c h a p t e r t wo layouts and lettering. 2 technical drawing with engineering graphics, 14/e...

C H A P T E R T WO

LAYOUTSLAYOUTSAND LETTERINGAND LETTERING

2Technical Drawing with Engineering Graphics, 14/eGiesecke, Hill, Spencer, Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart, Goodman

© 2012, 2009, 2003, Pearson Higher Education,Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.

OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES

1. Identify six types of technical drawings based on the projection system they use.

2. Identify the line patterns used in technical drawings and describe how they are used.

3. Read and measure with the architects’ scale, engineers’ scale, and metric scale.

4. Identify standard drawing media and sheet sizes.

5. Add lettering to a sketch.

6. Fill in a standard title block



PROJECTIONSPROJECTIONSBehind every 2D drawing of an object is a space relationship involving the object and three “imagined” things:

1. The observer’s eye, or station point

2. The plane of projection

3. The projectors (also called visual rays or lines of sight).

Perspective Projection

Parallel Projection



Types of ProjectionsTypes of ProjectionsThere are two main types of projection: perspective and parallel. These are broken down into subtypes, as shown below:



Drawing VocabularyDrawing Vocabulary

• Drawing Lines

• Lettering

• Measurement Systems

• Scale

• Title Blocks

A B C

Title Block

mmInch



ALPHABET OF LINESALPHABET OF LINES

Thick and Thin Drawing Lines

Freehand line technique

Line styles



FREEHAND LINESFREEHAND LINESThe main difference between an instrument or CAD drawing and a freehand sketch is in the appearance of the lines. A good freehand line is not expected to be precisely straight or exactly uniform, as is a CAD or instrument-drawn line. Freehand lines show freedom and variety.

Freehand construction lines are very light, rough lines. All other lines should be dark and clean.



MEASUREMENT SYSTEMSMEASUREMENT SYSTEMS

U.S. Customary Units

The Metric System

Dual-Dimensioned



DRAWING SCALEDRAWING SCALE

Drawing scale is the reduction or enlargement of the drawn object relative to the real object

Reduced and Enlarged Scale. Many drawings must be shown at reduced scale for the object to fit on the paper.



SPECIFYING THE SCALE ON A SPECIFYING THE SCALE ON A DRAWINGDRAWING

List the predominant drawing scale in the titleblock. (Courtesy of Dynojet Research, Inc.)

For a part that is shown on the paper at half its actual size, the scale is listed in one of these three ways:

SCALE: 1:2SCALE: 1/2SCALE: .5

Architectural drawings listthe scale based on the number of fractions of an inch on the drawing that represent one foot on the actual object. Example:

SCALE: 1/8" 1'



SCALESSCALES

Scales are measuring tools used to quickly enlarge or reduceDrawing measurements.

Types of Scales



METRIC SCALESMETRIC SCALES

The triangular scales have one full-size scale and five reduced-size scales, all fully divided.

Using these scales, a drawing can be made full size, enlarged sized, or reduced sized.

Full Size 1:1 scale

Half Size 1:2 scale



ENGINEERS’ SCALESENGINEERS’ SCALESAn engineers’ scale (also called a civil engineers’ scales) is a decimal scale graduated in units of 1 inch divided into 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 parts.

Because the engineers’ scale divides inches into decimal units, it is convenient in machine drawing to set off inch dimensions expressed in decimals.



MECHANICAL ENGINEERS’ SCALESMECHANICAL ENGINEERS’ SCALES

Triangular combination scales are available that include full- and half-size mechanical engineers’ scales, several architects’ scales, and an engineers’ scale all on one stick.

Triangular combination scales are available that include full- and half-size mechanical engineers’ scales, several architects’ scales, and an engineers’ scale all on one stick.

Mechanical engineers’ scales are divided into units representing inches to full size, half size, quarter size, or eighth size.

To draw an object to a scale of half size, for example, use the mechanical engineers’ scale marked half size, which is graduated so that ever ½” represents 1". In other words, the half-size scale is simply a full-size scale compressed to half size.



Architects’ ScaleArchitects’ ScaleThe architects’ scale is intended primarily for drawings of buildings, piping systems, and other large structures that must be drawn to a reduced scale to fit on a sheet of paper.

AutoCAD software users sometimes become confused using architectural units. When selecting architecturalunits and entering lengths, keep in mind that a value of 1 is one inch, not one foot.

AutoCAD software users sometimes become confused using architectural units. When selecting architecturalunits and entering lengths, keep in mind that a value of 1 is one inch, not one foot.



LETTERINGLETTERINGLettered text is often necessary to completely describe an object or to provide detailed specifications. Lettering should be legible, be easy to create, and use styles acceptable for traditional drawing and CAD drawing.

Engineering drawings use single-stroke sans serif letters because they are highly legible and quick to draw.

Sans serif means without serifs, or spursSans serif means without serifs, or spurs



LETTERING STANDARDSLETTERING STANDARDS

An Example of Lettering and Titles Using CAD

• Most hand-drawn notes use lettering about 3 mm (1/8") high.

• CAD notes are set using the keyboard and sized to be in the range of 3 mm (1/8") tall according to the plotted size of the drawing.• CAD drawings typically use a Gothic lettering style but often use a Roman style for titles.

When adding lettering to a CAD drawing, a good rule of thumb is not to use more than two fonts within the same drawing.

When adding lettering to a CAD drawing, a good rule of thumb is not to use more than two fonts within the same drawing.



Vertical Vertical Capital Capital

Letters and Letters and NumeralsNumerals

The proportionsof vertical capital letters and numbers are shown



Vertical Lowercase LettersVertical Lowercase Letters

When large and small capitals are combined, the smallcapitals should be three fifths to two thirds the height of thelarge capitals.

When large and small capitals are combined, the smallcapitals should be three fifths to two thirds the height of thelarge capitals.

Lowercase letters are rarely used in engineering sketches except for lettering large volumes of notes. Vertical lowercase letters are used on map drawings, but very seldom on machine drawings.



Inclined Inclined Capital Capital

Letters and Letters and NumeralsNumerals

Inclined (italic) capital letters and numerals, are similar to vertical characters, except for the slope. The slope of the letters is about 68° from the horizontal.



FRACTIONSFRACTIONS

Do’s & Don’t

• Never let numerals touch the fraction bar.

• Center the denominator under the numerator.

• Avoid using an inclined fraction bar, except when lettering in a narrow space, as in a parts list.

• Make the fraction bar slightly longer than the widest part of the fraction.



USING GUIDELINESUSING GUIDELINESUse extremely light horizontal guidelines to keep letter height uniform…

Do not use vertical guidelines to space the distance from one letter to the next within a word or sentence.

Do not use vertical guidelines to space the distance from one letter to the next within a word or sentence.

For even freehand letters:

• Use 1/8" gridded paper for drawing to make lettering easy.

• Use a scale and set off a series of spaces, making both the letters and the spaces between lines of letters 1/8" high.

• Use a guideline template like the Berol Rapidesign 925

• For whole numbers and fractions, draw five equally spaced guidelines.



SPACING OF LETTERS AND WORDSSPACING OF LETTERS AND WORDS

Spacing between WordsSpace letters closely within words to make each word a compact unit, but space words well enough apart to clearly separate them from adjacent words.

Spacing between RowsBe sure to leave space between rows of lettering, usually equal to the letter height.

Spacing between LettersUniform spacing between letters is done byeye. Contrary to what might seem logical,putting equal distances from letter to lettercauses them to appear unequally spaced.



LETTERING FOR TITLESLETTERING FOR TITLES

In most cases, the title and related information are lettered in title boxes or title strips

When lettering by hand, arrange the title symmetricallyabout an imaginary centerline



DRAWING PENCILSDRAWING PENCILS

High-quality drawing pencils help produce good quality technical sketches and drawings.

HardThe hard leads in thisgroup (left) are usedwhere extremeaccuracy is required,as on graphicalcomputations andcharts and diagrams.The softer leads in thisgroup (right) aresometimes used forline work onengineering drawings,but their use is limitedbecause the lines areapt to be too light.

MediumThese grades are forgeneral-purpose work intechnical drawing. Thesofter grades (right) areused for technical sketching,lettering, arrowheads,and other freehand workon mechanical drawings.The harder leads (left) areused for line work onmachine drawings andarchitectural drawings. TheH and 2H leads are widelyused on pencil tracings forreproduction.

SoftThese leads are toosoft to be useful inmechanical drafting.They tend to producesmudged, rough linesthat are hard to erase,and the lead must besharpened continually.These grades are usedfor artwork of variouskinds, and for full-sizedetails in architecturaldrawing.



Style of PencilStyle of PencilYou might be surprised how much your drawings benefit from finding a style of pencil that suits your use. Soft pencils, such as HB or F, are mainly used in freehand sketching.

Choose a pencil that:

• Is soft enough to produce clear black lines, but hard enough not to smudge too easily. • Is not so soft that the point breaks easily.• Feels comfortable in your hand.• Grips the lead without slipping.



THE COMPUTERTHE COMPUTERAS A DRAFTING TOOLAS A DRAFTING TOOL

Most people who create technical drawings use CAD. The advantages include accuracy, speed, and the ability to present spatial and visual information in a variety of ways.

Even the most skilled CAD users need to also be skilled in freehand sketching, to quickly get ideas down on paper.

Even the most skilled CAD users need to also be skilled in freehand sketching, to quickly get ideas down on paper.

One benefit of CAD is the ability to draw perfectly straight uniform lines and other geometric elements. Making changes to a CAD drawing takes about a tenth the time that it takes to edit a drawing by hand.



SKETCHING AND DRAWING MEDIASKETCHING AND DRAWING MEDIAMany choices of media (paper and other) are available for particularsketching or drawing purposes. Whether you are sketching or are plotting a drawing from a CAD workstation, choose the type of sheet and size that suits your needs.

Small notebooks or sketch pads are useful when working at a site or when it is necessary to quickly record information.

Sketch on Graph Paper

Graph paper can be helpful in making neat sketches



STANDARD SHEETSSTANDARD SHEETSThere are ANSI/ASME standards for international and U.S. sheet sizes. Note that drawing sheet size is given as height width. Most standard sheets use what is called a “landscape” orientation.

* May also be used as a vertical sheet size at 11" tall by 8.5" wide.



Typical Sheet Sizes and BordersTypical Sheet Sizes and Borders• Margins and Borders• Zones



Title BlockTitle BlockThe title block is located in the lower right corner of the format. Standard areas in the title block provide the information as shown below.



PLANNING YOUR DRAWING OR PLANNING YOUR DRAWING OR SKETCHSKETCH

When laying out a drawing sheet, you willneed to consider:

• the size and scale of the object you will show

• the sheet size

• the measurement system (units) for the drawing

• the space necessary for standard notes and title block.

The object you are drawing is the “star” of the sketch. Keep the object near the center of the sheet. It should be boldly drawn, usingthick visible lines. Make it large enough to fill most of the sheet and so that details show clearly

c h a p t e r t wo layouts and lettering. 2 technical drawing with engineering graphics, 14/e...

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