85C.

KemEguard 5000 Series Polycarboxylic Acid Derivates

KemEguard 5000 series was developed for the broad scale prevention needs of oileld conditions.

These polycarboxylic acid derivatives are highly effective at preventing calcium carbonate

and calcium sulfate scales, and aiding in the dispersion of suspended salts to prevent the saltsweeping effect that precipitates and forms scales. KemEguard products work through three

main modes of action: threshold inhibition, crystal modication, and particulate dispersion. As

threshold inhibitors, they prevent precipitation of salts at very low dosages by changing the

stoichiometric ratio just enough to shift the equilibrium away from the scaling potential. As crystal

modiers, they prevent the well organized crystal growth that makes scales hard and difcult

to remove by interfering with the crystal pattern. As particulate dispersers, they prevent the

adherence and agglomerations to metal and rock formation surfaces, thus greatly enhancing the

life of production equipment and improving well production efciency. Another added benet is

the fact that these products exhibit greater than 60% biodegradability in OECD 306 testing.

0

40

20

60

80

100

120

KemEGuard 2593 Efficacy inStatic Barium Sulfate Scaling Conditions

50:50 Heidrun freshwater:seawater conditions

%B

ariumS

ulfateInhibition

KemEguard 2593 Pentaphosphonate

50 ppm 500 ppm

85C 4C

50 ppm 500 ppm 00.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

40

20

60

80

100

120

KemEguard 2593 Efficacy inStatic Calcium Sulfate Scaling Conditions

%Ca

lciumS

ulfateInhibition

ppm polymer added

ThresholdInhibition

CrystalModication

ParticulateDispersion

KemEguard 2593 is completely miscible with seawater and

chemically stable at temperatures as high as 350C. It maintains

scale inhibition performance without the need to increase

dosage at low temperatures (subsea 4C) where scale tendency

increases and pentaphosphonates lose their effectiveness.

KemEguard 2593 provides excellent scale control in a range of

North Sea scalable brine systems from moderate systems in th

Heidrun eld to the very harsh Miller eld. Its hybrid has been

successfully deployed topside, in continuous injection, and in

squeeze applications.

KemEguard 2593 is also highly effective in controlling

calcium sulfate scale. Static jar testing was performed under

conditions of 2000 ppm Ca2+, 4800 ppm SO42-, pH 7.0, and

65C. Under these conditions, KemEguard 2593 achieved

100% inhibition at a low dosage of 0.8 ppm of the product.

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KemEguard 5000 series products are chemically stable up to temperatures of 350C. They are suitable for topside,

continuous, and squeeze deployment.

KemEguard 5000 series products' typical performance in controlling calcium and barium scale is shown in the gure

below. Static jar testing was employed to determine product efcacy.

InnovativeChemistry

P.O. Box 330

FI-00101 HelsinkiFinland

Tel + 358 10 86 11

Fax +358 10 862 1124

www.kemira.com

1950 Vaughn RoadKennesaw, Georgia 30144

USATel + 1 800 347 1542Fax +1 770 436 3432

Test results show efcacy in controlling calcium carbonate scale

under conditions of 200 mg/L Ca2+, 600 mg/L SO42-, pH 8.0 and

65C. Our KemEguard 5000 series performed at least as well

as a standard acrylic acidbased polymer. KemEguard 5042

outperformed the acrylic acid based polymer and achieved 100%

inhibition at a low MIC of 0.8 ppm

Test results show efcacy of the KemEguard 5000 series in stati

barium sulfate scaling conditions: 69 mg/L Ba2+, 48 mg/L SO42-,

pH 7.0 and 25C. KemEguard 5000 series products provided

control of barium sulfate scaling at Minimum Inhibitor

Concentration (MIC) of 4.5 ppm of each product or less.

0

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.00.5

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

KemEguard 5000 Series Efficacy inStatic Barium Sulfate Scaling Conditions

Minimum

InhibitorConcentration(MIC)(ppm)

KemEguard5042

KemEguard5040

KemEguard5021

StandardPolyacrylate

0

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

KemEguard 5000 Series Efficacy inCalcium Carbonate Scaling Conditions

Minimum

InhibitorConcentration(MIC)(ppm)

KemEguard5042

KemEguard5040

KemEguard5021

StandardPolyacrylate

Material 100% BOD Sum of BOD (mg 02 per bottle) Percentage biodegradation

7 14 21 28 7 14 21 28

KemEguard 5042 5.2 1.45 1.73 1.94 3.34 28 33 37 64

KemEguard 5042 + Na Benzoate 7.7 3.31 3.6 3.57 5.1 43 47 47 66

KemEguard 5040 5.2 1.66 1.76 2.18 3.3 32 34 42 64


KemEguard 5021 5.2 168 1.9 2.29 3.19 33 37 44 61


KemGuard and KemEguard are trademarks of Kemira Oyj or its subsidiaries.

Kemira makes this information available as an accommodation to its customers and it is intended to be solely a guide in customers' evaluation of the products. You must test our products to determine if they

suitable for your intended uses and applications, as well as from the health, safety and environmental standpoint. You must also instruct your employees, agents, contractors, customers or any third party whic

may be exposed to the products about all applicable precautions. All information and technical assistance is given without warranty or guarantee and is subject to change without notice. You assume full liabilit

and responsibility for compliance with all information and precautions and with al l laws, statutes, ordinances and regulations of any governmental authority applicable to the processing, transportation, delivery

unloading, discharge, storage, handling, sale and use of each product. Nothing herein shall be construed as a recommendation to use any product in conflict with patents covering any material or its use.

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