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  • 7/28/2019 C language Material

    1/26Afy odrrlotkdfs `lt bl jfdw

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    ODBW\]L^ ]LOC

    Carmwarl tloc _dhtwarl ]loc

    App`koatkdfs_ystlb_dhtwarl

    @afiuail

    IW@Wrdiabbkfi @afiuail {W@}

    Kfstruotkdfs

    Wrdirabbls

    _dhtwarl

    DXL^ XKLY

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    NA_KO MLHKFK]KDF_

    Dplratkfi _ystlb 5 Kt ks a slt dh prdirabbls wckoc aot as

    af kftlrhaol nltwllf uslr afm carmwarl as wl`` as wckocprdvkmls af lfvkrdfblft td lxloutl tcl uslr odbbafm

    D_ ks aotkfi as bafailr hdr ndtc sdhtwarl afm

    carmwarl rlsdurols

    Waojail 5 Kt ks a prlmlhkflm prdirabbl mlskiflmny sdblndmy l`sl afm uslm ny us

    @afiuail 5 Yckoc arl uslm td odbbufkoatl wktc

    systlb kfdrmlr td odfstruot tcl prdirabbkfi struoturl

    Ycy O ks 4

    %Kt suppdrts td mlvl`dp wkml rafil dh prdirabbls

    %Mdlsfdt rlqukrl td wrktl `lfitcy prdirabbls hdr sba``

    oa`ou`atkdfs

    %]cl prdirabbls arl lxloutkfi wktc ckic lhhkoklfoy

    %O prdirabbls arl pdrtan`l afm trafspdrtan`l dr baockflkfmlplfmlft

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    CK_]D^[ DH @AFI\AIL_

    %ODND@#ODbbdf Nusskflss Drklftlm @afiuail+ was tcl hkrst

    `afiuail kftrdmuolm&]cl fabl ktsl`h suiilsts tcat tcks `afiuail

    was hdr nusskflss purpdsl

    %%_d tcks ks fdt uslhu` hdr Lfikfllrkfi purpdsl

    %HD^]^AF #HD^bu`a ]^AFs`atkdf+ tcks was tcl slodfm `afiuail

    ahtlr ODND@ &]cks ks vlry uslhu` kf Lfi&& purpdsls

    %%]cks ks fdt uslhu` hdr Nusskflss Wurpdsls

    %O&W&@ #Odbbdf Wrdirabbkfi @afiuail+ tcks was tcl `afiuail

    tcat was kftrdmuolm td hk`` tcl mrawnaojs dh hkrst twd&]cks ks uslhu`

    hdr ndtc nusskflss afm Lfikfllrkfi purpdsls

    %%Nut tcks `afiuail rlqukrls a `dt stlps td lxloutl a sba`` wdrj

    %N&O&W&@#Nasko Odbbdf Wrdirabbkfi @afiuail+ tcks `afiuail

    oaf lxloutl wdrj)s kf vlr` `lss stlps

    %%Nut ]cks `afiuail was hdufm fdt td lxloutl tcat lhhlotkvl`y

    #kf tlrbs dh spllm+

    %N"@afiuail was mlvl`dplm at Nl``s `an afm tcks was hdufm td

    satkshy tcl mrawnaojs dh N&O&W&@ afm tcl `lttlr N was tajl hrdb

    N&O&W&@

    %%Nut tcks was a baockfl mlplfmlft `afiuail#wckoc blafs Kf D`mlfmays tclrl wlrl ? typls dh odbputlr)s Bkfk,Bkord,Bakfhrabl&]cl prdirabbl

    mlvl`dplm kf bkfk was hdufm td lxloutl kf bkfk df`y afm sk`kbar+

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    ][WL_ DH @AFI\AIL_

    BAOCKFL @AFI\AIL

    Asslbn`y `afiuail

    CKIC@LXL@ @AFI\AI

    ]cks ks tcl `afiuailtcat ks ufmlrstddmny baockfl&NkfaryMkikts #7 ( 1+ arluslm kf tcks`afiuail]cks ks a`sd oa``lm as

    @dw`lvl` afiuail

    Nkfary @afiuail

    ]cks `afiuailkfo`umls Nkfarymkikts afm lvlfsybnd`s #*," ,%+

    ]cks ks tcl `afiuailwckoc oaf nlufmlrstddm ny tcl

    prdirabblr#a" z,7" ; &!G -&&&&& &+

    ]^AF_@A]D^

    ]cl odml wrkttlf uskfickic `v` `afi ks oa``lmsdurol odml

    ]cl odml wrkttlf

    uskfi tcks `afi ksoa``lm dnelot odml

    _D\^OL

    ODML

    DNELO]

    ODML

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    ]^AF_@A]D^

    ]rafs`atdrs arl tcdsl wckoc arl uslm td trafsu`atltcl sdurol odml td dnelot odml #wclrl sdurol odml

    ks odml wrkttlf n us kf ck c lvl` af ua l wclrl as

    ]^AF_@A]D^

    KF]L^W^L]L^_ ODBWK@L^_

    Kftlrprltlrs arl uslm td

    trafsu`atl sdurol odml td

    dnelot odml odfslqulft`y

    #stlp ny stlp+ &Kh at a``

    afy lrrdrs arl doourlm

    tcl prdirabbl lxloutkdf

    wk`` stdps dvlr tclrl tk`` kt

    ks lrrdr hrll

    ]cl Odbpk`lrs arl uslm td

    trafsu`atl sdurol odml td

    dnelot odml kf a skfi`l

    attlbptkh at a`` afy

    lrrdrm arl doourlm tcly

    arl ksd`atlm df slplratl

    sorllf

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    1& O"]DJLF_

    %A tajlf ks fdtckfi nut tcl sba``lst kfmkvkmua` odbpdflft kf

    tcl prdirabbl td ufmlrstafm tcl O"@afiuail wl fllm td

    awarl ds tcl hd``dwkfi tdjlfs&

    k+ Ocaraotlr slt

    kk+ Xarkan`ls

    kkk+ Mata typls

    kv+ Dplratdrs

    v+ Kmlftkhklrs

    vk+ Jlywdrms

    /Ocaraotlr slt 5

    ]cl O `afi oaf ufmlrstafm df`y

    A_OKK#Ablrkoaf _tafmarm Odml hdr Kfhdrbatkdf Kftlrocafil

    Ocaraotlr slt& Ycdsl rafil ks hrdb 7 td >9+

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    /Xarkan`l 5 A spaol td stdr mata wck`l lxloutkdf dhprdirabbl #_kbp`l mlhkfktkdf+

    Kt ks a blbdry a``doatkdf wckoc lfan`ls ydu td

    stdrl tcl mata tlbpdrark`y murkfi tcl prdirabbllxloutkdf&Kf afdtclr wdrms a spaol td stdrl mata

    _yf50matatypl6 0varkan`l6

    //Mata typls 5 Kt rlprlslfts tcl typl dh va`ul s td nl

    prlslftlm kf tcl splokhklm blbdlry

    Kftlilr#_kiflm Kftlilr+ 5 Kt a``dws ydu td stdrl a fubnlr

    wktcdut mlokba`#slqulfol dh mkmikts+

    Kt wk`` tajl > nytls dh spaol kf tcl blbdryKts rafil ks "?>983 td ?>989

    Kt rlprlslfts wktc .kft.Fdtl 5 Ny mlhau`t Kftlilr ks a skiflm kftlilrLx5 kft stumlftfd: dr skiflm kft stumlftfd:

    \fskiflm Kftlilr 5 A``dws ydu td stdrl a fubnlr wktcdut mlokba`Kt wk`` tajl > nytls dh spaol kf blbdryKts rafil ks hrdb 7 td 8

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    @dfi Kftlilr 5 Kt a``dws ydu td stdrl a fubnlr wktcdut mlokba`Kt wk`` tajl = nytls dh spaolKt ks rlprlslftlm wktc .`dfi kft. wcdsl rafil ks hrdb

    ">,1=9,=3?,8=3 td >,1=9,=3?,8=9Li : `dft kft d`mna`afol: Xa`uls5

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    OCA^AO]L^

    6Kt ks o`asskhklm kftd twd typls _kiflm Ocaraotlr afm

    \fskfilm Ocaraotlr

    6Ndtc skiflm afm \fskiflm wk`` tajl 1 nytl spaol kf tcl

    blbdry

    6^afil dh ufskiflm ocaraotlr ks 7 td >7R: 0" ]cks wk`` stdrl uptd >7ocaraotlrs

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    Lxolroksl 15

    1&Mlo`arl tcl varakn`l td stdrl _tumlft Fabl,Ca`` ]koj Fd,

    _ Okty

    _d`& ufskiflm kft Ca``]kojltFd:

    ocar _FablZ?7R:

    ocar _Okty:

    >&Mlo`arl tcl varakan`l td stdrl Lbp`dy Fabl,Edn,_a`ary,

    matl dh edkfkfi&

    _d`& ocar LFablZ?7R:

    ocar EdnZ?7R:

    `dfi kft sa`ary:

    ocar matlZ17R

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    DWL^A]D^_

    Dplratdrs arl tcdsl wckoc arl uslm td plrhdrb tcl

    dplratkdf df tcl dplrafts&\sua``y dplratdrs arl dh twd

    typls 51+ufary dplratdrs

    >+Nkfary Dplratdrs

    6Af Dplratdr wckoc ks uslm td plrhdrb tcl dplratkdf df

    skfi`l dplraft ks oa``lm as \fary Dplratdr

    Lx: S**

    6Yclrl as wckoc plrhdrbs tcl dplratkdf dvlr twd dplrafts

    arl oa``lm Nkfary Dplratdr

    Lx5 S*[

    ][WL_ DH DWL^A]D^_

    A^]CKBL]KO DWL^A]D^^L@A]KDFA@ DWL^A]D^

    @DIKOA@ DWL^A]D^

    A__KIFBLF] DWL^A]D^

    ODFMK]KDFA@ DWL^A]D^

    KFO^KBLF] D^ MLO^LBLF] DWL^A]D^

    _KUL DH DWL^A]D^

    ODBWD\FM DWL^A]D^

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    DWL^A]KDF BLAFKFI AO]KDF ^L_\@] a2 17 n2 AO]KDF ^L_\@]

    #a6n+7 AFM #a6o+7 #a6n+((#a6o+ 7

    #n6a+1 AFM #n6o+7 #n6a+((#n6o+ 7

    #o6a+1 AFM #o6n+1 #o6a+((#o6n+ 1

    a 2 17:n 2>7:o2?7:

    LSW1 D^ LSW> AO]KDF ^L_\@]

    #a6n+7 D^ #a6o+7 #a6n+` `#a6o+ 7

    #n6a+1 D^ #n6o+7 #n6a+` `#n6o+ 1

    #o6a+1 D^ #o6n+1 #o6a+` `#o6n+ 1

    a 2 17:n 2>7:o2?7:

    @DIKOA@ DWL^A]D^ :

    26Lfan`ls ydu td wdrj wktc bdrl tcaf dfl odfmktkdf

    26AFM,D^,FD] arl @dikoa` Dplratdrs

    AFM26 Yclf a`` tcl odfmktkdfs arl trul tclf df`y wl wk`` ilt

    trul afm kf a`` dtclr oasls ha`sl

    _ybnd` 5" ((

    D^ 26 Yclf a`` odfmktkdfs arl ha`sl tclf df`y wl wk`` ilt ha`sldr l`sl trul

    _ybnd` 5" ` `

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    Lxabp`ls5

    Oasl 1 5 #a6n+((#a6o+ ` ` #o22o((a!2a+

    7 (( 7 ` ` 1 (( 7

    7 ` ` 7

    7

    Oasl> 5 #>*?!2+((#?*>0< ` ` 7 x 2 177: kfktka`

    z 2?7#x*y+ kft x2177 "6 varkan`l mlo`lartkdf oub Kfktka`

    kft x2y2z2?7 : Bu`tk mlo`lratkdfa` oub kfktka`

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    Odfmktkdfa` Dplratdr 5 Yckoc wk`` ocloj tcl kfktka` odfmktkdf

    kfktka``y&Kh tcl odfmktkdf ks trul kt wk`` lxloutl `dikoa` trul #dr+

    Kh tcl odfkmktkdf ks h`asl kt wk`` lxloutl `dikoa` ha`sl`dikoa`

    ha`sl&Kt ks a`sd jfdwf as ]lrbkfary Dplratdr

    _ybnd` 5" .4 afm 5.

    _yf 5 #0odfmktkdf6+4@DIKOA@T]^\L 5 @DIKOA@THA@_L

    a217 n25 a2> n2? o:

    #a0n+4o2a*n 5 o2a%n: $$kfva`km

    o2#a0n+4a*n5a%n: $$ va`km Dutput2

    Odbpdfm dplratdrs5

    26Kt ks odbnkfatkdf dh ndtc artclbatko afm askkifblft

    dplratdrs kt wk`` wdrj skbk`ar wktc artclbatko dplratdrs a`sd

    jfdwf as scdrtout dplratdrs&

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    Kmlftkhklr 5 A varkan`l ks fdtckfi nut spaol td stdrl mata

    wclrl as af kmlftkhklr ks fdtckfi nut a fabl ikvlf td a spaol

    a`tlrfatkvl`y a`` tcl fabls wckoc arl mlskiflm ny us hdr

    prdirabbkfi odfvklfoy

    @kbktatkdfs 5

    1+Af kmlftkhklr bust nlikf wktc af a`pcanclt

    >+Kt `lfitc md fdt lxollm?> ocaraotlrs

    ?+Kt bay nl kf upplr oasl dr `dwlr oasl dr bkmm`l oasl+Kt bay cavl a sploka` ocaraotlr ks af .T. \fmlrsodrl

    Fdtl 5 ]wd odfslqultkvl ufmlrsodrl scdu`m fdt nl uslm&

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    asb

    nrlaj

    oasl

    omlo`

    ocar

    odfst

    odftkful

    mlhau`t

    md

    mdun`l

    l`sl

    lfublxtlrf

    har

    h`dat

    hdr

    idtd

    cuil

    kh

    kft

    kftlrrupt

    `dfi

    flar

    pasksrlikstlr

    rlturf

    scdrt

    skiflm

    skzldh

    statko

    struotswktoclm

    typlmlh

    ufkdf

    ufskiflm

    vdkm

    vd`atk`l

    wck`l

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    $%odbblft _lotkdf%$Hk`l kfo`uskdfsWrl prdolssdr mkrlotkvlsI`dna` Mlo`aratkdfs

    vdkm bakf #+{Z`doa` varkan`lsR

    _tatlblft#s+:22222222222}Z0rlturf typl6R 0hufotkdffabl60Z`kst dh ariublftsR6Z`doa` varkan`lsR:statlblft#s+:Zrlturf 0varkan`l$lxp$va`ul6R:

    _]^\O]\^L HD^ O"W^DI^ABBKFI

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    ODBBLF] _LO]KDF 5

    26Kf odbblft slotkdf wl oaf wrktl afytckfi rl`atlm td tcl

    prdirabbl wl oaf wrktl tcl odbblft slotkdf&26wl oaf wrktl tcl odbblft slotkdf afy wclr kf prdirabbl afm

    afy fd&dh tkbls wcatlvlr tcl statlblfts wckoc arl tajlf kf

    nltwllf $% afm %$ tcdsl `kfls arl kifdrlm ny tcl odbpk`lr

    26odbblft wktkf odbblft ks fdt suppdrtlm kf tcl O"Odbp`klr

    HK@L KFO@\_KDF_ 5

    26A `knrary ks fdtckfi nut od``lotkdf dh hufotkdfs

    26Kf O"@afiuail wl cavl varkls `knrarkls hdr plrhdrbkfi varkdus

    dplratkdfs

    26wck`l wdrjkfi wktc afy hufotkdf kf prdirabbl kt ks

    rlodbblfmlm td usl odrrlspdfmkfi `knrary fabl as a hk`l

    kfo`uskdfLx:

    O"`afiuail

    _tmkd&c Odfkd&c_trkfi&c

    prkfth#+ soafh#+ str`lf#+ strupr#+

    &&&&&&&&

    Lx5 $%]d prkft a bsi%$/kfo`uml 0stmkd&c6

    vdkm bakf#+{prkfth#.]cks ks O Fdtls+}

    Hk`l Kfo`uskdf

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    KFW\] AFM D\]W\] H\FO]KDF_ 5

    %Kfput hufotkdfs arl uslm td tajl tcl va`uls hrdb kfput mlvkol afmasskif td splokhko varkan`ls

    Li5 soafh#+wclrl h stafms hdr hdrbat

    %Dutput hufotkdfs arl uslm td rlam tcl va`uls hrdb varkan`ls afmmksp`ay kt df tcl sorllfLi5prkfth#+

    wclrl h stafms hdr hdrbat&