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PGS. TS. Nguyen Van Phc http://www.ebook.edu.vn Khoa Moi trng Trng ai hoc Bach Khoa TP.HCM

CHNG I

KHAI NIEM VE CHAT THAI RAN

1.1 nh Ngha Chat Thai Ran

Chat thai ran c hieu la tat ca cac chat thai phat sinh do cac hoat ong cua con ngi va ong vat ton tai dang ran c thai bo khi khong con hu dung hay khong muon dung na.

Thuat ng chat thai ran c s dung trong tai lieu nay la bao ham tat ca cac vat chat ran khong ong nhat thai ra t cong ong dan c o th cung nh cac chat thai ong nhat cua cac nganh san xuat nong nghiep, cong nghiep, khai khoang,... Tai lieu nay ac biet quan tam en chat thai ran o th, bi v o s tch luy va lu ton chat thai ran, co kha nang anh hng rat ln en moi trng song cua con ngi.

1.2 Tong Quan Ve Lch s Phat Trien Va Quan Ly Chat Thai Ran

Chat thai ran co t ngay au khi con ngi co mat tren mat at. Con ngi va ong vat a khai thac va s dung cac nguon tai nguyen tren trai at e phuc vu cho i song cua mnh va thai ra cac chat thai ran. S thai bo cac chat thai t hoat ong cua con ngi khong gay ra van e o nhiem moi trng tram trong bi v mat o dan so luc bay gi con thap. Ben canh o dien tch at hu dung e ong hoa cac chat thai ran con rat ln nen a khong lam ton hai en moi trng sinh thai.

Khi xa hoi phat trien con ngi song tap hp thanh nhom, cun dan c th s tch luy cua cac chat thai tr nen ong vai tro rat quan trong trong cuoc song. S thai bo cac thc pham tha va cac loai chat thai khac tai cac th tran, ng pho, truc giao thong, khu at trong dan en moi trng thuan li cho s sinh san va phat trien cua cac loai gam nham nh chuot. Cac loai gam nham la iem ta cho cac sinh vat ky sinh nh la bo chet. Chung mang cac mam benh gay


nen benh dch hach. Do khong co s thiet lap ke hoach quan ly chat thai ran a dan en s lan truyen cac benh tram trong vao gia the ky 14 tai Chau Au.

Mai en the ky 19 viec kiem soat dch benh lien quan en sc khoe cong ong mi c quan tam va ho nhan thay rang cac chat thai t thc pham d tha can phai c thu gom va tieu huy hp ve sinh e kiem soat cac loai gam nham, ruoi va cac vectors truyen benh.

Moi quan he gia sc khoe cong ong va viec lu tr, thu gom, va van chuyen cac chat thai khong hp ly a the hien ro rang. Co nhieu bang chng cho thay chuot, ruoi, va cac vectors truyen benh sinh san tai cac bai rac khong hp ve sinh cung nh tai cac can nha o chuot va cac loai con trung khac. Mot trong nhng nguyen nan gay o nhiem moi trng sinh thai (at, nc, khong kh) la do viec quan ly chat thai ran khong hp ly. Cac nghien cu trc ay cho thay co 22 loai benh cua con ngi lien quan en viec quan ly chat thai ran khong hp ly.

Cac phng phap pho bien nhat c s dung e x ly chat thai ran t au the ky 20 la:

Thai bo chat thai ran tren mat at

Thai bo vao nc (song, ho, bien)

Chon lap chat thai vao trong long at

Giam thieu va ot chat thai

Cho en nay he thong quan ly chat thai ran khong ngng phat trien ac biet la My va cac nc cong nghiep tien tien. Nhieu he thong quan ly rac vi hieu qua cao ra i do s ket hp ung an gia cac thanh phan sau ay:

He thong to chc quan ly

Quy hoach quan ly


Cong nghe x ly

Luat phap va quy nh quan ly chat thai ran

S hnh thanh va ra i cua cac luat le va quy nh ve quan ly chat thai ran ngay cang chat che a gop phan nang cao hieu qua cua he thong quan ly chat thai ran hien nay.

1.3 S Phat Sinh Chat Thai Ran Trong Xa Hoi Cong Nghiep

Trong xa hoi cong nghiep ngay nay qua trnh phat sinh chat thai ran co nguon goc ban au la cac loai vat lieu tho c s dung lam nguyen lieu cho qua tnh san xuat e tao ra cac san pham phuc vu cho ngi tieu dung. San pham sau khi s dung co the tai sinh, tai che hoac o bo sau cung.

1.4 Anh Hng Cua Chat Thai Ran en Moi Trng Sinh Thai

Cac hien tng lien quan en sinh thai nh o nhiem nc va khong kh, cung lien quan en viec quan ly chat thai ran khong hp ly. V du, nc ro r t cac bai chon lap khong hp ve sinh gay o nhiem

Nguyen lieu tho, san pham va vat lieu tai sinh

VAT LIEU THO

SAN XUAT

TAI CHE VA TAI SINH

SAN XUAT TH CAP

NGI TIEU DUNG

THAI BO

CHAT THAI

Chat thai

S o 1.1 Dong vat lieu va qua trnh phat sinh chat thai trong

CHAT THAI


nc mat va nc ngam. Trong khu vc khai thac mo s ro r t ni thai bo cac chat thai co the cha cac oc to nh ong, arsenic, hoac la nc cap b o nhiem vi cac hp chat muoi Ca va mg. Mac du thien nhien co kha nang pha loang, phan tan, phan huy, hap phu e lam giam tac ong cua s phat thai vao trong kh quyen, trong nc, va trong at. S mat can bang sinh thai xuat hien khi kha nang ong hoa cua thien nhhien vt mc gii han cho phep.

Trong khu vc co mat o dan so cao, s thai bo cac chat thai gay nen nhieu van e bat li ve moi trng. Lng rac thay oi tng ni theo tng khu vc. V du nh s thay oi ve so lng rac thai khu vc thanh th va nong thon. Tai My c tnh tai thanh pho Los Angeles, bang California lng rac hang ngay la 3.18kg/ngi/ngay, trong o tai Wilson, bang Wisconsin ai dien cho khu vc nong thon, lng rac thai ra ch khoang 1kg/ngi/ngay.


1.5 He Thong Quan Ly Chat Thai Ran o Th

He thong quan ly chat thai ran o th co the xem nh la mot bo phan chuyen mon lien quan en (1) s phat sinh, (2) lu gi va phan chia tai nguon, (3) thu gom, (4) phan chia, che bien va bien oi, (5) trung chuyen va van chuyen, (6) tieu huy chat thai ran mot cach hp ly da tren nguyen tac c ban la sc khoe cong ong, kinh te, ky thuat, bao ton, canh quan, cac van e moi trng, va lien quan en ca thai o cong ong.

Tren lnh vc quan ly chat thai ran lien quan en cac van e nh quan ly hanh chanh, tai chanh, luat le, quy hoach va ky thuat. e giai quyet mot van e lien quan en chat thai ran can phai co s phoi hp hoan chnh lien quan en chnh tr, quy hoach vung va thanh pho, a ly, kinh te, sc khoe cong ong, xa hoi hoc va cac van e khac.

Chat thai ran co the phan loai bang cac cach khac nhau. Phan loai da vao nguon goc xuat x nh la rac thai sinh hoat, van phong, thng mai, cong nghiep, ng pho, chat thai trong qua trnh ap pha nha xng hoac chat thai trong qua trnh xay dng. Phan loai da vao ac tnh t nhhien nh la cac chat hu c, vo c, chat co the chay hoac chat khong co kha nang gay chay.

Muc ch cua quan ly chat thai ran

1. Bao ve sc khoe cong ong

2. Bao ve moi trng

3. S dung toi a vat lieu

4. Tai che va s dung toi a rac hu c

5. Giam thieu rac bai rac


1.6 Quan Ly Chat Thai Ran Tong Hp

S chon la ket hp gia cong nghe, ky thuat, va chng trnh quan ly e at c muc ch quan ly chat thai c goi la quan ly chat thai ran tong hp (ISWM). Van phong bao ve moi trng cua My (USEPA) a a ra th bac hanh ong u tien trong viec thc hien ISWM la: Giam tai nguon, tai che, ot chat thai, va tieu huy. Hieu qua ln nhat cua chng trnh nay la giam c kch thc va kinh ph xay dng lo ot. Tai che chat thai cung giam c cac yeu to lam thiet hai noi hi, loai bo c cac thanh phan x, va cac chat ban khac trong lo luyen.

1.6.1 Th bac u tien trong quan ly rac tong hp

1. Tranh thai bo

2. Giam thieu rac

3. Tai s dung

4. Tai che

5. Tao nang lng

Phat sinh chat thai

Phan chia, lu tr, che bien tai nguon

Thu gom

Trung chuyen va van chuyen

Phan chia, che bien, va chuyen oi CTR

Tieu huy

S o 1.2 Moi lien he gia cac thanh phan trong he thong


6. X ly

7. Thai bo

1.6.2 Cac thanh phan cua he thong tong hp quan ly chat thai ran

Cac thanh phan cua he thong tong hp quan ly chat thai ran bao gom:

C cau chnh sach

C cau luat

C cau hanh chanh

Giao duc cong ong

C cau kinh te

He thong ky thuat

Tao th trng va tiep th cac san pham tai che

He thong thong tin chat thai

a. C cau chnh sach

Muc ch la phat trien va tap hp mot cach toan dien chnh sach quan ly chat thai vi cac oi tng chnh sach co the at c.

Cong cu:

9 Muc tieu giam thieu chat thai

9 Cac chnh sach chat thai ac biet

9 Khuyen khch

9 Hnh phat

9 Tr gia va cac ke hoach phat trien cong nghiep

b. C cau luat


Muc ch la cung cap luat an toan va sc khoe cong ong, moi trng co tnh kha thi va cong bang.


Cong cu:

9 Luat bao ve moi trng

9 Luat bao ve sc khoe cong ong

9 Giay phep cho cac hoat ong lien quan en rac

9 Bao ve tang ozon, kh nha knh mot cach bat buoc tren toan cau

c. C cau hanh chanh

Muc ch la thc hien va ho tr viec thi hanh c cau luat va chnh sach.

Cong cu:

9 Cap giay phep cho cac phng tien

9 Thanh tra vien sc khoe cong ong va moi trng

9 Cap phep cho thanh tra vien theo luat nh

9 Rang buoc, x phat va thu hoi giay phep

9 He thong giam sat va anh gia

d. Giao duc cong ong

Muc ch la nang cao nhan thc, nhiem vu va trach nhiem cua cong ong ve van e quan ly chat thai.

Cong cu:

9 Chien dch truyen thong chung

9 Phan biet cac loai san pham

9 Ngay lam sach ca nc

9 Chng trnh giang day trng hoc

9 Giao duc the he tre


9 Thung rac cong cong

9 Chng trng truyen hnh ve moi trng


e. C cau kinh te

Muc ch la at c s on nh kinh te

Cong cu:

9 Phan tch va xac nh chi ph

9 Ph dch vu

9 Ngi tieu dung phai tra

9 S ro rang ve gia ca

9 au t tap the va ca nhan

9 Thue rac vao be rac

f. He thong ky thuat

Muc ch la e tach cac chat thai ra khoi xa hoi, a chung vao dong luan chuyen vat chat va thai bo.

Cong cu:

9 Thu gom va van chuyen

9 Che bien va x ly

9 Thai bo cac phan con lai

9 Phuc hoi nang lng

g. Tao th trng va tiep th cac san pham tai che muc ch la khep kn vong tuan hoan cua vat lieu trong xa hoi.

Cong cu:

9 Khuyen khch cac san pham co cha cac vat lieu tai che 9 Giao duc ngi tieu dung 9 Khuyen khch s dung cac vat lieu tai che trong san xuat 9 Tr cap cho cac nghien cu va phat trien


9 Khuyen khch cac cong nghiep tai che gia cong

h. He thong thong tin rac thai

Muc ch la thu nhap thong tin mot cach chnh xac ve he thong quan ly chat thai e giam sat, anh gia, phat trien ke hoach chien lc va ho tr viec ra quyet nh.

Cong cu:

9 Xac nh cac dong/nguon thai

9 Xac nh cac dang chat thai

9 Phan tch cac san pham chat thai

9 nh lng chat thai

9 C s d lieu tap trung

9 He thong thu thap so lieu

1.6.3 Nhng Thach Thc Cua Viec Quan Ly Chat Thai Ran Trong Tong Lai

Xa hoi cang phat trien, dan so the gii cang gia tang ket hp vi s o th hoa va cong nghiep hoa lam cho lng rac thai phat sinh ngay cang nhieu. Nhng thach thc va c hoi co the ap dung e giam thieu lng rac thai trong tng lai la: (1) thay oi thoi quen tieu thu san pham trong xa hoi, (2) giam lng rac thai tai nguon, (3) xay dng bai chon lap an toan hn, (4) phat trien cong nghe mi.

Thay oi thoi quen tieu thu san pham trong xa hoi

S tieu thu san pham la mot hoat ong t nhien. Xa hoi thay oi se lam cho mc song thay oi bang cach thay oi so lng va chat lng san pham tieu thu. Thoi quen tieu thu se c thay oi neu so lng rac thai t cac hoat ong tieu thu thay oi

Giam lng rac thai tai nguon


Nhng no lc can thiet phai tien hanh egiam so lng cua cac vat lieu s dung trong cac loai hang hoa ong goi va che bien tai che tai nguon nh tai nha, van phong hoac nha may. Nh vay vi phng phap nay, lng rac thai vt bo se giam trong cong ong. Giam tai nguon la mot la chon e bao ton tai nguyen va kha nang kinh te.


Xay dng bai chon lap an toan hn

Bai chon lap la ni thai bo sau cung cua chat thai. Chnh v the ma nng no lc can phai tien hanh e lam giam thieu cac chat oc hai, lam tang o hu dung tai ni chon lap. Thiet ke bai chon lap can phai cai tien e am bao cho viec lu tr cac chat thai trong mot thi gian lau dai. Cac so lieu ve cac hoat ong cua bai chon lap hien tai can phai pho bien e cai tien viec xay dng va hoat ong cua cac bai chon lap mi. Bang cach nay th se giup ch cho viec quan ly cac bai chon lap cang co hieu qua hn.

Phat trien cong nghe mi

Co rat nhieu c hoi e gii thieu nhng cong nghe mi trong he thong quan ly chat thai ran. Nhng thach thc a khuyen khch cho s phat trien ky thuat giup cho viec bao ton tai nguyen thien nhien tot nhat va ay la phng phap chi ph-hieu qua. Viec kiem tra va thc thi viec ng dung cac cong nghe mi la mot phan quan trong trong viec quan ly tong hp chat thai ran trong tng lai.

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