c3 science tb

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Text Book Series

INTEGRATED SCIENCE

CLASS THREE

TEST TAKING S TRATEGIES


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Remember these six test-taking strategies that will help you do well on tests.

A. Understand The Question Look for important words Turn the question into a statement: I need to find out .

B. Get Information For The Answers Get information from text Get information from pictures, Maps, Diagrams, Tables, Graph

C. Plan How To Find The Answer Think about problem-solving Choose calculating methods

D. Make Smart Choices Eliminate wrong answers Try working backward from an answer Check answers for reasonableness and estimate


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E. Use Writing In Math Make your answer brief but complete Use words from the problem and use Math terms accurately Describe steps in order Draw pictures if they help you to explain your thinking

F. Improve Written Answers Check if your answer is complete Check if your answer is clear and easy to follow Check if your answer makes sense

TABLE OF CONTENT


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1.0 SOIL1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Types of Soil1.2 Composition of Soil1.3

Uses of Soil

1.4 Try Test 1

2.0 STATES OF MATTER2.1 Solid, Liquid and Gas2.2 Coexistence of Solid, Liquid and Gas2.3 Try Test 2

3.0 MEASUREMENT OF TIME3.0 INTRODUCTION

3.1 Devices for Telling the Time

3.2 Timing of Event

3.3 Try Test 3

4.0 SEASONS

4.0 INTRODUCTION

4.1 Seasons in Ghana

4.2 Characteristics of Seasons

4.3 Colours of the Rainbow

4.4 Try Test 4


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5.0 SENSE ORGANS

5.0 INTRODUCTION

5.1 The Eye

5.2 Light and Sight

5.3 The Ears

5.4 The Tongue

5.5 The Nose

5.6 The Skin

5.7 The Co- Functioning Of Sense Organs

5.8 Try Test 5

6.0 FOOD

6.0 INTRODUCTION

6.1 Kinds of Food

6.2 Try Test 6

7.0 WAVES

7.0 INTRODUCTION

7.1 Waves and Energy

7.2 Try Test 7

8.0 BASIC ELECTRONICS


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8.0 INTRODUCTION

8.1 Resistors

8.2 Try Test 8

9.0 GROUP OF PLANTS

9.0 INTRODUCTION

9.1 Flowering and Non-Flowering Plants

9.2 Root Systems of Plants

9.3 Classify Plants According To the

Characteristics of the Stem

9.4 Uses of Plants

9.5 Try Test 9

10.0 GROUPS OF ANIMALS

10.1 Classifying Animals According To Body

Covering

10.3 Uses of Animals

10.4 Pets

10.5 Try Test 10

11.0 PERSONAL HYGIENE


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11.0 INTRODUCTION

11.1 Causes of Body Odour

11.2 Removing Body Odour

11.3 Dangers of Sharing Personal Effects with

Others

11.4 Try Test 11

12.0 WATER POLLUTION

12.1 Causes of Water Pollution

12.2 Try Test 12

13.0 WATER PURIFICATION

13.0 INTRODUCTION

13.1 Making Water Clean

13.2 Try Test 13

14.0 SIMPLE MACHINES

14.0 INTRODUCTION

14.1 Inclined Planes

14.2 Pulleys

14.3 Try Test 14

TERM FORCAST


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FIRST TERM

1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2.0 2.1

2.2 2.3 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.0

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 5.0 5.1 5.2

5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 6.0

6.1 6.2

SECOND TERM

7.0 7.1 7.2 8.0 8.1 8.2 9.0

9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 10.0 10.1

10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 11.0 11.1 11.2

11.3 11.4 12.0 12.1 12.2 13.0 13.1

13.2 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3

1.0 SOILINTRODUCTION


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Soil is the top part of the earth. It is the ground that people walk

on. It is the earths surface in which farmers sow seed and plant

crops.

Soil

The soil is made up of stones, dead, dead animals, air, and minerals

particles. There are many different types of soil. The main types of

soil are sand, clay, gravels and loan. Soil is not the same everywhere.

TYPES OF SOIL

There are three main types of soil. These can be classified as


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Sandy soil Clayey soil Loamy soil

Sandy Soil is light, easy to be hoe, dig or plough. It is very loose.

Water therefore drips through it very easily. We mix sandy soil with

cement to build houses and bridges.

Clayey Soil is the opposite of sandy soil. It is heavy and difficult to

hoe, dig or plough. It is very tight. It does not allow water to freely

pass through it. We uses clayey soil to make bricks and for building

laterite houses. Both sandy and clayey soils are not fertile for plants.

Many plants find it difficult to grow in clayey soil.


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Loamy Soilis good for plants. It may consist of both sandy and clay

soil. Loamy soil also contains humus which is often very rich orfertile. Loamy soil supports the growing of crops. Soils differ in

quality and how we see them. Soils have different colours. This is

because each type of soil has different materials in it. Sandy soil is

usually brown, clayey soil is red, and loam soil is black.

SOIL PROFILE


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The arrangement of the soil is known as the soil profile. The soil

profile shows how the soil is arranged in the earth. The diagram

below shows how the soil is arranged in the earth.

Soil Profile

1.2 COMPOSITIONS OF SOIL


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Soil contains water, air, fine sand, stone, gravel, and rock, decaying

leaves, dead plants, living organisms and animal parts.

Dead Materials

Fine Sand

Stone / Gravel

Rocks

The formation of soil differs from place to place because of the

weather and vegetation. Compare the soil you see in your home tothe soil in your school. Can you find some differences?

1.3 USES OF SOIL

Soil has many uses. It helps living things in many ways.


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1.Plants live in the soil. Different types of plants in the soil. Theyget water and nutrients from the soil. The pictures below show

different plants growing in different soils.

2.Animals live in the soil. These include earthworms, rabbits,ants, beetles and other animal.


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3.Soil is used to make glass which is for windows, door and othernice thing.

4. Soil is used for making pots, bowls and statues. These are very

hard and strong objects.

5. Soil is used for making floor tiles. These are used to decorate the

floors of homes and offices.


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6. We also play with sand at the beach. A lot of people enjoy

building things with beach sand.

7. Soil is used to make cement and cement blocks. These are used to

build houses, schools, hospitals and other buildings.

TRY TEST

1. List the three types of soil.

2.List the four things that make up the soil.


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3.State four uses o soil...

..

..

..

2.0 STATES OF MATTER


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INTRODUCTION

What is matter? Matter can be defined as anything that has weight

and can occupy space. Many kinds of things surround us. In science

we describe the things that surround us as matter.

All these are examples of matter.

2.1 SOLID, LIQUID AND GAS


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Matter can exist in different ways. As seen from the pictures, matter

can take many different forms. Matter exists as solid, liquid and Gas.

The state of a thing shows the particular physical form that the thing

has. Let us see this form the following.

1.THE SOLID STATEWhen something is in a solid state, that thing has weight. It has

shape. It can be seen. It is hard to feel or touch. It is closely parked.

It can firmly be held together. Some things that are solid in state are

pen, pencil, ruler, book, bottle, tree, animals, candle, bowl, globe toy,

and human beings. All these things can be called solid matter.

2.THE LIQUID STATEThings that are in a liquid state do not have a particular shape. They

are not in a fixed position. They freely flow. They take up the shape

of their containers. They also have weight. We can see them. We can

feel them. We can touch them. But we cannot firmly hold them.

Examples of these things are water, soup, petrol, kerosene and

diesel, palm oil, cooking oil, urine, engine oil, and drinks such as coca

cola, Pepsi, fanta and sprite. All these things are liquid matter.

3.THE GASEOUS STATESomething exists in a gaseous state. They have no fixed shape. But

they have weight like solids and liquids. They fill the total space of

their containers. They are everywhere around us. We cannot see

them. We cannot hold them. We cannot touch them. But we breathe


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some. We smell some. We feel some when they move. Some can

push or pull up things when they move very fast.

Examples of things in a gaseous state are air, vapour, liquefied gas

and wind. We call these things gas matter.

2.2 COEXISTENCE OF LIQUID, SOLID AND GASTo coexist means to live together at the same time or in the same

place. Some things can exist together at the same time or in the same

place. This is because things can change from one state to the other.

For instance, water can be found in all the different states of matter.

As an example, we can have water which is a liquid turning into ice

(solid) when it is frozen. When water freezes into ice, it becomes

solid. This same ice turns back into water which is liquid. Still, when

water is heated, it turns into VAPOUR which is gas.

Another instance that shows how solid, liquid and gas can coexist is

found in animals, human beings, plants and the soil. For example,

the body of a human begin is made of many things that include flesh,

bones, water and blood. Flesh and bones are solids, blood and water

are liquids and the air we breathe is gas. All these things live

together at the same in the human body.

The soil also is made up of some things like water, smooth sand,

stones, gravel decaying leaves and dead plants. Here again we can

see that water which is liquid, coexists with are stones, sand orgravel which are solid, and then air which are gas. All these coexist

to form soil. So we say liquid, solids and gases are inter-related. This

means that they affect each other. They affect each other because

they are connected in some ways. There are so many ways whereby


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things change from one state to other. They include Freezing,

Melting and Heating.

2.3 TRY TEST 2

1. Matter can be define as

2. Matter can exist in different ways.

3. Use these colours to fill in the boxes

Green for the solids Blue for the liquids Yellow for the gases

WOOD MILK PAPER

SOFT DRINK AIR OIL

WATER LEAF SMOKE


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3.0 MEASUREMENT OF TIMEINTRODUCTION

A day is twenty four hours long. A clock shows us what time it is. A

clock only shows twelve hours or half of a day. In order to use theclock, we must learn how to read the time on the clock.

The Clock

3.1 Devices for telling the time. Clocks are used to tell thetime. There are two types of clocks. These areANALOGCLOCKSand DIGITAL CLOCKS. Let us learn about them.


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1. ANALOG CLOCK OR WATCHA clock with hands is called an analog clock or watch. Below are

some examples of analog clocks or watches. Let us learn how to tell

the time on an analog clock or watch.

The front of a clock is called the face. The face of a clock has different

parts. The marks on the face divide the clock into 12 parts. Each part

is one hour. Some clocks have a number by each mark to make it

easier to tell the time. The number 12 is at the top and the number 1

to 11 go around in the direction shown by the arrow.

This direction is known as clockwise. Can you make the clockwise

direction with your hand in the air?

The clock face has three hands. Two of them are very important in

telling the time. The little hand or short hand is known as the Hour


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Hand. It tells the hour of the day. The long hand tells the minutes. It

is known as the minute hand. Can you indentify the hour hand and

the minute hand in the picture on the left?

The picture below shows the numbers for both the hour and minute

on the face of a clock. The numbers in the circle are the hournumbers. The numbers out of the circle are the minute numbers.

The picture only shows every 15 minutes on the face of the clock

In the picture below, we see the hour hand pointing to the number 2.

This means that it is two oclock.


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2. DIGITAL CLOCK OR WATCHDigital clocks are not like analog clocks. Digital clock have no hands.

They only have numbers that tells the time. Most people find it easy

to use digital clocks or watches. There are many examples of digital

watches as shown in the pictures below.

To tell the time on the digital clock, take a good look at the numbers

on the clock. The number before the colon (:) tells the hour of the

day. The number after the colon tells the minute of the hour. Some

clocks shows if it is morning or evening by adding AM to the time in

the morning and PM to the time in the evening.


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3.2 TIMING AN EVENTWe use watches to time events. To time an event correctly, you can

use a special watch known as a Stop Watch or an ordinary clock.

This may be either digital or analog.

For the events of a week, mouth or year we use a calendars, which

are divided into 12 months.

The first clocks and calendars were based on the earths movements.

We call one turn of the earth a day. We call the time it takes for the

earth to travel around the sun a year. The time it takes the earth to

travel around the sun is split into 12 calendar mouths. Each month

is usually 30 or 31 days.

TRY TEST 3

Answer the questions below correctly.

1.A day is .hours long.2.A clock with hands is called an...

Clock.

3.The front of a clock is called the

4.A clock with no hands but only numbers is called a

5.A special watch used to time event correctly is knownas..


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4.0 SEASONS

INTRODUCTION

Weather changes occur during the year. Sometimes it is very hot and

sometime it is very cold. Sometimes, it rains a lot and sometimes it

does not rain for a long time.

4.1 SEASONS IN GHANA

Sometimes, the weather stays the same for a very long time without

any changes. This is usually as aseason.

A season refers to the regular change in weather that repeats them

regularly every year. In Ghana, there are two seasons. In some parts

of the world. There as many as four different seasons.

In Ghana there are two main weather seasons. These are the wet

season and dry seasons.


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1. THE WET SEASONThe rainy or wet season in Ghana is similar to those of the countries

in West Africa. Farmers largely depend on rainfall when they

cultivate their crops. And the wet season is where there is

continuous rainfall. This type of rainfall is very heavy. We call it

conventionalrainfall. The rain falls and It is followed by

thunderstorm and lighting. Although rain falls throughout the year

in several areas in Ghana, it is very intensive in the months of June

and July. During this period, the rain may fall continuously for

several days.

To study the seasons of Ghana, you must take into account the twoparts of the country. These are the Northern sector of Ghana and

southern sector of Ghana. The southern part of Ghana is the area

from the coast to the Ashanti region and parts of the Brong Ahafo

region. The northern region to the upper East and upper west

regions.

2. THE DRY SEASONThe dry season is the exact opposite of wet season. Even the word

dry proves that Dry is the opposite of wet. During the dry

season, the temperature of air increases.

The weather becomes dry and hazy. There may be no rainfall at all

for a period of time. The land becomes hard with most plantsshedding their leaves. This reaches its peak in the months of

December to January.


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In the dry season both plants and some animals suffer for lack of

rain water. The dry season is also called the Harmattan. At this

time, there is strong dry wind that blows during the say. In the night,

and the morning, the weather becomes very cold. The table below

shows the month for the different season in the two sector of Ghana.

SOUTHERN SECTOR

Season Months

Wet Season May- August

September- October

Dry Season November-April

NORTHERN SECTOR

Season Mouths

Wet Season May-October

Dry Season November-April

CHARACTERISTICS OF SEASONS

Characteristics of dry season

Let us look at some of things that occur during the dry season.

During the dry season, the wind is very cool in the morning and

evening, but very warm during the afternoon. This makes the

temperature during the days very warm and night very cool. During

the dry season, water bodies such as lakes and river dry up. The

leaves of plants fall off and the air contains a lot of dust. This makes

it difficult to see far ahead clearly. The ability to see far ahead clearly

is known as visibility. So during the dry season, visibility is very


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poor. In some areas, cracks appear in the soil and the soil becomes

very hard. Farmers harvest their crops and prepare for planting

during the dry season.

Characteristics of wet season

The wet or rainy season has a lot of rainfall. During the wet season,

there are a lot of clouds in the sky. The clouds sometimes block the

sunlight and make the day appear dark.

The temperature is usually cool throughout the day. Rivers and

lakes get full during the wet season and plants grow well because

they get a lot of water.

COLOURS OF THE RAINBOW


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TRY TEST 4

Answer True or False to these sentences

1.A season is a food ingredient

2.We sweat a lot in the cold season.

3.The wet and dry seasons are not the same.

4.We use umbrellas mostly in rainy seasons.

5.There are fire outbreaks in all seasons.


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5.0 SENSE ORGANS

INTRODUCTION

The sense organs help us to sense the world around us. We have five

senses. These are sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch. There arefive sense organs; these are eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin.

All these sense organs are connected to the brain through nerves.

These sense organs send messages to the brain. The human body is

made up of different parts which work together as one. The sense

organs help us to see, hear, feel, breathe, and taste. Let us take our

time to learn about the sense organs.

The brain

Sense organs


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5.1 THE EYE

THE EYE IS THE SENSE ORGAN FOR SIGHT.

We see with our eyes. We can see how big or far something is

because of our eyes. Our eyes help us to see things in differentcolours. Which part of your body are you using to read this book?

Our eyes work from the movement we wake up to the moment we

close them to go to sleep. Your eyes help your body to know what is

going on outside your body.

The eye is in a little hole in the head known as the socket. The eye

lid protects the eye from particles that may get onto the eye .the

eyelid helps the eye to be clean. The white part of the eye is known

as the sclera. The sclera is very hard and protects the eye ball. Thetiny pink threads you see on the sclera are the tubes or vessels that

carry blood to the eye. The iris is the colorful part of the eye. When

we say a person has brown eyes, we are actually talking about the

colour of his or her iris. The pupil is the small black spot in the


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middle of the iris. The iris and pupils are protected by a transparent

covering known as the cornea.

5.2 THE DEPENDENCE OF SIGHT ON LIGHTWe are able to see due to the light that comes from the objects

around us. When you walk into a dark room, you are not able to

see the things in the room because the things do not give off light.

5.3 THE EARTHE EAR IS THE SENSE ORGAN FOR HEARING.

We listen to music with our ears. We can hear what people say with

our ears. The part of the ear that you can see and touch is called the

Pinna. It is also known as the external ear. The Pinna helps in

catching or collecting sounds from different places.


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The Pinna collects sound and passes it through the ear. Canal to the

eardrum. The shaking of sound waves causes the ear drum to

move. This helps the nervesat the end of the ear to send information

to the brain. The brain is able to turn the shaking wave to useful

information to let you know what sound you are hearing.

IMPORTANCE OF THE EAR TO HEARING

Our ears are very important to hearing. No other part of our body

can help us to hear things.

5.4 THE TONGUE

THE TONGUE IS THE SENSE ORGAN FOR TASTING

We taste food and other liquids with our tongue. Our tongue helps

us to known if something is bitter, sweet, sour, or salty. This is

because of the tiny spots on the tongue, known as tastebuds. The

taste buds send signals to the brain.

The tongue is able to tell if something is sweet like sugar, bitter like

some medicine, sour like lime or salty like salt. This is because the


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tongue is divided into different parts that can taste different flavors.

These areas of the tongue help the brain to tell the flavour of the

food we are eating. The diagram below shows the different parts of

the tongue.

Parts of the tongue


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5.5 THE NOSE

THE SENSE ORGAN FOR SMELL IS THE NOSE

We smell the things around us with our nose. Your nose helps you to

smell whether an object smells nice by smelling it. As air movesthrough the nose the nerves in the nose sends signals to the brain to

help it identify nice scents from bad ones.


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5.6 THE SKIN

THE SKIN IS THE LARGEST ORGAN ON THE HUMAN BODY

It can be used to feel or touch things. The skin has many uses. For

example

It protects the body from injury. It reduces the loss of water from the body It helps to prevent germs from entering the body It helps to keep the body temperature at a constant level.

The skin can be divided into two parts. These are the dermis and

the epidermis.

The epidermis is the upper part of the skin. It is the part that you

see and touch. The epidermis is hard enough to protect the body


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from injury. The dermis contains the blood vessels and nerves that

send information to the brain. The body hairs grow in the dermis.

5.7 THE COFUNCTIONING OF SENSE ORGANSThe sense organs work together all the time. Some sense organs do

not work well in the absence of others. For examples, our sense of

taste can be affected by our sense of smell. When you have a cold or

you hold your nose when tasting something, your sense of taste is

not that sharp and you do not taste the flavour properly. That is why

some people hold their nose when they are about to swallow a bitter

pill. Some other sense organs also become very sensitive when other

sense organs are not working properly. For example, when you

close your eyes, your sense of hearing and feeling become very

sensitive. This shows that the sense organs work together all the

time.


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5.8 TRY TEST 8Answer the questions below correctly.

1. Write the sense organs for the following:

A. sight

B. Hearing

C. Smell

D. Taste

E. touch

2. The part of the ear that you can see and touch is called the

3. ..help the tongue to

taste food.

4. The skin can be divided into two parts. These are the

and the .

6.The largest sense organ is the..


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7.0 WAVES

INTRODUCTION

Wave is a force. It has power or energy. It can move through water.

It can also move through the air. It you closely observe the sea, riveror lake, you will see that a line of water keeps rising. It is wave that

is making the water rise. Because wave carries energy it can move

things up and down.

Waves


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All waves begin with a vibration. A vibration is the small, fast and

sudden movement of things. When wave moves in the air it makes

things vibrate. When a wave enters water bodies, the surface of the

water moves or falls forward and water is thrown onto the shore.

This is known as swash. Later when the water is drawn back it is

called backwash

There are two types of waves that move through water bodies.

These are:

1.The constructive wave. This is where the swash is strongerthan the backwash.

2.Destructive wave. This is where the backwash is stronger thanthe swash.

7.1 WAVES AND ENERGY

There is energy in the movement of waves. Wave travels with soundor light. The sound in the movement of waves is known as sound

waves. When waves travel with light, we call itlight waves. Human

beings use the energy in waves to do some things.

We can communicate with other people through the waves. When

we talk to someone on the phone, it is waves that carry the sound.

The energy in waves carries sounds far and wide. Electronic

machines rely on energy and waves from their operations.

Waves helps to transmit sound energy so that we can enjoy the

music we play. When you hit a drum or pull the stings of a guitar,


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the waves move from the drum or guitar and travel through the air

to our ears. Waves carry energy. Other waves include;

Radio waves in the air. Shock waves from an earthquake, called seismic waves. X-Rays microwaves in ovens

All these wave travel through a medium. All these waves carry

energy from one place to another.

Waves Vibration Energy

7.2 TRY TEST 7

Answer, True or False to these sentences.

1.Wave is a force.2.Waves and water are the same.3.Waves move through and any object.4.To vibrate means, to run.5.

Waves helps us to do some things.


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8.0 BASIC ELECTRONICS

INTRODUCTION

Electronic circuits are wonderful things. Electronic circuits help us

to use many devices as calculators, iron, fridge and many others.

When you want to turn on a torch you use a switch. A switch. A

switch is used to open or close an electronic circuit.

What does a resistor do in an electronic circuit?

When a substance allows electricity to pass through it, we say that

the substance conducts electricity.


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Not all substances can conduct electric current equally well.

Resistance is a substances ability to block the flow of electricity. In

some electrical circuits it will prevent overheating.

R

3V

LED

8.2 TRY TEST 8

Answer, True or False t these sentences1.Electronic current passes through the air.2.Bulb is an electrical appliance.3.Batteries produce electrical energy.4.A switch opens and closes a circuit board.5.Electronic things need energy to work.


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9.0 GROUPS OF PLANTS

INTRODUCTION

Many kinds of plants surrounds us. Plants are living things. They

eat. They breath. They grow. They make new babies. They die.Some grow in the soil. Others grow in water bodies.

Different kinds of plants

9.1 FLOWERINGS AND NON-FLOWERING PLANTS

We can classify plants as flowering plants and non-flowing plants.Flowering plants make flowers and bear fruit.

Non-flowering plants do not make flowers or bear frits.

Flowering Plant Non-Flowering Plant


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9.2 ROOT SYSTEMS OF PLANTS

Plant can also be grouped according to their root system. The roots

systems are taproot system and fibrons root system.

Maize plant has a fibrons root system and mango plant have a

taproot.


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9.3 CLASSIFY PLANTS ACCORDING TO THE

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STEM

Plants have different kinds of stems. Plants are then grouped

according to the nature of the stems.

We call some plants creeping plants. Their stems creep or carol on

the ground. An example is the sweet potato plant.

Other plants have stems that stand erect or straight. They are plants

with strong stems. The coconut tree is an example.

Other still have stems that climb up any object for support. They

climb for support because they have weak stems. The yam plant is

an example.


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9.4 USES OF PLANTS

Plants are very important because of the following;

Food

Clothing Paper shelter and various products Fuel Medicine

9.5 TRY TEST 9

Answer, True of False to these sentences.1.Some plants bear fruits.

2.All plants creep or crawl.

3.Plants are living things.

4.Plants can be grouped according to their stems.


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11.0 PERSONAL HYGIENE

INTRODUCTION

Personal hygiene forms part of the things we do to keep ourselves

and the surroundings clean. We keep ourselves clean if we wash our

hands with clean water and soap.

After all these we must take proper care of our body. Taking roper

care of our body means making sure that our body does not smell of

odour. Body odour refers to the smell or scent that our body gives

odour are;

Armpit Anus Mouth And in between toes.

11.1 CAUSES OF BODY ODOURMany things can make the body smell. Body odour can come from

some parts of the body. This is because some parts of the body are

air-tight. Examples are the armpit, arms, mouth and in-between the

toes. Body odour is usually caused by sweat; sweat does not smell

but bacteria that liveo n our skin, work on our sweat and cause it to

produce a bad smell.

Bacteria that also work in the mouth can also cause bad odour from

the mouth. There are many places on the human body where

bacteria can hide to cause body odour.


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11.2 REMOVING BODY ODOUR

Good habits such as cleaning the teeth, washing, bathing, care of the

hair, care of our finger nails and toe nails and ears help us to remove

body odour.

Some people reduce or remove body odour by using lemon juice to

bath. Others, may use things like deodorant, perfumes and pomade

on their body. Clan clothes also help us to reduce body odour.

11.3 DANGERS ASSOCIATED WITH SHARING OUR PERSONAL

EFFECTS WITH OTHERS

There are things that we use to keep our personal hygiene. These

include things like towel, tooth brush, sponge, blade and

handkerchief.

We consider these things as personal because we use them to take

care of ourselves. It is wrong to share personal effects. This is

because when we share personal effects with others we may spread


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very dangerous diseases. Some of the disease we can spread are

HIV / AIDS, hepatitis and skin diseases like rashes and pimples.

Therefore we must avoid the practiced of sharing such things to

ensure that we stay healthy all the time.

11.4 TRY TEST 11


1.When people smell bad, it is known as.

2.Parts of the body that gives body odour are , . and

.

3.To avoid body odour, you must take care of your , . and

..

4.What should you use to trim your finger nails?..........................State two

things you must do to take care of your skin.

a.


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5...

6.Explain why we must not share personal effects.


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12.0 WATER POLLUTION

INTRODUCTION

When water is not safe to drink, we say the water is polluted. Germs

and dirt pollute water. Germs are too tiny for us to see.

12.1 CAUSES OF WATER POLLUTION

Substances that cause pollution are called pollutants. Pollution of

rivers, streams, lakes and ponds is mainly caused by;

Dumping of waste

Sewage Washing Swimming Chemicals for fishing Oil spills


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12.2 TRY TEST 12

1. Why cant we see germs?

.......................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

2. Name three things that contain germs.

3. Name three ways in which water becomes polluted?

a.

b.

c.


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13.0 WATER PURIFICATON

INTRODUCTION

Water from most water sources like rivers, lakes, streams, lagoons,

well and boreholes is not sage to use.

We must therefore purify any water from these sources to make it

safe. Water purification means making water sage before we drink

or use it. It also means making water clean by removing dir or

harmful substances.

13.1 MAKING WATER CLEAN

We make polluted water safe through;

Filtration of water Addition of alum Boiling the water

By means of filtration we try to make water clear and free from

germ.


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FILTRATION

Filtration is the process used to separate solid particles from liquids.

When water contains many solid particles, we use filtration to

remove them.

We can filter water in different ways. We will look at two of thecommon methods of water filtration. The first method involves

using filter paper. The second method involves using a clean white

cloth.

ADDITION OF ALUM

We can add a chemical called alum to the water. The effect is tobring together germs and mud and cause them to sink to the bottom

of the container leaving the water clear and sage to use.

Boiling an unsafe water can make it sage for drinking by killing the

germs that contaminate it.


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13.2 TRY TEST 13


1. is the process of makingpolluted water pure.

2. is the process used to separatesolid particles from liquid particles.

3.In the big cities waste in filtered using a process known as.

4.When we filter unsafe water, we kill all germs in the water.Yes No

c3 science tb

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