PART C: CBDMASTER PLANTHE RAINFOREST CITY

PART AINTRODUCTION

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CAIRNSMASTER PLANTHE RAINFOREST CITY

PART AINTRODUCTION

March 2013 - Cairns Regional Council119-145 Spence Street - PO Box 359 - Cairns - QLD 4870Ph: (07)4044 3044 F: (07)4044 3022 E: council@cairns.qld.gov.au

This document is available on the Cairns Regional Council website:www.cairns.qld.gov.au

Acknowledgements Cairns: The Rainforest City Master Plan would not have been possible without the collaborative efforts of a number of people and organisations. Cairns Regional Council would like to thank all contributors for their involvement, passion and valuable contributions to Cairns: The Rainforest City Master Plan.

References Queensland Streets, Complete Streets Guidelines for Urban Street Design 2011City of Cairns Street Tree & Park Planting GuideMulgrave Shire Council Landscape Code Guidelines – Industrial and Commercial 1990Trinity Inlet Visual Analysis and Design Guidelines Volumes 1 & 2 1994Marlin Coast Landscape Master Plan Part A 1999Cairns Style Guide 2011An assessment of tree susceptibility and resistance to cyclones (Yasi Report) Greening Australia 2011Native Plants for North Queensland - Yuruga Nursery 5th Edition December 1990Across the Top Gardening with Australian Plants in the Tropics Kieth Townsend 1994Tropical and Sub-tropical Trees - A Worldwide Encyclopaedic Guide - Margaret Barwick 2004

The Project Team includes the following Council officers:Brett Spencer Manager Parks and LeisureHelius Visser Manager Infrastructure ManagementMalcolm Robertson Manager Inner City FacilitiesDebbie Wellington Team Leader Strategic PlanningJez Clark Senior Landscape Architect Claire Burton Landscape Architect

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1.0 INTRODUCTION ....................................................... 121.1 How to use this document......................................................................... 121.2 The Rainforest City .................................................................................... 141.3 The Urban Rainforest ................................................................................. 17

1.3.1 What is the Urban Rainforest? ......................................................... 171.3.2 Sustainability and Carbon Sequestration ......................................... 171.3.3 Examples of Councils’ “urban forest” projects ................................ 18

1.4 The benefits of trees .................................................................................. 211.5 What is the purpose of the Rainforest City Master Plan? ......................... 221.6 How is this document stuctured? .............................................................. 231.7 Strategic Framework ................................................................................. 241.8 Other Documentation ............................................................................... 251.9 Glossary of terms....................................................................................... 26

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Cairns will be a place where people want to live; where our natural environ-ment defines our city streets; a green, tropical, attractive cityscape that is safe, friendly, and human in scale; a cityscape which embraces sustainable principles and promotes biodiversity.The Rainforest City promotes resilient landscapes and community health and well being making a great regional city the Greenest in Australia. Cairns embraces our unique natural environment and defines it’s cityscape through our disntinctive tropical rainforest species.

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The Vision

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“Landscape design enhances the experience of both residents and visitors and celebrates our unique tropical environment”.

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INTRODUCTION

1.1 How to use this documentTrees like all living things, grow, age and eventually die. It is therefore important that the City has a strategy and a plan to deal with its street trees, where they are planted and what species are to be used to replace trees when they eventually reach the end of their useful life. In short, this document is intended to guide future street tree planting.

The general rule the City has followed in developing this plan is to continue the existing street characters and tree planting as much as possible, unless there are specific problems to address or opportunities for improvement. The City will seldom remove a healthy street tree. Because a certain type of tree is proposed for a street, it does not mean that the City will remove the existing street trees to implement a new species. This will only happen over time, as trees need replacing.

Existing trees will normally be left to grow for their natural life and they will only be removed once they have become a safety issue and an unacceptable hazard. The exception to this might be when major street improvements or upgrade works are required. However, tree removal should always be a “last resort”.

We hope you find this document useful and share our passsion for making Cairns the “Greenest Region” in Australia.

Read Part ATo get an overview of the City in a Rainforest Master Plan documents, and to understand the vision and key principles which guide the Rainforest City Master Plan.

Refer to Part B - Design Guidelines and Part C - Tree SelectionTo understand the key components which make up the landscaping of our city streets and parks and to better undertsand the complex considerations involved in selecting a street tree.

Refer to Part D - Cairns PrecinctsRefer to the map opposite to identify the district which your street lies within (For areas north of Ellis Beach refer to the former Douglas Shire Planning Scheme and local Master Plans). Once you have located the District in which your street lies, refer to the list of Precincts on page 12 (Part D) and refer to the relevant summary page.

Note: Districts correspond to those developed for the Cairns Plan and ensure that the ‘planning overlays’ can be easily read in conjunction with this document. Precincts are based on historical neighbourhoods and areas which are already well known to the local community. For details follow the links at www.cairns.qld.gov.au/building-planning-and-infrastructure

Refer to Part E - Cairns City CentreIf your street lies within the Cairns City Centre (see map opposite).

Planting trees:Refer to Part B for full guidelines on the placing of street trees

Select Design Theme in accordance with Design Guidelines (Grove or Avenue)Check street tree layouts against the Streetscape Templates Place trees in accordance with Street Trees Guidelines to Placement

Selecting trees:Refer to Part D or E (according to your street location - refer map opposite).

Check with Street and Park Tree Palettes in Part D Precinct Plans for preferred planting themes and street tree palettes (arterial, sub-arterial and major collector roads only)Check the general and specific objectives for the precinct (cross reference the planning overlays where applicable)Refer to the Rainforest City tree and plant lists in Part C

For full planting details:Select planting solution in accordance with Part C Strategies for Improving Tree Planting within the Road Reserve and refer to the relevant FNQROC Standard Drawings: www.fnqroc.qld.gov.au

1.0 INTRODUCTION

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Cairns Regional Council BoundaryArea covered by Cairns: The Rainforest City Master Plan

Note: The Rainforest City Master Plan only covers the area of the former Cairns City Council - refer to the former Douglas Shire Planning Scheme for the area north of Ellis Beach.

Area covered by Part E Cairns City Centre

1.2 The Rainforest CityCairns is the Gateway to two of the world’s greatest natural attractions and World Heritage listed treasures - the Great Barrier Reef and the Wet Tropics Rainforests. Mountains, beaches, tidal wetlands, freshwater lakes, mudflats, mangrove swamps, bays, rivers, estuaries and rich coastal plains are all features of this diverse tropical region.

Located on the east coast of the Cape York Peninsula on a long, narrow coastal strip edged between the Coral Sea and the Great Dividing Range Cairns enjoys spectacular natutral surroundings and a unique climate nestled within Australia’s Wet Tropics; a band of tropical rainforest that stretches up the north-east coast of Queensland covering an area of some 8,940 square kilometres. Inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1988 in recognition of its scenic beauty and biological importance these ancient forests are a defining feature of the Cairns Region.

Our unique natural environment has been the foundation for our tourism industry and Cairns maintains its status as a tourist haven because of its tropical character and spectacular natural setting. The Cairns Regional Council defines the region as a place where the rainforest landscape predominates, and a City which nurtures, supports and celebrates Cairns Tropical lifestyle, climate and natural beauty.

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Cairns is a unique, highly liveable city that is renowned for its relaxed tropical environment and extensive rainforest setting. The rainforest is a defining character of our region, integral to its economical and cultural life. The Rainforest City covers an area of some 1,660 square kilometres and rainforest accounts for 63% of the greater city area. The rainforests and trees which occupy our region are all part of what is called the ‘urban forest’, which is broadly defined as: the sum of all trees and vegetation that provides valuable ecosystem services which are essential for a healthy liveable city. Our street trees in particular are the most recognisable and important element within the urban forest.

Developing and promoting a strong Tropical Urbanism will enable Cairns to respond to the challenges of environmental sustainability as well a reinforce its international prestige and distinctiveness. The Cairns Regional Council recognises the importance of our city centre and it’s potentrial to be an outstanding, internationally recognised exemplar of Tropical Urbanism; creating a built environment ie. streets, spaces, and buildings which is uniquely tropical; verdant, shaded, open and lush, with an architecture of deep verandas and shaded cool retreats. Cairns can be a compelling, must-visit Tropical City, a cultural hub celebrating our unique Indigenous, European and multicultural heritage, our creativity, and our close association with Micronesia and South East Asia.

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INTRODUCTION

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The Rainforest City area is some 1,600 square kilometers with over 1000 sqkm of forest, which amounts to 63% of the total land area.

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1.3 The Urban Rainforest1.3.1 What is the Urban Rainforest?The “urban rainforest”, in the context of the Cairns Regional Council is simply the population of trees and vegetation within our urban environment. It incorporates trees and vegetation in streets, parks, gardens, river and creek corridors, including areas of remnant vegetation and national parks and reserves. Urban forests provide critical ecosystem services such as air and water filtration, shade, habitat, oxygen, carbon sequestration and nutrient cycling. The urban forest also provides the ‘connection to nature’ that is often perceived to be missing in our urban areas.

An urban forest provides a multitude of benefits for the ecosystem, the economy and community health and wellbeing. It is essential that we acknowledge and build upon those benefits now to ensure the best future for our city – an urban forest loved and enjoyed by our children and their children.

Urban forestry, as opposed to arboriculture and horticulture, allows us to consider the cumulative benefits of an entire areas tree population, such as a town or city. Looking holistically then at the urban forest and its associated ecosystem services, we can begin to consider the broader issues of climate change, urban heat island effects and population growth that can be influenced by the presence of an urban forest, but also how they will impact on our future urban forest.

Cairns Regional Council has made a commitment to biodiversity conservation. Fragmentation, isolation and associated impacts affect the viability of much of our natural vegetation communities Protecting and re-establishing a connection between these communities is of prime importance (refer to the overlays in CairnsPlan for details of our conservation areas; follow the links in Planning Schemes at www.cairns.qld.gov.au).

To assist our Region to become the “Greenest in Australia” Cairns Regional Council will implement distinctive styles of street tree planting based on our rainforest species; encouraging the use of Water Sensitive Urban Design and establishing “green city corridors”, which can help reconnnect our fractured natural plant communities.

1.3.2 Sustainability and Carbon SequestrationCairns Regional Council has made a strong commitment to sustainability through its adoption in February of 2009 of the Corporate Sustainability Policy No1:04:06. This policy ensures that Cairns Regional Council will follow the principles of ecologically sustainable development and create objectives for sustainable practice.

The average tropical tree sequesters 22.6kg of carbon per year (50% of the trees’ woody biomass is carbon) and tropical hardwood trees have been proven to be the most efficient at storing CO2. The Cairns Regional Council currently manages over 167,000 trees whcih stores around 3,786 tonne of carbon (the average Australian emits 5 tonne of carbon a year). With over 63% of our area covered by rainforest it can be estimated using equivalent American data that these forests hold around 34million tonne of carbon).

The Rainforest City Master Plan applies a sustainable approach to the provision of street and park trees within the Cairns area.

Sustainable principlesOffer a selection of tree species suitable to the environmental conditions of the Cairns area.Promote the use of native trees to benefit and enhance our biodiversity and make links to our Natural Environment.Promote best practice in tree planting to reduce tree failure.Promote the concept of the “urban forest” to provide widespread green cover for our city streetsPromote the use of Water Sensitive Urban Design

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1.3.3 Council initiativesCairns Regional Council Biodiversity Policy 2012-2022Council has adopted a Biodiversity Strategy 2012- 2020 to inform and guide Council’s actions to conserve biodiversity over the next ten years. This strategy provides an overview of the significant biodiversity of the region and identifies opportunities for Council to improve its management practices to protect and restore biodiversity. The strategy includes a list of actions to be undertaken, providing a clear plan for how Council can act to protect, value and restore the region’s biodiversity.

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The Cairns Regional Council has a strong revegetation programme and protecting and strengthening our natural environment is a core principle of our corporate plan. The planting of street and park trees can make a useful contribution to this commitment through the use of endemic species, those native to the Cairns Region and which will contribute to the over all biodiversity of our urban forest. Planting our streets with appropriate and diverse native species will encourage wildlife and provide a valuable source of nectar for our native birds.

Cairns Regional Council supports all landcare groups, community groups, schools and individual landowners that are engaging in genuine revegetation projects. In terms of Council responsibilities, the Natural Resource Management Unit maintains two native plant nurseries that supplies local tree planting groups as well as Council tree planting and revegetation/restoration activities such as Cattana Wetlands, Cairns Central Swamp, Reef Rescue projects, River Improvement Trust projects and Tropical Tree Day.

Last year council planted 43,680 trees and donated 11,108 to the community. The proportion of council’s budget spent on the management of natural areas increased by around 8%. Council manages in the region of 167,559 trees, a figure which more than doubled last year due to revegetation projects across the region.

Cattana WetlandsAs part of the 150th anniversary of Queensland, a partnership between the Cairns Regional Council and the Queensland State Government began an extensive rehabilitation project for this former 80 hectare site formerly used for sugar cane production and the extraction of sand and gravel.

Council has built on surviving areas of rare Feather Palm Forest and created a wetlands with boardwalks, walking tracks, bird hides and viewing platforms providing a new and much loved community nature reserve just 20km from the Cairns City centre.

Council has planted over 10,000 native trees and 60,000 native plants at the Cattana site with continued planting to follow over coming years.

For more details on the Cattana Wetlands visit the council website and follow the links @ www.cairns.qld.gov.au

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INTRODUCTION

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1.4 The benefits of treesCairns Regional Council acknowledges that trees are an important urban element that can transform the city’s streets and provide environmental, aesthetic, cultural and economic benefits. In the long term, they can create a sense of place and enhance public domain.

Some of the key environmental benefits include:Carbon sequestration and storage. A single mature tree can absorb carbon dioxide at a rate of 21 kg/year and release enough oxygen back into the atmosphere to support 2 people’s needs.Shading of pavement, cars and buildings, thereby reducing our energy consumption. Shading of asphalt pavements can also extend its life by as much as 40%.Removal of many gaseous pollutants by absorbing them with normal air components through the stomates in the leaf surface. (eg. Sulfur Dioxide, Ozone, Nitrogen Oxide)hey also capture and remove particulate matter and dust from the air.Acting as natural pollution filters. Their canopies, trunks, roots, and associated soil, filter polluting particulate matter out of the flow away from the stormwater and creeks. Reducing the flow of stormwater reduces the amount of pollution that is washed into a drainage area. Trees also use nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium which can otherwise pollute streams.Intercepting and reducing rainfall and runoff and reduced erosion of soils.Providing habitat and a food source for urban fauna.

Some of the key economic benefits include:Improving economic performance by increasing the attractiveness of businesses and tourism areas. People typically linger, shop and dine longer in tree-lined streets.Reducing energy consumption, through shading and reductions in the “urban heat island” effects.Shops, apartments and housing in well planted areas usually attract high rents and sale prices.

Some of the key community benefits include:Calming traffic, slowing speeds, and providing a buffer between pedestrians and cars. They are also useful in delineating and signifying curves in a street.Improved sociological benefits with studies showingm correlation of well planted areas with reduced social services, domestic violence, and strengthened community ties.Creation of feelings of relaxation and well-being. Hospital patients, for example, are shown to recover quicker and with fewer complications when in rooms with views of trees. Workers and students are also shown to be more productive when their environments have views to trees.Improving comfort and amenity as street tree canopies can shade pedestrians, diminish traffic noise, screen unwanted views and reduce glare.Defining precincts and links with history. Tree lined streets can provide orientation, and contribute to the city’s character.Providing a human scale that contrasts with the large buildings that typify some inner city streets.Providing seasonal interest and natural beauty through foliage and their interesting leaf patterns, flowers, bark, fruit and canopy.Providing a link to nature and a source of delight.

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1.5 What is the purpose of the Rainforest City Master Plan?

Key ObjectivesTo mitigate and adapt to climate change

Build a resilient urban forest that can tolerate and continue to thrive in future climatic extremesEnsure a diversity of tree species and ages to maximise resilience against pests and diseasesIncrease overall vegetation biomass to assist in storage and sequestration of carbon

To reduce the urban heat island effectBuild a functioning healthy urban forest canopy to provide shade and cooling to reduce heat absorption and emission by the built environmentDevelop public spaces to improve human thermal comfort and maximise health benefitsCapture more stormwater to increase filtration into the soil and enable maximum evapotranspiration

To become a Water Sensitive CityPromote the use of innovative techniques for Water Sensitive Urban DesignUse alternative water sources for irrigation to reduce potable water useEase stormwater flows and peaks by replacing impervious surfaces with porous materials to reduce heat absorption and encourage soil moisture retention

To design for health and wellbeingProvide cool shaded spaces in summer; sunlight access in winterPlan and manage the urban forest to ensure longevity of green spaces for future generationsCreate well-designed public spaces to encourage outdoor activity, social connectedness, respite, exercise and general sense of wellbeing

Design for Liveability and Cultural IntegrityDesign landscapes to reflect the cultural integrity, identity and character of CairnsLead by example in the creation of world class tropical spaces, parks and streetscapesDesign spaces for people to reconnect with natureDesign spaces that create a sense of place and enable reflection and tranquility

“the right tree for the right location”.

To create healthier ecosystemsSupport healthy ecosystems in order to provide maximum benefits in terms of clean air, water and soilsExpand and improve biological and structural diversity

To position Cairns as a leader in Australian urban forestry

Create world class open spaces, parks and streetscapesIncrease Australian-tropical based urban forestry researchInform and involve the community in decision-making for landscape adaptation and changeIncrease the public profile and understanding of the attributes, role and benefits of the urban forest

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Who will use this document?The Cairns: The Rainforest City Master Plan is intended for use by:

Cairns Regional Council – to clearly define the character of future works and to allow for the preparation of distinct projects which make up the Cairns Precincts.

Development Proponents and Design Professionals – to give a clear direction for future works and the development of detailed design for the various projects to be delivered.

The General Public - to foster a better understanding of future changes to the Cairns City Centre and surrounding districts.

1.6 How is this document stuctured?The Cairns: The Rainforest City Master Plan 2012 provides a guide to the provision of street and park trees, and associated landscaping for Cairns.

The Cairns: The Rainforest City Master Plan is divided into the following sections:

Part A - context, document objectivesPart B Design Guidelines - key landscape design strategies,design guidelines including the streetscape templates and rainforest city tree and plant listsPart C Tree Selection - nominates the tree palettePart C Precinct Plans - nominates the tree palette and design objectives for each precinctPart D Cairns City Centre - provides a detailed master plan for the city centret

Direct and improve street tree plantingDirect the most appropriate species and planting techniques for the many potential tree sites in Cairns - ‘the right tree for the right location’.Establish a street tree species palette suited to the environmental conditions of the Cairns’public realm.Reinforce and enhance the special characteristics of city precincts using distinct street tree planting.Create striking Avenues and Gateways that reflect Cairn’s unique Tropical Environment.Establish green city corridors by providing high quality street trees.Improve street tree establishment and survival rates.Provide clear guidelines to ensure a consistent approach towards the provision of street trees in the City of Cairns.To link the natural environment with our streetscapes, and allowing the rainforest to become a defining characteristic of our region.A place where people want to live A place where our natural environment defines our city streetsA green, tropical, attractive cityscape that is safe, friendly, and human in scale.A cityscape which embraces sustainable principles and promotes biodiversity

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INTRODUCTION

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1.7 Strategic Framework

“Complete Streets” - Guidelines for Urban Street Design

FNQROC Devlopment Manualwww.fnqroc.qld.gov.au

Cairns: The Rainforest City Master Plan 2012Cairns Regional Council Corporate Plan

2009-2014

Cairns Plan

Corporate Sustainability Policy No:1:04:06

Cairns City Council General Policy No.1:04:08 (Vegetation on Council’s Road Verges)

Cairns City Council No.1:04:39 (Structures within the Road Reserve Including Subdivision Strata)

Local Law No.01 (Administration 2011)

Local Law No.3 (Communityn and Environment Management 2011)

Local Law No.4 (Local Government Controlled Areas, Facilities and Roads 2011)

Sustainable Planning Act 2009

Far North Queensland Regional Plan 2009-2031

Corporate Biodiversity Strategy 2012-2020

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1.8 Other Documentation Barron River Delta and Marlin Coast Wildlife Management Strategy 2006Marlin Coast Landscape Master PlanThe Trinity Inlet Visual Analysis and Design Guidelines Volumes 1 and 2 1994Department of Main Roads - Road Planning and Design Manual - www.tmr.qld.gov.au/Business-industry/Technical-standards-publications/Road-planning-and-design-manual.aspx Ergon Code of Practice for Power line Clearance 2006 - www.ergon.com.auCrime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) - http://www.police.qld.gov.au/programs/cscp/safetyPublic/CCC Policy Statement 1:04:06Pedestrian All Mobility Access AS1428Cairns Regional Council Carbon Emissions Reduction PolicyCorporate Sustainability PolicyProtection of the Natural Environment Policy Carbon Emissions Reduction PolicyCRC Climate Change Strategy 2010 - 2015CRC Climate Change Adaptation Action Plan

Many of these documents have very compatible objectives and will complement this Plan. Likewise the implementation of many of the objectives and strategies contained in this Plan will enhance the realisation of the other policies, particularly by:

Increasing planting opportunities within the City;Protecting our unique landscapes and distinctive vegetation communities;Increasing the canopy coverage of the City;Reinforcing the “urban forest” within the City; and Increasing the use of native tree species.

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INTRODUCTION

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1.9 Glossary of terms

CairnsPlan CairnsPlan is the Planning Scheme for the City of Cairns CairnsPlan establishes Council’s planning intentions for the city for the next 10 – 15 years. CairnsPlan was adopted by the former Cairns City Council on the 27 January 2005, and commenced on the 1 March 2005. A consolidated CairnsPlan was adopted by Cairns Regional Council on 25 February 2009, and commenced on 1 March 2009.www.cairns.qld.gov.au

CPTED(Crime Prevention through Environmental Design)

The fundamental concept of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design is that it is possible to use knowledge and creativity to design our built environments in ways that lessen or prevent the incidence of crime.For more detailed information on CPTED issues please refer to the latest Queensland Government CPTED Guidelines for Queensland at the following address:http://www.police.qld.gov.au/programs/cscp/safetyPublic/

WSUD(Water Sensitive Urban Design)

WSUD offers an alternative to the traditional conveyance approach to stormwater management. WSUD is a philosophy which aims to mitigate environmental impacts particularly on water quantity, water quality and receiving waterways, conventionally associated with urbanisation.http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/planning-building/planning-guidelines-and-tools/subdivision-development-guidelines/water-sensitive-urban-design/index.htm

FNQROC(Far North Queensland Regional Organisation of Councils)

The Far North Queensland Regional Organisation of Councils is made up of a membership of councils from Ingham to Cooktown and offers comprehensive and practical guidelines to assist development across the region. www.fnqroc.qld.gov.au

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Urban Forest The “urban rainforest”, in the context of the Cairns Regional Council is simply the population of trees and vegetation within our urban environment. It incorporates trees and vegetation in streets, parks, gardens, river and creek corridors, including areas of remnant vegetation and national parks and reserves.

Landscape Design Landscape Design is the art of arranging or modifying the features of a landscape, an urban area, etc., for aesthetic or practical purposes and is usually divided into hardscape design and softscape design. This will include planting and paving, signage and furniture as well as place making.

Districts For the purposes of this document districts refer to the area divisions described by the Cairns Plan.

Precincts For the purposes of this document precincts refer to the distinst neighbourhoods which make up our city areas.

Streetscape The visual appearance of a road, including the rhythm of the built form elements such as roads, street furniture, vegetation and open space that combine to form the streets character.

Sightlines The clear line of sight from one vehicle to another, generally at intersections, roundabouts and driveways. Sightlines protect both vehicles and pedestrians and need to make allowance for small children.

Street Hierarchy and Road Hierarchy The hierarchy of streets and roads is an urban design and traffic management technique for separating vehicular through-traffic from local streets.

Road Reserve Refers to the entire road section from edge of property boundary to edge of property boundary.

Median Refers to the centre portion of the road reserve, and is typically a kerbed island or series of islands.

Shoulder Refers to the edge of the road reserve between the edge of the traffic lane and the back of the kerb or road edge.

Verge Refers to the area between the back of the kerb and the property boundary, also known as the nature strip. This area is often an extension of the property line where no fences exist.

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March 2013 - Cairns Regional Council119-145 Spence Street - PO Box 359 - Cairns - QLD 4870

Ph: (07)4044 3044 F: (07)4044 3022 E: council@cairns.qld.gov.au

This document is available on the Cairns Regional Council website:www.cairns.qld.gov.au

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